The word is from the Venetian language, reaching English via French. Doge, along with the related English word duke and the Italianduce, duca (masculine) and duchessa (feminine) all descend from the Latindux, meaning either "spiritual leader" or "military commander". However, the words duce and Duca are not interchangeable. Moreover, Duca (duke) is an aristocratic and hereditary title.[2] The wife of a doge is styled a Dogaressa[3] and the office of the doge is termed dogeship.[4]
Usageedit
The Doge of Venice, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved by the Ghent University Library.[5]
The title of doge was used for the elected chief of state in several Italian "crowned republics". The two best known such republics were Venice (where in Venetian he was called doxe[ˈdɔze]) and Genoa (where he was called a dûxe[ˈdyːʒe])[6] which rivalled each other, and the other regional great powers, by building their historical city-states into maritime, commercial, and territorial empires. Other Italian republics to have doges were Amalfi and the small town of Senarica.[7]
Selectionedit
After 1172 the election of the Venetian doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice, which was itself nominated annually by 12 persons. After a deadlocked tie at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one. New regulations for the elections of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797. Their object was to minimize as far as possible the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by complex elective machinery. Thirty members of the Great Council, chosen by lot, were reduced by lot to nine; the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five. The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine and the nine elected forty-five. Then the forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge. None could be elected but by at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors.[8]
Initially, the doge of Genoa was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage. Following reforms in 1528, plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the Great Council, the Gran Consiglio.[9][10]
Term of office and restrictions of poweredit
In Venice, doges normally ruled for life, although a few were forcibly removed from office. While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268, the doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land. After a doge's death, a commission of inquisitori passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures.[8]
Originally, Genoese doges held office for life in the so-called "perpetual dogeship"; but after the reform effected by Andrea Doria in 1528 the term of his office was reduced to two years.[10] The ruling caste of Genoa tied them to executive committees, kept them on a small budget, and kept them apart from the communal revenues held at the Casa di San Giorgio.[citation needed]
^"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
^Cavalli, Giovanni Giacomo (1630). La Cetra Genovese. Genoa: Giuseppe Bottari. p. 130.
^ abMiranda Mowbray; Dieter Gollmann. "Electing the Doge of Venice: Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol". Retrieved July 12, 2007.
^Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1843). The Penny Cyclopaedia. Vol. 26. London: Charles Knight & Co.
^ abKleinhenz, Christopher, ed. (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 635–36. ISBN9781135948801.
December 19, 2023
doge, title, doge, dohj, italian, ˈdɔːdʒe, plural, dogi, doges, elected, lord, head, state, several, italian, city, states, notably, venice, genoa, during, medieval, renaissance, periods, such, states, referred, crowned, republics, leonardo, loredan, 1501, dog. A doge d oʊ dʒ DOHJ 1 Italian ˈdɔːdʒe plural dogi or doges was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city states notably Venice and Genoa during the medieval and Renaissance periods Such states are referred to as crowned republics Leonardo Loredan 1501 Doge of Venice portrait by Giovanni Bellini wearing the corno ducale the ducal hat which symbolised his office Contents 1 Etymology 2 Usage 2 1 Selection 2 2 Term of office and restrictions of power 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 ReferencesEtymology editThe word is from the Venetian language reaching English via French Doge along with the related English word duke and the Italian duce duca masculine and duchessa feminine all descend from the Latin dux meaning either spiritual leader or military commander However the words duce and Duca are not interchangeable Moreover Duca duke is an aristocratic and hereditary title 2 The wife of a doge is styled a Dogaressa 3 and the office of the doge is termed dogeship 4 Usage edit nbsp The Doge of Venice illustrated in the manuscript Theatre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers tant anciens que modernes diligemment depeints au naturel Painted by Lucas d Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century Preserved by the Ghent University Library 5 The title of doge was used for the elected chief of state in several Italian crowned republics The two best known such republics were Venice where in Venetian he was called doxe ˈdɔze and Genoa where he was called a duxe ˈdyːʒe 6 which rivalled each other and the other regional great powers by building their historical city states into maritime commercial and territorial empires Other Italian republics to have doges were Amalfi and the small town of Senarica 7 Selection edit After 1172 the election of the Venetian doge was entrusted to a committee of forty who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice which was itself nominated annually by 12 persons After a deadlocked tie at the election of 1229 the number of electors was increased from forty to forty one New regulations for the elections of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797 Their object was to minimize as far as possible the influence of individual great families and this was effected by complex elective machinery Thirty members of the Great Council chosen by lot were reduced by lot to nine the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve who chose twenty five The twenty five were reduced by lot to nine and the nine elected forty five Then the forty five were once more reduced by lot to eleven and the eleven finally chose the forty one who elected the doge None could be elected but by at least twenty five votes out of forty one nine votes out of eleven or twelve or seven votes out of nine electors 8 Initially the doge of Genoa was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage Following reforms in 1528 plebeians were declared ineligible and the appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the Great Council the Gran Consiglio 9 10 Term of office and restrictions of power edit In Venice doges normally ruled for life although a few were forcibly removed from office While doges had great temporal power at first after 1268 the doge was constantly under strict surveillance he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land After a doge s death a commission of inquisitori passed judgment upon his acts and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance The official income of the doge was never large and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures 8 Originally Genoese doges held office for life in the so called perpetual dogeship but after the reform effected by Andrea Doria in 1528 the term of his office was reduced to two years 10 The ruling caste of Genoa tied them to executive committees kept them on a small budget and kept them apart from the communal revenues held at the Casa di San Giorgio citation needed Gallery edit nbsp Francesco Foscari Doge of Venice 1423 1457 by Lazzaro Bastiani nbsp Portrait of Giovanni Mocenigo Doge of Venice 1478 1485 by Gentile Bellini nbsp Pasquale Malipiero Doge of Venice 1457 1462 by Gentile Bellini nbsp Marino Grimani Doge of Venice 1532 1560 by Domenico Tintoretto nbsp Francesco Erizzo Doge of Venice 1631 1646 by Bernardo Strozzi nbsp Agostino Pallavicini Doge of Genoa 1637 1639 by Anthony van Dyck nbsp Simone Spinola Doge of Genoa 1567 1569 by Andrea Semoni nbsp Luca Giustiniani Doge of Genoa 1644 1646 by Jan Hovaert nbsp Francesco Maria Imperiale Doge of Genoa 1711 1713 by Giovanni Maria delle Piane nbsp Michelangelo Cambiaso Doge of Genoa 1791 1793 by Anton von MaronSee also editDoge of AmalfiReferences edit Definition of doge Dictionary com www dictionary com Duca Definizione e significato di duca Dizionario italiano Corriere it in Italian Retrieved 2021 03 03 Schaus Margaret ed 2006 Women and Gender in Medieval Europe An Encyclopedia Oxford Taylor amp Francis p 217 ISBN 9780415969444 Doge deʊdʒ Collins English Dictionary Retrieved 18 August 2014 Theatre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers tant anciens que modernes diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois manuscript lib ugent be Retrieved 2020 08 25 Cavalli Giovanni Giacomo 1630 La Cetra Genovese Genoa Giuseppe Bottari p 130 Guida Italia Abruzzo Molise 4th ed Milan Touring Club Italiano 1979 1926 ISBN 9788836500178 a b Miranda Mowbray Dieter Gollmann Electing the Doge of Venice Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol Retrieved July 12 2007 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1843 The Penny Cyclopaedia Vol 26 London Charles Knight amp Co a b Kleinhenz Christopher ed 2004 Medieval Italy An Encyclopedia Vol 1 London Routledge pp 635 36 ISBN 9781135948801 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Doge title amp oldid 1181246046, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
