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Bomis

January 13, 2023

For the genus of spiders, see Bomis (spider).

Bomis (/ˈbɒmɪs/ to rhyme with "promise"[14]) was a dot-com company best known for supporting the creations of free-content online-encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia.[9] It was co-founded in 1996 by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell, and Michael Davis.[15][16][17] By 2007, the company was inactive, with its Wikipedia-related resources transferred to the Wikimedia Foundation.[1][18]

Bomis, Inc.
Bomis founders in 2006
Tim Shell, Jimmy Wales, and Michael E. Davis
Type of businessPrivate company
Type of site
Internet portal
Advertising space
Available inEnglish
Founded1996
Dissolved2007[1]
Headquarters
St. Petersburg, Florida
,
United States
Founder(s)Jimmy Wales
Tim Shell
Michael Davis
CEOTim Shell[2][3]
IndustryDot-com
ProductsBomis Premium[4][5]
Bomis Babes[6][7]
Bomis Babe Report[2][8]
The Babe Engine[4][9]
Bomis Browser[10]
Employees10
SubsidiariesNupedia (2000–2003)[11][12]
Wikipedia (2001–2003)[8][13]
URL, archived at the Internet Archive
AdvertisingYes
RegistrationNo
Launched1996

The company initially tried a number of ideas for content, including being a directory of information about Chicago.[19] The site subsequently focused on content geared to a male audience, including information on sporting activities, automobiles, and women.[20][21][22] Bomis became successful after focusing on X-rated media.[23] "Bomis Babes" was devoted to erotic images;[6] the "Bomis Babe Report" featured adult pictures.[8][13] Bomis Premium, available for an additional fee, provided explicit material.[5][23][24] "The Babe Engine" helped users find erotic content through a web search engine.[4][9][25] The advertising director for Bomis noted that 99 percent of queries on the site were for nude women.[26]

Bomis created Nupedia as a free online encyclopedia (with content submitted by experts) but it had a tedious, slow review process.[27][28] Wikipedia was initially launched by Bomis to provide content for Nupedia,[12][29][30] and was a for-profit venture (a Bomis subsidiary) through the end of 2002.[31] As the costs of Wikipedia rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined; these losses were compounded by the dot-com crash.[32] Since Wikipedia was a drain on Bomis' resources, Wales and philosophy graduate student Larry Sanger decided to fund the project as a nonprofit.[32] Sanger was laid off from Bomis in 2002.[33] Nupedia content was merged into Wikipedia,[34] and it ceased in 2003.[11]

The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation began in 2003 with a board of trustees composed of Bomis' three founders (Wales, Davis, and Shell)[17] and was first headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida,[18] Bomis' location.[35] Wales used about US$100,000 of revenue from Bomis to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status.[36] Wales stepped down from his role as CEO of Bomis in 2004.[37] Shell served as CEO of the company in 2005, while on the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[2] Wales edited Wikipedia in 2005 to remove the characterizations of Bomis as providing softcore pornography,[29][38] which attracted media attention;[24][39][40] Wales expressed regret for his actions.[29][38] The Atlantic gave Bomis the nickname "Playboy of the Internet",[41] and the term caught on in other media outlets.[32][42][43] Scholars have described Bomis as a provider of softcore pornography.[30][44]

History

Background

Jimmy Wales left a study track at Indiana University as a PhD candidate to work in finance before completing his doctoral dissertation.[28][42][45] In 1994 Wales was hired by Michael Davis, CEO of finance company Chicago Options Associates, as a trader[17][46][47] focusing on futures contracts and options.[46][47] Wales was adept at determining future movements of foreign currencies and interest rates;[28][42] he was successful in Chicago, became independently wealthy,[28][42][46] and was director of research at Chicago Options Associates from 1994 to 2000.[48][49][50] He became acquainted with Tim Shell from email lists discussing philosophy.[17][29]

Wales wanted to participate in the online-based entrepreneurial ventures which were increasingly popular and successful during the mid-1990s.[17][43] His experience (from gaming in his youth) impressed on him the importance of networking.[43] Wales was interested in computer science, experimenting with source code on the Internet[27] and improving his skill at computer programming.[51] In his spare time after work at Chicago Options Associates, Wales constructed his own web browser.[29] While at the firm, he noted the successful 1995 initial public offering of Netscape Communications.[2][27]

Foundation

Bomis founders
 
Jimmy Wales
 
Tim Shell
 
Michael Davis
Bomis was founded by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell, and Michael Davis.[15][16][17]

Wales co-founded Bomis in 1996, with business associates Tim Shell,[5][23][31] and his then-manager Michael Davis,[15][16][17] as a for-profit corporation with joint ownership.[16][52][53] Wales was its chief manager.[54] In 1998 he moved from Chicago to San Diego to work for Bomis,[25][55][56] and then to St. Petersburg, Florida (where the company subsequently relocated).[35]

The staff at Bomis was originally about five employees.[16][26] Its 2000 staff included programmer Toan Vo, Andrew McCague and system administrator Jason Richey;[16] Wales employed his high-school friend and best man in his second wedding, Terry Foote,[46][47] as advertising director.[26] In June 2000, Bomis was one of five network partners of Ask Jeeves.[57] The majority of the revenue that came in to Bomis was generated through advertising.[58] The most successful time for Bomis was during its venture as a member of the NBC web portal NBCi; this collapsed at the end of the dot-com bubble.[58]

Although Bomis is not an acronym, the name stemmed from "Bitter Old Men in Suits"[59] (as Wales and Shell called themselves in Chicago).[17][31][60] The site began as a web portal,[23][18] trying a number of ideas (including serving as an access point for information about Chicago).[19][59] It later focused on male-oriented content, including information on sporting activities, automobiles, and women.[20][21][22]

Hosted content

Bomis Babes
 
Silvia Saint
 
Deanna Merryman
Silvia Saint and Deanna Merryman in Bomis t-shirts.[61][62][63][64]

Working from the Open Directory Project,[65] Bomis created and maintained hundreds of webrings on topics related to lad culture.[41] In 1999 the company introduced the Bomis Browser, which helped users block online pop-up ads.[10] Its webring on Star Wars was considered a useful resource for information on Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999).[66] Additional webrings included sections helping users find information on the 1942 film Casablanca,[67] Hunter S. Thompson,[68] Farrah Fawcett,[69] Geri Halliwell of the Spice Girls,[70] and the 1998 film Snake Eyes.[71] "Bomis: The Buffy the Vampire Slayer Ring", devoted to Buffy the Vampire Slayer, organized over 50 sites related to the program.[72] Sheila Jeffreys noted in her Beauty and Misogyny that in 2004 Bomis maintained "The Lipstick Fetish Ring", which helped users with a particular attraction to women in makeup.[73]

Bomis became successful after it focused on X-rated and erotic media.[23][74] Advertising generated revenue which enabled the company to fund other websites,[5][75][76] and the site published suggestive pictures of professional models.[77] In addition to Bomis the company maintained nekkid.com[39] and nekkid.info,[4] which featured pictures of nude women.[4][78] About ten percent of Bomis' revenue was derived from pornographic films and blogs.[4][55]

The website included a segment devoted to erotic images, "Bomis Babes",[6][7] and a feature enabled users to submit recommended links to other sites appealing to a male audience.[45] Peer-to-peer services provided by the site helped users find other websites about female celebrities, including Anna Kournikova and Pamela Anderson.[43] In the Bomis Babes section was the Bomis Babe Report, begun in 2000, with pictures of porn stars[8][13][1][60] in a blog format.[1][46][47] The Bomis Babe Report produced original erotic material,[2][1] including reports on pornographic film actors and celebrities who had posed nude.[1] It was referred to as The Babe Report for short.[39]

Wales referred to the site's softcore pornography as "glamour photography",[35][42][44][79][80] and Bomis became familiar to Internet users for its erotic images.[81][82][83] During this period Wales was photographed steering a yacht with a peaked cap, posing as a sea captain with a female professional model on either side of him. In the photograph, the women were wearing panties and T-shirts advertising Bomis.[1][58][84]

A subscription section, Bomis Premium,[4] provided access to adult content and erotic material;[5][23][24] A three-day trial was US$2.95.[58] While Bomis Babes provided nude images of females to subscribers,[24] Bomis Premium featured lesbian sexual practices and female anatomy.[1] Bomis created the Babe Engine,[4] which helped users find erotic material online through a web search engine.[9][25] According to Bomis advertising director Terry Foote, 99 percent of searches on the site related to nude women.[26]

Nupedia and Wikipedia

 
Bomis staff, summer 2000. From left to right standing: Tim Shell, Christine Wales, Jimmy Wales, Terry Foote, Jared Pappas-Kelley, Liz Campeau (Nupedia employee standing almost completely behind Rita Sanger), Rita Sanger, Jason Richey, Toan Vo and Andrew McCague. Seated: Jeremy Rosenfeld, Larry Sanger.

Bomis is best known for supporting the creation of free-content online-encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia.[9][75] Tim Shell and Michael Davis continued their partnership with Wales during the 2000 Nupedia venture.[15] Larry Sanger met Jimmy Wales through an e-mail communication group about philosophy and objectivism,[12][19][56] and joined Bomis in May, 1999.[85] Sanger was a graduate student working towards a PhD degree in philosophy, with research focused on epistemology;[19][22][86] he received his degree from Ohio State University,[87] moving to San Diego to help Bomis with its encyclopedia venture.[85][88] At the time Sanger joined Bomis the company had a total workforce of two employees with help from programmers.[85]

Sanger and Wales began Nupedia with resources from Bomis;[9] at the beginning of 2000, the company agreed to provide early financing for Nupedia from its profits.[22][44][89] Nupedia went live in March,[8][13] when Wales was CEO of Bomis;[90] Sanger was Nupedia's editor-in-chief.[27][91] Nupedia's reading comprehension was intended for high-school graduates,[92] and Bomis set its goal: "To set a new standard for breadth, depth, timeliness and lack of bias, and in the fullness of time to become the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of humankind."[85][92]

Although Bomis began a search for experts to vet Nupedia articles, this proved tedious.[30] In August 2000 Nupedia had more than 60 academics contributing to the peer-review process on the site, most with doctorates in philosophy or medicine.[93] Scholars wishing to contribute to Nupedia were required to submit their credentials via fax for verification.[94] At that time, Bomis was attempting to obtain advertising revenue for Nupedia[93] and the company was optimistic that it could fund the project with ad space on Nupedia.com.[85]

Wikipedia began as a feature of Nupedia.com on January 15, 2001,[51][95] later known as Wikipedia Day.[46][90] Someone working from the office.bomis.com server created the first edit to the website,[96] the creation of HomePage with the text "This is the new WikiPedia!"[97][a] It was originally intended only to generate draft articles for Nupedia,[12][29][30] with finished articles moved to the latter.[98] Wikipedia became a separate site days after the Nupedia advisory board opposed combining the two.[90][95] In September 2001, Wales was simultaneously CEO of Bomis and co-founder of Wikipedia;[99] Sanger was chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor-in-chief of Nupedia.[33][100]

Nupedia was encumbered by its peer-review system,[27][28] a seven-step process[90][98] of review and copyediting,[12] and Wikipedia grew at a faster rate.[18][101] In November 2000, Nupedia had 115 potential articles awaiting its peer-review process.[85][98] By September 2001, after a total investment of US$250,000 from Bomis, Nupedia produced 12 articles;[2][94][98] from 2000 through 2003, Nupedia contributors produced a total of 24 finalized articles.[29][18][90] Wikipedia had about 20,000 articles and versions in 18 languages by the end of 2001.[102]

Bomis originally planned to make Wikipedia profitable,[103] providing staffing and hardware for its initial structure;[18] Wikipedia would not have survived without this early support.[8][13] Bomis provided web servers and bandwidth for the projects, owning key items such as domain names.[32] Wales used money from Bomis to maintain the Wikipedia servers in Tampa, Florida.[4][46][47]

As the cost of Wikipedia rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined as a result of the dot-com crash.[32][51] In late 2000 Bomis had a staff of about 11 employees, but by early 2002 layoffs reduced the staff to its original size of about five.[16] Sanger was laid off in February 2002;[33][60] from January 15, 2001, through March 1, 2002, he was the sole paid editor of Wikipedia.[33] Sanger stepped down from his dual roles as chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor-in-chief of Nupedia on March 1, 2002, feeling unable to commit to these areas on a volunteer basis[33] and a dearth of "the habit or tradition of respect for expertise" from high-ranking Wikipedia members.[11] He continued contributing to community discussions, optimistic about Wikipedia's future success.[60][104]

After Sanger's departure, Wikipedia was managed by Wales and a burgeoning online community.[87] Although Wales thought advertising was a possibility, the Wikipedia community was opposed to business development[16][41][103] and Internet marketing was difficult in 2002.[16] Wikipedia remained a for-profit venture (under the auspices of Bomis) through the end of 2002.[31] By then it had moved from a .com domain name to .org,[56][102] and Wales said that the site would not accept advertising.[102]

Material from Nupedia was folded into Wikipedia[34] and it was discontinued by 2003.[11][12]

Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees

Wikimedia Foundation Board beginnings
 
The first Wikimedia Foundation Board consisted of the three Bomis founders
 
Board members in 2004
In 2004, community elections added two Wikipedia contributors to the board; Bomis' three founders retained their seats.[17]

By 2003 Wikipedia had grown to 100,000 articles in its English-language version, and it became difficult for Bomis to continue financially supporting the project.[105] With Wikipedia a drain on the company's resources, Wales and Sanger decided to fund the project on a non-profit basis.[32] Bomis laid off most of its employees to continue operating, since Wikipedia was not generating revenue.[31] The company owned Wikipedia from its creation through 2003,[8][13] and Wales used about $100,000 of Bomis' revenue to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status.[36]

In June 2003 Wikipedia was transferred to a nascent non-profit organization, the Wikimedia Foundation,[8][13] which was formed as a charitable institution to supervise Wikipedia and its associated wiki-based sites.[106][107] When the foundation was established, its staff began to solicit public funding[106] and Bomis turned Wikipedia over to the non-profit.[60] All Bomis-owned hardware used to run Wikipedia-associated websites was donated to the Wikimedia Foundation,[18] and Wales transferred Wikipedia-related copyrights from Bomis to the foundation.[18] It was first headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida,[18] where Bomis was located.[35] The foundation shifted Wikipedia's dependence away from Bomis, allowing it to purchase hardware for expansion.[108]

The Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees was initially composed of Bomis' three founders: Jimmy Wales and his two business partners, Michael Davis and Tim Shell.[17][109] Shell and Davis were appointed to the board by Wales,[3] but after Wikipedia community members complained that the board was composed of appointed individuals,[17] the first elections were held in 2004.[18] Two community members, Florence Devouard and Angela Beesley, were elected to the board of trustees.[17]

In August 2004 Wales was chief executive officer of Bomis,[110] and on September 20 Wikipedia reached the million-article mark on an expenditure of $500,000 (most directly from Wales).[56][94] In November 2004 he told the St. Petersburg Times he no longer controlled Bomis' day-to-day operations, but retained ownership as a shareholder.[37] In 2005, Tim Shell was CEO of Bomis and one of the board members overseeing Wikipedia.[2] Shell remained CEO of Bomis in 2006, becoming vice-president of the Wikimedia Foundation and continuing to serve on its board.[3] Bomis co-founder Michael Davis became treasurer of the Wikimedia Foundation that year.[3] Wales told The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007 that although he retained partial ownership of Bomis, "It's pretty much dead."[1] According to the Internet Archive, the Bomis website was last accessible with content in 2010;[111] when accessed in 2013 by the archive, it had a welcome message for PetaBox.[112] When accessed in 2014 by the archive, the website featured a blank white page with a line of text saying "Hello, world!".[113][114]

Aftermath

Wikipedia edits about Bomis by Jimmy Wales
 
September 4, 2005
 
October 20, 2005
 
October 28, 2005
Edits to Wikipedia about Bomis made by Jimmy Wales were publicized by Rogers Cadenhead.[6][115]

In 2005, Wales made 18 changes to his Wikipedia biography.[24][55][115] He removed references to Bomis Babes as softcore pornography and erotica,[24] and Larry Sanger as co-founder of Wikipedia.[29][38] Wales' actions were publicized by author Rogers Cadenhead,[6][115] attracting attention from US and UK media.[b] In 2011, Time listed Wales' 2005 edits in its "Top 10 Wikipedia Moments".[115]

Wikipedia policy warned users not to edit their own biography pages,[6][40] with its rules on autobiographical editing quoting Wales: "It is a social faux pas to write about yourself."[8] Larry Sanger said, "It does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history",[6][24] and began a discussion on the talk page of Wales' biography about historical revisionism.[6]

Wales called his actions fixing mistakes,[29] but after Cadenhead publicized the edits to his biography he expressed regret for his actions.[9][116] In The Times Wales said that individuals should not edit their own Wikipedia biographies,[24] telling The New Yorker that the standard applied to himself as well.[55] Wales warned that the activity should be discouraged because of the potential for bias:[24] "I wish I hadn't done it. It's in poor taste."[29][38]

Bomis was called the "Playboy of the Internet" by The Atlantic,[41] and the sobriquet was subsequently used by publications including The Sunday Times,[42] The Daily Telegraph,[32] MSN Money,[117] Wired,[118] The Torch Magazine,[98] and the 2007 book The Cult of the Amateur by Andrew Keen.[43] Wales considered the "Playboy of the Internet" nickname inappropriate,[118] although he was asked in interviews if his time at Bomis made him a "porn king".[25][119][120] The 2010 documentary film about Wikipedia, Truth in Numbers? Everything, According to Wikipedia, discussed this characterization of Wales by journalists.[119][121] Wales, interviewed in the film, called the characterization inaccurate and explained that his company responded to content demand from customers.[c] In later interviews, he responded to "porn king" questions by telling journalists to look at a page on Yahoo! about pornography related to dwarfism.[25] According to a 2007 article in Reason, "If he was a porn king, he suggests, so is the head of the biggest Web portal in the world."[25]

Analysis

The Chronicle of Philanthropy characterized Bomis as "an Internet marketing firm... which also traded in erotic photographs for a while."[30] Jeff Howe wrote in his 2008 book, Crowdsourcing: How the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, about "one of Wales's less altruistic ventures, a Web portal called Bomis.com that featured, among other items, soft-core pornography."[44] In his 2008 book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, legal scholar Jonathan Zittrain wrote that "Bomis helped people find 'erotic photography', and earned money through advertising as well as subscription fees for premium content."[5] The Guardian described the site as on "the fringes of the adult entertainment industry",[79] and The Edge called Bomis.com an "explicit-content search engine".[106] Business 2.0 Magazine described it as "a search portal... which created and hosted Web rings around popular search terms – including, not surprisingly, a lot of adult themes."[49]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wales would claim to have made the first edit to Wikipedia with "Hello, World!", but no such edit survives in archives and it has been speculated that it was made to a test wiki that was later deleted.
  2. ^ Jimmy Wales' edits to Wikipedia to change information about Bomis and remove references to Larry Sanger as co-founder of the site was reported in The Times,[24] Wired,[6] New Statesman,[38] Time,[115] the Herald Sun,[80] The New Yorker,[39] and The New York Times.[40]
  3. ^ Wales stated in the 2010 documentary Truth in Numbers? Everything, According to Wikipedia: "You know the press has this idea that I am a porn king. I really wasn't a king of anything, frankly, you know? Because at the time, when we looked at it, we were just like, 'Okay, well, this is what our customers will want, let's follow this.'"[121]

References

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Further reading

Primary sources
  • "Bomis.Com Browser Kills Pop-Up Advertising!". San Diego, California. PR Newswire. March 8, 1999. p. 9941. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  • "Upstart Open Content Encyclopedia Threatens to Displace Britannica, Encarta". San Diego, California. PR Newswire. November 9, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  • . Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  • . Bomis. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  • . Archived from the original on March 23, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  • . Internet Archive. January 14, 2002. Archived from the original on January 20, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  • Wales, Jimmy (October 28, 2001). "A question". Wikipedia-l. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  • Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation". Wikipedia-l. Retrieved December 30, 2013.

External links

January 13, 2023
bomis, genus, spiders, spider, rhyme, with, promise, company, best, known, supporting, creations, free, content, online, encyclopedia, projects, nupedia, wikipedia, founded, 1996, jimmy, wales, shell, michael, davis, 2007, company, inactive, with, wikipedia, r. For the genus of spiders see Bomis spider Bomis ˈ b ɒ m ɪ s to rhyme with promise 14 was a dot com company best known for supporting the creations of free content online encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia 9 It was co founded in 1996 by Jimmy Wales Tim Shell and Michael Davis 15 16 17 By 2007 the company was inactive with its Wikipedia related resources transferred to the Wikimedia Foundation 1 18 Bomis Inc Bomis founders in 2006Tim Shell Jimmy Wales and Michael E DavisType of businessPrivate companyType of siteInternet portalAdvertising spaceAvailable inEnglishFounded1996Dissolved2007 1 HeadquartersSt Petersburg Florida United StatesFounder s Jimmy WalesTim ShellMichael DavisCEOTim Shell 2 3 IndustryDot comProductsBomis Premium 4 5 Bomis Babes 6 7 Bomis Babe Report 2 8 The Babe Engine 4 9 Bomis Browser 10 Employees10SubsidiariesNupedia 2000 2003 11 12 Wikipedia 2001 2003 8 13 URLbomis com archived at the Internet ArchiveAdvertisingYesRegistrationNoLaunched1996The company initially tried a number of ideas for content including being a directory of information about Chicago 19 The site subsequently focused on content geared to a male audience including information on sporting activities automobiles and women 20 21 22 Bomis became successful after focusing on X rated media 23 Bomis Babes was devoted to erotic images 6 the Bomis Babe Report featured adult pictures 8 13 Bomis Premium available for an additional fee provided explicit material 5 23 24 The Babe Engine helped users find erotic content through a web search engine 4 9 25 The advertising director for Bomis noted that 99 percent of queries on the site were for nude women 26 Bomis created Nupedia as a free online encyclopedia with content submitted by experts but it had a tedious slow review process 27 28 Wikipedia was initially launched by Bomis to provide content for Nupedia 12 29 30 and was a for profit venture a Bomis subsidiary through the end of 2002 31 As the costs of Wikipedia rose with its popularity Bomis revenues declined these losses were compounded by the dot com crash 32 Since Wikipedia was a drain on Bomis resources Wales and philosophy graduate student Larry Sanger decided to fund the project as a nonprofit 32 Sanger was laid off from Bomis in 2002 33 Nupedia content was merged into Wikipedia 34 and it ceased in 2003 11 The non profit Wikimedia Foundation began in 2003 with a board of trustees composed of Bomis three founders Wales Davis and Shell 17 and was first headquartered in St Petersburg Florida 18 Bomis location 35 Wales used about US 100 000 of revenue from Bomis to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non profit status 36 Wales stepped down from his role as CEO of Bomis in 2004 37 Shell served as CEO of the company in 2005 while on the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees 2 Wales edited Wikipedia in 2005 to remove the characterizations of Bomis as providing softcore pornography 29 38 which attracted media attention 24 39 40 Wales expressed regret for his actions 29 38 The Atlantic gave Bomis the nickname Playboy of the Internet 41 and the term caught on in other media outlets 32 42 43 Scholars have described Bomis as a provider of softcore pornography 30 44 Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 2 Foundation 1 3 Hosted content 1 4 Nupedia and Wikipedia 1 5 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2 Aftermath 3 Analysis 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistoryBackground Jimmy Wales left a study track at Indiana University as a PhD candidate to work in finance before completing his doctoral dissertation 28 42 45 In 1994 Wales was hired by Michael Davis CEO of finance company Chicago Options Associates as a trader 17 46 47 focusing on futures contracts and options 46 47 Wales was adept at determining future movements of foreign currencies and interest rates 28 42 he was successful in Chicago became independently wealthy 28 42 46 and was director of research at Chicago Options Associates from 1994 to 2000 48 49 50 He became acquainted with Tim Shell from email lists discussing philosophy 17 29 Wales wanted to participate in the online based entrepreneurial ventures which were increasingly popular and successful during the mid 1990s 17 43 His experience from gaming in his youth impressed on him the importance of networking 43 Wales was interested in computer science experimenting with source code on the Internet 27 and improving his skill at computer programming 51 In his spare time after work at Chicago Options Associates Wales constructed his own web browser 29 While at the firm he noted the successful 1995 initial public offering of Netscape Communications 2 27 Foundation Bomis founders Jimmy Wales Tim Shell Michael DavisBomis was founded by Jimmy Wales Tim Shell and Michael Davis 15 16 17 Wales co founded Bomis in 1996 with business associates Tim Shell 5 23 31 and his then manager Michael Davis 15 16 17 as a for profit corporation with joint ownership 16 52 53 Wales was its chief manager 54 In 1998 he moved from Chicago to San Diego to work for Bomis 25 55 56 and then to St Petersburg Florida where the company subsequently relocated 35 The staff at Bomis was originally about five employees 16 26 Its 2000 staff included programmer Toan Vo Andrew McCague and system administrator Jason Richey 16 Wales employed his high school friend and best man in his second wedding Terry Foote 46 47 as advertising director 26 In June 2000 Bomis was one of five network partners of Ask Jeeves 57 The majority of the revenue that came in to Bomis was generated through advertising 58 The most successful time for Bomis was during its venture as a member of the NBC web portal NBCi this collapsed at the end of the dot com bubble 58 Although Bomis is not an acronym the name stemmed from Bitter Old Men in Suits 59 as Wales and Shell called themselves in Chicago 17 31 60 The site began as a web portal 23 18 trying a number of ideas including serving as an access point for information about Chicago 19 59 It later focused on male oriented content including information on sporting activities automobiles and women 20 21 22 Hosted content Bomis Babes Silvia Saint Deanna MerrymanSilvia Saint and Deanna Merryman in Bomis t shirts 61 62 63 64 Working from the Open Directory Project 65 Bomis created and maintained hundreds of webrings on topics related to lad culture 41 In 1999 the company introduced the Bomis Browser which helped users block online pop up ads 10 Its webring on Star Wars was considered a useful resource for information on Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace 1999 66 Additional webrings included sections helping users find information on the 1942 film Casablanca 67 Hunter S Thompson 68 Farrah Fawcett 69 Geri Halliwell of the Spice Girls 70 and the 1998 film Snake Eyes 71 Bomis The Buffy the Vampire Slayer Ring devoted to Buffy the Vampire Slayer organized over 50 sites related to the program 72 Sheila Jeffreys noted in her Beauty and Misogyny that in 2004 Bomis maintained The Lipstick Fetish Ring which helped users with a particular attraction to women in makeup 73 Bomis became successful after it focused on X rated and erotic media 23 74 Advertising generated revenue which enabled the company to fund other websites 5 75 76 and the site published suggestive pictures of professional models 77 In addition to Bomis the company maintained nekkid com 39 and nekkid info 4 which featured pictures of nude women 4 78 About ten percent of Bomis revenue was derived from pornographic films and blogs 4 55 The website included a segment devoted to erotic images Bomis Babes 6 7 and a feature enabled users to submit recommended links to other sites appealing to a male audience 45 Peer to peer services provided by the site helped users find other websites about female celebrities including Anna Kournikova and Pamela Anderson 43 In the Bomis Babes section was the Bomis Babe Report begun in 2000 with pictures of porn stars 8 13 1 60 in a blog format 1 46 47 The Bomis Babe Report produced original erotic material 2 1 including reports on pornographic film actors and celebrities who had posed nude 1 It was referred to as The Babe Report for short 39 Wales referred to the site s softcore pornography as glamour photography 35 42 44 79 80 and Bomis became familiar to Internet users for its erotic images 81 82 83 During this period Wales was photographed steering a yacht with a peaked cap posing as a sea captain with a female professional model on either side of him In the photograph the women were wearing panties and T shirts advertising Bomis 1 58 84 A subscription section Bomis Premium 4 provided access to adult content and erotic material 5 23 24 A three day trial was US 2 95 58 While Bomis Babes provided nude images of females to subscribers 24 Bomis Premium featured lesbian sexual practices and female anatomy 1 Bomis created the Babe Engine 4 which helped users find erotic material online through a web search engine 9 25 According to Bomis advertising director Terry Foote 99 percent of searches on the site related to nude women 26 Nupedia and Wikipedia Bomis staff summer 2000 From left to right standing Tim Shell Christine Wales Jimmy Wales Terry Foote Jared Pappas Kelley Liz Campeau Nupedia employee standing almost completely behind Rita Sanger Rita Sanger Jason Richey Toan Vo and Andrew McCague Seated Jeremy Rosenfeld Larry Sanger Bomis is best known for supporting the creation of free content online encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Wikipedia 9 75 Tim Shell and Michael Davis continued their partnership with Wales during the 2000 Nupedia venture 15 Larry Sanger met Jimmy Wales through an e mail communication group about philosophy and objectivism 12 19 56 and joined Bomis in May 1999 85 Sanger was a graduate student working towards a PhD degree in philosophy with research focused on epistemology 19 22 86 he received his degree from Ohio State University 87 moving to San Diego to help Bomis with its encyclopedia venture 85 88 At the time Sanger joined Bomis the company had a total workforce of two employees with help from programmers 85 Sanger and Wales began Nupedia with resources from Bomis 9 at the beginning of 2000 the company agreed to provide early financing for Nupedia from its profits 22 44 89 Nupedia went live in March 8 13 when Wales was CEO of Bomis 90 Sanger was Nupedia s editor in chief 27 91 Nupedia s reading comprehension was intended for high school graduates 92 and Bomis set its goal To set a new standard for breadth depth timeliness and lack of bias and in the fullness of time to become the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of humankind 85 92 Although Bomis began a search for experts to vet Nupedia articles this proved tedious 30 In August 2000 Nupedia had more than 60 academics contributing to the peer review process on the site most with doctorates in philosophy or medicine 93 Scholars wishing to contribute to Nupedia were required to submit their credentials via fax for verification 94 At that time Bomis was attempting to obtain advertising revenue for Nupedia 93 and the company was optimistic that it could fund the project with ad space on Nupedia com 85 Wikipedia began as a feature of Nupedia com on January 15 2001 51 95 later known as Wikipedia Day 46 90 Someone working from the office bomis com server created the first edit to the website 96 the creation of HomePage with the text This is the new WikiPedia 97 a It was originally intended only to generate draft articles for Nupedia 12 29 30 with finished articles moved to the latter 98 Wikipedia became a separate site days after the Nupedia advisory board opposed combining the two 90 95 In September 2001 Wales was simultaneously CEO of Bomis and co founder of Wikipedia 99 Sanger was chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor in chief of Nupedia 33 100 Nupedia was encumbered by its peer review system 27 28 a seven step process 90 98 of review and copyediting 12 and Wikipedia grew at a faster rate 18 101 In November 2000 Nupedia had 115 potential articles awaiting its peer review process 85 98 By September 2001 after a total investment of US 250 000 from Bomis Nupedia produced 12 articles 2 94 98 from 2000 through 2003 Nupedia contributors produced a total of 24 finalized articles 29 18 90 Wikipedia had about 20 000 articles and versions in 18 languages by the end of 2001 102 Bomis originally planned to make Wikipedia profitable 103 providing staffing and hardware for its initial structure 18 Wikipedia would not have survived without this early support 8 13 Bomis provided web servers and bandwidth for the projects owning key items such as domain names 32 Wales used money from Bomis to maintain the Wikipedia servers in Tampa Florida 4 46 47 As the cost of Wikipedia rose with its popularity Bomis revenues declined as a result of the dot com crash 32 51 In late 2000 Bomis had a staff of about 11 employees but by early 2002 layoffs reduced the staff to its original size of about five 16 Sanger was laid off in February 2002 33 60 from January 15 2001 through March 1 2002 he was the sole paid editor of Wikipedia 33 Sanger stepped down from his dual roles as chief organizer of Wikipedia and editor in chief of Nupedia on March 1 2002 feeling unable to commit to these areas on a volunteer basis 33 and a dearth of the habit or tradition of respect for expertise from high ranking Wikipedia members 11 He continued contributing to community discussions optimistic about Wikipedia s future success 60 104 After Sanger s departure Wikipedia was managed by Wales and a burgeoning online community 87 Although Wales thought advertising was a possibility the Wikipedia community was opposed to business development 16 41 103 and Internet marketing was difficult in 2002 16 Wikipedia remained a for profit venture under the auspices of Bomis through the end of 2002 31 By then it had moved from a com domain name to org 56 102 and Wales said that the site would not accept advertising 102 Material from Nupedia was folded into Wikipedia 34 and it was discontinued by 2003 11 12 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Wikimedia Foundation Board beginnings The first Wikimedia Foundation Board consisted of the three Bomis founders Board members in 2004In 2004 community elections added two Wikipedia contributors to the board Bomis three founders retained their seats 17 By 2003 Wikipedia had grown to 100 000 articles in its English language version and it became difficult for Bomis to continue financially supporting the project 105 With Wikipedia a drain on the company s resources Wales and Sanger decided to fund the project on a non profit basis 32 Bomis laid off most of its employees to continue operating since Wikipedia was not generating revenue 31 The company owned Wikipedia from its creation through 2003 8 13 and Wales used about 100 000 of Bomis revenue to fund Wikipedia before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non profit status 36 In June 2003 Wikipedia was transferred to a nascent non profit organization the Wikimedia Foundation 8 13 which was formed as a charitable institution to supervise Wikipedia and its associated wiki based sites 106 107 When the foundation was established its staff began to solicit public funding 106 and Bomis turned Wikipedia over to the non profit 60 All Bomis owned hardware used to run Wikipedia associated websites was donated to the Wikimedia Foundation 18 and Wales transferred Wikipedia related copyrights from Bomis to the foundation 18 It was first headquartered in St Petersburg Florida 18 where Bomis was located 35 The foundation shifted Wikipedia s dependence away from Bomis allowing it to purchase hardware for expansion 108 The Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees was initially composed of Bomis three founders Jimmy Wales and his two business partners Michael Davis and Tim Shell 17 109 Shell and Davis were appointed to the board by Wales 3 but after Wikipedia community members complained that the board was composed of appointed individuals 17 the first elections were held in 2004 18 Two community members Florence Devouard and Angela Beesley were elected to the board of trustees 17 In August 2004 Wales was chief executive officer of Bomis 110 and on September 20 Wikipedia reached the million article mark on an expenditure of 500 000 most directly from Wales 56 94 In November 2004 he told the St Petersburg Times he no longer controlled Bomis day to day operations but retained ownership as a shareholder 37 In 2005 Tim Shell was CEO of Bomis and one of the board members overseeing Wikipedia 2 Shell remained CEO of Bomis in 2006 becoming vice president of the Wikimedia Foundation and continuing to serve on its board 3 Bomis co founder Michael Davis became treasurer of the Wikimedia Foundation that year 3 Wales told The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007 that although he retained partial ownership of Bomis It s pretty much dead 1 According to the Internet Archive the Bomis website was last accessible with content in 2010 111 when accessed in 2013 by the archive it had a welcome message for PetaBox 112 When accessed in 2014 by the archive the website featured a blank white page with a line of text saying Hello world 113 114 AftermathWikipedia edits about Bomis by Jimmy Wales September 4 2005 October 20 2005 October 28 2005Edits to Wikipedia about Bomis made by Jimmy Wales were publicized by Rogers Cadenhead 6 115 In 2005 Wales made 18 changes to his Wikipedia biography 24 55 115 He removed references to Bomis Babes as softcore pornography and erotica 24 and Larry Sanger as co founder of Wikipedia 29 38 Wales actions were publicized by author Rogers Cadenhead 6 115 attracting attention from US and UK media b In 2011 Time listed Wales 2005 edits in its Top 10 Wikipedia Moments 115 Wikipedia policy warned users not to edit their own biography pages 6 40 with its rules on autobiographical editing quoting Wales It is a social faux pas to write about yourself 8 Larry Sanger said It does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history 6 24 and began a discussion on the talk page of Wales biography about historical revisionism 6 Wales called his actions fixing mistakes 29 but after Cadenhead publicized the edits to his biography he expressed regret for his actions 9 116 In The Times Wales said that individuals should not edit their own Wikipedia biographies 24 telling The New Yorker that the standard applied to himself as well 55 Wales warned that the activity should be discouraged because of the potential for bias 24 I wish I hadn t done it It s in poor taste 29 38 Bomis was called the Playboy of the Internet by The Atlantic 41 and the sobriquet was subsequently used by publications including The Sunday Times 42 The Daily Telegraph 32 MSN Money 117 Wired 118 The Torch Magazine 98 and the 2007 book The Cult of the Amateur by Andrew Keen 43 Wales considered the Playboy of the Internet nickname inappropriate 118 although he was asked in interviews if his time at Bomis made him a porn king 25 119 120 The 2010 documentary film about Wikipedia Truth in Numbers Everything According to Wikipedia discussed this characterization of Wales by journalists 119 121 Wales interviewed in the film called the characterization inaccurate and explained that his company responded to content demand from customers c In later interviews he responded to porn king questions by telling journalists to look at a page on Yahoo about pornography related to dwarfism 25 According to a 2007 article in Reason If he was a porn king he suggests so is the head of the biggest Web portal in the world 25 AnalysisThe Chronicle of Philanthropy characterized Bomis as an Internet marketing firm which also traded in erotic photographs for a while 30 Jeff Howe wrote in his 2008 book Crowdsourcing How the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business about one of Wales s less altruistic ventures a Web portal called Bomis com that featured among other items soft core pornography 44 In his 2008 book The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It legal scholar Jonathan Zittrain wrote that Bomis helped people find erotic photography and earned money through advertising as well as subscription fees for premium content 5 The Guardian described the site as on the fringes of the adult entertainment industry 79 and The Edge called Bomis com an explicit content search engine 106 Business 2 0 Magazine described it as a search portal which created and hosted Web rings around popular search terms including not surprisingly a lot of adult themes 49 Footnotes Wales would claim to have made the first edit to Wikipedia with Hello World but no such edit survives in archives and it has been speculated that it was made to a test wiki that was later deleted Jimmy Wales edits to Wikipedia to change information about Bomis and remove references to Larry Sanger as co founder of the site was reported in The Times 24 Wired 6 New Statesman 38 Time 115 the Herald Sun 80 The New Yorker 39 and The New York Times 40 Wales stated in the 2010 documentary Truth in Numbers Everything According to Wikipedia You know the press has this idea that I am a porn king I really wasn t a king of anything frankly you know Because at the time when we looked at it we were just like Okay well this is what our customers will want let s follow this 121 References a b c d e f g h i Hutcheon 2007 a b c d e f g Barnett 2005 p 62 a b c d Heise Online October 28 2006 a b c d e f g h i Business Insider 2013 a b c d e f Zittrain 2008 p 133 a b c d e f g h i Hansen 2005 a b Miller 2007 p 17 a b c d e f g h i Rosenzweig 2013 a b c d e f g Henderson 2008 p 500 a b Wright 1999 a b c d Mahadevan 2006 p 15 a b c d e f Hasan 2011 a b c d e f g Rosenzweig 2006 Conway 2010 p 7 a b c d Seybold 2006 p 250 a b c d e f g h i DiBona 2005 a b c d e f g h i j k l Lih 2009 a b c d e f g h i j Ayers 2008 a b c d Anderson 2012 pp 136 138 a b The Globe and Mail 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External linksBomis at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Bomis at the Internet Archive Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees at Wikipedia Meta Former Board of Trustees members at Wikimedia Foundation Portals Companies Florida Internet Nudity Erotica and pornography Human sexuality United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bomis amp oldid 1133078142, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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