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Wikipedia

Larry Sanger

January 13, 2023

Lawrence Mark Sanger (/ˈsæŋər/;[1] born July 16, 1968) is an American Internet project developer and philosopher who co-founded the online encyclopedia Wikipedia along with Jimmy Wales. Sanger coined the name and wrote much of Wikipedia's original governing policy, such as "Neutral point of view". Sanger has worked on other online projects, including Nupedia, Encyclopedia of Earth, Citizendium, WatchKnowLearn, Reading Bear, Infobitt, Everipedia, the Knowledge Standards Foundation and the encyclosphere. He also advised blockchain company Phunware and the nonprofit online American political encyclopedia Ballotpedia.[2]

Larry Sanger
Sanger in 2006
Born
Lawrence Mark Sanger

(1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 54)
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
EducationReed College (BA)
Ohio State University (MA, PhD)
Occupation(s)Internet project developer, philosopher
Known forCo-founding Nupedia, Co-founding Wikipedia, and founding Citizendium
Children2
WebsiteLarrySanger.org

While studying at college, Sanger developed an interest in using the Internet for educational purposes and joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor-in-chief in 2000. Disappointed with the slow progress of Nupedia, Sanger proposed using a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia's peer-review process; this change led to the development and launch of Wikipedia in 2001. Sanger served as Wikipedia's community leader and was the only editorial employee of Wikipedia in its early stages but was laid off and left the project in 2002. Sanger's status as a co-founder of Wikipedia has been questioned by fellow co-founder Jimmy Wales but is generally accepted.

Since Sanger's departure from Wikipedia, he has been critical of the project, describing it in 2007 as being "broken beyond repair".[3] He has argued that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility and accuracy due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority. Since 2020, he has criticized Wikipedia for what he perceives as a left-wing and liberal ideological bias in its articles.[4][5][6]

In 2006, he founded Citizendium to compete with Wikipedia. In 2010, he stepped down as editor-in-chief. In 2020, he left Citizendium entirely. In 2017, he joined Everipedia as chief information officer (CTO). He resigned in 2019, to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and the encyclosphere. Sanger currently serves as the President and Executive Director of the Knowledge Standards Foundation.[2][7][8]

Sanger's other interests include a focus on philosophy—in particular epistemology, early modern philosophy, and ethics. He taught philosophy at his alma mater Ohio State University.

Early life and education

Lawrence Mark Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, on July 16, 1968.[9] His father Gerry was a marine biologist who studied seabirds and his mother raised the children.[7][10] When he was seven years old, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where he grew up.[9][11] He was interested in philosophical topics at an early age and decided "to study philosophy and make it my life's work" at the age of 16.[12][13][14]

In high school, he participated in debate, which Sanger says influenced his views on neutrality due to these debates exposing him to different issues and arguments from both sides":[14]

And so I'd look up articles about those things, and I was always furious when I came across an article that failed to present one side fairly or at all. The worst instances were when [the author] would just come out and say what their position is. It just struck me as being really unfair.

Sanger graduated from high school in 1986 and attended Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[13] In college he became interested in the Internet and its potential as a publishing outlet.[12] Sanger set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet for tutoring and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting".[15] He started and moderated a libertarian philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy.[11][14] In 1994, Sanger wrote a manifesto for the discussion group:

The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.[11]

Around 1994, Sanger met Jimmy Wales after subscribing to Wales' mailing list titled Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy (MDOP).[14]

Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[16] Beginning in 1998, he and a friend ran a website called "Sanger and Shannon's Review of Y2K News Reports", a resource for people such as managers of computer systems who were concerned about the year 2000 problem.[11][17]

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Main article: History of Wikipedia
 
The Bomis staff in mid-2000. Sanger is seated right.

Nupedia was a web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors possessing relevant subject matter expertise and reviewed by editors prior to publication, and were licensed as free content.[18] It was conceived by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by his company Bomis.[19] Wales had interacted with Sanger on mailing lists.[20] In January 2000, Sanger had e-mailed Wales and others about a potential "cultural news blog" project that would cover social and political issues that he had in mind after January 1, 2000, had passed and rendered his Y2K site obsolete. Wales replied with "Instead of doing that, why don't you come and work on this idea that I've had?", presented the idea of Nupedia to Sanger, and invited him to join the project.[14][17] Sanger was hired as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.[19] He began to oversee Nupedia in February 2000,[21] developing a review process for articles and recruiting editors.[22] Through working on Nupedia, Sanger "found that it was a fascinating problem to organize people online to create encyclopedias."[23] Articles were reviewed through Nupedia's e-mail system before being posted on the site.[24]

Nupedia made very slow progress and was at a standstill at the end of 2000, causing consternation to Sanger and Wales,[25] with Sanger saying that "by the summer of 2000, it had become clear that the process we tested out [for making articles on Nupedia] was very slow."[14] In January 2001, Sanger proposed the creation of a wiki to speed article development,[26] which resulted in the launch of Wikipedia on January 15, 2001.[26] Wikipedia was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for which the public would write entries that would then be fed into Nupedia's review process.[11] However, the majority of Nupedia's experts and the Nupedia advisory board wanted little to do with the project,[11][14] with members of the Nupedia advisory board mailing list dismissing the idea of Wikipedia as being ridiculous.[14]

The idea of using a wiki came when Sanger met up with his friend Ben Kovitz for dinner on January 2, 2001,[14][27] when Sanger was first introduced to wiki software.[16] Kovitz, whom Sanger had known from philosophy mailing lists,[25] was a computer programmer who had come across Ward Cunningham's Wiki.[28] Sanger was impressed with the possibilities offered by wikis and called Wales, who agreed to try it.[29] Sanger originated the name "Wikipedia", chosen from "a long list of names", which he later said was "a silly name for what was at first a very silly project".[14][30]

Sanger created Wikipedia's first introductory pages and home pages, and invited the first few people to make contributions to the website, which was then called the Nupedia Wiki.[14] Within a few days of its launch, Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia and a small community of editors had gathered.[11] Sanger served as Wikipedia's "chief organizer",[31] running the project and formulating much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules", "Neutral point of view", "No original research", and "Verifiability".[32] He embraced Wikipedia's encouragement of boldness among its editors, telling users to "not worry about messing up".[33] Sanger created the concept of "Brilliant prose", which evolved into featured articles as a way to showcase Wikipedia's highest-quality articles.[34]

Sanger later grew disillusioned with Wikipedia,[35] saying by mid-2001 its community was being "overrun" by "trolls" and "anarchist-types", who were "opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not".[36] While such issues were not important to Sanger when Wikipedia was a source of articles for Nupedia, as it grew into an independent project he started to become more concerned about the community.[37] Sanger became increasingly disillusioned and frustrated by a Wikipedia user known as "The Cunctator", who would troll Sanger.[37] Sanger responded to these trends by proposing a stronger emphasis on expert editors and individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules.[36] He also asked to be given more respect and deference by Wikipedians, which backfired and led to an increase in friction between him and the community.[38]

Sanger was the only editorial employee of Wikipedia.[39] In early 2002, Bomis, which had intended to make Wikipedia profitable from the outset, announced the possibility of placing advertisements on Wikipedia, in part to pay for Sanger's employment,[40] but the project was opposed to any commercialization and the market for Internet advertising was small.[41] Bomis made the decision to stop funding Sanger's job and he was laid off in February 2002[42][43] after the company lost a grant in the Dot-com crash[7] and he resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.[44] Sanger said he ended his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer because he could not do justice to the tasks as a part-timer;[44] he was also frustrated by sustained content battles and felt he lacked support from Wales.[36] In a post to the Wikipedia community, Sanger said that his departure from Wikipedia might not be permanent if Bomis could monetize Wikipedia.[45]

Sanger attempted to revive Nupedia throughout 2002 as its activity petered out.[41] He tried to find an organization that would take control of it because it appeared Bomis would be unable to manage it and Wales seemed uninterested in it. Sanger later attempted to purchase the domain and other proprietary materials of Nupedia from Bomis.[41] He said Nupedia was allowed to die a slow death and that its demise was not entirely due to the inherent inefficiencies in its review process.[41] Nupedia's server crashed in September 2003 and the site was never relaunched.[46][47]

Status as Wikipedia co-founder

Sanger's role in founding Wikipedia was the subject of edits by Wales to Wikipedia in 2005, which was followed by discussions within the community. Sanger accused Wales of "rewriting history" by disregarding his involvement; Wales told Wired he only clarified details about Sanger's contribution to the project and removed factual errors, and said he should not have done so.[48][49] Wales later stated he had initially heard of the wiki concept from Bomis employee Jeremy Rosenfeld rather than Sanger.[30]

On his personal website, Sanger posted several links that appear to support his role as a co-founder.[50] As early as January 17, 2001, Sanger was cited as "Instigator of Nupedia's wiki" by its chief copyeditor Ruth Ifcher,[51] and he was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia by September 2001.[52] Sanger has said he organized Wikipedia while Wales was mostly focused on Bomis.com.[53]

Wales devised the idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that accepted contributions from anyone and invested in it while Sanger was in charge of organizing such an encyclopedia.[54]

Criticism of Wikipedia

Since 2002, Sanger has been critical of Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation.[14][55] In 2015, Vice referred to Sanger as "Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic".[14]

Accuracy, credibility and expertise

In December 2004, writing for the Kuro5hin website, Sanger commented that Wikipedia is not considered credible by librarians, teachers, and academics because it lacks a formal review process and that the presence of trolls and "difficult people" discourages accredited specialists and people who are knowledgeable from contributing to Wikipedia. He also argued that Wikipedia's "root problem" is a "lack of respect for expertise".[56][57]

In April 2007, Sanger stated Wikipedia was "still quite useful and an amazing phenomenon" but he had "come to the view that it is also broken beyond repair" with a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals".[3]

In September 2009, Sanger said from early on the activities of trolls on the website "was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it". Sanger described Wales as a being a "fraud" and "liar" over the issue of who created Wikipedia. Wales responded to a query about the feud between the two men, stating: "I think very highly of Larry Sanger, and think that it is unfortunate that this silly debate has tended to overshadow his work."[58]

In a November 2015 interview with Zachary Schwartz for Vice, Sanger expanded on his experiences with trolls on Wikipedia during the site's initial growth: "It was kind of stressful. I think it stressed out my wife more than me. The idea that there were people who were abusing me online just bothered her greatly." Sanger equated the trolls with modern-day social justice warriors (SJWs).[14] When asked by Schwartz what he would do differently if he started over with Wikipedia, Sanger said: "One thing that I would have done, could have done, and should have done right away would be to create a process whereby articles were approved by experts."[14] When asked what his thoughts were on Wikipedia in 2015, Sanger said: "I guess I'm moderately proud. I always sort of felt like we just got lucky with the right idea at the right time."[14]

In a November 2016 interview with Alexandre Gilbert for The Times of Israel, Sanger said that Wikipedia has "a problem with fairness and sound governance".[59]

Neutrality and ideological bias

See also: Ideological bias on Wikipedia

In a July 2010 interview with Kathryn Schulz from Slate, Sanger said: "If you're talking about political biases, I actually think that that's one of Wikipedia's least-worst problems. It's really not as bad as the people at, say, Conservapedia seem to think. I do think that there is a liberal bias on most topics where such a bias is possible." Those individuals, according to Sanger, "who work the most on Wikipedia tend to be really comfortable with the most radically egalitarian views. And those people tend to be either liberals or libertarians." Sanger also argued that "I think the kind of biases that are in some ways more interesting and more pervasive have to do with individual biases not on political issues but on a host of very specific academic issues. An article can reflect the bias of a few people who just happen to be most motivated to work on it. This is a general problem with Wikipedia".[23]

In March 2014, Sanger stated that "In some fields and some topics, there are groups who 'squat' on articles and insist on making them reflect their own specific biases. There is no credible mechanism to approve versions of articles."[60]

In December 2015, Sanger said that "Wikipedia itself might be thought to be committed to such a completely international neutrality, and in places, its policies have seemed to hold it to that utopian ambition. But of course it cannot be and it is not. The English Wikipedia's articles about science most clearly betray its Western and especially Anglo-American provenance, and articles about, for example, philosophy are mostly about Western philosophy. I see nothing really wrong with that." Sanger also said that "My teenage ire at shamefully biased writers and editors found expression in Nupedia's neutrality policy, which in turn became Wikipedia's.", calling himself "a zealot for neutrality."[61]

In December 2017, Sanger called Wikipedia's article on Intelligent design "appallingly biased".[62]

In a May 2019 interview with Sophie Foggin of 150Sec, regarding the website's neutrality, Sanger said: "Wikipedia has long since decided to turn the other cheek when influential editors make articles speak with one point of view, when they dismiss unpopular views, or when they utterly fail to do justice to alternative approaches to a topic." Sanger also stated that Wikipedia "never did come up with a good solution" for "how to rein in the bad actors so that they did not ruin the project for everyone else" and that "Wikipedia is a broken system as a result".[63]

In a blog post in May 2020, Sanger described Wikipedia as "badly biased" and as favoring left-wing and liberal politics. In his opinion, portions of the Donald Trump Wikipedia article are "unrelentingly negative", while the Barack Obama article "completely fails to mention many well-known scandals". He listed other topics he argued are presented with a liberal and left-wing bias, including the topics on Hillary Clinton, abortion, drug legalization, religion, and LGBT adoption. In particular, Sanger said that Wikipedia, in describing many of Trump's statements as "false", established the website's biases. Sanger commented in the blog post: "It is time for Wikipedia to come clean and admit that it has abandoned NPOV (i.e., neutrality as a policy)." Regarding Wikipedia's current neutrality policy, Sanger said that "it endorses the utterly bankrupt canard of journalistic 'false balance', which is directly contradictory to the original neutrality policy. As a result, even as journalists turn to opinion and activism, Wikipedia now touts controversial points of view on politics, religion, and science".[4]

In a February 2021 interview with Fox News, Sanger stated that Wikipedia's "ideological and religious bias is real and troubling, particularly in a resource that continues to be treated by many as an unbiased reference work".[64] In a February 2021 interview with Carrie Sheffield on Pluto TV, Sanger criticized Wikipedia's coverage of socialism, saying that "when schoolkids go, and they look up answers to questions about the meaning of 'socialism' ... they're going to find an explanation that completely ignores any conservative, libertarian, or critical treatment of the subject", "And that's really problematic. That's not education. That's propaganda." He claimed that Wikipedia was originally "committed to neutrality" until "about 10 years ago" when "liberals or leftists made their march through the institutions ... and basically took [Wikipedia] over", adding that "They started getting rid of citations from conservative sources, even conservative sources that were cited in order to explain the conservative point of view. At least in some cases, that was the case, and more and more, certain points of view were castigated and labeled". When asked about Wikipedia's reaction to his criticism, Sanger said that "They ignore me" and that "They don't care what I say, and the feeling is mutual."[65]

In a July 2021 interview with Freddie Sayers of LockdownTV, Sanger claimed that Wikipedia is not trustworthy and that its contributors have a left-leaning bias.[5][6][66] According to Sanger, Wikipedia's coverage of U.S. President Joe Biden contained "very little by way of the concerns that Republicans have had about him" or the Ukraine allegations.[5][66] He further adds that since Wikipedia encourages the use of secondary sources instead of primary sources, Wikipedia's content is heavily influenced by coverage from center-left-wing media outlets, saying that "You can't cite the Daily Mail at all. You can't cite Fox News on socio-political issues either. It's banned. So what does that mean? It means that if a controversy does not appear in the mainstream center-Left media, then it's not going to appear on Wikipedia."[6] Despite having a neutrality policy, he says that the viewpoint of Wikipedia articles represent the consensus viewpoints and that users are prohibited from adding counter-arguments to established views, which would help create more neutral articles.[67] He claimed that Wikipedia can give a "reliably establishment point of view on pretty much everything" and that "if only one version of the facts is allowed then that gives a huge incentive to wealthy and powerful people to seize control of things like Wikipedia in order to shore up their power. And they do that."[66]

In a July 22, 2021, interview with Tucker Carlson on Fox News, Sanger said that Wikipedia allowing anonymous contributors had resulted in the website being taken over by criminal bodies, as well as by corporations and governments. Sanger also said that "I don't know that there is a way to fix Wikipedia within Wikipedia. It's an institutionally conservative place".[68]

In an August 2021 interview with The Sunday Times of London, Sanger objected to Wikipedia's description of alternative medicines, such as homeopathy, as "pseudoscience". He believed such a definition lacked true neutrality. Sanger also claimed that "If you don't kowtow to the right people, you won't even be allowed to participate." Of Wikipedia as a whole, he said: "I advise against using it, even to conscientious students."[7] Of Jimmy Wales' role in Wikipedia, Sanger said that: "[There was] this kind of idealism that Jimmy Wales had ... that if you just open up the encyclopaedia to anybody, then because people are generally good, they will do the right thing. I think perhaps he still has that view. But frankly, that really wasn't ever my view. I was always a bit worried about what might happen if ideologues took over as naturally they would want to if it was at all successful. I think that actually is what happened."[7] According to The Sunday Times, Wikipedia denied accusations from Sanger of having a particular political bias, with a spokesperson for the encyclopedia saying that third-party studies have shown that its editors come from a variety of ideological viewpoints and that "As more people engage in the editing process on Wikipedia, the more neutral articles tend to become".[7]

In a March 2022 interview with Fox Nation, Sanger once more said that Wikipedia had abandoned its neutrality policy and that "the kinds of people that are allowed to have any influence on Wikipedia have been narrowed down greatly to essentially people who agree with the establishment left." In his opinion: "The left, frankly, is relentless when it comes to stating their point of view and using the organs of mass media—and Wikipedia is part of their mass media I think—to shape the world", "And so it became another one of the institutions that they had to capture." Sanger also claimed that Wikipedia originally had a strong commitment to neutrality, saying: "We promulgated a policy, the neutrality policy. And it was very clear in the beginning. And I think I really hammered it a lot. In the two years that I was with the organization, I really drove that neutrality policy. And I articulated a defense."[69]

Claims of pornographic content

In April 2010, Sanger sent a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography and later clarified the object of his concern was "obscene visual representations of the abuse of children" and not photographs.[70][71] Sanger said he felt it was his "civic duty" to report the images.[72] Critics accused Sanger of having an ulterior motive for reporting the images, noting he was still in charge of the faltering Citizendium project and said that publicizing the accusations was unnecessary.[73] In 2012, Sanger told Fox News that he worked with NetSpark to get them to donate or heavily discount its pornographic image filtering technology for use on Wikipedia. NetSpark attempted to contact the Wikimedia Foundation in 2012 but received no response.[74]

In a June 2012 interview with TechCrunch TV, Sanger criticized Wikipedia for containing too much pornography that children could access and said that he did not regret leaving Wikipedia.[75]

Later activities

Citizendium

Main article: Citizendium
 
A screenshot of Citizendium's homepage in 2018

At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced the launch of a new wiki-based encyclopedia called Citizendium—short for "citizens' compendium"—as a fork of Wikipedia.[76] The objective of the fork was to address perceived flaws in the way Wikipedia functions; anonymous editing was disallowed, all users were required to use their real names,[77] and there was a layer of experts who had extra authority.[76] It was an attempt by Sanger to establish a credible online encyclopedia based on scholarship,[78] aiming to bring more accountability and academic rigor to articles.[79][80] The site attempted to implement an expert review process and experts tried to reach a decision in disputes that could not be resolved by consensus.[81]

Sanger predicted a rapid increase in Citizendium's traffic at its first anniversary in 2007.[82] After a burst of initial work, however, the site went into decline and most of the experts were not retained.[83] In 2011, Ars Technica reporter Timothy B. Lee said Citizendium was "dead in the water".[83] Lee noted that Citizendium's late start was a disadvantage and that its growth was hindered by an "unwieldy editing model".[83] In 2014, the number of Citizendium contributors was under 100 and the number of edits per day was about "a dozen or so" according to Winthrop University's Dean of Library Services.[84] By August 2016, Citizendium had about 17,000 articles, 160 of which had undergone expert review.[85]

Sanger, who in early 2007 announced he did not intend to head Citizendium indefinitely,[78] effectively ceased to edit it in early 2009, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009, on the Citizendium-l mailing list.[86] He stepped down as editor-in-chief of Citizendium on September 22, 2010, but said he would continue to support the project.[87]

On July 2, 2020, Sanger wrote that he had transferred legal ownership of the Citizendium domain name to Pat Palmer, saying that Citizendium had "stopped being 'my' project a long time ago. But until this morning, I still owned the domain name."[88]

On Citizendium, Sanger refused to recognize women's studies as a top-level category, calling it too "politically correct." Sanger later said that "it wasn't about women's studies in particular", but about "too much overlap with existing groups."[89]

Other projects

Larry Sanger has been involved with several other online encyclopedia projects.[39] In 2005, he joined the Digital Universe Foundation[90] as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[91] He was a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web project that was launched in early 2006.[92][93] The Digital Universe encyclopedia recruited recognized experts to write articles and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy.[94] The first part of the project was the expert-written-and-edited Encyclopedia of Earth.[94][95] Sanger later felt the pace of content production at the Foundation was too slow for him; he proposed open content to help speed development but the proposal was rejected.[76]

Sanger has worked at the WatchKnowLearn project, a non-profit organization that focuses on educating young children using videos and other media on the web.[96] It is funded by grants, philanthropists, and the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi.[97] Sanger headed the development of WatchKnowLearn from 2008 to 2010.[98] It consists of a repository of educational videos for kindergarten to the 12th grade.[99] In February 2013, it ranked as the top search result among educational videos on Google's search engine and attracted over six million page views each month.[100] In 2010 and 2011, he continued developing a web-based reading-tutorial application for beginning readers, which was launched as Reading Bear in 2012.[101] It uses the principles of phonics and multimedia presentations such as videos, PowerPoint presentations, and ebooks to teach pronunciation to children.[101] It also aims to teach the meaning and context of each word.[101]

In February 2013, Sanger announced a project a crowdsourced news portal called Infobitt; saying on Twitter, "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki."[102] The site, which aimed to be a crowdsourced news aggregator, went online in December 2014[103] but ran out of money in July 2015.[104]

In December 2017, it was announced that Sanger had become the chief information officer of Everipedia,[105][106] an open encyclopedia that uses blockchain technology.[107] That month, Sanger told Inverse that Everipedia is "going to change the world in a dramatic way, more than Wikipedia did".[108] That same month, Sanger told TechRepublic that "Everipedia is the encyclopedia of everything, where topics are unrestricted, unlike on Wikipedia."[109]

On July 1, 2019, Sanger advocated for a social-media strike to take place on July 4 and 5 to demand the decentralization of social media platforms to their user bases from their top-level management so their users can assert control over their data and privacy.[110][111]

On October 18, 2019, Sanger announced that he had resigned from his position at Everipedia and returned his stock holdings in the company without compensation to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and develop the website encyclosphere.org.[112] He said of the venture, "We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs: there needs to be an 'Encyclosphere'. We should build a totally decentralized network, like the Blogosphere—or like email, IRC, blockchains, and the World Wide Web itself."[112] The Knowledge Standards Foundation was founded in September 2019 by Sanger and others.[113]

In 2020, Sanger served on the advisory board of blockchain company Phunware.[114]

Philosophy

Larry Sanger has a doctorate in Philosophy from Ohio State University.[16] His professional interests are epistemology, early modern philosophy, and ethics.[13] Most of Sanger's philosophical work focuses on epistemology.[12] In 2008, he visited Balliol College of the University of Oxford to debate the proposal "the Internet is the future of knowledge", arguing wikis and blogs are changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.[115] Sanger has frequently written and spoken about collaborative content.[116]

In January 2002, Sanger returned to Columbus, Ohio to teach philosophy at Ohio State University,[90] where he taught the subject until June 2005.[12][failed verification]

In December 2010, Sanger said he considered WikiLeaks to be "enemies of the U.S.—not just the government, but the people".[117]

In September 2021, in response to U.S. President Joe Biden announcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate, Sanger tweeted "Nor I.#IWillNotComply" in agreement with political commentator Tim Pool. In an earlier tweet, Sanger falsely claimed that COVID-19 vaccines are "not a vaccine".[118]

In March 2022, Sanger said that "Decentralization is a necessary but not sufficient condition of internet freedom", arguing that both federated and peer-to-peer decentralized networks "can still be captured and controlled in various ways and rendered un-free."[119]

Sanger has argued that liberal and left-leaning views dominate in academia, science, the media and tech companies such as Facebook and Twitter.[7]

Personal life

In February 2000, when Sanger was hired by Wales to develop Nupedia, he moved to San Diego.[120] He was married in Las Vegas in December 2001.[121] In 2005, he and his wife moved to Santa Cruz, California, to work for Digital Universe.[122] As of 2015, Sanger lives in the outskirts of Columbus, Ohio.[14] As of 2021, he lives with his wife and two sons, who are both homeschooled.[7][8]

Sanger was raised as a Lutheran and went to a Sunday school, but became an agnostic when he was 16 after his family stopped regularly going to church.[7][59][123] Ethnically, Sanger described himself in 2016 as "a typical American cross-breed (lots of English, German, and French)".[59]

Sanger supports the concept of "baby reading".[124] He started teaching his son to read before his second birthday and posted videos online to demonstrate this.[124] Sanger is known for his love of Irish traditional music.[90]

Selected writings

Academic work
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification – doctoral thesis.
  • Descartes's methods and their theoretical background – bachelor thesis.
Essays
  • Why Neutrality?. Ballotpedia, December 2015.
  • How and Why I Taught My Toddler to Read (PDF). LarrySanger.org, December 2010.
  • . Educause Review, April 2010.
  • The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia (PDF). Episteme – Edinburgh University Press, February 2009.
  • . Edge Foundation – Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
  • Humanity's Coming Enlightenment. (Archived) Edge Foundation – World Question Center, 2007.
Presentations
  • What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of Society for Scholarly Publishing, San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
  • . Keynote at the Handelsblatt IT Congress, Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
  • . Opening keynote at the SVForum, The Business of New Media, Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.

Books

  • Essays on Free Knowledge: The Origins of Wikipedia and the New Politics of Knowledge. September 8, 2020

See also

References

  1. ^ Western History for Kids, Part 1 – ancient and medieval – Sanger Academy on YouTube, video taken from Sanger's official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016
  2. ^ a b "About Dr. Larry Sanger". Knowledge Standards Foundation. September 24, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). "Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder". iTnews. from the original on December 22, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Flood, Brian (May 21, 2020). "Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger says online encyclopedia scrapped neutrality, favors lefty politics". Fox News. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Sabur, Rozina (July 16, 2021). "The Left has taken over Wikipedia and stripped it of neutrality, says co-creator". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2021. Mr Sanger added that "very little" reference to scandals and allegations against the Bidens, for instance relating to their business dealings in Ukraine, could be found on Wikipedia.
  6. ^ a b c Freddie Sayers (July 14, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder: I no longer trust the website I created". UnHerd (Podcast). UnHerd. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Spence, Madeleine (August 1, 2021). "Larry Sanger: 'I wouldn't trust Wikipedia — and I helped to invent it'". The Sunday Times. London. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Encyclosphere Team". Encyclosphere. September 24, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Anderson, p. 20
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Bibliography

  • Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders (1 ed.). Abdo Group. ISBN 978-1617148125.
  • Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia REVOLUTION: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6.
  • Reagle, Joseph Michael (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Larry Sanger.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larry Sanger.

January 13, 2023
larry, sanger, lawrence, mark, sanger, born, july, 1968, american, internet, project, developer, philosopher, founded, online, encyclopedia, wikipedia, along, with, jimmy, wales, sanger, coined, name, wrote, much, wikipedia, original, governing, policy, such, . Lawrence Mark Sanger ˈ s ae ŋ er 1 born July 16 1968 is an American Internet project developer and philosopher who co founded the online encyclopedia Wikipedia along with Jimmy Wales Sanger coined the name and wrote much of Wikipedia s original governing policy such as Neutral point of view Sanger has worked on other online projects including Nupedia Encyclopedia of Earth Citizendium WatchKnowLearn Reading Bear Infobitt Everipedia the Knowledge Standards Foundation and the encyclosphere He also advised blockchain company Phunware and the nonprofit online American political encyclopedia Ballotpedia 2 Larry SangerSanger in 2006BornLawrence Mark Sanger 1968 07 16 July 16 1968 age 54 Bellevue Washington U S EducationReed College BA Ohio State University MA PhD Occupation s Internet project developer philosopherKnown forCo founding Nupedia Co founding Wikipedia and founding CitizendiumChildren2WebsiteLarrySanger orgWhile studying at college Sanger developed an interest in using the Internet for educational purposes and joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor in chief in 2000 Disappointed with the slow progress of Nupedia Sanger proposed using a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia s peer review process this change led to the development and launch of Wikipedia in 2001 Sanger served as Wikipedia s community leader and was the only editorial employee of Wikipedia in its early stages but was laid off and left the project in 2002 Sanger s status as a co founder of Wikipedia has been questioned by fellow co founder Jimmy Wales but is generally accepted Since Sanger s departure from Wikipedia he has been critical of the project describing it in 2007 as being broken beyond repair 3 He has argued that despite its merits Wikipedia lacks credibility and accuracy due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority Since 2020 he has criticized Wikipedia for what he perceives as a left wing and liberal ideological bias in its articles 4 5 6 In 2006 he founded Citizendium to compete with Wikipedia In 2010 he stepped down as editor in chief In 2020 he left Citizendium entirely In 2017 he joined Everipedia as chief information officer CTO He resigned in 2019 to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and the encyclosphere Sanger currently serves as the President and Executive Director of the Knowledge Standards Foundation 2 7 8 Sanger s other interests include a focus on philosophy in particular epistemology early modern philosophy and ethics He taught philosophy at his alma mater Ohio State University Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Nupedia and Wikipedia 2 1 Status as Wikipedia co founder 3 Criticism of Wikipedia 3 1 Accuracy credibility and expertise 3 2 Neutrality and ideological bias 3 3 Claims of pornographic content 4 Later activities 4 1 Citizendium 4 2 Other projects 5 Philosophy 6 Personal life 7 Selected writings 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksEarly life and educationLawrence Mark Sanger was born in Bellevue Washington on July 16 1968 9 His father Gerry was a marine biologist who studied seabirds and his mother raised the children 7 10 When he was seven years old his family moved to Anchorage Alaska where he grew up 9 11 He was interested in philosophical topics at an early age and decided to study philosophy and make it my life s work at the age of 16 12 13 14 In high school he participated in debate which Sanger says influenced his views on neutrality due to these debates exposing him to different issues and arguments from both sides 14 And so I d look up articles about those things and I was always furious when I came across an article that failed to present one side fairly or at all The worst instances were when the author would just come out and say what their position is It just struck me as being really unfair Sanger graduated from high school in 1986 and attended Reed College majoring in philosophy 13 In college he became interested in the Internet and its potential as a publishing outlet 12 Sanger set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet for tutoring and to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials tutorial methods and the possibility and merits of a voluntary free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting 15 He started and moderated a libertarian philosophy discussion list the Association for Systematic Philosophy 11 14 In 1994 Sanger wrote a manifesto for the discussion group The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy But there is another reaction one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one s intellectual forebears 11 Around 1994 Sanger met Jimmy Wales after subscribing to Wales mailing list titled Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy MDOP 14 Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed in 1991 a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995 and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000 16 Beginning in 1998 he and a friend ran a website called Sanger and Shannon s Review of Y2K News Reports a resource for people such as managers of computer systems who were concerned about the year 2000 problem 11 17 Nupedia and WikipediaMain article History of Wikipedia The Bomis staff in mid 2000 Sanger is seated right Nupedia was a web based encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors possessing relevant subject matter expertise and reviewed by editors prior to publication and were licensed as free content 18 It was conceived by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by his company Bomis 19 Wales had interacted with Sanger on mailing lists 20 In January 2000 Sanger had e mailed Wales and others about a potential cultural news blog project that would cover social and political issues that he had in mind after January 1 2000 had passed and rendered his Y2K site obsolete Wales replied with Instead of doing that why don t you come and work on this idea that I ve had presented the idea of Nupedia to Sanger and invited him to join the project 14 17 Sanger was hired as Nupedia s editor in chief 19 He began to oversee Nupedia in February 2000 21 developing a review process for articles and recruiting editors 22 Through working on Nupedia Sanger found that it was a fascinating problem to organize people online to create encyclopedias 23 Articles were reviewed through Nupedia s e mail system before being posted on the site 24 Nupedia made very slow progress and was at a standstill at the end of 2000 causing consternation to Sanger and Wales 25 with Sanger saying that by the summer of 2000 it had become clear that the process we tested out for making articles on Nupedia was very slow 14 In January 2001 Sanger proposed the creation of a wiki to speed article development 26 which resulted in the launch of Wikipedia on January 15 2001 26 Wikipedia was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for which the public would write entries that would then be fed into Nupedia s review process 11 However the majority of Nupedia s experts and the Nupedia advisory board wanted little to do with the project 11 14 with members of the Nupedia advisory board mailing list dismissing the idea of Wikipedia as being ridiculous 14 The idea of using a wiki came when Sanger met up with his friend Ben Kovitz for dinner on January 2 2001 14 27 when Sanger was first introduced to wiki software 16 Kovitz whom Sanger had known from philosophy mailing lists 25 was a computer programmer who had come across Ward Cunningham s Wiki 28 Sanger was impressed with the possibilities offered by wikis and called Wales who agreed to try it 29 Sanger originated the name Wikipedia chosen from a long list of names which he later said was a silly name for what was at first a very silly project 14 30 Sanger created Wikipedia s first introductory pages and home pages and invited the first few people to make contributions to the website which was then called the Nupedia Wiki 14 Within a few days of its launch Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia and a small community of editors had gathered 11 Sanger served as Wikipedia s chief organizer 31 running the project and formulating much of the original policy including Ignore all rules Neutral point of view No original research and Verifiability 32 He embraced Wikipedia s encouragement of boldness among its editors telling users to not worry about messing up 33 Sanger created the concept of Brilliant prose which evolved into featured articles as a way to showcase Wikipedia s highest quality articles 34 Sanger later grew disillusioned with Wikipedia 35 saying by mid 2001 its community was being overrun by trolls and anarchist types who were opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not 36 While such issues were not important to Sanger when Wikipedia was a source of articles for Nupedia as it grew into an independent project he started to become more concerned about the community 37 Sanger became increasingly disillusioned and frustrated by a Wikipedia user known as The Cunctator who would troll Sanger 37 Sanger responded to these trends by proposing a stronger emphasis on expert editors and individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules 36 He also asked to be given more respect and deference by Wikipedians which backfired and led to an increase in friction between him and the community 38 Sanger was the only editorial employee of Wikipedia 39 In early 2002 Bomis which had intended to make Wikipedia profitable from the outset announced the possibility of placing advertisements on Wikipedia in part to pay for Sanger s employment 40 but the project was opposed to any commercialization and the market for Internet advertising was small 41 Bomis made the decision to stop funding Sanger s job and he was laid off in February 2002 42 43 after the company lost a grant in the Dot com crash 7 and he resigned as editor in chief of Nupedia and chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1 44 Sanger said he ended his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer because he could not do justice to the tasks as a part timer 44 he was also frustrated by sustained content battles and felt he lacked support from Wales 36 In a post to the Wikipedia community Sanger said that his departure from Wikipedia might not be permanent if Bomis could monetize Wikipedia 45 Sanger attempted to revive Nupedia throughout 2002 as its activity petered out 41 He tried to find an organization that would take control of it because it appeared Bomis would be unable to manage it and Wales seemed uninterested in it Sanger later attempted to purchase the domain and other proprietary materials of Nupedia from Bomis 41 He said Nupedia was allowed to die a slow death and that its demise was not entirely due to the inherent inefficiencies in its review process 41 Nupedia s server crashed in September 2003 and the site was never relaunched 46 47 Status as Wikipedia co founder Sanger s role in founding Wikipedia was the subject of edits by Wales to Wikipedia in 2005 which was followed by discussions within the community Sanger accused Wales of rewriting history by disregarding his involvement Wales told Wired he only clarified details about Sanger s contribution to the project and removed factual errors and said he should not have done so 48 49 Wales later stated he had initially heard of the wiki concept from Bomis employee Jeremy Rosenfeld rather than Sanger 30 On his personal website Sanger posted several links that appear to support his role as a co founder 50 As early as January 17 2001 Sanger was cited as Instigator of Nupedia s wiki by its chief copyeditor Ruth Ifcher 51 and he was identified as a co founder of Wikipedia by September 2001 52 Sanger has said he organized Wikipedia while Wales was mostly focused on Bomis com 53 Wales devised the idea of an open source collaborative encyclopedia that accepted contributions from anyone and invested in it while Sanger was in charge of organizing such an encyclopedia 54 Criticism of WikipediaSince 2002 Sanger has been critical of Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation 14 55 In 2015 Vice referred to Sanger as Wikipedia s Most Outspoken Critic 14 Accuracy credibility and expertise In December 2004 writing for the Kuro5hin website Sanger commented that Wikipedia is not considered credible by librarians teachers and academics because it lacks a formal review process and that the presence of trolls and difficult people discourages accredited specialists and people who are knowledgeable from contributing to Wikipedia He also argued that Wikipedia s root problem is a lack of respect for expertise 56 57 In April 2007 Sanger stated Wikipedia was still quite useful and an amazing phenomenon but he had come to the view that it is also broken beyond repair with a range of problems from serious management problems to an often dysfunctional community to frequently unreliable content and to a whole series of scandals 3 In September 2009 Sanger said from early on the activities of trolls on the website was a real problem and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it Sanger described Wales as a being a fraud and liar over the issue of who created Wikipedia Wales responded to a query about the feud between the two men stating I think very highly of Larry Sanger and think that it is unfortunate that this silly debate has tended to overshadow his work 58 In a November 2015 interview with Zachary Schwartz for Vice Sanger expanded on his experiences with trolls on Wikipedia during the site s initial growth It was kind of stressful I think it stressed out my wife more than me The idea that there were people who were abusing me online just bothered her greatly Sanger equated the trolls with modern day social justice warriors SJWs 14 When asked by Schwartz what he would do differently if he started over with Wikipedia Sanger said One thing that I would have done could have done and should have done right away would be to create a process whereby articles were approved by experts 14 When asked what his thoughts were on Wikipedia in 2015 Sanger said I guess I m moderately proud I always sort of felt like we just got lucky with the right idea at the right time 14 In a November 2016 interview with Alexandre Gilbert for The Times of Israel Sanger said that Wikipedia has a problem with fairness and sound governance 59 Neutrality and ideological bias See also Ideological bias on Wikipedia In a July 2010 interview with Kathryn Schulz from Slate Sanger said If you re talking about political biases I actually think that that s one of Wikipedia s least worst problems It s really not as bad as the people at say Conservapedia seem to think I do think that there is a liberal bias on most topics where such a bias is possible Those individuals according to Sanger who work the most on Wikipedia tend to be really comfortable with the most radically egalitarian views And those people tend to be either liberals or libertarians Sanger also argued that I think the kind of biases that are in some ways more interesting and more pervasive have to do with individual biases not on political issues but on a host of very specific academic issues An article can reflect the bias of a few people who just happen to be most motivated to work on it This is a general problem with Wikipedia 23 In March 2014 Sanger stated that In some fields and some topics there are groups who squat on articles and insist on making them reflect their own specific biases There is no credible mechanism to approve versions of articles 60 In December 2015 Sanger said that Wikipedia itself might be thought to be committed to such a completely international neutrality and in places its policies have seemed to hold it to that utopian ambition But of course it cannot be and it is not The English Wikipedia s articles about science most clearly betray its Western and especially Anglo American provenance and articles about for example philosophy are mostly about Western philosophy I see nothing really wrong with that Sanger also said that My teenage ire at shamefully biased writers and editors found expression in Nupedia s neutrality policy which in turn became Wikipedia s calling himself a zealot for neutrality 61 In December 2017 Sanger called Wikipedia s article on Intelligent design appallingly biased 62 In a May 2019 interview with Sophie Foggin of 150Sec regarding the website s neutrality Sanger said Wikipedia has long since decided to turn the other cheek when influential editors make articles speak with one point of view when they dismiss unpopular views or when they utterly fail to do justice to alternative approaches to a topic Sanger also stated that Wikipedia never did come up with a good solution for how to rein in the bad actors so that they did not ruin the project for everyone else and that Wikipedia is a broken system as a result 63 In a blog post in May 2020 Sanger described Wikipedia as badly biased and as favoring left wing and liberal politics In his opinion portions of the Donald Trump Wikipedia article are unrelentingly negative while the Barack Obama article completely fails to mention many well known scandals He listed other topics he argued are presented with a liberal and left wing bias including the topics on Hillary Clinton abortion drug legalization religion and LGBT adoption In particular Sanger said that Wikipedia in describing many of Trump s statements as false established the website s biases Sanger commented in the blog post It is time for Wikipedia to come clean and admit that it has abandoned NPOV i e neutrality as a policy Regarding Wikipedia s current neutrality policy Sanger said that it endorses the utterly bankrupt canard of journalistic false balance which is directly contradictory to the original neutrality policy As a result even as journalists turn to opinion and activism Wikipedia now touts controversial points of view on politics religion and science 4 In a February 2021 interview with Fox News Sanger stated that Wikipedia s ideological and religious bias is real and troubling particularly in a resource that continues to be treated by many as an unbiased reference work 64 In a February 2021 interview with Carrie Sheffield on Pluto TV Sanger criticized Wikipedia s coverage of socialism saying that when schoolkids go and they look up answers to questions about the meaning of socialism they re going to find an explanation that completely ignores any conservative libertarian or critical treatment of the subject And that s really problematic That s not education That s propaganda He claimed that Wikipedia was originally committed to neutrality until about 10 years ago when liberals or leftists made their march through the institutions and basically took Wikipedia over adding that They started getting rid of citations from conservative sources even conservative sources that were cited in order to explain the conservative point of view At least in some cases that was the case and more and more certain points of view were castigated and labeled When asked about Wikipedia s reaction to his criticism Sanger said that They ignore me and that They don t care what I say and the feeling is mutual 65 In a July 2021 interview with Freddie Sayers of LockdownTV Sanger claimed that Wikipedia is not trustworthy and that its contributors have a left leaning bias 5 6 66 According to Sanger Wikipedia s coverage of U S President Joe Biden contained very little by way of the concerns that Republicans have had about him or the Ukraine allegations 5 66 He further adds that since Wikipedia encourages the use of secondary sources instead of primary sources Wikipedia s content is heavily influenced by coverage from center left wing media outlets saying that You can t cite the Daily Mail at all You can t cite Fox News on socio political issues either It s banned So what does that mean It means that if a controversy does not appear in the mainstream center Left media then it s not going to appear on Wikipedia 6 Despite having a neutrality policy he says that the viewpoint of Wikipedia articles represent the consensus viewpoints and that users are prohibited from adding counter arguments to established views which would help create more neutral articles 67 He claimed that Wikipedia can give a reliably establishment point of view on pretty much everything and that if only one version of the facts is allowed then that gives a huge incentive to wealthy and powerful people to seize control of things like Wikipedia in order to shore up their power And they do that 66 In a July 22 2021 interview with Tucker Carlson on Fox News Sanger said that Wikipedia allowing anonymous contributors had resulted in the website being taken over by criminal bodies as well as by corporations and governments Sanger also said that I don t know that there is a way to fix Wikipedia within Wikipedia It s an institutionally conservative place 68 In an August 2021 interview with The Sunday Times of London Sanger objected to Wikipedia s description of alternative medicines such as homeopathy as pseudoscience He believed such a definition lacked true neutrality Sanger also claimed that If you don t kowtow to the right people you won t even be allowed to participate Of Wikipedia as a whole he said I advise against using it even to conscientious students 7 Of Jimmy Wales role in Wikipedia Sanger said that There was this kind of idealism that Jimmy Wales had that if you just open up the encyclopaedia to anybody then because people are generally good they will do the right thing I think perhaps he still has that view But frankly that really wasn t ever my view I was always a bit worried about what might happen if ideologues took over as naturally they would want to if it was at all successful I think that actually is what happened 7 According to The Sunday Times Wikipedia denied accusations from Sanger of having a particular political bias with a spokesperson for the encyclopedia saying that third party studies have shown that its editors come from a variety of ideological viewpoints and that As more people engage in the editing process on Wikipedia the more neutral articles tend to become 7 In a March 2022 interview with Fox Nation Sanger once more said that Wikipedia had abandoned its neutrality policy and that the kinds of people that are allowed to have any influence on Wikipedia have been narrowed down greatly to essentially people who agree with the establishment left In his opinion The left frankly is relentless when it comes to stating their point of view and using the organs of mass media and Wikipedia is part of their mass media I think to shape the world And so it became another one of the institutions that they had to capture Sanger also claimed that Wikipedia originally had a strong commitment to neutrality saying We promulgated a policy the neutrality policy And it was very clear in the beginning And I think I really hammered it a lot In the two years that I was with the organization I really drove that neutrality policy And I articulated a defense 69 Claims of pornographic content In April 2010 Sanger sent a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI about his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography and later clarified the object of his concern was obscene visual representations of the abuse of children and not photographs 70 71 Sanger said he felt it was his civic duty to report the images 72 Critics accused Sanger of having an ulterior motive for reporting the images noting he was still in charge of the faltering Citizendium project and said that publicizing the accusations was unnecessary 73 In 2012 Sanger told Fox News that he worked with NetSpark to get them to donate or heavily discount its pornographic image filtering technology for use on Wikipedia NetSpark attempted to contact the Wikimedia Foundation in 2012 but received no response 74 In a June 2012 interview with TechCrunch TV Sanger criticized Wikipedia for containing too much pornography that children could access and said that he did not regret leaving Wikipedia 75 Later activitiesCitizendium Main article Citizendium A screenshot of Citizendium s homepage in 2018 At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006 Sanger announced the launch of a new wiki based encyclopedia called Citizendium short for citizens compendium as a fork of Wikipedia 76 The objective of the fork was to address perceived flaws in the way Wikipedia functions anonymous editing was disallowed all users were required to use their real names 77 and there was a layer of experts who had extra authority 76 It was an attempt by Sanger to establish a credible online encyclopedia based on scholarship 78 aiming to bring more accountability and academic rigor to articles 79 80 The site attempted to implement an expert review process and experts tried to reach a decision in disputes that could not be resolved by consensus 81 Sanger predicted a rapid increase in Citizendium s traffic at its first anniversary in 2007 82 After a burst of initial work however the site went into decline and most of the experts were not retained 83 In 2011 Ars Technica reporter Timothy B Lee said Citizendium was dead in the water 83 Lee noted that Citizendium s late start was a disadvantage and that its growth was hindered by an unwieldy editing model 83 In 2014 the number of Citizendium contributors was under 100 and the number of edits per day was about a dozen or so according to Winthrop University s Dean of Library Services 84 By August 2016 Citizendium had about 17 000 articles 160 of which had undergone expert review 85 Sanger who in early 2007 announced he did not intend to head Citizendium indefinitely 78 effectively ceased to edit it in early 2009 although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30 2009 on the Citizendium l mailing list 86 He stepped down as editor in chief of Citizendium on September 22 2010 but said he would continue to support the project 87 On July 2 2020 Sanger wrote that he had transferred legal ownership of the Citizendium domain name to Pat Palmer saying that Citizendium had stopped being my project a long time ago But until this morning I still owned the domain name 88 On Citizendium Sanger refused to recognize women s studies as a top level category calling it too politically correct Sanger later said that it wasn t about women s studies in particular but about too much overlap with existing groups 89 Other projects Larry Sanger has been involved with several other online encyclopedia projects 39 In 2005 he joined the Digital Universe Foundation 90 as Director of Distributed Content Programs 91 He was a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web project that was launched in early 2006 92 93 The Digital Universe encyclopedia recruited recognized experts to write articles and to check user submitted articles for accuracy 94 The first part of the project was the expert written and edited Encyclopedia of Earth 94 95 Sanger later felt the pace of content production at the Foundation was too slow for him he proposed open content to help speed development but the proposal was rejected 76 Sanger has worked at the WatchKnowLearn project a non profit organization that focuses on educating young children using videos and other media on the web 96 It is funded by grants philanthropists and the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi 97 Sanger headed the development of WatchKnowLearn from 2008 to 2010 98 It consists of a repository of educational videos for kindergarten to the 12th grade 99 In February 2013 it ranked as the top search result among educational videos on Google s search engine and attracted over six million page views each month 100 In 2010 and 2011 he continued developing a web based reading tutorial application for beginning readers which was launched as Reading Bear in 2012 101 It uses the principles of phonics and multimedia presentations such as videos PowerPoint presentations and ebooks to teach pronunciation to children 101 It also aims to teach the meaning and context of each word 101 In February 2013 Sanger announced a project a crowdsourced news portal called Infobitt saying on Twitter My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high quality content a problem I ve long wanted to solve Not a wiki 102 The site which aimed to be a crowdsourced news aggregator went online in December 2014 103 but ran out of money in July 2015 104 In December 2017 it was announced that Sanger had become the chief information officer of Everipedia 105 106 an open encyclopedia that uses blockchain technology 107 That month Sanger told Inverse that Everipedia is going to change the world in a dramatic way more than Wikipedia did 108 That same month Sanger told TechRepublic that Everipedia is the encyclopedia of everything where topics are unrestricted unlike on Wikipedia 109 On July 1 2019 Sanger advocated for a social media strike to take place on July 4 and 5 to demand the decentralization of social media platforms to their user bases from their top level management so their users can assert control over their data and privacy 110 111 On October 18 2019 Sanger announced that he had resigned from his position at Everipedia and returned his stock holdings in the company without compensation to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and develop the website encyclosphere org 112 He said of the venture We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs there needs to be an Encyclosphere We should build a totally decentralized network like the Blogosphere or like email IRC blockchains and the World Wide Web itself 112 The Knowledge Standards Foundation was founded in September 2019 by Sanger and others 113 In 2020 Sanger served on the advisory board of blockchain company Phunware 114 PhilosophyLarry Sanger has a doctorate in Philosophy from Ohio State University 16 His professional interests are epistemology early modern philosophy and ethics 13 Most of Sanger s philosophical work focuses on epistemology 12 In 2008 he visited Balliol College of the University of Oxford to debate the proposal the Internet is the future of knowledge arguing wikis and blogs are changing the way knowledge is created and distributed 115 Sanger has frequently written and spoken about collaborative content 116 In January 2002 Sanger returned to Columbus Ohio to teach philosophy at Ohio State University 90 where he taught the subject until June 2005 12 failed verification In December 2010 Sanger said he considered WikiLeaks to be enemies of the U S not just the government but the people 117 In September 2021 in response to U S President Joe Biden announcing a COVID 19 vaccine mandate Sanger tweeted Nor I IWillNotComply in agreement with political commentator Tim Pool In an earlier tweet Sanger falsely claimed that COVID 19 vaccines are not a vaccine 118 In March 2022 Sanger said that Decentralization is a necessary but not sufficient condition of internet freedom arguing that both federated and peer to peer decentralized networks can still be captured and controlled in various ways and rendered un free 119 Sanger has argued that liberal and left leaning views dominate in academia science the media and tech companies such as Facebook and Twitter 7 Personal lifeIn February 2000 when Sanger was hired by Wales to develop Nupedia he moved to San Diego 120 He was married in Las Vegas in December 2001 121 In 2005 he and his wife moved to Santa Cruz California to work for Digital Universe 122 As of 2015 Sanger lives in the outskirts of Columbus Ohio 14 As of 2021 he lives with his wife and two sons who are both homeschooled 7 8 Sanger was raised as a Lutheran and went to a Sunday school but became an agnostic when he was 16 after his family stopped regularly going to church 7 59 123 Ethnically Sanger described himself in 2016 as a typical American cross breed lots of English German and French 59 Sanger supports the concept of baby reading 124 He started teaching his son to read before his second birthday and posted videos online to demonstrate this 124 Sanger is known for his love of Irish traditional music 90 Selected writingsAcademic workEpistemic Circularity An Essay on the Problem of Meta Justification doctoral thesis Descartes s methods and their theoretical background bachelor thesis EssaysWhy Neutrality Ballotpedia December 2015 How and Why I Taught My Toddler to Read PDF LarrySanger org December 2010 Individual Knowledge in the Internet Age Educause Review April 2010 The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia PDF Episteme Edinburgh University Press February 2009 Who Says We Know On The New Politics of Knowledge Edge Foundation Edge Reality Club April 2007 Humanity s Coming Enlightenment Archived Edge Foundation World Question Center 2007 PresentationsWhat Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing Keynote at the Annual Meeting of Society for Scholarly Publishing San Francisco CA June 7 2007 How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals Keynote at the Handelsblatt IT Congress Bonn Germany January 30 2007 Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2 0 Opening keynote at the SVForum The Business of New Media Santa Clara CA October 25 2006 Books Essays on Free Knowledge The Origins of Wikipedia and the New Politics of Knowledge September 8 2020See alsoList of Wikipedia peopleReferences Western History for Kids Part 1 ancient and medieval Sanger Academy on YouTube video taken from Sanger s official educational YouTube channel pronunciation confirmed around 0 10 accessed May 7 2016 a b About Dr Larry Sanger Knowledge Standards Foundation September 24 2019 Retrieved July 23 2021 a b Thomson Iain April 13 2007 Wikipedia broken beyond repair says co founder iTnews Archived from the original on December 22 2012 a b Flood Brian May 21 2020 Wikipedia co founder Larry Sanger says online encyclopedia scrapped neutrality favors lefty politics Fox News Retrieved May 22 2020 a b c Sabur Rozina July 16 2021 The Left has taken over Wikipedia and stripped it of neutrality says co creator The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Retrieved December 2 2021 Mr Sanger added that very little reference to scandals and allegations against the Bidens for instance relating to their business dealings in Ukraine could be found on Wikipedia a b c Freddie Sayers July 14 2021 Wikipedia co founder I no longer trust the website I created UnHerd Podcast UnHerd Retrieved May 25 2022 a b c d e f g h i Spence Madeleine August 1 2021 Larry Sanger I wouldn t trust Wikipedia and I helped to invent it The Sunday Times London ISSN 0140 0460 Archived from the original on August 1 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 a b Encyclosphere Team Encyclosphere September 24 2019 Retrieved May 2 2021 a b Anderson p 20 Lydgate Chris June 2010 Deconstructing Wikipedia Reed Magazine Archived from the original on November 1 2013 Retrieved November 1 2013 a b c d e f g Poe Marshall September 2006 The Hive The Atlantic Monthly Archived from the original on November 10 2006 Retrieved March 25 2007 a b c d Roush Wade January 1 2005 Larry Sanger s Knowledge Free for All Technology Review Retrieved March 25 2007 a b c Boraas Alan September 2 2006 Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary Anchorage Daily News Retrieved March 25 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Schwartz Zach November 11 2015 Wikipedia s Co Founder Is Wikipedia s Most Outspoken Critic Vice Archived from the original on November 14 2015 Sanger Larry August 30 1995 Tutor L Higher education outside the universities Internet Scout scout wisc edu Archived from the original on November 23 2009 Retrieved March 25 2007 a b c Moody Glyn July 13 2006 This time it ll be a Wikipedia written by experts The Guardian London Archived from the original on February 22 2007 Retrieved March 25 2007 a b Lih p 33 Lih p 35 a b Anderson pp 8 9 Anderson p 31 Anderson p 32 Lih pp 37 38 a b Schulz Kathryn July 26 2010 This Interview Is A Stub Wikipedia Co Founder Larry Sanger on Being Wrong Slate Retrieved September 17 2021 Lih p 38 a b Lih p 43 a b Lih p 64 Anderson p 9 Lih p 44 Lih pp 44 45 a b Lih p 45 Lih p 138 Lih p 112 Lih p 113 Sanger Larry January 22 2001 Wikipedia rocks Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia Foundation Archived from the original on June 20 2019 Retrieved August 8 2019 Lih p 170 a b c Waters Richard November 10 2006 Wikipedia stand off in search for online truth Financial Times Archived from the original on November 15 2007 Retrieved October 15 2009 a b Lih p 171 Lih p 172 a b Sidener Jonathan September 23 2006 Wikipedia co founder looks to add accountability end anarchy The San Diego Union Tribune Archived from the original on October 17 2007 Retrieved March 25 2007 Lih p 137 a b c d Sanger Larry April 19 2005 The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia Part II SourceForge Slashdot Archived from the original on November 8 2006 Retrieved March 25 2007 Lih p 136 Duval Jared November 14 2010 Next Generation Democracy What the Open Source Revolution Means for Power Politics and Change Bloomsbury Publishing USA p 80 ISBN 978 1 60819 484 1 Retrieved June 20 2022 a b Sanger Larry March 1 2002 My resignation Larry Sanger Meta Wiki Archived from the original on April 30 2007 Retrieved March 25 2007 Duval Jared 2010 Next generation democracy what the open source revolution means for power politics and change 1st ed New York N Y Bloomsbury USA p 80 ISBN 978 1 60819 484 1 OCLC 701239310 1 Nazis and Norms reagle org Retrieved April 25 2020 Reagle p 6 Mitchell Dan December 24 2005 Insider Editing at Wikipedia The New York Times Archived from the original on May 29 2015 Retrieved March 25 2007 Hansen Evan December 19 2005 Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio Wired Wired News Archived from the original on May 30 2012 Retrieved March 25 2007 Bergstein Brian March 25 2007 Sanger says he co started Wikipedia NBCNews com Associated Press Archived from the original on October 5 2013 Retrieved March 25 2007 dhcp058 246 lvcm com signed as RoseParks a pseudonym of Ifcher s January 17 2001 LarrySanger Wikipedia 10K Redux Joseph Reagle Archived from the original on August 7 2019 Retrieved August 7 2019 Sanger Larry My role in Wikipedia links LarrySanger org Archived from the original on June 29 2019 Retrieved August 15 2019 NewsAssignment net May 3 2007 Assignment Zero First Take Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness Wired Archived from the original on March 28 2014 Retrieved April 25 2009 Sanger Larry April 18 2005 The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia A Memoir SourceForge Slashdot Archived from the original on July 22 2009 Retrieved March 25 2007 Wikipedia founder sets up rival The Australian AFP October 19 2006 Archived from the original on August 8 2014 Pink Daniel H March 2005 The Book Stops Here Wired Archived from the original on March 4 2005 Sanger Larry December 31 2004 Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti Elitism Kuro5hin Archived from the original on January 5 2005 Ferraro Nicole October 9 2009 Wikipedia Co Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales Internet Evolution UBM LLC Archived from the original on October 13 2009 a b c Gilbert Alexandre November 15 2016 Larry Sanger Wikipedia has a problem with fairness and sound governance The Times of Israel Retrieved February 8 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Geuss Megan March 25 2014 Wikipedia founder calls alt medicine practitioners lunatic charlatans Ars Technica Retrieved June 14 2022 Sanger Larry December 30 2015 Why Neutrality Ballotpedia Retrieved April 29 2022 Klinghoffer David December 12 2017 Wikipedia Co Founder Blasts Appallingly Biased Wikipedia Entry on Intelligent Design Evolution News amp Science Today Retrieved March 31 2022 Foggin Sophie May 23 2019 Wikipedia is a broken system says co founder Larry Sanger 150sec Retrieved February 8 2021 Lott Maxim February 19 2021 Inside Wikipedia s leftist bias socialism pages whitewashed communist atrocities buried Fox News Retrieved February 21 2021 Roman Carly February 23 2021 That s propaganda Wikipedia co founder criticizes website s monitoring of socialism page Washington Examiner Retrieved June 20 2022 a b c Aggarwal Mayank July 16 2021 Nobody should trust Wikipedia says man who invented Wikipedia The Independent Retrieved September 17 2021 He argued that there should be at least a paragraph about the Ukraine scandal but there is very little of that a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Freddie Sayers July 14 2021 Wikipedia co founder I no longer trust the website I created UnHerd Podcast UnHerd Event occurs at 8 30 Retrieved May 25 2022 Creitz Charles July 22 2021 Wikipedia co founder says he s embarrassed over politicization of his creation Fox News Retrieved July 23 2021 Halon Yael March 30 2022 Wikipedia co founder says left s relentless takeover of mass media ruined the website he helped build Fox News Retrieved March 31 2022 Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights BBC News May 10 2010 Archived from the original on June 18 2010 Retrieved May 19 2010 Metz Cade May 9 2010 Jimbo Wales exiles porn from Wikiland The Register Archived from the original on December 3 2010 Retrieved October 9 2010 Farrell Nick April 29 2010 Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations Co founder grassed the outfit to the FBI The Inquirer Archived from the original on October 3 2012 Retrieved October 9 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Masnick Mike April 29 2010 Disgruntled Ex Wikipedia Guy Larry Sanger Accuses Wikipedia Of Distributing Child Porn TechDirt Archived from the original on August 17 2019 Retrieved August 17 2019 Chiaramonte Perry September 10 2012 Exclusive Wikipedia ignores solution to rampant porn problem Fox News Archived from the original on June 18 2013 Retrieved November 19 2013 Moretti Marcus June 6 2012 This Wikipedia Cofounder Thinks The Site Has Too Much Porn And He Doesn t Regret Quitting Business Insider Retrieved July 23 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c Lih p 211 Lih p 190 a b Anderson Nate February 25 2007 Citizendium building a better Wikipedia Ars Technica Archived from the original on March 24 2007 Retrieved March 25 2007 LeClaire Jennifer March 27 2007 Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium NewsFactor Network Archived from the original on May 16 2011 Retrieved March 27 2007 Tiwari Neha April 5 2007 Wikipedia today Citizendium tomorrow CNET Archived from the original on March 4 2014 Retrieved April 5 2007 Cohen Jason Z March 3 2008 Citizendium s Larry Sanger Experts Make It Better LinuxInsider ECT News Network Archived from the original on May 17 2011 Retrieved March 8 2008 Anderson Nate November 21 2007 Larry Sanger says tipping point approaching for expert guided Citizendium wiki Ars Technica Archived from the original on January 4 2008 Retrieved November 21 2007 a b c Lee Timothy B October 27 2011 Citizendium turns five but the Wikipedia fork is dead in the water Ars Technica Archived from the original on October 23 2013 Retrieved October 22 2013 Mark Y Herring 2014 Are Libraries Obsolete An Argument for Relevance in the Digital Age 1 ed McFarland amp Company p 52 ISBN 978 0786473564 Archived from the original on April 15 2015 Retrieved October 3 2016 Citizendium front page Archived October 13 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed August 4 2016 Sanger Larry July 30 2009 Citizendium l My recent absence Citizendium Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Retrieved July 30 2009 Sanger Larry September 22 2010 Citizendium Charter Ratified Citizendium blog Archived from the original on July 25 2011 Retrieved December 17 2010 Forum Talk Technical Issues Citizendium Retrieved July 6 2020 Cooke Richard February 17 2020 Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved June 19 2022 a b c Lih p 210 Terdiman Daniel January 6 2006 Wikipedia s co founder eyes a Digital Universe CNET Archived from the original on August 17 2013 Retrieved March 25 2007 Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free PBS of the Web PR Newswire Digital Universe January 17 2006 Archived from the original on March 2 2007 Retrieved March 25 2007 Contributor Lawrence Sanger Encyclopedia of Earth Digital Universe Archived from the original on January 11 2009 Retrieved March 25 2007 a b Terdiman Daniel December 19 2005 Wikipedia alternative aims to be PBS of the Web CNET Archived from the original on January 31 2016 Retrieved March 25 2007 About the EoE Encyclopedia of Earth Digital Universe Archived from the original on January 29 2011 Retrieved March 25 2007 Sawers Paul November 19 2011 Larry Sanger on co founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world The Next Web Archived from the original on November 21 2011 Retrieved January 8 2011 Lei Owen October 28 2011 CEO hits road to spread word about non profit YouTube for teachers King Broadcasting Company Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 WatchKnowLearn EPIC 2020 November 2 2011 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved October 11 2013 Tomaszewski Jason 2013 Site Review Watch Know Learn Education World Archived from the original on November 13 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 Lee Long Robert February 16 2013 WatchKnowLearn org No 1 Desoto Times Tribune Retrieved November 9 2013 a b c Sawers Paul November 2 2011 Wikipedia co 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s creating a bigger better rival on the blockchain Quartz Archived from the original on December 16 2017 Retrieved December 12 2017 Mike Brown December 6 2017 Wikipedia Cofounder Tells Us His Plan to Build Encyclopedia on Bitcoin Tech Inverse Archived from the original on December 8 2017 Retrieved December 7 2017 Leah Brown December 11 2017 Why Wikipedia s cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain TechRepublic Archived from the original on December 12 2017 Retrieved December 12 2017 Wikipedia founder calls for social media strike BBC News July 1 2019 Archived from the original on July 2 2019 Retrieved July 2 2019 Sachdeva Anmol July 1 2019 Unhappy With Social Media Join Wikipedia Co Founder In Social Media Strike Fossbytes Archived from the original on July 2 2019 Retrieved July 2 2019 a b Sanger Larry Introducing the Encyclosphere Larry Sanger Blog Larry Sanger Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 21 2019 About the Knowledge Standards Foundation Knowledge Standards Foundation September 24 2019 Retrieved July 23 2021 Choudhury Uttara March 3 2020 Phunware appoints Wikipedia co founder Larry Sanger to advisory board Proactive investors Retrieved January 19 2021 Keen Andrew June 2 2008 Andrew Keen on New Media The Independent London Archived from the original on June 5 2008 Retrieved June 8 2008 Larry Sanger Encyclopaedia Britannica Blog Archived from the original on July 1 2020 Retrieved April 8 2022 Crovitz L Gordon December 6 2010 Julian Assange Information Anarchist The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Archived from the original on December 17 2010 Retrieved December 22 2010 Slisco Aila September 10 2021 IWillNotComply trends on Twitter after Joe Biden orders vaccine mandate Newsweek Retrieved September 10 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Bassett Caitlin March 30 2022 Could Decentralization Fix Twitter s Censorship Problems MindMatters ai Retrieved March 31 2022 Reagle p 35 Anderson p 74 Lih pp 210 211 Sanger Larry January 15 2020 Why I Have Not Been a Christian and Why That Might Change Larry Sanger Blog Larry Sanger Retrieved February 8 2021 a b Carey Tanith January 2 2013 Can you teach a baby to read Independent Online South Africa Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved October 30 2017 BibliographyAnderson Jennifer Joline 2011 Wikipedia The Company and Its Founders 1 ed Abdo Group ISBN 978 1617148125 Lih Andrew 2009 The Wikipedia REVOLUTION How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World s Greatest Encyclopedia New York Hyperion ISBN 978 1 4013 0371 6 Reagle Joseph Michael 2010 Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia 1 ed Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 01447 2 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Larry Sanger Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larry Sanger Larry Sanger Sanger s personal website Encyclosphere Larry Sanger s channel on YouTube Larry Sanger s Wikipedia user page Origins of Wikipedia An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Larry Sanger amp oldid 1127739326, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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