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Wikipedia

CompuServe

August 20, 2023

CompuServe (CompuServe Information Service, also known by its initialism CIS or later CSi) was an American online service, the first major commercial one in the world – described in 1994 as "the oldest of the Big Three information services (the others are Prodigy and America Online)."[1]

CompuServe
Corporate headquarters in Columbus, Ohio
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryInternet and communications
Founded1969; 54 years ago (1969) (as Compu-Serv Network, Inc.)
HeadquartersColumbus, Ohio, U.S.
Productsonline services, ISP
ParentYahoo! Inc.
Websitewww.compuserve.com

It dominated the industry during the 1980s and remained a major influence through the mid-1990s. At its maximum during the early 1990s, CIS was known for its online chat system, message forums for a variety of topics, extensive software libraries for most personal computers, and a series of popular online games, notably MegaWars III and Island of Kesmai. It was known also for its introduction of the GIF format for pictures and its system for exchanging GIF.[2]

In 1997, 17 years after H&R Block had acquired CIS, the parent company announced its desire to sell CIS. A complex deal was devised with WorldCom acting as a broker, resulting in CIS being sold to AOL. In 2015, Verizon acquired AOL, including its CompuServe division. In 2017, after Verizon completed its acquisition of Yahoo!, CompuServe became part of Verizon's newly formed subsidiary Oath Inc., which was then divested as the new Yahoo! company during 2021.

History

Founding

CompuServe was initiated during 1969 as Compu-Serv Network, Inc.[a] in Columbus, Ohio, as a subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance.[3]

Though Golden United founder Harry Gard Sr.'s son-in-law Jeffrey Wilkins is widely miscredited as the first president of CompuServe, its first president was actually John R. Goltz.[4] Wilkins replaced Goltz as CEO within the first year of operation. Goltz and Wilkins were both graduate students of electrical engineering at the University of Arizona. Other early recruits from the same University included Sandy Trevor (inventor of the CompuServe CB Simulator chat system), Doug Chinnock, and Larry Shelley.

The company's objectives were twofold: to provide in-house computer processing for Golden United Life Insurance; and to develop as an independent business in the computer time-sharing industry, by renting time on its PDP-10 midrange computers during business hours, mainly to other businesses.[3] It was divested as a separate company during 1975, trading on the NASDAQ using the symbol CMPU.

Concurrently, the company recruited executives who changed the emphasis from offering time-sharing services, for which customers wrote their own applications, to a service providing application programs. The first of these new executives was Robert Tillson, who quit Service Bureau Corporation (then a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation, but originally formed as a division of IBM) to become CompuServe's Executive Vice President of Marketing. He then recruited Charles McCall (who succeeded Jeff Wilkins as CEO, and later became CEO of the medical information company HBO & Co.), Maury Cox (who became CEO[5] after the departure of McCall), and Robert Massey (who succeeded Cox as CEO).

In 1977, CompuServe's board changed the company's name to CompuServe Incorporated. In 1979, it began "offering a dial-up online information service to consumers".[3] In May 1980, at which time Compuserve had fewer than 1,000 subscribers to its consumer information service, H&R Block acquired the company for $25 million and within four years had grown its subscriber base to about 110,000.[6]

Technology

The original 1969 dial-up technology was fairly simple—the local telephone number in Cleveland, for example, was a line connected to a time-division multiplexer that connected via a leased line to a matched multiplexer in Columbus that was connected to a time-sharing host system. In the earliest buildups, each line terminated at a single machine of CompuServe's host service, so that one dialed different telephone numbers to reach different computers.

Later, the central multiplexers in Columbus were replaced with PDP-8 minicomputers, and the PDP-8s were connected to a DEC PDP-15 minicomputer that acted as switches so a telephone number was not tied to a particular destination host. Finally,[when?] CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented by DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the USA (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay (FR), Internet Protocol (IP) and X.25 technologies.

In 1981, The Times explained CompuServe's technology in one sentence:

CompuServe is offering a video-text-like service permitting personal computer users to retrieve software from the mainframe computer over telephone lines.[7]

The New York Times described them as "the most international of the Big Three" and noted that "it can be reached by a local phone call in more than 700 cities".[1]

CompuServe was also a world vender of other commercial services. One of these was the Financial Services group, which collected and consolidated financial data from myriad data feeds, including CompuStat, Disclosure, I/B/E/S as well as the price and quote feeds from the major exchanges. CompuServe developed extensive screening and reporting programs that were used by many investment banks on Wall Street.

CIS

In 1979,[3] Radio Shack marketed the residential information service MicroNET, in which home users accessed the computers during evening hours, when the CompuServe computers were otherwise idle. Its success prompted CompuServe to disuse the MicroNET name in favor of its own. CompuServe's origin was approximately concurrent with that of The Source.[b][3]

Both services were operating during early 1979, being the first online service providers. MicroNet was made popular by the Issue 2 of Commodore Disk User (February 1988), which included instructions on how to connect and operate MicroNet programs.

By the mid-1980s, CompuServe was one of the largest information and networking services companies, and it was the largest consumer information service. It operated commercial branches in more than 30 US cities, selling primarily network services to major corporations throughout the United States. Consumer accounts could be bought in most computer stores (a box with an instruction manual and a trial account login) and this service was well known to the public. By 1987, consumer business would provide 50% of CompuServe revenues.

The corporate culture was entrepreneurial, encouraging "skunkworks projects". Alexander "Sandy" Trevor secluded himself for a weekend, writing the "CB Simulator", a chat system that soon became one of CIS's most popular features.[3] Instead of hiring employees to manage the forums, they contracted with systems operators (sysops), who received compensation based on the success of their own forum's boards, libraries, and chat areas.[8]

Newspapers

In July 1980, working with Associated Press, CompuServe began hosting text versions of the Columbus Dispatch, The New York Times, Virginian-Pilot and Ledger Star, The Washington Post, San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle, and Los Angeles Times were added in 1981; additional newspapers followed.

Although accessing articles in these newspapers comprised 5% of CompuServe's traffic, reading an entire newspaper using this method was impractical; the text of a $0.20 print edition newspaper would take two to six hours to download at a cost of $5 per hour (after 6 p.m.).[9]

Selling connectivity

Another major unit of CompuServe, the CompuServe Network Services, was formed in 1982 to generate revenue by selling connectivity to the nationwide packet network CompuServe had built to support its time-sharing service. CompuServe designed and manufactured its own network processors, based on the DEC PDP-11, and developed all the software that operated on the network. Often (and erroneously) termed an X.25 network, the CompuServe network implemented a mixture of standardized and proprietary layers throughout the network.

One of the proprietary layers was termed Adaptive Routing.[10] The Adaptive Routing system implemented two powerful features. One is that the network operated entirely in a self-discovery mode. When a new switch was added to the network by connecting it to a neighbor via a leased telephone circuit, the new switch was discovered and absorbed into the network without explicit configuration. To change the network configuration, all that was needed was to add or remove connections, and the network would automatically reconfigure. The second feature implemented by Adaptive Routing was often discussed by network engineers, but was implemented only by CNS – establishing connection paths on the basis of real-time performance measurements. As one circuit became busy, traffic was diverted to alternative paths to prevent overloading and poor performance for users.

While the CNS network was not itself based on the X.25 protocol, the network presented a standard X.25 interface to customers, providing dialup connectivity to corporate hosts, and allowing CompuServe to form alliances with private networks Tymnet and Telenet, among others.[11] This gave CompuServe the largest selection of local dial-up telephone connections in the world, in an era when network usage charges were expensive, but still less than long-distance charges. Other networks permitted CompuServe access to still more locations, including international locations, usually with substantial connect-time surcharges. It was common during the early 1980s to pay a $30-per-hour charge to connect to CompuServe, which at the time cost $5 to $6 per hour before factoring in the connection-time surcharges. This resulted in the company being nicknamed CompuSpend, Compu$erve or CI$.

CNS has been the primary supplier of dial-up communications for credit-card authorizations for more than 20 years, a competence developed as a result of its long-time relationship with Visa International. At the peak of this type of business, CompuServe transmitted millions of authorization transactions each month, representing several billion dollars of consumer purchase transactions. For many businesses an always-on connection was an extravagance, and a dialup option made better sense. This service presently remains in operation, as part of Verizon (see below). There are no other competitors remaining in this market.

The company was notable for introducing a number of online services to personal computer users. CompuServe began offering electronic mail capabilities and technical support to commercial customers in 1978 using the name Infoplex, and was also a pioneer of the real-time chat market with its CB Simulator service introduced on February 21, 1980, as the first public, commercial multi-user chat program. Introduced in 1985, EaasySABRE, a customer-accessible extension of the Sabre travel system, made it possible for individuals to find and book airline flights and hotel rooms without the help of a travel agent.[12] CompuServe also introduced a number of online games.

File transfers

Around 1981, CompuServe introduced its CompuServe B protocol, a file-transfer protocol, allowing users to send files to each other. This was later expanded to the better-performance B+ version, intended for downloads from CIS itself. Although the B+ protocol was not widely supported by other software, it was used by default for some time by CIS itself. The B+ protocol was later extended to include the Host-Micro Interface (HMI), a mechanism for communicating commands and transaction requests to a server application operating on the mainframes. HMI could be used by "front end" client software to present a GUI-based interface to CIS, without having to use the error-prone CLI to route commands.

CompuServe began to expand its business operations outside the United States. It began in Japan in 1986 with Fujitsu and Nissho Iwai, and developed a Japanese-language version of CompuServe named NIFTY-Serve in 1989. In 1993, CompuServe Hong Kong was initiated as a joint venture with Hutchison Telecom and was able to acquire 50,000 customers before the dial-up ISP frenzy. Between 1994 and 1995 Fujitsu and CompuServe co-developed WorldsAway, an interactive virtual environment. As of 2014 the original virtual environment that began on CompuServe in 1995, known as the Dreamscape, was still operating.

During the late 1980s, it was possible to log on to CompuServe via worldwide X.25 packet switching networks, which bridged onto CompuServe's existing US-based network. It gradually introduced its own direct dial-up access network in many countries, a more economical solution. With its network expansion, CompuServe also extended the marketing of its commercial services, opening branches in London and Munich.

Internet

CompuServe was the first online service to offer Internet connectivity, albeit with limited access, as early as 1989,[13] when it connected its proprietary e-mail service to allow incoming and outgoing messages to be exchanged with Internet-based e-mail addresses.

During the early 1990s, CompuServe had hundreds of thousands of users visiting its thousands of moderated forums, forerunners to the discussion sites of the World Wide Web. (Like the Web, many forums were managed by independent producers who then administered the forum and recruited moderators, termed sysops.) Among these were many in which computer hardware and software companies offered customer assistance. This broadened the audience from primarily business users to the technical "geek" crowd, some of whom had earlier used Byte Magazine's Bix online service.

There were special forums, special groups, but many had "relatively large premiums" (as did "some premium data bases" with charges of "$7.50 each time you enter a search request".[c][1])

In 1992, CompuServe hosted the first known WYSIWYG e-mail content and forum posts.[14] Fonts, colors and emoticons were encoded into 7-bit text-based messages via the third party product NavCIS (by Dvorak Development) operating with the operating systems DOS and Windows 3.1, and later, Windows 95.[15] NavCIS included features for offline work, similar to offline readers used with bulletin board systems, allowing users to connect to the service and exchange new mail and forum content in a largely automated fashion. Once the "run" was complete, the user edited their messages locally while offline. The system also allowed interactive navigation of the system to support services like the chat system. Many of these services remained text based.

CompuServe later introduced CompuServe Information Manager (CIM) to compete more directly with AOL. Unlike Navigator, CIM was adapted for online work, and used a point-and-click interface very similar to AOLs. Later versions interacted with the hosts using the HMI communications protocol. For some types of service which were not compatible with HMI, the older text-based interface could be used. WinCIM also allowed caching of forum messages, news articles and e-mail, so that reading and posting could be performed offline, without incurring hourly connection costs. Previously, this was a luxury of the NavCIS, AutoSIG and TapCIS applications for power users.

One of the big advantages of CIS over the Internet was that the users could purchase services and software from other CompuServe members using their CompuServe account. At this time, the Internet backbone was operated by NSFNET, and use of Internet accounts for commercial activity was prohibited.

During the early 1990s the hourly rate decreased from more than $10 per hour to $1.95 per hour. In March 1992, it began online signups with credit card based payments and a desktop application to connect online and check emails. In April 1995, CompuServe had more than three million members, still the largest online service provider, and began its NetLauncher service, providing WWW access capability via Spry, a Mosaic browser. AOL, however, introduced a much cheaper flat-rate, unlimited-time, advertisement-funded price plan in the US to compete with CompuServe's hourly charges. In conjunction with AOL's marketing campaigns, this caused a significant loss of customers until CompuServe responded with a similar plan of its own at $24.95 per month in late 1997.[16][17]

As the World Wide Web grew in popularity with the general public, company after company terminated their once-busy CompuServe customer assistance forums to offer customer assistance to a larger audience directly through their own company websites, an activity which the CompuServe forums of the time could not address because they did not yet have universal WWW access.

In 1992, CompuServe acquired Mark Cuban's company, MicroSolutions, for $6 million.[18][19]

AOL's entry into the PC market in 1991 marked the beginning of the end for CIS. AOL charged $2.95 an hour versus $5.00 an hour for CompuServe. AOL used a freely available Graphical user interface-based client; CompuServe's wasn't free, and it only had a subset of the system's functionality. In response, CIS decreased its hourly rates on several occasions. Subsequently, AOL switched to a monthly subscription instead of hourly rates, so for active users AOL was much less expensive. By late 1994, CompuServe was offering "unlimited use of the standard services (including news, sports, weather) ... and limited electronic mail"[d] for $8.95 per month – what The New York Times called "probably the best deal."[1]

CIS's number of users grew, maximizing in April 1995 at 3 million worldwide. By this time AOL had more than 20 million users in the United States alone, but this was less than their maximum of 27 million, due to customers quitting for lesser-cost offerings. By 1997 the number of users quitting all online services for dialup Internet service providers was reaching a climax.

In 1997, CompuServe began converting its forums from its proprietary Host-Micro Interface (HMI) to HTML web standards.[20] The 1997 change discontinued text based access to the forums, but the forums were accessible both through the web as well as through CompuServe's proprietary HMI protocol. In 2004 CompuServe discontinued HMI and converted the forums to web access only. The forums remained active on CompuServe.com until the end of 2017.

Acquisitions

CompuServe made a number of acquisitions in its history, both before and after being acquired by H&R Block:

  • Early 1970s – Alpha Systems of Dallas, Texas, a small regional timesharing company which was also based on PDP-10 technology. It was operated as a standalone company for a brief time, but later their PDP-10 was moved to CompuServe's Columbus, Ohio, datacenter and the Dallas operation ended.
  • ~1986 – Software House – developer of System 1022, a relational database system.
  • ~1986 – Collier-Jackson – developer of human resource management products.[21]
  • 1988 – Access Technology – developer of the 20/20 spreadsheet program.[22]
  • 1995 – Spry, Inc. – developer of Internet in a Box, the first consumer internet suite.[23]

CompuServe UK

Before the widespread use of the Internet and World Wide Web, the United Kingdom's first national major-brands online shopping service was developed by the UK subsidiary of CompuServe/CIS as part of its proprietary closed-system collection of consumer services.[24]

Andrew Gray initiated CompuServe UK's operations as the European subsidiary of the US company during the late 1980s and later became the company's European general manager, while David Gilroy was CompuServe's UK director of customer services. The service continued to grow and offered technical assistance managed by Suzanne Gautier and sales managed by Colin Campbell.[25]

The service was proposed by Paul Stanfield, an independent business-to-consumer electronic commerce consultant, to Martin Turner, Product Marketing Director for CIS UK, in August 1994. Turner agreed and the project started in September with rapid market research, product development and sales of online space to major UK retail and catalogue companies. These included WH Smith, Tesco, Virgin/Our Price, Great Universal Stores/GUS, Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.[26][27]

The service began on Thursday April 27, 1995, with Paul Stanfield's purchase of a book from the WH Smith shop. This was a repeat of the first formal test of the service on February 9, 1995, which included secure payment and subsequent fulfilment of the order by Royal Mail postal delivery. Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), the UK's industry association for e-retailing, believes that the UK's first national shopping service secure online transaction was the purchase of a WH Smith book from the CompuServe facility.[28]

Approximately 1,000,000 UK customers had access to the shops at that time and it was British retailers' first major exposure to the medium. Other retailers joined the service soon after and included Sainsbury's Wine and Jaguar Cars (branded lifestyle goods).

CompuServe UK commissioned writer Sue Schofield to produce a 'retail' pack including a new UK CompuServe Book[29] and a free CD-ROM containing the CIS software to access the service.

CompuServe, with its closed private network system, was slow to react to the rapid development of the open World Wide Web and it was not long before major UK retailers started to develop their own websites independently of CompuServe.

User IDs and e-mail addresses

The original CompuServe user identifiers consisted of seven octal digits in the form 7xxxx,xx – a legacy of PDP-10 architecture – (later eight and nine octal digits in the form 7xxxx,xxx[30] and 7xxxx,xxxx and finally ten octal digits in the form 1xxxxx,xxxx) that were generated in advance and issued on printed "Snap Paks".

From 1989, CompuServe users had email access to the internet, using their user ID in the form xxxxx.xxxx@compuserve.com – where the comma in the original ID was replaced with a period.[3] In 1996, users were allowed to create an alias for their internet e-mail address, which could also be used for a personal webpage; the longest-term members were allowed first choice of the new addresses. In 1998, users were offered the option of switching their mailbox to a newer system that provided POP3 access via the internet, so that any internet email program could be used. Current CompuServe email addresses look like XXXXXX@cs.com for users of the CompuServe 2000 service.

Custom portals

CompuServe has a long history offering a custom portal of the CompuServe Information Service to the airline industry. Beginning during the 1970s, CompuServe offered a customized version of its service that allowed pilots and flight attendants to bid for flight schedules with their airline.[31] CompuServe offered customized products to other industries as well, including a service termed CompuServe for Lawyers;[32] another was "the African-American Culture and Arts Forum."[33]

As part of CompuServe 2000, another customized portal made "a 2-year deal ... with WebMD, an Internet healthcare startup for physicians and consumers."[34]

Market share

Long the largest online service provider, by 1987 CompuServe had 380,000 subscribers, compared to 320,000 at the Dow Jones News/Retrieval, 80,000 at The Source, and 70,000 at GEnie.[35]

CompuServe had 3 million users worldwide at its peak, compared to AOL's 27 million. By early 1999, many home users had switched to standard dial-up Internet access, and CompuServe had decreased to "2 million largely business professional users".[33]

Technology and law

One popular use of CompuServe during the 1980s was file exchange, particularly pictures. Indeed, in 1985 it hosted perhaps the first online comic in the world, Witches and Stitches. CompuServe introduced a simple black-and-white image format known as RLE (run-length-encoding) to standardize the images so they could be shared among different types of microcomputer. With the introduction of more powerful machines, all of them enabling display of color, CompuServe introduced the much more capable Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), invented by Steve Wilhite. GIF later became the most common format for 8-bit images transmitted by internet during the early and mid-1990s.

CompuServe, and its outside telecommunications attorney, Randy May, directed appeals to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to exempt data networks from having to pay the Common Carrier Access Charge (CCAC) that was levied by the telephone Local Exchange Carriers (primarily the Baby Bell companies) on long-distance carriers. The primary argument was that data networking was a new industry, and the country would be served better by not exposing this important new industry to the aberrations of the voice telephone economics (the CCAC is the mechanism used to subsidize the cost of local telephone service from long-distance revenue). The FCC agreed with CompuServe's argument, and the consequence is that all dial-up networking in the United States, whether using private networks or the public internet, is much less expensive than it otherwise would have been.

Legal cases

In 1991, CompuServe was sued for defamation in one of the early cases testing the application of traditional law to the internet in Cubby v. CompuServe. Although defamatory content was posted on one of its forums, CompuServe was not liable for this content because it was unaware of the content and did not exercise editorial control of the forum.

A November 1993 copyright infringement lawsuit regarding "about 900 songs" was settled two years later with payment, to be divided "among publishers whose songs were involved".[36]

In 1995,[37] CompuServe blocked access to sex-oriented newsgroups after being pressured by Bavarian prosecutors. In 1997, after CompuServe reopened the newsfeeds, Felix Somm, the former managing director for CompuServe Germany, was charged with violating German child pornography laws because of the material CompuServe's network was transmitting into Germany.

He "was first convicted, in November 1997"[38] and after another hearing sentenced to two years' probation on May 28, 1998.[39][40] He was acquitted on appeal on November 17, 1999.[38][41][42]

See also

WOW! (online service)

For the cable company, see WOW!
 
The WOW! logo

Wow! (styled WOW!) was an online service operated by CompuServe, starting March 1996;[43] its closure was announced by November of the same year, to be effective at the end of January 1997.[44]

Among the promised features were "the first Internet service to be offered with a monthly 'unlimited' rate ($17.95)." Software bugs, random shutdowns of the service, and loss of email messages affected the reputation of WOW!.[further explanation needed] It ended January 31, 1997.

Post shutdown history of Wow!

Several class-action lawsuits were filed, claiming that WOW! was sold to stockholders with false and misleading information. Wow! was supposed to make the company competitive with AOL – "a proprietary service aimed at families and novice computer users."[43] The Wow! Information Service, announced in late 1995,[45] was supposed to commence with Microsoft Windows 95 SR2, the first to include Internet Explorer. Knowing that bundling their browser would be considered anti-competitive, Microsoft also planned to bundle installers for several major ISPs into Windows, but CompuServe's software was not ready.

Wow.com domain

AOL retained the domain name wow.com after it acquired CompuServe, and kept it dormant from the shut-down of Wow! until 2007. In mid-2007, AOL considered transferring its Digg-style news aggregator, then hosted at Netscape.com, to wow.com,[46] before ultimately transferring it to Propeller.com. Toward the end of the year, AOL was reportedly working on using the domain for a social networking service concerning the popular online role-playing game World of Warcraft.[47]

From October 2010 until its 2015 shut-down, some of that was transferred to a subdomain of Joystiq. The domain wow.com was used simultaneously as a deal of the day site similar to Groupon.[48] However, that site was also short-lived, shutting down in late 2011.[49]

As of January 2019, wow.com is a search engine powered by Bing, using the same back-end as AOL Search, which is now part of Oath Inc..

WorldCom acquisition and deal with AOL

 
Post–WorldCom acquisition logo of CompuServe.

The competition for customers between AOL and CompuServe became one of customers transferring back and forth, using free hours and other enticements. There were technical problems—the thousands of new generation U.S. Robotics dialup modems deployed in the network would crash during high call volumes. For the first time in decades, CompuServe began losing money, and at a prodigious rate. An effort, code-named "Red-Dog", was initiated to convert CompuServe's long-time PDP-10 based technologies to servers based on Intel x86 architectures and the Microsoft operating system Windows NT.

Parent company H&R Block was going through its own management changes at the same time, beginning with the retirement of CEO Henry Bloch. A series of successors ensued. In 1997, H&R Block announced its intention to divest itself of CompuServe. A number of potential buyers came to the forefront, but the terms they offered were unacceptable to management. AOL, the most likely buyer, made several offers to purchase CompuServe using AOL stock, but H&R Block management sought cash, or at least a better quality stock.[50]

In February 1998, John W. Sidgmore, then vice chairman of WorldCom, and the former CEO of UUNET, devised a complex transaction which was ultimately satisfactory to all parties.[51] Step one was that WorldCom purchased all the shares of CompuServe with $1.2 billion of WCOM stock.[52] The next day, WorldCom sold the CompuServe Information Service portion of the company to AOL, retaining the CompuServe Network Services portion. AOL sold its networking division, Advanced Network Services (ANS), to WorldCom. Sidgmore said at this time that the world was in balance: the accountants were doing taxes, AOL was doing information services, and WorldCom was doing networks.

WorldCom's newly acquired CompuServe Network Services was renamed WorldCom Advanced Networks, and continued to operate as a discrete company within WorldCom after being combined with AOL's network subsidiary, ANS, and an existing WorldCom networking company named Gridnet. In 1999, Worldcom acquired MCI and became MCI WorldCom, WorldCom Advanced Networks briefly became MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks. MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks was ultimately absorbed into UUNET. Soon thereafter, WorldCom began its spiral to bankruptcy, re-emerging as MCI.

CompuServe was changed to the version "CompuServe 7.0." in 2001.[53]

In 2006, MCI was sold to Verizon. As a result, the organization that had once been the networking business within CompuServe is now part of Verizon Business.

While dividing CompuServe into its two major businesses, CompuServe Information Services and CompuServe Network Services, WorldCom and AOL both desired to make use of the CompuServe name and trademarks. Consequently, a jointly owned holding company was formed for no other purpose than to possess title to various trademarks, patents and other intellectual property, and to license that intellectual property at no cost to both WorldCom (now Verizon) and AOL.

In 2015, when Verizon acquired AOL, all of CompuServe's original properties became parts of Verizon.

Post-AOL acquisition

In September 2003 CompuServe Information Service, which had become a division of AOL, added CompuServe Basic to its product lines, selling via Netscape.com.

CIS was then the value market-provider for several million customers, as part of the AOL Web Products Group. Recent U.S. versions of the CompuServe client software—essentially an enhanced Web browser—used the Gecko layout engine (developed for Mozilla) within a derivative of the AOL client and using the AOL dialup network. The previous CompuServe service offering, re-branded as "CompuServe Classic", remained available in the US and also in other countries where CompuServe 2000 was not offered, such as the UK. In Germany, CompuServe 2000 was introduced in 1999 and withdrawn in 2001 because of market failure, but CompuServe Classic service remained for a while. CompuServe Germany introduced its own products for dialup and DSL internet access, and its own client software (termed CompuServe 4.5 light).

2007 and beyond

In January 2007, CompuServe e-mailed members that Windows Vista was not supported, and suggested switching to the AOL-branded service. Like many older programs, however, CompuServe client software can operate with Windows Vista in compatibility mode. In July 2007, CompuServe Pacific announced[54] cessation as of August 31, 2007. In September 2007, it was announced[55] that CompuServe France would end its operations on November 30, 2007. In the Pacific region (Australia, New Zealand, etc.) Fujitsu Australia operated the CompuServe Pacific franchise, which in 1998 had 35,000 customers. Towards the end of its operations in that area, it was thought[citation needed] to have far fewer because of CompuServe Pacific's pricing plans, which have not been changed since 1998 (e.g., A$14.95 for two hours per month). In July 2008, CompuServe Germany informed its customers that it would end its operations on July 31, 2008. Its legacy service "CompuServe Classic" would not be affected by this decision.

CompuServe forums as of 2013 are more tightly linked to CompuServe channels. Compuserve.com currently operates a slightly reduced version of the now-defunct Netscape.com Web portal, the latter of which was terminated in 2006.

CompuServe announced on April 15, 2009, that CompuServe Classic would "no longer operate as an Internet Service Provider" and would terminate on June 30, 2009.[56] All CompuServe Classic services, including OurWorld Web pages, were taken offline as of that date. CompuServe Classic e-mail users would be able to continue using their CompuServe e-mail addresses via a new e-mail system.[57][58]

AOL used the CompuServe brand for CompuServe 2000 (a rebranded low-cost offering), which ended in 2011 (including Mac), and CompuServe Dialer (a low-cost dialup ISP that became a Web portal).

As of 2023, CompuServe is still at the 7.0 version.[53]

Closure of forums

CompuServe announced in November 2017 that the CompuServe Forums would be ended on December 15, 2017.[59][60][61] The closure came more than 36 years after the CompuServe Forums had begun in 1981. Some reportedly transferred to Forumania[62] or elsewhere.

CompuServe GUIs

Over time, there were several graphical user interfaces developed for accessing CompuServe.[1] Unlike what AOL gave for free, The New York Times wrote about them "which Compuserve ought to give away, but does not". Among their names were WinCIM, TapCIS and NavCIS.

At a time when subscribers paid for timed access (as well as long-distance calls in some countries) and had to spend time online reading and replying to messages, their goal was to bypass CompuServe's WinCim interface, and streamline[63] sending all pre-written email and forum postings that the user had written offline, then receiving new messages, downloading requested files, and logging off CompuServe.

TapCIS

TapCIS (The Access Program for the Compuserve Information Service)[e][64] was an automated MS-DOS-based software application that sped up access to, and management of, CompuServe email accounts and forum memberships for PC users from 1981 until 2004 when advances in CompuServe technology rendered it obsolete. It was described as "archaic-looking (but) .. remains a powerful tool for accessing CompuServe forums."[65]

TapCIS was written in Borland's Turbo Pascal code by Howard Benner, a marketing executive from Wilmington, Delaware,[66] who joined CompuServe in 1981 and died of melanoma in June 1990, aged 44. The software, which was shareware and retailed at US$79, had a community of users who continued to maintain their own website.

Since it was able to issue administrative commands, TapCIS was the preferred program for dozens of CompuServe system operators (SysOps).[67]

CIM and WinCIM

Regarding WinCIM (and predecessor CIM), PC Magazine wrote[65] that "They give you a broader view of what's available" and by using it "you can more easily navigate the service." They explicitly caution that, unlike TapCIS, it "won't save any money ... it could actually take you longer to retrieve and answer messages ... than without it."[65]

OzCIS and OzWIN

Although OzCIS and OzWIN (its Windows-based successor) were described as "free for personal use"[65] by PC Magazine, it was shareware,[f][68] like WinCIM, TapCIS and NavCIS.

The programming was done by Steve Sneed using Pascal-like Delphi code;[g] the software was published by Ozarks West Software Inc.

Like TapCIS, it had SysOp features such as moving and deleting messages, administering the file libraries, and "flagging" users (giving and denying SysOp rights). Unlike other offline readers such as TapCIS and NavCIS, which added proprietary ways of formatting text (colors, fonts, attributes), OzWin always remained "plain text" and never displayed any custom styles.

In May 2005, CompuServe discontinued access the OzCis and TapCIS forums on CompuServe.

AutoSIG

AutoSIG[68][69] was free, unlike WinCIM, TapCIS, NavCIS and OzCIS/OzWIN.

VisCIS

Visual CompuServe, also known as VisCIS, was a demonstration concept of a VRML-based client by programmer John D. Gwinner which modelled the CompuServe interface into a 3D virtual environment.[70][71] It was later redeveloped by Gwinner into VisMenu, a general-purpose VRML menuing system.[72]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The earliest advertising shows the name with initial capitals.
  2. ^ which, in 1989, CompuServe purchased and dismantled
  3. ^ The New York Times noted, "To be fair, the 'extended' and 'premium' services" were "clearly marked with warning symbols."[1]
  4. ^ The per-message fee for e-mail from outside CompuServe was 15 cents, even for spam.[1]
  5. ^ (sometimes referred to as TAPCIS)
  6. ^ $65[68]
  7. ^ formerly a Borland product

References

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External links

  • Official website  
  • CompuServe Interactive Services, Inc. History
  • Interview with CompuServe Founder Jeff Wilkins
  • by Sandy Trevor

August 20, 2023
compuserve, information, service, also, known, initialism, later, american, online, service, first, major, commercial, world, described, 1994, oldest, three, information, services, others, prodigy, america, online, corporate, headquarters, columbus, ohiotypesu. CompuServe CompuServe Information Service also known by its initialism CIS or later CSi was an American online service the first major commercial one in the world described in 1994 as the oldest of the Big Three information services the others are Prodigy and America Online 1 CompuServeCorporate headquarters in Columbus OhioTypeSubsidiaryIndustryInternet and communicationsFounded1969 54 years ago 1969 as Compu Serv Network Inc HeadquartersColumbus Ohio U S Productsonline services ISPParentYahoo Inc Websitewww wbr compuserve wbr comIt dominated the industry during the 1980s and remained a major influence through the mid 1990s At its maximum during the early 1990s CIS was known for its online chat system message forums for a variety of topics extensive software libraries for most personal computers and a series of popular online games notably MegaWars III and Island of Kesmai It was known also for its introduction of the GIF format for pictures and its system for exchanging GIF 2 In 1997 17 years after H amp R Block had acquired CIS the parent company announced its desire to sell CIS A complex deal was devised with WorldCom acting as a broker resulting in CIS being sold to AOL In 2015 Verizon acquired AOL including its CompuServe division In 2017 after Verizon completed its acquisition of Yahoo CompuServe became part of Verizon s newly formed subsidiary Oath Inc which was then divested as the new Yahoo company during 2021 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 Technology 1 3 CIS 1 4 Newspapers 1 5 Selling connectivity 1 6 File transfers 1 7 Internet 1 8 Acquisitions 2 CompuServe UK 3 User IDs and e mail addresses 4 Custom portals 5 Market share 6 Technology and law 6 1 Legal cases 6 1 1 See also 7 WOW online service 7 1 Post shutdown history of Wow 7 1 1 Wow com domain 8 WorldCom acquisition and deal with AOL 9 Post AOL acquisition 9 1 2007 and beyond 9 2 Closure of forums 10 CompuServe GUIs 10 1 TapCIS 10 2 CIM and WinCIM 10 3 OzCIS and OzWIN 10 4 AutoSIG 10 5 VisCIS 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksHistory EditFounding Edit CompuServe was initiated during 1969 as Compu Serv Network Inc a in Columbus Ohio as a subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance 3 Though Golden United founder Harry Gard Sr s son in law Jeffrey Wilkins is widely miscredited as the first president of CompuServe its first president was actually John R Goltz 4 Wilkins replaced Goltz as CEO within the first year of operation Goltz and Wilkins were both graduate students of electrical engineering at the University of Arizona Other early recruits from the same University included Sandy Trevor inventor of the CompuServe CB Simulator chat system Doug Chinnock and Larry Shelley The company s objectives were twofold to provide in house computer processing for Golden United Life Insurance and to develop as an independent business in the computer time sharing industry by renting time on its PDP 10 midrange computers during business hours mainly to other businesses 3 It was divested as a separate company during 1975 trading on the NASDAQ using the symbol CMPU Concurrently the company recruited executives who changed the emphasis from offering time sharing services for which customers wrote their own applications to a service providing application programs The first of these new executives was Robert Tillson who quit Service Bureau Corporation then a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation but originally formed as a division of IBM to become CompuServe s Executive Vice President of Marketing He then recruited Charles McCall who succeeded Jeff Wilkins as CEO and later became CEO of the medical information company HBO amp Co Maury Cox who became CEO 5 after the departure of McCall and Robert Massey who succeeded Cox as CEO In 1977 CompuServe s board changed the company s name to CompuServe Incorporated In 1979 it began offering a dial up online information service to consumers 3 In May 1980 at which time Compuserve had fewer than 1 000 subscribers to its consumer information service H amp R Block acquired the company for 25 million and within four years had grown its subscriber base to about 110 000 6 Technology Edit The original 1969 dial up technology was fairly simple the local telephone number in Cleveland for example was a line connected to a time division multiplexer that connected via a leased line to a matched multiplexer in Columbus that was connected to a time sharing host system In the earliest buildups each line terminated at a single machine of CompuServe s host service so that one dialed different telephone numbers to reach different computers Later the central multiplexers in Columbus were replaced with PDP 8 minicomputers and the PDP 8s were connected to a DEC PDP 15 minicomputer that acted as switches so a telephone number was not tied to a particular destination host Finally when CompuServe developed its own packet switching network implemented by DEC PDP 11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the USA and later in other countries and interconnected Over time the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi tiered network incorporating Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Frame Relay FR Internet Protocol IP and X 25 technologies In 1981 The Times explained CompuServe s technology in one sentence CompuServe is offering a video text like service permitting personal computer users to retrieve software from the mainframe computer over telephone lines 7 The New York Times described them as the most international of the Big Three and noted that it can be reached by a local phone call in more than 700 cities 1 CompuServe was also a world vender of other commercial services One of these was the Financial Services group which collected and consolidated financial data from myriad data feeds including CompuStat Disclosure I B E S as well as the price and quote feeds from the major exchanges CompuServe developed extensive screening and reporting programs that were used by many investment banks on Wall Street CIS Edit In 1979 3 Radio Shack marketed the residential information service MicroNET in which home users accessed the computers during evening hours when the CompuServe computers were otherwise idle Its success prompted CompuServe to disuse the MicroNET name in favor of its own CompuServe s origin was approximately concurrent with that of The Source b 3 Both services were operating during early 1979 being the first online service providers MicroNet was made popular by the Issue 2 of Commodore Disk User February 1988 which included instructions on how to connect and operate MicroNet programs By the mid 1980s CompuServe was one of the largest information and networking services companies and it was the largest consumer information service It operated commercial branches in more than 30 US cities selling primarily network services to major corporations throughout the United States Consumer accounts could be bought in most computer stores a box with an instruction manual and a trial account login and this service was well known to the public By 1987 consumer business would provide 50 of CompuServe revenues The corporate culture was entrepreneurial encouraging skunkworks projects Alexander Sandy Trevor secluded himself for a weekend writing the CB Simulator a chat system that soon became one of CIS s most popular features 3 Instead of hiring employees to manage the forums they contracted with systems operators sysops who received compensation based on the success of their own forum s boards libraries and chat areas 8 Newspapers Edit In July 1980 working with Associated Press CompuServe began hosting text versions of the Columbus Dispatch The New York Times Virginian Pilot and Ledger Star The Washington Post San Francisco Examiner San Francisco Chronicle and Los Angeles Times were added in 1981 additional newspapers followed Although accessing articles in these newspapers comprised 5 of CompuServe s traffic reading an entire newspaper using this method was impractical the text of a 0 20 print edition newspaper would take two to six hours to download at a cost of 5 per hour after 6 p m 9 Selling connectivity Edit Another major unit of CompuServe the CompuServe Network Services was formed in 1982 to generate revenue by selling connectivity to the nationwide packet network CompuServe had built to support its time sharing service CompuServe designed and manufactured its own network processors based on the DEC PDP 11 and developed all the software that operated on the network Often and erroneously termed an X 25 network the CompuServe network implemented a mixture of standardized and proprietary layers throughout the network One of the proprietary layers was termed Adaptive Routing 10 The Adaptive Routing system implemented two powerful features One is that the network operated entirely in a self discovery mode When a new switch was added to the network by connecting it to a neighbor via a leased telephone circuit the new switch was discovered and absorbed into the network without explicit configuration To change the network configuration all that was needed was to add or remove connections and the network would automatically reconfigure The second feature implemented by Adaptive Routing was often discussed by network engineers but was implemented only by CNS establishing connection paths on the basis of real time performance measurements As one circuit became busy traffic was diverted to alternative paths to prevent overloading and poor performance for users While the CNS network was not itself based on the X 25 protocol the network presented a standard X 25 interface to customers providing dialup connectivity to corporate hosts and allowing CompuServe to form alliances with private networks Tymnet and Telenet among others 11 This gave CompuServe the largest selection of local dial up telephone connections in the world in an era when network usage charges were expensive but still less than long distance charges Other networks permitted CompuServe access to still more locations including international locations usually with substantial connect time surcharges It was common during the early 1980s to pay a 30 per hour charge to connect to CompuServe which at the time cost 5 to 6 per hour before factoring in the connection time surcharges This resulted in the company being nicknamed CompuSpend Compu erve or CI CNS has been the primary supplier of dial up communications for credit card authorizations for more than 20 years a competence developed as a result of its long time relationship with Visa International At the peak of this type of business CompuServe transmitted millions of authorization transactions each month representing several billion dollars of consumer purchase transactions For many businesses an always on connection was an extravagance and a dialup option made better sense This service presently remains in operation as part of Verizon see below There are no other competitors remaining in this market The company was notable for introducing a number of online services to personal computer users CompuServe began offering electronic mail capabilities and technical support to commercial customers in 1978 using the name Infoplex and was also a pioneer of the real time chat market with its CB Simulator service introduced on February 21 1980 as the first public commercial multi user chat program Introduced in 1985 EaasySABRE a customer accessible extension of the Sabre travel system made it possible for individuals to find and book airline flights and hotel rooms without the help of a travel agent 12 CompuServe also introduced a number of online games File transfers Edit Around 1981 CompuServe introduced its CompuServe B protocol a file transfer protocol allowing users to send files to each other This was later expanded to the better performance B version intended for downloads from CIS itself Although the B protocol was not widely supported by other software it was used by default for some time by CIS itself The B protocol was later extended to include the Host Micro Interface HMI a mechanism for communicating commands and transaction requests to a server application operating on the mainframes HMI could be used by front end client software to present a GUI based interface to CIS without having to use the error prone CLI to route commands CompuServe began to expand its business operations outside the United States It began in Japan in 1986 with Fujitsu and Nissho Iwai and developed a Japanese language version of CompuServe named NIFTY Serve in 1989 In 1993 CompuServe Hong Kong was initiated as a joint venture with Hutchison Telecom and was able to acquire 50 000 customers before the dial up ISP frenzy Between 1994 and 1995 Fujitsu and CompuServe co developed WorldsAway an interactive virtual environment As of 2014 the original virtual environment that began on CompuServe in 1995 known as the Dreamscape was still operating During the late 1980s it was possible to log on to CompuServe via worldwide X 25 packet switching networks which bridged onto CompuServe s existing US based network It gradually introduced its own direct dial up access network in many countries a more economical solution With its network expansion CompuServe also extended the marketing of its commercial services opening branches in London and Munich Internet Edit CompuServe was the first online service to offer Internet connectivity albeit with limited access as early as 1989 13 when it connected its proprietary e mail service to allow incoming and outgoing messages to be exchanged with Internet based e mail addresses During the early 1990s CompuServe had hundreds of thousands of users visiting its thousands of moderated forums forerunners to the discussion sites of the World Wide Web Like the Web many forums were managed by independent producers who then administered the forum and recruited moderators termed sysops Among these were many in which computer hardware and software companies offered customer assistance This broadened the audience from primarily business users to the technical geek crowd some of whom had earlier used Byte Magazine s Bix online service There were special forums special groups but many had relatively large premiums as did some premium data bases with charges of 7 50 each time you enter a search request c 1 In 1992 CompuServe hosted the first known WYSIWYG e mail content and forum posts 14 Fonts colors and emoticons were encoded into 7 bit text based messages via the third party product NavCIS by Dvorak Development operating with the operating systems DOS and Windows 3 1 and later Windows 95 15 NavCIS included features for offline work similar to offline readers used with bulletin board systems allowing users to connect to the service and exchange new mail and forum content in a largely automated fashion Once the run was complete the user edited their messages locally while offline The system also allowed interactive navigation of the system to support services like the chat system Many of these services remained text based CompuServe later introduced CompuServe Information Manager CIM to compete more directly with AOL Unlike Navigator CIM was adapted for online work and used a point and click interface very similar to AOLs Later versions interacted with the hosts using the HMI communications protocol For some types of service which were not compatible with HMI the older text based interface could be used WinCIM also allowed caching of forum messages news articles and e mail so that reading and posting could be performed offline without incurring hourly connection costs Previously this was a luxury of the NavCIS AutoSIG and TapCIS applications for power users One of the big advantages of CIS over the Internet was that the users could purchase services and software from other CompuServe members using their CompuServe account At this time the Internet backbone was operated by NSFNET and use of Internet accounts for commercial activity was prohibited During the early 1990s the hourly rate decreased from more than 10 per hour to 1 95 per hour In March 1992 it began online signups with credit card based payments and a desktop application to connect online and check emails In April 1995 CompuServe had more than three million members still the largest online service provider and began its NetLauncher service providing WWW access capability via Spry a Mosaic browser AOL however introduced a much cheaper flat rate unlimited time advertisement funded price plan in the US to compete with CompuServe s hourly charges In conjunction with AOL s marketing campaigns this caused a significant loss of customers until CompuServe responded with a similar plan of its own at 24 95 per month in late 1997 16 17 As the World Wide Web grew in popularity with the general public company after company terminated their once busy CompuServe customer assistance forums to offer customer assistance to a larger audience directly through their own company websites an activity which the CompuServe forums of the time could not address because they did not yet have universal WWW access In 1992 CompuServe acquired Mark Cuban s company MicroSolutions for 6 million 18 19 AOL s entry into the PC market in 1991 marked the beginning of the end for CIS AOL charged 2 95 an hour versus 5 00 an hour for CompuServe AOL used a freely available Graphical user interface based client CompuServe s wasn t free and it only had a subset of the system s functionality In response CIS decreased its hourly rates on several occasions Subsequently AOL switched to a monthly subscription instead of hourly rates so for active users AOL was much less expensive By late 1994 CompuServe was offering unlimited use of the standard services including news sports weather and limited electronic mail d for 8 95 per month what The New York Times called probably the best deal 1 CIS s number of users grew maximizing in April 1995 at 3 million worldwide By this time AOL had more than 20 million users in the United States alone but this was less than their maximum of 27 million due to customers quitting for lesser cost offerings By 1997 the number of users quitting all online services for dialup Internet service providers was reaching a climax In 1997 CompuServe began converting its forums from its proprietary Host Micro Interface HMI to HTML web standards 20 The 1997 change discontinued text based access to the forums but the forums were accessible both through the web as well as through CompuServe s proprietary HMI protocol In 2004 CompuServe discontinued HMI and converted the forums to web access only The forums remained active on CompuServe com until the end of 2017 Acquisitions Edit CompuServe made a number of acquisitions in its history both before and after being acquired by H amp R Block Early 1970s Alpha Systems of Dallas Texas a small regional timesharing company which was also based on PDP 10 technology It was operated as a standalone company for a brief time but later their PDP 10 was moved to CompuServe s Columbus Ohio datacenter and the Dallas operation ended 1986 Software House developer of System 1022 a relational database system 1986 Collier Jackson developer of human resource management products 21 1988 Access Technology developer of the 20 20 spreadsheet program 22 1995 Spry Inc developer of Internet in a Box the first consumer internet suite 23 CompuServe UK EditBefore the widespread use of the Internet and World Wide Web the United Kingdom s first national major brands online shopping service was developed by the UK subsidiary of CompuServe CIS as part of its proprietary closed system collection of consumer services 24 Andrew Gray initiated CompuServe UK s operations as the European subsidiary of the US company during the late 1980s and later became the company s European general manager while David Gilroy was CompuServe s UK director of customer services The service continued to grow and offered technical assistance managed by Suzanne Gautier and sales managed by Colin Campbell 25 The service was proposed by Paul Stanfield an independent business to consumer electronic commerce consultant to Martin Turner Product Marketing Director for CIS UK in August 1994 Turner agreed and the project started in September with rapid market research product development and sales of online space to major UK retail and catalogue companies These included WH Smith Tesco Virgin Our Price Great Universal Stores GUS Interflora Dixons Retail Past Times PC World retailer and Innovations 26 27 The service began on Thursday April 27 1995 with Paul Stanfield s purchase of a book from the WH Smith shop This was a repeat of the first formal test of the service on February 9 1995 which included secure payment and subsequent fulfilment of the order by Royal Mail postal delivery Interactive Media in Retail Group IMRG the UK s industry association for e retailing believes that the UK s first national shopping service secure online transaction was the purchase of a WH Smith book from the CompuServe facility 28 Approximately 1 000 000 UK customers had access to the shops at that time and it was British retailers first major exposure to the medium Other retailers joined the service soon after and included Sainsbury s Wine and Jaguar Cars branded lifestyle goods CompuServe UK commissioned writer Sue Schofield to produce a retail pack including a new UK CompuServe Book 29 and a free CD ROM containing the CIS software to access the service CompuServe with its closed private network system was slow to react to the rapid development of the open World Wide Web and it was not long before major UK retailers started to develop their own websites independently of CompuServe User IDs and e mail addresses EditThe original CompuServe user identifiers consisted of seven octal digits in the form 7xxxx xx a legacy of PDP 10 architecture later eight and nine octal digits in the form 7xxxx xxx 30 and 7xxxx xxxx and finally ten octal digits in the form 1xxxxx xxxx that were generated in advance and issued on printed Snap Paks From 1989 CompuServe users had email access to the internet using their user ID in the form xxxxx xxxx compuserve com where the comma in the original ID was replaced with a period 3 In 1996 users were allowed to create an alias for their internet e mail address which could also be used for a personal webpage the longest term members were allowed first choice of the new addresses In 1998 users were offered the option of switching their mailbox to a newer system that provided POP3 access via the internet so that any internet email program could be used Current CompuServe email addresses look like XXXXXX cs com for users of the CompuServe 2000 service Custom portals EditCompuServe has a long history offering a custom portal of the CompuServe Information Service to the airline industry Beginning during the 1970s CompuServe offered a customized version of its service that allowed pilots and flight attendants to bid for flight schedules with their airline 31 CompuServe offered customized products to other industries as well including a service termed CompuServe for Lawyers 32 another was the African American Culture and Arts Forum 33 As part of CompuServe 2000 another customized portal made a 2 year deal with WebMD an Internet healthcare startup for physicians and consumers 34 Market share EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 Long the largest online service provider by 1987 CompuServe had 380 000 subscribers compared to 320 000 at the Dow Jones News Retrieval 80 000 at The Source and 70 000 at GEnie 35 CompuServe had 3 million users worldwide at its peak compared to AOL s 27 million By early 1999 many home users had switched to standard dial up Internet access and CompuServe had decreased to 2 million largely business professional users 33 Technology and law EditOne popular use of CompuServe during the 1980s was file exchange particularly pictures Indeed in 1985 it hosted perhaps the first online comic in the world Witches and Stitches CompuServe introduced a simple black and white image format known as RLE run length encoding to standardize the images so they could be shared among different types of microcomputer With the introduction of more powerful machines all of them enabling display of color CompuServe introduced the much more capable Graphics Interchange Format GIF invented by Steve Wilhite GIF later became the most common format for 8 bit images transmitted by internet during the early and mid 1990s CompuServe and its outside telecommunications attorney Randy May directed appeals to the Federal Communications Commission FCC to exempt data networks from having to pay the Common Carrier Access Charge CCAC that was levied by the telephone Local Exchange Carriers primarily the Baby Bell companies on long distance carriers The primary argument was that data networking was a new industry and the country would be served better by not exposing this important new industry to the aberrations of the voice telephone economics the CCAC is the mechanism used to subsidize the cost of local telephone service from long distance revenue The FCC agreed with CompuServe s argument and the consequence is that all dial up networking in the United States whether using private networks or the public internet is much less expensive than it otherwise would have been Legal cases Edit In 1991 CompuServe was sued for defamation in one of the early cases testing the application of traditional law to the internet in Cubby v CompuServe Although defamatory content was posted on one of its forums CompuServe was not liable for this content because it was unaware of the content and did not exercise editorial control of the forum A November 1993 copyright infringement lawsuit regarding about 900 songs was settled two years later with payment to be divided among publishers whose songs were involved 36 In 1995 37 CompuServe blocked access to sex oriented newsgroups after being pressured by Bavarian prosecutors In 1997 after CompuServe reopened the newsfeeds Felix Somm the former managing director for CompuServe Germany was charged with violating German child pornography laws because of the material CompuServe s network was transmitting into Germany He was first convicted in November 1997 38 and after another hearing sentenced to two years probation on May 28 1998 39 40 He was acquitted on appeal on November 17 1999 38 41 42 See also Edit CompuServe Inc v Cyber Promotions Inc CompuServe Inc v PattersonWOW online service EditFor the cable company see WOW The WOW logoWow styled WOW was an online service operated by CompuServe starting March 1996 43 its closure was announced by November of the same year to be effective at the end of January 1997 44 Among the promised features were the first Internet service to be offered with a monthly unlimited rate 17 95 Software bugs random shutdowns of the service and loss of email messages affected the reputation of WOW further explanation needed It ended January 31 1997 Post shutdown history of Wow Edit Several class action lawsuits were filed claiming that WOW was sold to stockholders with false and misleading information Wow was supposed to make the company competitive with AOL a proprietary service aimed at families and novice computer users 43 The Wow Information Service announced in late 1995 45 was supposed to commence with Microsoft Windows 95 SR2 the first to include Internet Explorer Knowing that bundling their browser would be considered anti competitive Microsoft also planned to bundle installers for several major ISPs into Windows but CompuServe s software was not ready Wow com domain Edit AOL retained the domain name wow com after it acquired CompuServe and kept it dormant from the shut down of Wow until 2007 In mid 2007 AOL considered transferring its Digg style news aggregator then hosted at Netscape com to wow com 46 before ultimately transferring it to Propeller com Toward the end of the year AOL was reportedly working on using the domain for a social networking service concerning the popular online role playing game World of Warcraft 47 From October 2010 until its 2015 shut down some of that was transferred to a subdomain of Joystiq The domain wow com was used simultaneously as a deal of the day site similar to Groupon 48 However that site was also short lived shutting down in late 2011 49 As of January 2019 wow com is a search engine powered by Bing using the same back end as AOL Search which is now part of Oath Inc WorldCom acquisition and deal with AOL Edit Post WorldCom acquisition logo of CompuServe The competition for customers between AOL and CompuServe became one of customers transferring back and forth using free hours and other enticements There were technical problems the thousands of new generation U S Robotics dialup modems deployed in the network would crash during high call volumes For the first time in decades CompuServe began losing money and at a prodigious rate An effort code named Red Dog was initiated to convert CompuServe s long time PDP 10 based technologies to servers based on Intel x86 architectures and the Microsoft operating system Windows NT Parent company H amp R Block was going through its own management changes at the same time beginning with the retirement of CEO Henry Bloch A series of successors ensued In 1997 H amp R Block announced its intention to divest itself of CompuServe A number of potential buyers came to the forefront but the terms they offered were unacceptable to management AOL the most likely buyer made several offers to purchase CompuServe using AOL stock but H amp R Block management sought cash or at least a better quality stock 50 In February 1998 John W Sidgmore then vice chairman of WorldCom and the former CEO of UUNET devised a complex transaction which was ultimately satisfactory to all parties 51 Step one was that WorldCom purchased all the shares of CompuServe with 1 2 billion of WCOM stock 52 The next day WorldCom sold the CompuServe Information Service portion of the company to AOL retaining the CompuServe Network Services portion AOL sold its networking division Advanced Network Services ANS to WorldCom Sidgmore said at this time that the world was in balance the accountants were doing taxes AOL was doing information services and WorldCom was doing networks WorldCom s newly acquired CompuServe Network Services was renamed WorldCom Advanced Networks and continued to operate as a discrete company within WorldCom after being combined with AOL s network subsidiary ANS and an existing WorldCom networking company named Gridnet In 1999 Worldcom acquired MCI and became MCI WorldCom WorldCom Advanced Networks briefly became MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks was ultimately absorbed into UUNET Soon thereafter WorldCom began its spiral to bankruptcy re emerging as MCI CompuServe was changed to the version CompuServe 7 0 in 2001 53 In 2006 MCI was sold to Verizon As a result the organization that had once been the networking business within CompuServe is now part of Verizon Business While dividing CompuServe into its two major businesses CompuServe Information Services and CompuServe Network Services WorldCom and AOL both desired to make use of the CompuServe name and trademarks Consequently a jointly owned holding company was formed for no other purpose than to possess title to various trademarks patents and other intellectual property and to license that intellectual property at no cost to both WorldCom now Verizon and AOL In 2015 when Verizon acquired AOL all of CompuServe s original properties became parts of Verizon Post AOL acquisition EditIn September 2003 CompuServe Information Service which had become a division of AOL added CompuServe Basic to its product lines selling via Netscape com CIS was then the value market provider for several million customers as part of the AOL Web Products Group Recent U S versions of the CompuServe client software essentially an enhanced Web browser used the Gecko layout engine developed for Mozilla within a derivative of the AOL client and using the AOL dialup network The previous CompuServe service offering re branded as CompuServe Classic remained available in the US and also in other countries where CompuServe 2000 was not offered such as the UK In Germany CompuServe 2000 was introduced in 1999 and withdrawn in 2001 because of market failure but CompuServe Classic service remained for a while CompuServe Germany introduced its own products for dialup and DSL internet access and its own client software termed CompuServe 4 5 light 2007 and beyond Edit In January 2007 CompuServe e mailed members that Windows Vista was not supported and suggested switching to the AOL branded service Like many older programs however CompuServe client software can operate with Windows Vista in compatibility mode In July 2007 CompuServe Pacific announced 54 cessation as of August 31 2007 In September 2007 it was announced 55 that CompuServe France would end its operations on November 30 2007 In the Pacific region Australia New Zealand etc Fujitsu Australia operated the CompuServe Pacific franchise which in 1998 had 35 000 customers Towards the end of its operations in that area it was thought citation needed to have far fewer because of CompuServe Pacific s pricing plans which have not been changed since 1998 e g A 14 95 for two hours per month In July 2008 CompuServe Germany informed its customers that it would end its operations on July 31 2008 Its legacy service CompuServe Classic would not be affected by this decision CompuServe forums as of 2013 update are more tightly linked to CompuServe channels Compuserve com currently operates a slightly reduced version of the now defunct Netscape com Web portal the latter of which was terminated in 2006 CompuServe announced on April 15 2009 that CompuServe Classic would no longer operate as an Internet Service Provider and would terminate on June 30 2009 56 All CompuServe Classic services including OurWorld Web pages were taken offline as of that date CompuServe Classic e mail users would be able to continue using their CompuServe e mail addresses via a new e mail system 57 58 AOL used the CompuServe brand for CompuServe 2000 a rebranded low cost offering which ended in 2011 including Mac and CompuServe Dialer a low cost dialup ISP that became a Web portal As of 2023 CompuServe is still at the 7 0 version 53 Closure of forums Edit CompuServe announced in November 2017 that the CompuServe Forums would be ended on December 15 2017 59 60 61 The closure came more than 36 years after the CompuServe Forums had begun in 1981 Some reportedly transferred to Forumania 62 or elsewhere CompuServe GUIs EditOver time there were several graphical user interfaces developed for accessing CompuServe 1 Unlike what AOL gave for free The New York Times wrote about them which Compuserve ought to give away but does not Among their names were WinCIM TapCIS and NavCIS At a time when subscribers paid for timed access as well as long distance calls in some countries and had to spend time online reading and replying to messages their goal was to bypass CompuServe s WinCim interface and streamline 63 sending all pre written email and forum postings that the user had written offline then receiving new messages downloading requested files and logging off CompuServe TapCIS Edit TapCIS The Access Program for the Compuserve Information Service e 64 was an automated MS DOS based software application that sped up access to and management of CompuServe email accounts and forum memberships for PC users from 1981 until 2004 when advances in CompuServe technology rendered it obsolete It was described as archaic looking but remains a powerful tool for accessing CompuServe forums 65 TapCIS was written in Borland s Turbo Pascal code by Howard Benner a marketing executive from Wilmington Delaware 66 who joined CompuServe in 1981 and died of melanoma in June 1990 aged 44 The software which was shareware and retailed at US 79 had a community of users who continued to maintain their own website Since it was able to issue administrative commands TapCIS was the preferred program for dozens of CompuServe system operators SysOps 67 CIM and WinCIM Edit Regarding WinCIM and predecessor CIM PC Magazine wrote 65 that They give you a broader view of what s available and by using it you can more easily navigate the service They explicitly caution that unlike TapCIS it won t save any money it could actually take you longer to retrieve and answer messages than without it 65 OzCIS and OzWIN Edit Although OzCIS and OzWIN its Windows based successor were described as free for personal use 65 by PC Magazine it was shareware f 68 like WinCIM TapCIS and NavCIS The programming was done by Steve Sneed using Pascal like Delphi code g the software was published by Ozarks West Software Inc Like TapCIS it had SysOp features such as moving and deleting messages administering the file libraries and flagging users giving and denying SysOp rights Unlike other offline readers such as TapCIS and NavCIS which added proprietary ways of formatting text colors fonts attributes OzWin always remained plain text and never displayed any custom styles In May 2005 CompuServe discontinued access the OzCis and TapCIS forums on CompuServe AutoSIG Edit AutoSIG 68 69 was free unlike WinCIM TapCIS NavCIS and OzCIS OzWIN VisCIS Edit Visual CompuServe also known as VisCIS was a demonstration concept of a VRML based client by programmer John D Gwinner which modelled the CompuServe interface into a 3D virtual environment 70 71 It was later redeveloped by Gwinner into VisMenu a general purpose VRML menuing system 72 See also EditCompuServe Inc v Patterson a case involving Patterson s software which came first and a similar offering from CompuServe FILe Generator and Editor VIDTEXNotes Edit The earliest advertising shows the name with initial capitals which in 1989 CompuServe purchased and dismantled The New York Times noted To be fair the extended and premium services were clearly marked with warning symbols 1 The per message fee for e mail from outside CompuServe was 15 cents even for spam 1 sometimes referred to as TAPCIS 65 68 formerly a Borland productReferences Edit a b c d e f g Lewis Peter H November 29 1994 The Compuserve Edge Delicate Data Balance The New York Times GIF Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved May 2 2023 a b c d e f g Tweney Dylan September 24 2009 Sept 24 1979 First Online Service for Consumers Debuts Wired Banks Michael 2012 On the Way to the Web The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders Apress ISBN 978 1 4302 5075 3 Lewis Peter H August 31 1994 Compuserve To Offer Link To Internet The New York Times New ventures for H amp R Block The New York Times April 14 1984 Retrieved July 8 2019 The Times Fireside access to sum of human knowledge 24 Feb 1981 pg 15 The INTERNET ARPANet and Consumer Online by Michael A Banks 1 Jan 2007 Archived from the original on January 8 2009 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Newman Steve 1981 Electronic Newspapers KRON Retrieved January 15 2014 Cornett Robert Douglas 1985 Hierarchical Routing for the CompuServe Network M Sc thesis Wright State University OCLC 14389250 How the Bell System Missed the Internet 2 March 26 2013 Archived from the original on July 9 2019 Retrieved July 9 2019 Gutis Philip S December 23 1989 More Trips Start at a Home Computer The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 5 2020 Lee Yvonne 1989 Compuserve MCI Mail Introduce Gateways To Internet Network InfoWorld Vol 11 no 39 p 32 InfoWorld CompuServe users can work off line save money InfoWorld 22 February 21 1994 ISSN 0199 6649 PC Mag Making the Most of Online Time PC Magazine The Independent Guide to IBM Standard Personal Computing Ziff Davis Inc 73 May 14 1996 ISSN 0888 8507 AOL to acquire CompuServe s customers Gadsden Times Associated Press September 9 1997 Retrieved September 4 2012 Flynn Laurie J September 9 1997 AOL to maintain two services The Dispatch Retrieved September 4 2012 Cuban Revolution Texas Monthly March 20 2017 Archived from the original on November 2 2019 Retrieved November 2 2019 Fiorillo Steve January 22 2019 What Is Mark Cuban s Net Worth TheStreet Retrieved November 2 2019 WUGNET to Provide Computing Support Forums for CompuServe s CSi 97 archive is July 19 2012 Archived from the original on July 19 2012 Retrieved January 31 2020 Forms software maker has worldly ambitions The Business Journals Retrieved August 13 2019 Access Technology is the newest kid on the Block Computerworld August 29 1988 p2 Fisher Lawrence M March 14 1995 Compuserve to Buy Spry an Internet Company The New York Times Retrieved December 20 2020 24 September 1979 Compuserve launches MicroNET MoneyWeek Retrieved June 1 2022 COMPUSERVE UK EXECS DEPART FOR INTERNET VENTURE Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved May 26 2015 Cope Nigel April 28 1995 High Streets Big Names Go Online The Independent London CompuServe in First UK On line Shopping Marketing Week IMRG Special Report 100 bn spent online since 1995 IMRG Archived from the original on October 11 2008 Google Sites For example 76530 523 Archived January 31 2017 at the Wayback Machine address of author Diana Gabaldon Walker Leslie June 3 1999 COM LIVE Goldberg Alan 1995 On line services help busy lawyers Bus L Today 5 37 a b CompuServe for a New Millennium Wired February 1999 Weaver Jane February 22 1999 AOL revamps CompuServe cuts price ZDNet Pollack Andrew September 15 1987 Ruling May Not Aid Videotex Published 1987 The New York Times Compuserve to Settle Suit The New York Times November 8 1995 Nash Nathaniel January 15 1996 Holding Compuserve Responsible The New York Times Retrieved July 9 2019 Compuserve s troubles started on Nov 22 a b Andrews Edmund L November 18 1999 German Court Overturns Pornography Ruling Against CompuServe The New York Times The CompuServe Germany Case May 1998 Archived from the original on February 25 2004 Judgment of the Munich Court in the CompuServe Case Somm Case Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 26 2015 Commentary on the Conclusion of Proceedings in the CompuServe Case Archived from the original on December 5 2015 Retrieved May 26 2015 Ex CompuServe boss acquitted BBC News November 17 1999 a b Lewis Peter H March 14 1996 A New Compuserve Service Plans to Appeal to Families The New York Times Lewis Peter H November 22 1996 Compuserve Changes Focus To Home Office And Businesses The New York Times Compuserve Sets Plans for New Service The New York Times October 28 1995 Arrington Michael August 31 2007 Update On Netscape com It s Done Possibly Moving To WOW com Big AOL Layoffs Coming TechCrunch Retrieved September 12 2013 Arrington Michael October 2 2007 AOL Finds An Obvious Use For WOW com A World Of Warcraft Social Network TechCrunch Retrieved September 12 2013 Schonfeld Erick October 5 2010 Wow AOL Thinks It Can Succeed As The 500th Groupon Clone TechCrunch Retrieved September 12 2013 Wow FAQs AOL Archived from the original on April 20 2013 Retrieved September 12 2013 Print off all your Wowchers by Dec 31 2011 AOL in talks to buy CompuServe CNET Retrieved May 26 2015 WorldCom Compuserve Merger Completed About Verizon February 2 1998 Retrieved February 21 2021 Compuserve Prepares For Buyout By Worldcom Spokesman com October 8 2011 Retrieved February 21 2021 a b About CompuServe CompuServe Yahoo Inc 2023 Retrieved May 2 2023 Ceramalus Nobilangelo AOL shuts down Compuserve Pacific Computerworld New Zealand Archived from the original on June 5 2013 Retrieved May 26 2015 CompuServe Forum Center permanent dead link Vaughan Nichols Steven J July 5 2009 So long CompuServe nice to have known you Computerworld Anthony Robert S April 15 2009 It s Over CompuServe Classic is Closing The Paper PC Archived from the original on April 23 2009 Retrieved January 31 2020 CompuServe Forum Center Archived June 6 2009 at the Wayback Machine McCracken Harry November 14 2017 CompuServe s forums which still exist are finally shutting down Fast Company Archived from the original on December 7 2017 Retrieved January 31 2020 Gallagher Sean November 14 2017 CompuServe Forums RIP Ars Technica Archived from the original on February 23 2018 Retrieved January 31 2020 CompuServe s still active forums are finally shutting down Engadget Retrieved January 31 2020 Birgit Nilsson s 100th New Releases and a 1 Million Prize The Classical Music Guide Forums Archived from the original on July 28 2020 unreliable source TAPCIS Computerworld November 27 1989 p 103 TAPCIS March 19 2010 Archived from the original on July 10 2019 Retrieved July 10 2019 a b c d Access Program PC Magazine February 23 1993 p 322 Retrieved July 10 2019 TapcisForum Howard Benner Tribute tapcis com Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved January 31 2020 TapcisForum CS Farewell tapcis com Archived from the original on July 8 2019 Retrieved January 31 2020 a b c Coates James Petersen Clarence Gwinn Eric Moore Kevin April 15 1994 Seek a navigator and ye shall find savings Chicago Tribune Retrieved July 10 2019 named ATOSIG EXE on the CompuServe server Schrag Zachary 1994 Navigating Cyberspace Maps and Agents PDF TeleGeography p 51 Archived from the original PDF on April 23 2018 Retrieved February 23 2020 Information Resources in Virtual Reality hitl washington edu VisNet s VisMenu VRML menu software Archived from the original on October 11 1999 Retrieved February 24 2020 External links EditOfficial website Aviation Special Interest Group CompuServe Interactive Services Inc History Interview with CompuServe Founder Jeff Wilkins A Brief History of 36 bit Computing at CompuServe by Sandy Trevor the README file Unofficial TAPCIS website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CompuServe amp oldid 1167201594, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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