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Nomenclature codes

March 26, 2023

See also: International Code of Area Nomenclature and International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature

Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms. To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to families, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.

The successful introduction of two-part names for species by Linnaeus was the start for an ever-expanding system of nomenclature. With all naturalists worldwide adopting this approach to thinking up names, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:

Differences between codes

Starting point

The starting point, that is the time from which these codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank.[1] In botany and mycology the starting point is often 1 May 1753 (Linnaeus, Species plantarum), in zoology 1758[clarification needed] (Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 10th Edition). On the other hand, bacteriology started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980 (Skerman et al., "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names"), although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication.[2]

Exceptions in botany:[3][4][5]

Exceptions in zoology:[7]

Workings

There are also differences in the way codes work. For example, the ICN (the code for algae, fungi and plants) forbids tautonyms, while the ICZN, (the animal code) allows them.

Terminology

These codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the ICN uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (= the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the ICZN equivalent. The ICZN uses "valid" in "valid name" (= "correct name"), with "correct name" as the ICN equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.

Types

There are differences in respect of what kinds of types are used. The bacteriological code prefers living type cultures, but allows other kinds. There has been ongoing debate regarding which kind of type is more useful in a case like cyanobacteria.[8]

Other codes

BioCode

A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated Draft BioCode, proposed to replace all existing Codes with an harmonization of them.[9][10] The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing Codes was not reached.

In 2011 a revised BioCode was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing Codes, would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary.[11][12][13] Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions.[14][15]

PhyloCode

Main article: PhyloCode

Some authors encountered problems in using the Linnean system in phylogenetic classification.[16] Another Code in development since 1998 is the PhyloCode, which would regulate what their creators called phylogenetic nomenclature instead of the traditional Linnaean nomenclature (that is, it requires phylogenetic definitions as a "type" attached to every name, and does not contain mandatory ranks). The Code and the accompanying volume (meant to serve as a list of not-suppressed names and a new starting point, like the 1980s Approved Lists of Bacterial Names[17] functions relative to the Bacteriological Code, much like Systema naturae functions relative to the Zoological Code), is however still in the draft stage, and it is uncertain when, or even if, the code will see any form of implementation.

Ambiregnal protists

Some protists, sometimes called ambiregnal protists, have been considered to be both protozoa and algae, or protozoa and fungi, and names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN.[18][19] The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion.[20][21][22]

Groups claimed by both protozoologists and phycologists include euglenids, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads, haptophytes, glaucophytes, many heterokonts (e.g., chrysophytes, raphidophytes, silicoflagellates, some xanthophytes, proteromonads), some monadoid green algae (volvocaleans and prasinophytes), choanoflagellates, bicosoecids, ebriids and chlorarachniophytes.

Slime molds, plasmodial forms and other "fungus-like" organisms claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include mycetozoans, plasmodiophorids, acrasids, and labyrinthulomycetess. Fungi claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include chytrids, blastoclads, and the gut fungi.

Other problematic groups are the Cyanobacteria (ICNP/ICN) and Microsporidia (ICZN/ICN).

Unregulated taxa

The zoological code does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa,[23][24] including the PhyloCode, or also of circumscriptional nomenclature.[25][26]

The botanical code is applied primarily to the ranks of family and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of family, but the principle of priority does not apply to them, and the principle of typification is optional. These names may be either automatically typified names or be descriptive names.[27][28] In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g., Chrysophyceae Pascher, 1914, nom. descrip.; Hibberd, 1976, nom. typificatum). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nicolson Dan (1991). "A history of botanical nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
  2. ^ Skerman V. B. D., McGowan V., Sneath P. H. A. (1980). "Approved lists of bacterial names". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30: 225–420. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Chitwood B.G. (1958). "The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates". Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 15: 860–895. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.19410.
  4. ^ Silva P.C. (1958). "Later starting points in algae" (PDF). Taxon. 7 (7): 181–184. doi:10.2307/1216399. JSTOR 1216399.
  5. ^ (Turland et al. 2018, Article 13)
  6. ^ (Turland at al. 2018, Article F.1.1)
  7. ^ ICZN - International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp., [1].
  8. ^ Ahoren Oren (2004). "A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 5): 1895–1902. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03008-0. PMID 15388760.
  9. ^ "Draft BioCode". 1997.
  10. ^ John McNeill (1996-11-04). "Chapter 2. The BioCode: Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century?". Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century.
  11. ^ "The Draft BioCode (2011)". International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB).
  12. ^ Greuter W., Garrity G., Hawksworth D.L., Jahn R., Kirk P.M., Knapp S., McNeill J., Michel E., Patterson D.J., Pyle R., Tindall B.J. (2011). "Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms". Taxon. 60: 201–212. doi:10.1002/tax.601019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Hawksworth D.L. (2011). "Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011)". Taxon. 60 (1): 199–200. doi:10.1002/tax.601018.
  14. ^ DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
  15. ^ Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
  16. ^ de Queiroz, K.; Gauthier, J. (1990). Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names. Syst. Zool. (39): 307–322. doi:10.2307/2992353 http://vertebrates.si.edu/herps/herps_pdfs/deQueiroz_pdfs/1990deQ_GauSZ.pdf.
  17. ^ VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, and PHA Sneath, 1989. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, Amended edition. Washington (DC): ASM Press
  18. ^ Corliss, J O (1995). "The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature: a brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 52: 11–17. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.6717.
  19. ^ (McNeill et al. 2012, Preamble: 8)
  20. ^ Adl, S. M. et al. Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists. Systematic Biology, p. 684-689, 2007, [2].
  21. ^ Elbrächter, M. et al. Establishing an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellates Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names. Taxon 57, p. 1289–1303, 2008, [3]
  22. ^ a b (Lahr et al. 2012)
  23. ^ Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28 (1): 165‒258, [4].
  24. ^ Frost, D. R. et al. (2006). The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–291, [5],
  25. ^ Klüge, N. J. (2010). Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1, 15-55, [6].
  26. ^ Kluge, N. J. (1999). "A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics". Entomological Review. 79 (2): 133–147.
  27. ^ (McNeill et al. 2012, Article 16)
  28. ^ (Turland et al. 2018, Article 16)

Bibliography

  • Lahr, Daniel JG, Enrique Lara, and Edward AD Mitchell (2012), "Time to regulate microbial eukaryote nomenclature", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 107 (3): 469–476, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01962.x{{citation}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6.
  • Turland, N.J.; Wiersema, J.H.; Barry, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J.; Smith, G.F. (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books. ISBN 978-3-946583-16-5.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nomenclature codes.
  • Biocode in Action at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
  • ICN: Shenzhen Code (2018)
  • : the "green book" (1999)
  • with Standing in Nomenclature (1997), by J.P. Euzéby
  • BioCode introduction (2011)

March 26, 2023
nomenclature, codes, also, international, code, area, nomenclature, international, code, phytosociological, nomenclature, codes, nomenclature, various, rulebooks, that, govern, biological, taxonomic, nomenclature, each, their, broad, field, organisms, user, on. See also International Code of Area Nomenclature and International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature each in their own broad field of organisms To an end user who only deals with names of species with some awareness that species are assignable to families it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work The successful introduction of two part names for species by Linnaeus was the start for an ever expanding system of nomenclature With all naturalists worldwide adopting this approach to thinking up names there arose several schools of thought about the details It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names From the mid 19th century onwards there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide accepted sets of rules Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of Algae Fungi and Plants International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants ICN which in July 2011 replaced the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN and the earlier International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Animals International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ICZN Bacteria and Archaea International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes ICNP which in 2008 replaced the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ICNB Bacteria and Archaea described from sequence data Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data SeqCode Cultivated plants International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ICNCP Plant associations International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature ICPN Viruses The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ICVCN see also virus classificationContents 1 Differences between codes 1 1 Starting point 1 2 Workings 1 3 Terminology 1 4 Types 2 Other codes 2 1 BioCode 2 2 PhyloCode 3 Ambiregnal protists 4 Unregulated taxa 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksDifferences between codes EditStarting point Edit The starting point that is the time from which these codes are in effect usually retroactively varies from group to group and sometimes from rank to rank 1 In botany and mycology the starting point is often 1 May 1753 Linnaeus Species plantarum in zoology 1758 clarification needed Linnaeus Systema Naturae 10th Edition On the other hand bacteriology started anew making a clean sweep in 1980 Skerman et al Approved Lists of Bacterial Names although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication 2 Exceptions in botany 3 4 5 Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta suprageneric names 4 August 1789 Jussieu Genera plantarum Musci except Sphagnaceae 1 January 1801 Hedwig Species muscorum Sphagnaceae and Hepaticae including Anthocerotae suprageneric names 4 August 1789 Jussieu Genera plantarum Fungi Microsporidia are governed by the ICZN treated as animals and see below for fossil fungi 6 Algae Nostocaceae homocysteae 1 January 1892 Gomont Monographie des Oscillariees Nostocaceae heterocysteae 1 January 1886 Bornet amp Flahault Revision des Nostocacees heterocystees Desmidiaceae 1 January 1848 Ralfs British Desmidieae Oedogoniaceae 1 January 1900 Hirn Monographie und Iconographie der Oedogoniaceen Fossil plants algae diatoms excepted and fungi 31 December 1820 Sternberg Flora der Vorwelt Exceptions in zoology 7 Spiders 1757 clarification needed Clerck Aranei Svecici Workings Edit There are also differences in the way codes work For example the ICN the code for algae fungi and plants forbids tautonyms while the ICZN the animal code allows them Terminology Edit These codes differ in terminology and there is a long term project to harmonize this For instance the ICN uses valid in valid publication of a name the act of publishing a formal name with establishing a name as the ICZN equivalent The ICZN uses valid in valid name correct name with correct name as the ICN equivalent Harmonization is making very limited progress Types Edit There are differences in respect of what kinds of types are used The bacteriological code prefers living type cultures but allows other kinds There has been ongoing debate regarding which kind of type is more useful in a case like cyanobacteria 8 Other codes EditBioCode Edit A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the IUBS IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature ICB presented the long debated Draft BioCode proposed to replace all existing Codes with an harmonization of them 9 10 The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was January 1 2000 but agreement to replace the existing Codes was not reached In 2011 a revised BioCode was proposed that instead of replacing the existing Codes would provide a unified context for them referring to them when necessary 11 12 13 Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions 14 15 PhyloCode Edit Main article PhyloCode Some authors encountered problems in using the Linnean system in phylogenetic classification 16 Another Code in development since 1998 is the PhyloCode which would regulate what their creators called phylogenetic nomenclature instead of the traditional Linnaean nomenclature that is it requires phylogenetic definitions as a type attached to every name and does not contain mandatory ranks The Code and the accompanying volume meant to serve as a list of not suppressed names and a new starting point like the 1980s Approved Lists of Bacterial Names 17 functions relative to the Bacteriological Code much like Systema naturae functions relative to the Zoological Code is however still in the draft stage and it is uncertain when or even if the code will see any form of implementation Ambiregnal protists EditSome protists sometimes called ambiregnal protists have been considered to be both protozoa and algae or protozoa and fungi and names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN 18 19 The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion 20 21 22 Groups claimed by both protozoologists and phycologists include euglenids dinoflagellates cryptomonads haptophytes glaucophytes many heterokonts e g chrysophytes raphidophytes silicoflagellates some xanthophytes proteromonads some monadoid green algae volvocaleans and prasinophytes choanoflagellates bicosoecids ebriids and chlorarachniophytes Slime molds plasmodial forms and other fungus like organisms claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include mycetozoans plasmodiophorids acrasids and labyrinthulomycetess Fungi claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include chytrids blastoclads and the gut fungi Other problematic groups are the Cyanobacteria ICNP ICN and Microsporidia ICZN ICN Unregulated taxa EditThe zoological code does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa 23 24 including the PhyloCode or also of circumscriptional nomenclature 25 26 The botanical code is applied primarily to the ranks of family and below There are some rules for names above the rank of family but the principle of priority does not apply to them and the principle of typification is optional These names may be either automatically typified names or be descriptive names 27 28 In some circumstances a taxon has two possible names e g Chrysophyceae Pascher 1914 nom descrip Hibberd 1976 nom typificatum Descriptive names are problematic once that if a taxon is split it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name Meanwhile with typified names the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name However typified names present special problems for microorganisms 22 See also EditBinomial nomenclature Botanical nomenclature Chemical nomenclature Common name Gene nomenclature Glossary of scientific naming List of taxa named by anagrams Zoological nomenclature Tree of life biology References Edit Nicolson Dan 1991 A history of botanical nomenclature Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78 1 33 56 doi 10 2307 2399589 JSTOR 2399589 Skerman V B D McGowan V Sneath P H A 1980 Approved lists of bacterial names Int J Syst Bacteriol 30 225 420 doi 10 1099 00207713 30 1 225 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Chitwood B G 1958 The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates Bull Zool Nomencl 15 860 895 doi 10 5962 bhl part 19410 Silva P C 1958 Later starting points in algae PDF Taxon 7 7 181 184 doi 10 2307 1216399 JSTOR 1216399 Turland et al 2018 Article 13 Turland at al 2018 Article F 1 1 ICZN International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature London UK 306 pp 1 Ahoren Oren 2004 A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54 Pt 5 1895 1902 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 03008 0 PMID 15388760 Draft BioCode 1997 John McNeill 1996 11 04 Chapter 2 The BioCode Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century Proceedings of a Mini Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century The Draft BioCode 2011 International Committee on Bionomenclature ICB Greuter W Garrity G Hawksworth D L Jahn R Kirk P M Knapp S McNeill J Michel E Patterson D J Pyle R Tindall B J 2011 Draft BioCode 2011 Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms Taxon 60 201 212 doi 10 1002 tax 601019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hawksworth D L 2011 Introducing the Draft BioCode 2011 Taxon 60 1 199 200 doi 10 1002 tax 601018 DL Hawksworth 2011 BioCode 2011 Introduction http www bionomenclature net biocode2011 html Werner Greuter 2011 BioCode 2011 Explanatory prologue http www bionomenclature net biocode2011 html de Queiroz K Gauthier J 1990 Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names Syst Zool 39 307 322 doi 10 2307 2992353 http vertebrates si edu herps herps pdfs deQueiroz pdfs 1990deQ GauSZ pdf VBD Skerman Vicki McGowan and PHA Sneath 1989 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names Amended edition Washington DC ASM Press Corliss J O 1995 The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature a brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 52 11 17 doi 10 5962 bhl part 6717 McNeill et al 2012 Preamble 8 Adl S M et al Diversity Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Protists Systematic Biology p 684 689 2007 2 Elbrachter M et al Establishing an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellates Research Thoracosphaeraceae Dinophyceae including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names Taxon 57 p 1289 1303 2008 3 a b Lahr et al 2012 Dubois A 2006 Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 2 The proposed Rules and their rationale Zoosystema 28 1 165 258 4 Frost D R et al 2006 The Amphibian Tree of Life Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297 1 291 5 Kluge N J 2010 Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda Bionomina 1 15 55 6 Kluge N J 1999 A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra species taxa Linnaean and post Linnaean principles of systematics Entomological Review 79 2 133 147 McNeill et al 2012 Article 16 Turland et al 2018 Article 16 Bibliography EditLahr Daniel JG Enrique Lara and Edward AD Mitchell 2012 Time to regulate microbial eukaryote nomenclature Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107 3 469 476 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 2012 01962 x a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link McNeill J Barrie F R Buck W R Demoulin V Greuter W Hawksworth D L Herendeen P S Knapp S Marhold K Prado J Prud homme Van Reine W F Smith G F Wiersema J H Turland N J 2012 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Melbourne Code adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne Australia July 2011 Vol Regnum Vegetabile 154 A R G Gantner Verlag KG ISBN 978 3 87429 425 6 Turland N J Wiersema J H Barry F R Greuter W Hawksworth D L Herendeen P S Knapp S Kusber W H Li D Z Marhold K May T W McNeill J Monro A M Prado J Price M J Smith G F 2018 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Shenzhen Code adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen China July 2017 Vol Regnum Vegetabile 159 Koeltz Botanical Books ISBN 978 3 946583 16 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nomenclature codes Biocode in Action at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal ICN Shenzhen Code 2018 ICZN the green book 1999 List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature 1997 by J P Euzeby BioCode introduction 2011 PhyloCode Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nomenclature codes amp oldid 1145045246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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