fbpx
Wikipedia

Glossary of scientific naming

September 28, 2023

This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms, and in describing the names. For proper parts of the names themselves, see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names. Note that many of the abbreviations are used with or without a stop.

Naming standards and taxonomic organizations and their codes and taxonomies Edit

General terms Edit

  • clade, cladistics
  • phylum, phylogeny
  • taxon, taxonomy; Taxon is a journal of the IAPT, where proposals are made
  • synonym : a name for a taxon different from the currently accepted name
    • pro parte (abbreviation p. p.; "for part" in Latin)
    • senior synonym, (zoology) : the earliest (correctly published) name
    • junior synonym, (zoology) : any later name
    • homotypic synonym (botany)
    • heterotypic synonym (botany) : (or taxonomic synonym) a synonym that comes into being when a taxon is reduced in status ("reduced to synonymy") and becomes part of a different taxon; the zoological equivalent is "subjective synonym"
    • objective synonym (zoology)
    • subjective synonym (zoology): see taxonomic synonym
    • taxonomic synonym (botany): see taxonomic synonym
  • basionym or basyonym (botany), or protonym or original combination (zoology): original name on which the current name is based; in bacteriology "basonym"
  • combinatio nova (comb. nov.) : new combination; when a taxon has been given a new name, preserving one of the previous components
  • status novus (abbr. stat. nov.) : new status; when a taxon has been given a new rank
  • homonym : names spelled identically, but, in some codes, names spelled similarly, as defined by the code
    • senior homonym (zoology) : the first legitimate use of the name which generally takes priority
    • junior homonym (zoology), later homonym (botany) : a later and generally illegitimate use, though in some circumstances the later name is allowed to stand
    • hemihomonym: a homonym across naming authorities that is permitted because any confusion is improbable
    • parahomonym: names that are similar enough to be likely to be confused
  • isonym (botany) an identical name based on the same type, but published later
  • Principle of the First Reviser
  • Principle of Priority
  • Principle of Typification
  • taxonomic authority
  • binomial authority
  • binomial nomenclature (also "binominal")
  • trinomial nomenclature (also "trinominal")
  • hybrid name (botany) : either two parent binomials, separated by a "×" (q.v.) or a given binomial, with or without an intercalated "×"
  • chresonym published usage of a name.
  • taxon (plural "taxa")
  • polyphyletic taxon
  • monophyletic taxon : a taxon consisting of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants; a clade
  • paraphyletic taxon
  • species complex : a group of closely related species very similar in appearance, generally constituting a monophyletic taxon
  • species aggregate or aggregate species : a grouping of closely related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes
  • alliance : a group of species or genera that have at some time been considered provisionally related
  • conspecific : of the same species; e. g. of two taxa previously thought to be different species
  • congeners : items of the same genus
  • circumscription : the limits of a taxon as made evident by its recognized constituency; a taxon may accordingly be circumscribed differently by different authorities if they recognize different constituents
  • sensu ("sense" in Latin) : as in sensu stricto (s. s.) (in the strict sense), sensu lato (in a broad sense), etc.; see sensu for more variants and details
  • secundum ("following" in Latin) : e. g. "secundum Smith"
  • form classification

Types Edit

Rank names Edit

Main article: Taxonomic rank

The main ranks are kingdom (regnum), phylum or division (divisio), class (classis), order (ordo), family (familia), genus and species. The ranks of section and series are also used in botany for groups within genera, while section is used in zoology for a division of an order. Further levels in the hierarchy can be made by the addition of prefixes such as sub-, super-, infra-, and so on.

Divisions such as "morph", "form", "variety", "strain", "breed", "cultivar", hybrid (nothospecies) and "landrace" are used to describe various sub-specific groups in different fields.

It is possible for a clade to be unranked, for example Psoroptidia (Yunker, 1955) and the SAR supergroup. Sometimes a rank is described as clade where the traditional hierarchy cannot accommodate them.

Latin descriptions of names or taxa Edit

Note that in zoology the English descriptions, such as "conserved name", for example, are acceptable and generally used. These descriptions can be classified between accepted names (nom. cons., nom. nov., nom. prot.) and unaccepted combinations for different reasons (nom. err., nom. illeg., nom. nud., nom. rej., nom. supp., nom. van.), with some cases in between regarding the use (nom. dub.: used but not fully accepted; nom. obl.: accepted but not fully used, so it yields precedence to a nom. prot).

  • Candidatus (Ca.) - a taxon proposed from incomplete information, such as uncultured bacteria known from metagenomics
  • ex errore – made in error
  • incertae sedis – of uncertain placement
  • nomen alternativum (nom. alt.; plural: nomina alternativa) – an alternative name, as for certain plant families
  • nomen conservandum (nom. cons.; plural: nomina conservanda) – a conserved name
  • nomen dubium (nom. dub.; plural: nomina dubia) (zoo. bact. bot.(informal)) – a name of questionable application[1]
    • nomen ambiguum (plural: nomina ambigua), (bot.) a name that has been used with more than one meaning
    • nomen confusum (plural: nomina confusa), (bact.) a name based on a mixed bacterial culture
    • nomen perplexum (plural: nomina perplexa), a name confusingly similar to another name or names
    • nomen periculosum (plural: nomina periculosa), an name which can lead to dangerous outcomes, through confusion
  • nomen erratum (nom. err.; plural: nomina errata) - a name given in error
  • nomen illegitimum (nom. illeg.; plural: nomina illegitima) – an illegitimate name
  • nomen invalidum (nom. inval.; plural: nomina invalida) – an invalid name
  • nomen manuscriptum - a name that appears in a manuscript
  • nomen monstrositatum (nom. monstr.) – a name based on a monstrosity (fasciation, phyllody or similar deformities)
  • nomen novum (nom. nov.; plural: nomina nova) – a replacement name
  • nomen nudum (nom. nud.; plural: nomina nuda) – a name published without an accompanying description
  • nomen oblitum (nom. obl.; plural: nomina oblita) – a name which has been overlooked (literally, forgotten) and is no longer valid
  • nomen protectum (nom. prot.; plural: nomina protecta) – a name granted protection
  • nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej.; plural: nomina rejicienda) – a name that has been rejected and cannot be used
  • nomen suppressum (nom. supp.; plural: nomina suppressa) – a name that has been suppressed and cannot be used
  • nomen vanum (plural: nomina vana) - not a useful term, has been used to mean either a nomen dubium (see above in this list), or an invalid change in spelling, better called an unjustified emendation[2]
  • species inquirenda, a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation

Latin abbreviations Edit

  • cf. : confer; literally "compare", indicates approximate placement
  • f. : forma; form
  • nothovar. : nothovarietas; hybrid variety
  • nob. : nobis): by us, indicates the writers are the authority of a scientific name
  • p. p. : pro parte; "for part"
  • pro syn. : pro synonymo; "as synonym"
  • sensu auct. : sensu auctorum; in the sense of certain authors (generally referring to an invalid usage)
  • s.l. : sensu lato; in the broad (loose) sense
  • sp. (plural spp.) : species (identical in English)
  • sp. nov. (plural spp. nov.) : species nova (species novae) : new species (singular)
  • s.s. : sensu stricto; in the strict (narrow or precise) sense
  • ssp. (plural sspp. or subspp) : subspecies (identical in English)
  • subf. : subforma; subform
  • subsp. (plural subspp.) : subspecies (identical in English)
  • subvar. : subvarietas; subvariety
  • var. : varietas; variety

English abbreviations Edit

  • bot. - botany
  • zoo. - zoology

Symbols Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Alvaro Mones (30 June 1989). "Nomen Dubium vs. Nomen Vanum". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9 (2): 232–234. Bibcode:1989JVPal...9..232M. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011757.
  2. ^ On the use of the term nomen vanum in taxonomy. John Chorn and Kenneth N. Whetstone. Museum of Natural History, Kansas, Lawrence 66045. Journal of Paleontology vol 52 no. 2, March 1978

September 28, 2023
glossary, scientific, naming, this, list, terms, symbols, used, scientific, names, organisms, describing, names, proper, parts, names, themselves, list, latin, greek, words, commonly, used, systematic, names, note, that, many, abbreviations, used, with, withou. This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms and in describing the names For proper parts of the names themselves see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names Note that many of the abbreviations are used with or without a stop Contents 1 Naming standards and taxonomic organizations and their codes and taxonomies 2 General terms 3 Types 4 Rank names 5 Latin descriptions of names or taxa 6 Latin abbreviations 7 English abbreviations 8 Symbols 9 See also 10 ReferencesNaming standards and taxonomic organizations and their codes and taxonomies EditICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICSP International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes formerly the ICSB International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology publishes the ICNP International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ICNB or Bacteriological Code BC ICZN International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature publishes ICZN the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or ICZN Code IBC International Botanical Congress publishes ICN the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants formerly ICBN or the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature current version the Shenzhen Code also publishes ICNCP or the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants IAPT International Association for Plant Taxonomy publishes Taxon also publishes Regnum Vegetabile which contains the IBC s ICN the Index Nominum Genericorum and the Index HerbariorumGeneral terms Editclade cladistics phylum phylogeny taxon taxonomy Taxon is a journal of the IAPT where proposals are made synonym a name for a taxon different from the currently accepted name pro parte abbreviation p p for part in Latin senior synonym zoology the earliest correctly published name junior synonym zoology any later name homotypic synonym botany heterotypic synonym botany or taxonomic synonym a synonym that comes into being when a taxon is reduced in status reduced to synonymy and becomes part of a different taxon the zoological equivalent is subjective synonym objective synonym zoology subjective synonym zoology see taxonomic synonym taxonomic synonym botany see taxonomic synonym basionym or basyonym botany or protonym or original combination zoology original name on which the current name is based in bacteriology basonym combinatio nova comb nov new combination when a taxon has been given a new name preserving one of the previous components status novus abbr stat nov new status when a taxon has been given a new rank homonym names spelled identically but in some codes names spelled similarly as defined by the code senior homonym zoology the first legitimate use of the name which generally takes priority junior homonym zoology later homonym botany a later and generally illegitimate use though in some circumstances the later name is allowed to stand hemihomonym a homonym across naming authorities that is permitted because any confusion is improbable parahomonym names that are similar enough to be likely to be confused isonym botany an identical name based on the same type but published later Principle of the First Reviser Principle of Priority Principle of Typification taxonomic authority binomial authority binomial nomenclature also binominal trinomial nomenclature also trinominal hybrid name botany either two parent binomials separated by a q v or a given binomial with or without an intercalated chresonym published usage of a name orthochresonym heterochresonym taxon plural taxa wastebasket taxon also wastebin taxon dustbin taxon or catch all taxon form taxon Lazarus taxon Elvis taxon sister taxon zombie taxon node based taxon parataxon ichnotaxon ichnogenus igen ichnospecies isp etc a taxon genus species etc only known by its work e g footprints nests or bite marks ootaxon oospecies etc a taxon known from fossil eggs sciotaxon a taxon known from partial evidence but believed to be identical to an orthotaxon polyphyletic taxon monophyletic taxon a taxon consisting of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants a clade paraphyletic taxon species complex a group of closely related species very similar in appearance generally constituting a monophyletic taxon species aggregate or aggregate species a grouping of closely related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes alliance a group of species or genera that have at some time been considered provisionally related conspecific of the same species e g of two taxa previously thought to be different species congeners items of the same genus circumscription the limits of a taxon as made evident by its recognized constituency a taxon may accordingly be circumscribed differently by different authorities if they recognize different constituents sensu sense in Latin as in sensu stricto s s in the strict sense sensu lato in a broad sense etc see sensu for more variants and details secundum following in Latin e g secundum Smith form classificationTypes EditType Type genus Type series Type species Type specimen Allotype a designated type of opposite sex to the holotype Clonotype Epitype an additional or clarifying type Ergatotype Hapantotype Holotype Isotype a type identical to the holotype Isolectotype Lectotype a type specimen selected from a group of syntypes Name bearing type Neotype a replacement for the holotype Paralectotype a remaining syntype once the lectotype and any isolectotypes are excluded bot Paratype a member of a type series apart from the holotype or isotype zoology a syntype that is not a member of the type series botany Syntype a specimen cited in the original description of the taxon botany Type locality or location where the type specimen was found Type host in parasitology the host species from which the type specimen was recoveredRank names EditMain article Taxonomic rank The main ranks are kingdom regnum phylum or division divisio class classis order ordo family familia genus and species The ranks of section and series are also used in botany for groups within genera while section is used in zoology for a division of an order Further levels in the hierarchy can be made by the addition of prefixes such as sub super infra and so on Divisions such as morph form variety strain breed cultivar hybrid nothospecies and landrace are used to describe various sub specific groups in different fields It is possible for a clade to be unranked for example Psoroptidia Yunker 1955 and the SAR supergroup Sometimes a rank is described as clade where the traditional hierarchy cannot accommodate them Latin descriptions of names or taxa EditNote that in zoology the English descriptions such as conserved name for example are acceptable and generally used These descriptions can be classified between accepted names nom cons nom nov nom prot and unaccepted combinations for different reasons nom err nom illeg nom nud nom rej nom supp nom van with some cases in between regarding the use nom dub used but not fully accepted nom obl accepted but not fully used so it yields precedence to a nom prot Candidatus Ca a taxon proposed from incomplete information such as uncultured bacteria known from metagenomics ex errore made in error incertae sedis of uncertain placement nomen alternativum nom alt plural nomina alternativa an alternative name as for certain plant families nomen conservandum nom cons plural nomina conservanda a conserved name nomen dubium nom dub plural nomina dubia zoo bact bot informal a name of questionable application 1 nomen ambiguum plural nomina ambigua bot a name that has been used with more than one meaning nomen confusum plural nomina confusa bact a name based on a mixed bacterial culture nomen perplexum plural nomina perplexa a name confusingly similar to another name or names nomen periculosum plural nomina periculosa an name which can lead to dangerous outcomes through confusion nomen erratum nom err plural nomina errata a name given in error nomen illegitimum nom illeg plural nomina illegitima an illegitimate name nomen invalidum nom inval plural nomina invalida an invalid name nomen manuscriptum a name that appears in a manuscript nomen monstrositatum nom monstr a name based on a monstrosity fasciation phyllody or similar deformities nomen novum nom nov plural nomina nova a replacement name nomen nudum nom nud plural nomina nuda a name published without an accompanying description nomen oblitum nom obl plural nomina oblita a name which has been overlooked literally forgotten and is no longer valid nomen protectum nom prot plural nomina protecta a name granted protection nomen rejiciendum nom rej plural nomina rejicienda a name that has been rejected and cannot be used nomen suppressum nom supp plural nomina suppressa a name that has been suppressed and cannot be used nomen vanum plural nomina vana not a useful term has been used to mean either a nomen dubium see above in this list or an invalid change in spelling better called an unjustified emendation 2 species inquirenda a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigationLatin abbreviations Editcf confer literally compare indicates approximate placement f forma form nothovar nothovarietas hybrid variety nob nobis by us indicates the writers are the authority of a scientific name p p pro parte for part pro syn pro synonymo as synonym sensu auct sensu auctorum in the sense of certain authors generally referring to an invalid usage s l sensu lato in the broad loose sense sp plural spp species identical in English sp nov plural spp nov species nova species novae new species singular s s sensu stricto in the strict narrow or precise sense ssp plural sspp or subspp subspecies identical in English subf subforma subform subsp plural subspp subspecies identical in English subvar subvarietas subvariety var varietas varietyEnglish abbreviations Editbot botany zoo zoologySymbols Edit cross indicates a hybrid extinct graft or chimera indicates a graft chimeraSee also EditAlpha taxonomy Cladistics Glossary of botanical terms Species descriptionReferences Edit Alvaro Mones 30 June 1989 Nomen Dubium vs Nomen Vanum Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 2 232 234 Bibcode 1989JVPal 9 232M doi 10 1080 02724634 1989 10011757 On the use of the term nomen vanum in taxonomy John Chorn and Kenneth N Whetstone Museum of Natural History Kansas Lawrence 66045 Journal of Paleontology vol 52 no 2 March 1978 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glossary of scientific naming amp oldid 1176881379, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.