The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments,[1][2] less common today than they were during the Proterozoic.[3] The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26.[4][5][6] Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta) and the green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they form the Archaeplastida. However, the relationships among the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear,[7] in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes.[8]
The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the development of chloroplasts because some studies suggest they may be similar to the original algal type that led to green plants and red algae in that glaucophytes may be basal Archaeplastida.[1][9][4]
Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.[10]
The most basal-branching genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected.[15]
Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Motile forms have two unequal flagella, which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.[13]
Phylogeny
Together with red algae and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida – a group of plastid-containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium. The relationship among the three groups remained uncertain as of March 2022[update], although studies suggest it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first:[4]
Archaeplastida
glaucophytes
red algae
Viridiplantae
The alternative that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade has been shown to be less plausible, but cannot be ruled out.[4]
Classification
The internal classification of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varied considerably among taxonomic sources, as of March 2022[update]. A phylogeny of the Glaucocystophyceae published in 2017 divides the group into three families, and includes five genera:[16]
Glaucocystophyceae
Cyanophoraceae
Cyanophora
Gloeochaetaceae
Cyanoptyche
Gloeochaete
Glaucocystidaceae
Glaucocystopsis
Glaucocystis
A list of the described glaucophyte species first published in 2018 has the same three subdivisions, treated as orders, but includes a further five unplaced possible species, producing a total of 14–19 possible species.[4]
As of March 2022[update], AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups, placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales (however the entry was dated 2011).[17] AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera:[18]
^ abcdefPatrick J. Keeling (2004). "Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1481–1493. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481. PMID 21652304.
^ abcdeFigueroa-Martinez, Francisco; Jackson, Christopher & Reyes-Prieto, Adrian (2019). "Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (1): 174–188. doi:10.1093/gbe/evy268. PMC6330054. PMID 30534986.
^The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science
^Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
^Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis & Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
^Eunsoo Kim & Linda E. Graham (2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.). "EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC2440802. PMID 18612431.
^Wise, Robert R.; Hoober, J. Kenneth, eds. (2006). The structure and function of plastids. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 3–21. ISBN978-1-4020-4061-0.
^Miyagishima, Shin-ya; Kabeya, Yukihiro; Sugita, Chieko; Sugita, Mamoru; Fujiwara, Takayuki (2014). "DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division". BMC Plant Biology. 14: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-57. PMC4015805. PMID 24602296.
^ abSkuja, A. (1948). Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9(3): 1-399.Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
^Ball, S.; Colleoni, C.; Cenci, U.; Raj, J. N.; Tirtiaux, C. (10 January 2011). "The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (6): 1775–1801. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq411. PMID 21220783.
^The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution
^Price, Dana C.; Steiner, Jürgen M.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Löffelhardt, Wolfgang (2017). "Glaucophyta". Handbook of the Protists. pp. 1–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1. ISBN978-3-319-32669-6.
^Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Cyanophora". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Glaucophyta". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
glaucophyte, glaucophytes, also, known, glaucocystophytes, glaucocystids, small, group, unicellular, algae, found, freshwater, moist, terrestrial, environments, less, common, today, than, they, were, during, proterozoic, stated, number, species, group, varies,. The glaucophytes also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments 1 2 less common today than they were during the Proterozoic 3 The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26 4 5 6 Together with the red algae Rhodophyta and the green algae plus land plants Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida they form the Archaeplastida However the relationships among the red algae green algae and glaucophytes are unclear 7 in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes 8 GlaucophytaGlaucocystis sp Scientific classification unranked ArchaeplastidaDivision GlaucophytaSkuja 1948ClassGlaucocystophyceae Schaffner 1922SynonymsGlaucocystophyta Kies amp Kremer 1986The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the development of chloroplasts because some studies suggest they may be similar to the original algal type that led to green plants and red algae in that glaucophytes may be basal Archaeplastida 1 9 4 Unlike red and green algae glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction 10 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Phylogeny 3 Classification 4 ReferencesCharacteristics EditThe plastids of glaucophytes are known as muroplasts 11 cyanoplasts or cyanelles Unlike the plastids in other organisms they have a peptidoglycan layer believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria 1 12 Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a 1 Along with red algae 1 and cyanobacteria they harvest light via phycobilisomes structures consisting largely of phycobiliproteins The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment 13 Like red algae and in contrast to green algae and plants glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol 14 The most basal branching genus is Cyanophora which only has one or two plastids When there are two they are semi connected 15 Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae and undergo open mitosis without centrioles Motile forms have two unequal flagella which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae 13 Phylogeny EditTogether with red algae and Viridiplantae green algae and land plants glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida a group of plastid containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium The relationship among the three groups remained uncertain as of March 2022 update although studies suggest it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first 4 Archaeplastida glaucophytesred algaeViridiplantaeThe alternative that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade has been shown to be less plausible but cannot be ruled out 4 Classification EditThe internal classification of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varied considerably among taxonomic sources as of March 2022 update A phylogeny of the Glaucocystophyceae published in 2017 divides the group into three families and includes five genera 16 Glaucocystophyceae Cyanophoraceae CyanophoraGloeochaetaceae CyanoptycheGloeochaeteGlaucocystidaceae GlaucocystopsisGlaucocystisA list of the described glaucophyte species first published in 2018 has the same three subdivisions treated as orders but includes a further five unplaced possible species producing a total of 14 19 possible species 4 Order Cyanophorales Genus Cyanophora 5 6 species Order Glaucocystales Genus Glaucocystis 7 8 species Order Gloeochaetales Cyanoptyche 1 species Gloeochaete 1 species Other possible species Archaeopsis monococca Skuja Chalarodora azurea Pascher Glaucocystopsis africana Bourrelly Peliaina cyanea Pascher Strobilomonas cyaneus SchillerAs of March 2022 update AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales however the entry was dated 2011 17 AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera 18 Glaucocystales Chalarodora Pascher 1 species Corynoplastis Yokoyama J L Scott G C Zuccarello M Kajikawa Y Hara amp J A West 1 species Cyanophora Korshikov 6 species Glaucocystis Itzigsohn 13 species Glaucocystopsis Bourrelly 1 species Peliaina Pascher 1 species Strobilomonas Schiller 1 species Gloeochaetales Cyanoptyche Pascher 1 species Gloeochaete Lagerheim 1 speciesNone of the species of Glaucophyta is particularly common in nature 1 The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family Oocystaceae in the order Chlorococcales 19 References Edit a b c d e f Patrick J Keeling 2004 Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts American Journal of Botany 91 10 1481 1493 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1481 PMID 21652304 Genomic Insights Into the Biology of Algae Evolutionary Biology A Plant Perspective a b c d e Figueroa Martinez Francisco Jackson Christopher amp Reyes Prieto Adrian 2019 Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity Genome Biology and Evolution 11 1 174 188 doi 10 1093 gbe evy268 PMC 6330054 PMID 30534986 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution Journal of Cell Science Guiry M D Guiry G M Glaucophyta AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2022 02 28 Jeffrey D Palmer Douglas E Soltis amp Mark W Chase 2004 The plant tree of life an overview and some points of view American Journal of Botany 91 10 1437 1445 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1437 PMID 21652302 Dawkins Richard Wong Yan 2016 The Ancestor s Tale ISBN 978 0544859937 Eunsoo Kim amp Linda E Graham 2008 Redfield Rosemary Jeanne ed EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata PLoS ONE 3 7 e2621 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2621K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002621 PMC 2440802 PMID 18612431 Plants A Very Short Introduction Wise Robert R Hoober J Kenneth eds 2006 The structure and function of plastids Dordrecht Springer pp 3 21 ISBN 978 1 4020 4061 0 Miyagishima Shin ya Kabeya Yukihiro Sugita Chieko Sugita Mamoru Fujiwara Takayuki 2014 DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division BMC Plant Biology 14 57 doi 10 1186 1471 2229 14 57 PMC 4015805 PMID 24602296 a b Skuja A 1948 Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland Schweden Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9 3 1 399 Guiry M D Guiry G M Glaucophyta AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Ball S Colleoni C Cenci U Raj J N Tirtiaux C 10 January 2011 The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis Journal of Experimental Botany 62 6 1775 1801 doi 10 1093 jxb erq411 PMID 21220783 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution Price Dana C Steiner Jurgen M Yoon Hwan Su Bhattacharya Debashish Loffelhardt Wolfgang 2017 Glaucophyta Handbook of the Protists pp 1 65 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 32669 6 42 1 ISBN 978 3 319 32669 6 Guiry M D Guiry G M Cyanophora AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2022 03 01 Guiry M D Guiry G M Glaucophyta AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway Retrieved 2022 03 01 Phycokey Glaucocystis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glaucophyte amp oldid 1113155071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
