Baubau

Not to be confused with Babau.

Baubau is a city in Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The city is located on the southwest coast of Buton island. Baubau attained city status on 21 June 2001, based on Law Number 13 of 2001. It covers an area of 294.98 km², including about 30 km² of water area, and had a population of 136,991 at the 2010 Census^[2] and 159,248 at the 2020 Census;^[3] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 161,280.^[4] The city is the economic center of Buton Island region and the second largest city in the province. It was cultural center of Butonese people and former capital of Sultanate of Buton, colonial administration of Eastern Sulawesi (Afdeeling Ost Celebes), and for a brief moment the entire Southeast Sulawesi until 1955 when the capital status and economic development shifted to neighbouring Kendari.

Baubau
City
City of Baubau Kota Baubau
Clockwise from top: Baubau city waterfront, Buton Palace Fortress, Baubau Dragon Statue, Islamic Center of Baubau
Coat of arms
Location within Southeast Sulawesi
OpenStreetMap
Baubau Location in Sulawesi and Indonesia Show map of Sulawesi Baubau Baubau (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia
Coordinates: 5°28′00″S 122°37′59″E / 5.46667°S 122.633°E / -5.46667; 122.633
Country	Indonesia
Province	Southeast Sulawesi
City Status	21 June 2001
Government
• Acting Mayor	La Ode Ahmad Monianse
Area
• Total	294.98 km^2 (113.89 sq mi)
Population  (mid 2023 estimate^[1])
• Total	161,280
Time zone	UTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
Area code	(+62) 402
HDI (2023)	0.775 (High)
Website	baubaukota.go.id

History

Etymology

There are several theories regarding the origin of the city's name. The first traces it to the word "bhaau" in the local Wolio language that means 'new', due to the fact the location was a bustling new town after the royal compound in Wolio under Sultanate of Buton. Another theory suggests that it simply came from the Malay word "bau" meaning 'to smell', since it was a busy port town with fish markets around the area that emitted unpleasent smells.^[5] It has also been suggested that the word might came from Bugis noble title "Andi Bau", whose holders settled in the city fleeing the conflict in South Sulawesi during first and second Bone Wars against the Dutch.^[6]

Early and colonial history

See also: Sultanate of Buton

 

Boats docking around harbour in Baubau, 1920

According to local legends, the history of the city started when four entourage groups of Malay merchants in late 13th century landed on Buton Island. The first and second groups called Sipajonga and Simalui landed on the southern coast bringing with them a banner that would become the banner of the sultanate. The third and fourth groups called Sitamanjo and Sijawangkati landed on the northern coast and eventually moved inland to south where they eventually established in the area that is now Wolio Fortress, becoming the center of governance. These are collectively known as "mia patamiana" which were said to be origin of the royal family. The sultanate was initially said to be unification of four villages that later founded the kingdom.^[5] Spread of Islam reached the region after a visiting scholar from Johor in the 16th century converted the ruling royals and eventually turned the kingdom into a sultanate with its own constitution called "Murtabat Tujuh". During much of its existence, the political position of the Buton Sultanate was described as "like a shuttle cock" played by bigger players such as Makassar, Ternate, and the Dutch East India Company.^[7] It was constantly under threat of invasion by neighbouring Sultanate of Gowa and raids by pirate ships from Sultanate of Ternate, and eventually fall under Dutch East Indies protection in the 17th century. As time goes on, settlement grew around Wolio Fortress and the palace complex that eventually become Baubau city.^[5]

In 1911, under the Dutch colonial government, the city became capital of Afdeeling Oost Celebes and the governance of whole eastern Sulawesi region was consolidated to the city.^[5] As the consequence, the city grew in administrative importance and received modern infrastructures for the first time such as sealed roads, cable telephone, as well as military installment.^[8] The development of the city infrastructure was modeled after Sibolga and particularly driven to fight the spread of malaria due to swampy nature of the region.^[9] This was followed by economic expansion to the rest of Buton Island starting with opening of asphalt mine in 1924 where the result was then used to construct inland roads to economically important area in the island where coconut plantations and harvested forest goods such as rattan can be found. During this time, the city also saw founding of migrant quarters such as Kampung Bone and Kampung Wajo. Baubau acted as main port and collecting center of goods produced around it as well as main market town.^[5][9]

Recent history

In the aftermath of Indonesian independence, Baubau's economic importance declined due to shift in governance. However, at the same time, the political powers shifted from the sultanate to local figures and politicians. Local parliament was formed and election was held in 1955, where Masyumi and Indonesian National Party gained the most seats (respectively 6 seats and 5 seats). The local parliament met in an ethnic Chinese school building in the city on 21 July 1953 consisted of appointed members prior to the election.^[9]

It was briefly capital of the Southeast Sulawesi Regency (today corresponding to Southeast Sulawesi province) before 1955 according to Law Number 34 of 1952. The regency was later divided into four regencies which are Buton Regency with Baubau as its seat, Kendari Regency with Kendari as its seat, Kolaka Regency with Kolaka as its seat, and Muna Regency with Raha as its seat.^[5] When the Southeast Sulawesi province formed, Kendari was chosen instead as the capital which resulted in Baubau becoming less relevant economically and politically.^[9] Despite the creation of the province was a result of popular demand, the vision was initially that Baubau to be the capital, hence the decision to choose Kendari was seen as betrayal of the original demand for the province. The decision to choose Kendari instead of Baubau was the result of the city lost in a voting (45 votes for Kendari, as opposed to 27 votes for Baubau) as well as maladministration practice, where the city drafted two different budgets done by two different officials at the same time, creating dualism in the city's bureaucracy.^[9] Both cities, Kendari and Baubau, later in late 1950s also suffered from influx of refugee due to Darul Islam rebellion. People from outside the cities were evacuated to camps within the city and kidnappings of civilians by Darul Islam forces were a commonplace until 1960s.^[9]

Baubau was granted city status in 2001 following fall of Suharto and decentralization that follows, separating itself from Buton Regency.^[10] In recent years after the creation of the city, there has been demands by Butonese to create a new province named Buton Islands Province with Baubau as the capital, separating itself from the rest of Southeast Sulawesi.^[11][12] The creation of this province has not been implemented yet despite support by governor of Southeast Sulawesi and Regional Representative Council due to moratorium for creating new autonomous regions under presidency of Joko Widodo.^[13][14][15]

Geography

Geographically, Baubau lies between latitude 5.21°S–5.33°S and longitude 122.30°E–122.47°E, and is located in the southern part of Southeast Sulawesi province. Baubau is bordered to the north by the Buton Strait (between Buton Island and Muna Island), to the east by the Kapontori District and to the south by the Pasarwajo District which both belong to Buton Regency, and also to the west by the Kadatua District which is part of South Buton Regency.^[16]

The topographical condition of Baubau mainly consists of mountains and hills. Long coasts and long hills stretch above the surrounding terrain with the variation of altitude between 0–100 meters above mean sea level. Baubau has a land slope between up to 40%. The dominant soil type in the city are cambisol, podzol, and latosol. Soil in the city and the rest of Buton Island are not fertile and relatively unsuitable for large-scale farming. Similar to other Indonesian cities, Baubau has tropical weather. The day and night temperatures vary from around 29°–33 °C during the daytime and 20°–29 °C during the nighttime.^[17]

Governance

Administrative division

The city is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census^[2] and the 2020 Census,^[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.^[18] The city was previously divided into just 4 districts; Betoambari (then including Murhum) had an area of 34.34 km²; Wolio (then including Kokalukuna) had an area of 26.77 km²; Sorawolio had an area of 82.25 km²; and Bungi (then including Lea-Lea) had an area of 76.64 km². The most recent addition is Batupoaro, cut out of Murhum. The table includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and its post codes.

Kode Wilayah	Name of district (kecamatan)	Area in km^2	Population Census 2010	Population Census 2020	Population Estimate mid 2023	Administrative centre	Number of villages	Post codes
74.72.01	Betoambari	32.85	16,283	22,434	21,806	Katobengke	5	93721, 93724 & 93725
74.72.06	Murhum	6.13	19,261	20,021	20,860	Lamangga	5	93721, 93725 - 93727
74.72.08	Batupoaro	1.68	25,889	26,733	27,150	Wameo	6	93728
74.72.02	Wolio	33.89	37,974	43,342	43,484	Wangkanapi	7	93711 - 93715, 93717
74.72.05	Kokalukuna ^[a]	16.81	16,736	20,992	20,913	Waruruma	6	93711, 93716, 93719
74.72.03	Sorawolio	111.78	7,122	8,826	9,158	Kaisabu Baru	4	93731
74.72.04	Bungi ^[b]	58.89	7,096	8,381	8,791	Liabuku	5	93732
74.72.07	Lea-Lea	32.96	6,630	8,519	9,118	Kantalai	5	93733
	Totals	294.98	136,991	159,248	161,280	Betoambari	43

Government and politics

As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it has a status equivalent to a regency.^[19] Executive power lies in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are carried out by local parliaments. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by the people of the city in an election.^[20] The heads of districts are appointed directly by the city mayor with recommendations by the city secretary.^[21][22]

The city is part of 4th Southeast Sulawesi electoral district together with Buton Regency, Wakatobi Regency, Central Buton Regency, and South Buton Regency, which together send 10 seats of representatives out of 45 seats in the provincial parliament.^[23] On city level, the city is divided into three electoral districts with total seats of 25.^[24] The last election was in 2019 and the next one will be held in 2024. Below listed inside the table all electoral districts in the city with their respective amount of seats.

Electoral district	Region	Representatives
Baubau 1st	Batupoaro, Betoambari, and Murhum	11
Baubau 2nd	Wolio	7
Baubau 3rd	Bungi, Kokalukuna, Lea-Lea, and Sorawolio	7
Total		25

Military

The city is the headquarter of Kodim 1413/Buton which also oversees territorial defense of the entire Buton Island. It is part of Korem 143/Haluoleo under Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin since 2017, formerly part of a larger Kodam VII/Wirabuana that was dissolved during the same year.^[25]

Economy

Baubau's gross regional domestic product in 2023 was valued at 7.449 trillion Rupiah. Largest contributor to the city's economy is trade and retail sector which consist of 21.44% of the city's GRDP in 2023, followed by construction with 21.01%, and agriculture at 15.60%. The fastest growing sector in the city is service sector with 11.05% growth between 2022 and 2023, while the fastest declining sector during the same time is manufacturing with decline of more than 22%. Economic growth of the overall city in 2023 was 3.38%, slowing down from previous year's 5,28%.^[26]

Agriculture and fisheries

The city's agriculture centers are Bungi, Sorawalio, and Lea-lea districts where it hs 59.6% of the city's registered agriculture business. The most produced commodities from the city's agriculture are papaya and jackfruit with total output of 3,610 and 2,143 tonnes respectively in 2023. Other produce includes pineapple, tangerine, and dragonfruit. There's also around 1,300 hectares allocated for rice fields within the city boundaries.^[27] However, these lands are underutilized and often abandoned by the farmers due to the city's soil being unsuitable for large-scale rice farming.^[28][27][17] The city also has significant seaweed farming output, exporting 4,914 tonnes in 2022.^[29] Fishery is another sector within the city with potential for exports. Fish that are presents in the catch by fishing boats around the city are decapterus fish, anchovies, mackarel tuna, and skipjack tuna. In addition to fresh catches, Baubau is also a center of fish processing industry from nearby regions, with around 10 thousand tonnes of fish frozen and re-exported elsewhere from the city in 2021.^[29][30] The city planned to establish shrimp aquaculture industry within the city starting in 2023.^[31]

Tourism and service sector

On service sector, the city has total of 50 registered hotels and 177 registered restaurant business. The city on 2023 was visited mostly by domestic tourist with figure of 108,329 while foreign tourist only has figure of 289 in the same year. There are also eight designated public market buildings and 1,559 registered warungs in 2023. This sector contributed around 1.21% to the city's economy.^[26] The city has 3,458 registered small and micro industries in 2020, which employed 8,148 people within the same year.^[32]

Finance

There are 81 registered cooperatives in the city as of 2023 according to Statistics Indonesia.^[26] There are several bank branches present in the city such as Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, and Sultra Bank.^[33][34][35]

Other industries

The city's main port, Murhum Port, aside from being used for fishery industries, is also expected to support asphalt industries from nearby Buton Regency.^[36] About 28,000 people from the city participated in economic activities related or within SMEs and microindustries that exist within the city in 2023.^[37]

Demographics

 

A public school in Baubau with sign written in both Latin and Hangul. The city saw short-lived effort to use Hangul for writing regional language

The most populous district in the city is Wolio district which has 27% of the city's population as of 2023. This is followed by Batupoaro district with 17%, and Betoambari, Murhum, and Kokalukuna districts with each 13%, while the rest of the 17% remaining are distributed among other three districts (Lea-lea, Bungi, and Sorawolio). Population growth of the city within the same year was 1.18% with Bungli district growing the fastest at a rate of 3.34%. Other districts with their respective population growth are Lea-lea with 3.20%, Betoambari with 2.98%, Wolio with 0.88%, Sorawolio with 0.75%, Murhum with 0.65%, Batupoaro with 0.33%, and Kokalukuna with the slowest population growth with figure of 0.06% per year. Sex ratio of the city is 98.45 in 2023, but varied when it comes to districts; with some districts having larger male population hence larger sex ratio such as Lea-lea and Bungli, while others have lower male population resulting in smaller sex ratio such as Wolio and Murhum. The city's most densely populated district is Batupoaro with density of 16,161 people per square kilometre. This is followed by Murhum district with 3,403 people per square kilometre, then Wolio with 1,283 people per square kilometre, Kokalukuna with 1,244 people per square kilometre, Betoambari with 644 people per square kilometre, Lea-lea with 277 people per square kilometre, Bungi with 149 people per square kilometre, and the least populated district Sorawolio with only 82 people per square kilometre.^[26]

From the total population of 161,280 in 2023, 84,185 are considered as belonging to the economically active group. Unemployment rate was 2.17% within the same year according to Statistics Indonesia.^[26] The population pyramid of the city is dominated by those between age 14 to 34 years old and the structure is expansive as of 2021, indicating young population of the city. The religious demography of the city is dominated by Muslims with 96.65%, followed by Hindu as the second largest religion with 1.64%, Protestanism with 0.99%, Catholicism with 0.37% and Buddhism with 0.05% according to data from late 2021. The literacy rate in the city as of 2023 was 97.52%.^[26] Next to the national language Indonesian, the major regional language of Baubau is Wolio, which was the official language of the Sultanate and is still taught in schools.^[38][39] The city is also home to other regional languages of Buton, such as Cia-Cia which gained international attention when its users tried to use the Korean Hangul script to write their language down.^[40] Most of the city's inhabitants are consisting mainly of the Butonese with minority of Buginese, Moluccans, Javanese, and Sundanese migrants from other parts of Indonesia.^[16]

Education

 

A junior highschool in Baubau

The city has total 110 kindergartens, 80 elementary schools, 38 junior highschools, 18 senior highschools, in addition of eight vocational highschools and five tertiary education institutions registered in the city according to Statistics Indonesia.^[26] Universities in the city includes Buton Muhammadiyah University, a private university run by Muhammadiyah, Baubau Polytechnic, and Dayanu Ikhsanuddin University. All universities and colleges in the city are private.^[41][42][43]

Healthcare

The city has total seven hospitals, three polyclinics, 26 puskesmas, and 23 registered pharmacies. From the seven hospitals, four are general hospitals. From the 26 puskesmas, there are five puskesmas with inpatient care. One of the hospitals, Baubau City Regional General Hospital, is a public hospital managed by the city government and classified by Ministry of Healthcare as C-class hospital. The rest of the hospitals are private including one operated under brand of Siloam Hospitals.^[26][44]

Culture and entertainment

Butonese culture

 

Sultan of Buton praying to a grave in Baubau

As the city was the capital of Buton Sultanate, it retains many of the old sultanate's events and ethnic processions. Mix of Islamic influences and local cultures can be seen in celebrations such as Haroana Maludhu which celebrates Mawlid, led by the sultan in the royal palace complex attended by Butonese people. The procession last around a month and ended with an event celebrated inside Buton royal mosque.^[45] There is also Haroana Rajabu, an event where the Butonese people prayed to their dead ancestors on every fourth Friday in Rajab month.^[45] Aside from Islam-related events, there are also several other events and processions, mainly tied to the sea such as Tuturangina Andala to ward off bad weather or disaster when on sea, Harona Andala to wish good catch on the sea, and Phalantoana Bhangka to inaugurate newly-built ships made by local workshops.^[45]

City parks

The city hosts several urban parks, one of the most prominent is Kotamara Park which is located on the city's waterfront facing the sea. Built in 2010, the park was constructed on top of a reclaimed land in Batupoaro district. The park also has vendors selling snacks and coffee.^[46] An urban forest called Hutan Pinus Samparona located in Sorawolio district is also a popular spot for hangouts and selfie spots by locals. The forest has entry of Rp 15,000, and also has attractions such as zip line and area for paintball. It is managed jointly by the city government and private investors.^[47] Another park, Bukit Kaluku Park, was built in 2019 under slum-upgrading project by the city and formerly was a slum area. The park itself is located close to Kaluku Beach and has a direct view to Murhum Port.^[48] There is also another park located close to different beach within the city called Kamali Park.^[49] A park located close to Wameo Market is used for center of vendors and hawkers in addition to its park function in 2018 while BRI Park located close to city center were also planned in 2022 to be center of small business.^[50][51]

In 2012, the city has total of 1,192 hectares of land classified as city parks.^[52]

 

Walls of Wolio Fortress in Baubau

Historical sites

The most prominent historical site in the city is Buton Palace Fortress or sometimes called Wolio Fortress with the royal complex inside of it. It was constructed around 16th century starting during the reign of Sultan La Sangaji until Sultan La Buke.^[53] It was said that the fortress construction was so time-consuming that subjects who took part were unable to work elsewhere and siolimbona, legislative body of the sultanate, threatened to impeach the sultan who insisted on continuing it. Due to presence this fortress and several others around the city, Baubau is nicknamed "city of thousand fortresses". These fortresses including Wolio were all built using carved coral reefs and limestones and were used as the main defense infrastructure of the sultanate.^[54] Fortresses were ubiquitous part of the sultanate infrastructure that the Wolio language word for "fortress" is synonymous with "city" and every single kadie (administrative division of Sultanate of Buton) had at least one fortress built on it.^[54] The fortress itself and the complex inside of it are declared cultural heritage by Ministry of Education and protected by laws. It also hold record for being the largest fortress in the Indonesian archipelago by land area with 22.8 hectares and circumverence of 2,740 meters.^[54] The fortress has a trench of around 1.5 kilometers in length and divided into several parts for defense purpose. Each part of the fortress, called baluara, are divided by internal walls and armed with cannons. It also has twelve gates, called lawa, scattered around the fortress outer layer. The inner part of the fortress is an old settlement complex said to be founded by migrants from Johor and divided into what is called limbo, each limbo having administrative function and royal official. Inside this part can be found the royal mosque, built in 1712. There is also a flag pole traditionally called kasulana tombi, made out of wood and was built also in 1712, with height of 21 meters. It is thought to be the oldest flag pole in the world still standing.^[54][55] In 1871, the flag pole was struck by lightning resulting in parts of it being replaced. Later in 2020, due to its old age and to prevent another damage, the flag pole was reinforced with additional supports and a protective structure made of iron by the city government.^[54]

Certain parts of the city have colonial era buildings especially around the Balai Kota Street with design that resembles art deco style.^[56] Former residence office building, former house of Royal Netherlands East Indies Army officer, old colonial era post office, and the town square (today called Merdeka Square) are located in this street. The spatial planning around this area with central town square was a common feature of indigenous Muslim towns around the archipelago according to the Dutch administration and then reinforced for better surveillance and management of the natives activities.^[56] The Dutch also constructed a garden called Keboen Raja with a fountain on what's now intersection between Kartini Street and Sudirman Street. Today, only the fountain was left while the rest of the garden was converted into a landfill. Other colonial era buildings included several palaces and residences constructed by the Dutch for the Buton sultans and royal family members. In addition to buildings built by the Dutch administration, the city also has a chinatown area consisted of shophouses and old commercial buildings built by ethnic Chinese who migrated since early 19th and 20th centuries.^[56]

The more recent historical buildings, dating back to early independence era in 1950s, also exist such as housing complex for new civil servants dating back to 1952 and a monument of a figure wearing galangi, Butonese traditional wear, with hand pointing to the port hence called Galangi Monument.^[56] In total, there are 51 historical objects dating back to this era noted and not all have been managed or protected by the city's Culture and Tourism Department due to lack of documentation.^[56]

Sport

Baubau has one stadium named Betoambari Stadium, mainly for association football and large ceremonies.^[57][58] In 2021, the stadium was renovated with FIFA-standart grass.^[58] The city is home to Persibau Baubau, an Indonesian football club playing in Liga 3.^[59] The city also has other sports venue such as GOR Badminton Baubau for badminton, several futsal fields, basketball, and volley courts such as in Murhum district and Lowu-lowu Public Swimming Pool.^[60]

Others

Islamic Center of Baubau is located in Wameo subdistrict, Murhum district and is often visited for religious tourism.^[61]

Transportation

 

Passenger ship docked in Baubau

The city has total road length of 472.330 kilometers, most of which are roads managed by the city government. National road in the city only has length of 53.4 kilometers, while provincial roads only has length of 9.45 kilometers. Around 316 kilometres of the road are paved with asphalt, while the rest are of varying degree of quality such as with gravel and soil as of 2023. Main roads of the city connects to other major towns in the island such as Pasarwajo and Ereke.^[62][63] Baubau also has a ringroad under construction which is expected to be finished by late 2024.^[64] The city's public transport, as in with most Indonesian cities, relies mostly on angkots with routes regulated by local government. In addition to that, ride-hailing service such as Gojek is available while autorickshaw are also common.^[65][66] In recent years, the presence of ride-hailing service has made angkot owners out of business after being outcompeted thus reducing the amount of angkot operational within the city.^[67]

Being located on an island, water transport is an integral part of city's transportation system to other islands or mainland Sulawesi. This is mostly served by Pelni and Sea Toll Program.^[68][69] There was a plan to connect Buton Island to Muna Island using a bridge from Baubau. However, this plan was put on hold indefinitely in 2023.^[70] The city is served by Betoambari Airport with regular flights to Makassar, Wakatobi Regency, and Kendari.^[71]

References

1. Including offshore islet of Pulau Makassar
2. Including offshore islets of Pulau Batukapal and Pulau Batusori

1. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Baubau Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7472)
2. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
3. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
4. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Baubau Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7472)
5. Tahara, Tasrifin; Bahri, Syamsul (2018). "Wolio, Buton, Atau Baubau Sebagai Wacana Nama Kota Baubau (Identitas Dan Transformasi Nilai Budaya Kesultanan Buton)". Pangadereng : Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora (in Indonesian). 4 (1): 55–65. doi:10.36869/pjhpish.v4i1.73. ISSN 2686-4355.
6. Media, Kompas Cyber (16 February 2022). "Mengenal Baubau dan Wangi-Wangi, Daerah dengan Nama Unik di Indonesia Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 April 2024.
7. Schutte, G. J. (1994). State and Trade in the Indonesian Archipelago. KITLV Press. pp. 17–57. ISBN 978-90-6718-083-2.
8. Malim, Dinna Dayana La Ode; Sumantri, Iwan; Supriadi; Tahara, Tasrifin (23 July 2019). "Inventory and Development Potential of Baubau City Cultural Heritage". Kainawa: Jurnal Pembangunan Dan Budaya. 1 (1): 1–15. doi:10.46891/kainawa.1.2019.1-15 (inactive 13 May 2024). ISSN 2715-6184.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
9. Rabani, La Ode; Purwanto, Bambang; Margana, Sri (31 August 2020). "Politik dan Ekonomi di Dua Kota: Baubau dan Kendari pada tahun 1950an–1960an". Mozaik Humaniora. 20 (1): 39. doi:10.20473/mozaik.v20i1.15746. ISSN 2442-935X.
10. Tuwu, Darmin; Sos, S. (October 2017). "Implication of conflict of ownership regional assets in the expansion of Bau-Bau City in the territory of ex Buton sultanate" (PDF). Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif. 12 (1).
11. Nugraha, Al Khoriah Etiek. "Harapan Pembentukan Kepulauan Buton usai Jokowi Dapat Gelar 'La Ode Muhammad'". detiksulsel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
12. Wataullah, Haerul Mulku (10 May 2020). "Kepulauan Buton, Masih Lamakah Kehadiranmu?" [Buton Islands, How Long Will Your Presence Be?] (in Malay).
13. Rudi, Redaksi Publiksatu /. "Moratorium Dicabut, Provinsi Kepton Mekar - Publik Satu". Moratorium Dicabut, Provinsi Kepton Mekar - Publik Satu (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
14. "Gubernur Sultra Ali Mazi Apresiasi Positif Ketua DPD RI La Nyalla Mendukung Pemekaran Provinsi Kepton Arsip | BAUBAUPOST.COM" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
15. Newswire (2 June 2017). "Gubernur Sultra Dukung Pembentukan Provinsi Kepton". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
16. [Population Development Profile of Baubau City in 2021] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2024.
17. Mujabuddawat, Muhammad Al (30 August 2016). "Kejayaan Kesultanan Buton Abad Ke-17 & 18 dalam Tinjauan Arkeologi Ekologi". Kapata Arkeologi. 11 (1): 21. doi:10.24832/kapata.v11i1.279. ISSN 2503-0876.
18. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Baubau Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7472)
19. "UU 22 1999" (PDF).
20. "UU 8 2015" (PDF).
21. "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
22. Government Law No.19 1998
23. "Peraturan KPU Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota dalam Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2024" (PDF). KPU RI. 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
24. "Keputusan KPU Nomor 291/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara dalam Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2019" (PDF). KPU RI. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
25. "Sejarah Korem 143/Halu Oleo". korem143.tni-ad.mil.id. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
26. "Kota Baubau Dalam Angka 2024". baubaukota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
27. Heeryl (5 February 2022). "Lahan Luas, Petani di Baubau Kurang". Kendari News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
28. Abiddin, La Ode Muh (7 September 2021). "Kecamatan Sorawolio Diproyeksikan Jadi Kawasan Penghasil Jagung di Kota Baubau". Surya Metro. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
29. Agency, ANTARA News (8 April 2023). "SKIPM Kota Baubau antarpulaukan 4.914 ton rumput laut selama 2022". Antara News Sultra. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
30. SultraKini.com, Rini (23 January 2020). "Potensi Ekspor Perikanan Baubau Tinggi, Izin Pelaku Usahanya masih Sedikit". SultraKini.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
31. Agency, ANTARA News (25 January 2023). "Kota Baubau mengembangkan budi daya udang vaname". Antara News Sultra. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
32. "PROFIL INDUSTRI MIKRO KECIL KOTA BAUBAU 2020". baubaukota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
33. "Pemkot Baubau Kerja Sama Sewa ATM Bank Sultra". web.baubaukota.go.id. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
34. "BNI Baubau Berbagi 300 Paket Sembako kepada Warga Kepton" [BNI Baubau Distributes 300 Basic Food Packages to Kepton Residents] (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 May 2024.
35. "BRI Cabang Baubau Sukses Gelar Panen Hadiah Simpedes" [BRI Baubau Branch Successfully Holds Simpedes Prize Harvest]. www.rri.co.id. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
36. "Ketua DPD RI Dorong Pelabuhan Murhum Baubau Jadi Pendukung Perkembangan Aspal Buton - Mantra Sukabumi".
37. "Trend Positif Ekonomi Baubau Tumbuh Berkat Peran UMKM" [Positive Trends in Baubau's Economy Growing Thanks to the Role of MSMEs]. www.rri.co.id (in Indonesian).
38. Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320.
39. ADMIN (29 October 2017). "Tahun 2018, Kurikulum Bahasa Wolio Diberlakukan". INILAHSULTRA.COM (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
40. "Menjelajahi Buton, Pulau Penghasil Aspal di Tenggara Sulawesi - Semua Halaman - National Geographic". nationalgeographic.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
41. "PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi". pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
42. "PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi". pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
43. "PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi". pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
44. "RS Online". sirs.kemkes.go.id. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
45. Munafi, La Ode Abdul (15 August 2022). "RAGAM PRAKTIK UPACARA DALAM TRADISI MASYARAKAT BUTON". Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah: 59–74. ISSN 2686-3774.
46. "Melepas Senja di Kotamara, Kawasan Paling Indah di Kota Baubau, Sulawesi Tenggara". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). 15 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
47. ZonaSultra, Admin (18 February 2018). "Hutan Pinus Samparona, Wisata Alam untuk Swafoto dan Bermain" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
48. Djohan, Deni (5 April 2020). "Ini Destinasi Wisata yang Wajib Juga Dikunjungi di Kota Baubau". telisik.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
49. "Lurah Wale Ajak Mayarakat Rawat Taman Di Pantai Kamali | BAUBAUPOST.COM" (in Indonesian). 7 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
50. "Taman Belakang Pasar Wameo Bakal Ditempati Pedagang | BAUBAUPOST.COM" (in Indonesian). 19 June 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
51. "Taman BRI Di Pusat Kota Baubau Akan Di Manfaatkan Pelaku UMKM | BAUBAUPOST.COM" (in Indonesian). 26 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
52. [Baubau city spatial plan] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2022.
53. "Hikayat Benteng Wolio Sulawesi Tenggara, Benteng Terluas di Dunia". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 6 November 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
54. Ode), Abdul Munafi (La; Ode), Muhammad Nasrun Saafi (La (2021). Mengenal kawasan cagar budaya Benteng Wolio: benteng Keraton Kesultanan Buton (in Indonesian). Universitas Halu Oleo Press. ISBN 978-602-5835-52-0.
55. kulitinta (12 March 2021). ""Tiang Bendera Tertua di Dunia di Kota Baubau Tetap Terjaga Keasliannya" | Kasamea.com "Tiang Bendera Tertua di Dunia di Kota Baubau Tetap Terjaga Keasliannya" "Tiang Bendera Tertua di Dunia di Kota Baubau Tetap Terjaga Keasliannya"". Kasamea.com. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
56. Syahadat, Ray March; Arifin, Nurhayati H. S.; Arifin, Hadi Susilo (2015). "LANSKAP KOLONIAL KOTA BAUBAU SEBUAH PUSAKA PENINGGALAN MASA KOLONIAL DI SULAWESI TENGGARA". Paramita: Historical Studies Journal (in Indonesian). 25 (2): 185–195. doi:10.15294/paramita.v25i2.5130. ISSN 2407-5825.
57. "Upacara Haroana Baubau ke-482 Dipusatkan di Stadion Betoambari" [The 482nd Haroana Baubau Ceremony was centered at Betoambari Stadium]. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
58. Ma'waledha, Haludin. "Stadion Betoambari Baubau akan Pakai Rumput Standar FIFA - Hallo Sulsel". Stadion Betoambari Baubau akan Pakai Rumput Standar FIFA - Hallo Sulsel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
59. Kolakaposnews, Redaksi (23 April 2018). "PS Baubau Keluhkan Tak ada Tim Medis di Liga III Sultra". Kolaka Pos News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
60. redaksi (10 November 2022). "Ini Lokasi dan Cabang Olah Raga yang Dipertandingkan di Porprov XIV Sultra di Buton dan Baubau - Suarakendari.com" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
61. "Wisata Religi Islamic Center Baubau Sambil Menikmati Pemandangan Sunset di Sore Hari". Tribunnewssultra.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
62. SultraKini.com (22 February 2022). "Pengendara Hati-hati: Sejumlah Titik Jalan Poros Baubau-Pasarwajo Amblas". SultraKini.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
63. "Masyarakat Keluhkan Material Pemeliharaan Jalan Poros Ereke - Baubau, Kadis PU Butur 'Cuek' | BAUBAUPOST.COM" (in Indonesian). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
64. Agency, ANTARA News (7 October 2022). "Pemkot Baubau komitmen tuntaskan pembangunan jalan lingkar". Antara News Sultra. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
65. "Kini GO-JEK Hadir di 158 Kota dan Kabupaten Indonesia". www.gojek.com. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
66. "Inilah 55 Fakta Menarik Tentang Buton Yang Jarang Ketahui – Dinas Pariwisata Sulawesi Tenggara". Retrieved 13 May 2024.
67. Agency, ANTARA News (30 November 2018). "Di Baubau, jumlah angkutan kota menurun". Antara News Sultra. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
68. "Wali Kota Baubau sebut Pelni berperan dalam pertumbuhan perekonomian". Antara News (in Indonesian). 1 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
69. Agency, ANTARA News (26 February 2017). "Baubau Masuk Jalur Tol Laut". Antara News Sultra. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
70. Karsila, Anggun (21 March 2023). "Proyek Pembangunan Jembatan Buton-Muna Ditunda". Sultrademo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
71. "Bandara Betoambari Dukung Subsidi Penerbangan Baubau - Kendari" [Betoambari Airport Supports Baubau - Kendari Flight Subsidies]. www.rri.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 May 2024.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baubau.

• Official website