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Spurious languages

October 05, 2023

Not to be confused with Fictional language.

Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works, while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist. Some spurious languages have been proven to not exist. Others have very little evidence supporting their existence, and have been dismissed in later scholarship. Others still are of uncertain existence due to limited research.

Below is a sampling of languages that have been claimed to exist in reputable sources but have subsequently been disproved or challenged. In some cases a purported language is tracked down and turns out to be another, known language. This is common when language varieties are named after places or ethnicities.

Some alleged languages turn out to be hoaxes, such as the Kukurá language of Brazil or the Taensa language of Louisiana. Others are honest errors that persist in the literature despite being corrected by the original authors; an example of this is Hongote, the name given in 1892 to two Colonial word lists, one of Tlingit and one of a Salishan language, that were mistakenly listed as Patagonian. The error was corrected three times that year, but nonetheless "Hongote" was still listed as a Patagonian language a century later in Greenberg (1987).[1]: 133 

In the case of New Guinea, one of the most linguistically diverse areas on Earth, some spurious languages are simply the names of language surveys that the data was published under. Examples are Mapi, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme, listed as Indo-Pacific languages in Ruhlen 1987; these are actually rivers that gave their names to language surveys in the Greater Awyu languages and Ok languages of New Guinea.[2]

Dubious languages Edit

Dubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain. They include:

Spurious according to Glottolog Edit

Glottolog, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, classifies several languages, some with ISO 639 codes, as spurious/unattested. These include:

  • Parsi [prp][6] (a dialect of Gujarati) and Parsi-Dari [prd][7] (Zoroastrian Dari) – an ethnicity, not a language
  • Adabe [adb] – a dialect of Wetarese, taken for a Papuan language[8]
  • Tupiniquim – the people spoke Old Tupi
  • !Khuai – a word list of mislabeled ǀXam mixed with other !Ui languages
  • Chamari [cdg], a caste, not a language
  • Judeo-Berber [jbe] – According to Glottolog, Jewish Berbers speak no differently than Muslim Berbers[9] However, there are claims, listed in the linked article, that this is not true.
  • Pisabo [pig] – reported to be mutually intelligible with Matsés, so perhaps not a distinct language

Also some Aeta ethnic names with no cultural memory of an extinct language:[10]

  • Sorsogon Ayta [ays]
  • Tayabas Ayta [ayy]
  • Villa Viciosa Agta [dyg]

Other ISO codes that Glottolog regards as spurious, because they are not a distinct language, are polyphyletic (not a single language), or have not been shown to exist, include:

Ir [irr], Skagit [ska], Snohomish [sno], Ahirani [ahr], Pokangá [pok], Chetco [ctc], Arakwal [rkw], Anasi [bpo], Yarí* [yri], Yola [yol], Seru* [szd], Gowli [gok], Mina (India) [myi], Degaru* [dgu], Bubia [bbx], Gbati-ri [gti], Tetete* [teb], Kannada Kurumba [kfi], Vatrata* [vlr], Kofa* [kso], Old Turkish [otk], Tingui-Boto* [tgv], Imeraguen [ime], Yauma [yax], Rufiji [rui], Ngong [nnx], Dombe [dov], Subi* [xsj], Mawayana* [mzx], Kwak [kwq], Potiguára* [pog], Coxima* [kox], Chipiajes* [cbe], Cagua* [cbh], Kakauhua(*) [kbf], Yangho* [ynh], Takpa* [tkk], N'Ko(*) [nqo], Sara Dunjo [koj], Putoh [put], Bainouk-Samik [bcb], Kamba (Brazil)* [xba], Bikaru-Bragge* [bic], Baga Binari(*) [bcg], Baga Sobané(*) [bsv], Ontenu* [ont], Baga Kaloum(*) [bqf], Munda [unx], Aduge* [adu], Khalaj** [kjf], Buso* [bso], Uokha* [uok], Ihievbe* [ihi], Coyaima* [coy], Natagaimas* [nts], Odut* [oda], Chilean Quechua [cqu], Quetzaltepec Mixe [pxm], Kang [kyp], Thu Lao [tyl], Pu Ko* [puk], Gey(*) [guv], Kakihum* [kxe], Bonjo* [bok], Katukína* [kav], Lui(*) [lba], Lama (Myanmar)(*) [lay], Inpui Naga* [nkf], Puimei Naga* [npu], Purum(*) [pub], Welaung* [weu], Lumba-Yakkha* [luu], Phangduwali [phw] / Lambichhong* [lmh], Lingkhim(*) [lii], Northwestern Tamang(*) [tmk], Southwestern Tamang [tsf], Kayort* [kyv], Loarki [lrk], Con [cno], Gengle [geg], Kuanhua* [xnh], Yarsun [yrs], Kabixí* [xbx], Vasekela Bushman [vaj], Maligo [mwj], Pao [ppa], Bhalay [bhx] / Gowlan* [goj], Balau* [blg], Kuku-Mangk [xmq], Buya* [byy], Aramanik [aam], Mediak [mwx], Kisankasa [kqh], Southwestern Nisu[*are any valid?] [nsv], Tawang Monpa* [twm], Adap [adp], Southern Lolopo [ysp], Eastern Lalu [yit], Ndonde Hamba* [njd], Lang'e* [yne], Lopi* [lov], Laopang [lbg], Kunggara [kvs], Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao [cqd], Karipuna do Amapa* [kgm]

Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3 Edit

Following is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006, arranged by the year in which the change request was submitted; in most cases the actual retirement took effect in the beginning of the following year. Also included is a partial list of languages (with their SIL codes) that appeared at one time in Ethnologue but were removed prior to 2006, arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear.

The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639-3 or languages removed from Ethnologue because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language. The list does not include instances where the "language" turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken; these are cases of duplicates, which are resolved in ISO 639-3 by a code merger. It does include "languages" for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found. (In some cases, however, the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area, which would not identify extinct languages such as Ware below.)

SIL codes are upper case; ISO codes are lower case. Once retired, ISO 639-3 codes are not reused.[16] SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re-used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages.

Removed from Ethnologue, 12th ed., 1992 Edit

  • Itaem (PNG) [ITM]
  • Marajona (Brazil) [MPQ]
  • Nemeyam (PNG) [NMY]
  • Nereyama, Nereyó (Brazil) [NRY]
  • Numbiaí (Orelha de Pau) [NUH]
  • Oganibi (PNG) [OGA]
  • Tijuana Sign Language (Mexico) [TJS] – added to Ethnologue 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding, removed in 1992. No evidence that it ever existed.
  • Tyeliri Senoufo [TYE] – the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers, and do not have their own language
  • Wagumi [WGM]
  • Zanofil – name of an ethnic group that speaks Yongkom [yon]

Removed from Ethnologue, 13th ed., 1996 Edit

  • Bibasa (PNG) [BHE] – described as "isolate in need of survey" in the 12th ed.

Removed from Ethnologue, 14th ed., 2000 Edit

  • Alak 2 [ALQ] – a mislabeled fragment of a word list[17]
  • Dzorgai [DZI], Kortse [KBG], Pingfang [PFG], Thochu [TCJ], Lofuchai (Lophuchai) [LFU], Wagsod [WGS] – old names for Qiangic languages, some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names
  • Hsifan [HSI] – an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or Jiarongic languages
  • Scandinavian Pidgin Sign Language [SPF] – normal inter-language contact, not an established pidgin
  • Wutana (Nigeria) [WUW] – an ethnic name

Removed from Ethnologue, 15th ed., 2005 Edit

  • Jiji [JIJ][18]
  • Kalanke [CKN][19]
  • Lewada-Dewara [LWD], incl. Balamula/Mataru[20]
  • Lowland Semang [ORB][21] (though other languages without ISO codes, such as Wila', are also called Lowland Semang)
  • Mutús [MUF][22] – suspected to exist, e.g. by Adelaar 2005
  • Nchinchege [NCQ][23]
  • Nkwak [NKQ][24] – same as Tanjijili? Also a possible synonym for Kwak (retired in 2015)
  • Oso (Southern Fungom) [OSO] – no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum[25]
  • Rungi [RUR][26]
  • Wamsak [WBD][27]

Retired 2006 Edit

  • Miarrã [xmi] – unattested[28][29]
  • Atuence [atf] – an old town name[30]
  • Amapá Creole [amd][31]

Retired 2007 Edit

  • Amikoana (Amikuân) [akn][32]
  • Land Dayak [dyk] – language family name, not individual language[33]
  • Ware [wre][34] – Ware is listed as extinct in Maho (2009). When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken, the code was retired.
  • Bahau River Kenyah [bwv], Kayan River Kenyah [knh], Mahakam Kenyah [xkm], Upper Baram Kenyah [ubm] – Any current use is likely either Mainstream Kenyah [xkl] or Uma' Lung [ulu]

Retired 2008 Edit

  • Aariya [aay]
  • Papavô [ppv] – name given to several uncontacted groups
  • Amerax [aex] – prison jargon
  • Europanto [eur] – a jest
  • Garreh-Ajuran [ggh] (Borana & Somali)
  • Sufrai [suf] – two languages, Tarpia and Kaptiau, which are not close[35]

Retired 2009 Edit

Retired 2010 Edit

  • Ayi (China) [ayx]
  • Dhanwar (India) [dha]
  • Mahei [mja]

Retired 2011 Edit

  • Palu [pbz]
  • Pongyong [pgy]
  • Elpaputih [elp] – could be either of two existing languages

Retired 2012 Edit

Retired 2013 Edit

  • Gugu Mini [ggm] – a generic name
  • Maskoy Pidgin [mhh] – never existed
  • Emok [emo] – never existed
  • Yugh [yuu] – duplicate of Yug [yug]
  • Lamam [lmm] – duplicate of Romam [rmx]

Retired 2014 Edit

Retired 2015 Edit

  • Bhatola [btl]
  • Cagua [cbh]
  • Chipiajes [cbe] – a Saliba and Guahibo surname
  • Coxima [kox]
  • Iapama [iap] – uncontacted, and likely one of the neighboring languages
  • Kabixí [xbx] – generic name for Parecis, Nambiquaras, or any hostile group (see Cabixi language for one specific use)
  • Runa [rna]
  • Savara (Dravidian) [svr]
  • Xipináwa [xip][43]
  • Yarí [yri]

And several supposed extinct Arawakan languages of Venezuela and Colombia:

  • Cumeral [cum]
  • Omejes [ome]
  • Ponares [pod] – a Sáliba surname, perhaps just Piapoco or Achagua[44]
  • Tomedes a.k.a. Tamudes [toe]

Additional languages and codes were retired in 2015, due to a lack of evidence that they existed, but were not necessarily spurious as languages.

Retired 2016 Edit

Retired 2017 Edit

  • Lyons Sign Language [lsg][49] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.
  • Mediak [mwx][50]
  • Mosiro [mwy] – a clan name[51]

Retired 2018 Edit

  • Lui [lba][52]
  • Khlor [llo] – duplicate of Kriang [ngt][53]
  • Mina (India) [myi] – Meena, a tribe and caste name in India[54]

Retired 2019 Edit

Retired 2020 Edit

  • Bikaru [bic] – posited based on a poor elicitation of ordinary Bisorio[67]

Retired 2021 Edit

Retired 2022 Edit

References and notes Edit

  1. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
  2. ^ Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai.
  3. ^ Tapeba at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)  
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tapeba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  6. ^ Parsi at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)  
  7. ^ Parsi-Dari at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)  
  8. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  9. ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  10. ^ Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
  11. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Norra". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  12. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – South Ucayali Ashéninka". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  13. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Moabite". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  14. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Edomite". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Syenara Senoufo". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  16. ^ "ISO 639-3 Change History". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  17. ^ Sidwell, 2009, Classifying the Austroasiatic languages
  18. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  19. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  20. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  21. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  22. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  23. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  24. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  25. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  26. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  27. ^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  28. ^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  29. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Miarra". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  30. ^ Hurd, Conrad (26 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  31. ^ Hurd, Conrad (21 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  32. ^ Holbrook, David J. (5 April 2007). "Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  33. ^ Peebles, Matt (1 September 2007). "Request Number 2007-254 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  34. ^ Woodward, Mark (23 May 2007). "Request Number 2007-024 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  35. ^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  36. ^ McLaughlin, John (3 March 2008). "Request Number 2008-030 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  37. ^ Legère, Karsten (18 August 2011). "Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  38. ^ Bickford, J. Albert (31 January 2014). "Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  39. ^ "Request Number 2014-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  40. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: dzd". SIL International. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  41. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: xsj". SIL International. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  42. ^ Dyer, Josh (28 August 2014). "Request Number 2014-059 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  43. ^ "Request Number 2015-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  44. ^ "Request Number 2015-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  45. ^ Cheeseman, Nate (16 February 2016). "Request Number 2016-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  46. ^ Bickford, Albert (23 September 2015). "Request Number 2016-002 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  47. ^ Cheeseman, Nate (27 October 2015). "Request Number 2016-005 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  48. ^ "Request Number 2016-004 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  49. ^ Bickford, J. Albert (9 March 2017). "Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  50. ^ Legère, Karsten (18 May 2017). "Request Number 2017-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  51. ^ Legère, Karsten (31 August 2016). "Request Number 2016-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  52. ^ "Request Number 2018-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  53. ^ Gehrmann, Ryan (22 January 2018). "Request Number 2018-008 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  54. ^ "Request Number 2018-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  55. ^ "Request Number 2019-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  56. ^ "Request Number 2019-018 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  57. ^ "Request Number 2019-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  58. ^ "Request Number 2019-019 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  59. ^ "Request Number 2019-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  60. ^ "Request Number 2019-028 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  61. ^ "Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  62. ^ "Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  63. ^ "Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  64. ^ "Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  65. ^ "Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  66. ^ "Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  67. ^ "2020-026 | Iso 639-3".
  68. ^ "Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  69. ^ "Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  70. ^ "Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  71. ^ "Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  72. ^ "Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  73. ^ "Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  74. ^ "Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  75. ^ Turki, Houcemeddine (21 April 2021). "Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

External links Edit

October 05, 2023
spurious, languages, confused, with, fictional, language, languages, that, have, been, reported, existing, reputable, works, while, other, research, reported, that, language, question, exist, some, spurious, languages, have, been, proven, exist, others, have, . Not to be confused with Fictional language Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist Some spurious languages have been proven to not exist Others have very little evidence supporting their existence and have been dismissed in later scholarship Others still are of uncertain existence due to limited research Below is a sampling of languages that have been claimed to exist in reputable sources but have subsequently been disproved or challenged In some cases a purported language is tracked down and turns out to be another known language This is common when language varieties are named after places or ethnicities Some alleged languages turn out to be hoaxes such as the Kukura language of Brazil or the Taensa language of Louisiana Others are honest errors that persist in the literature despite being corrected by the original authors an example of this is Hongote the name given in 1892 to two Colonial word lists one of Tlingit and one of a Salishan language that were mistakenly listed as Patagonian The error was corrected three times that year but nonetheless Hongote was still listed as a Patagonian language a century later in Greenberg 1987 1 133 In the case of New Guinea one of the most linguistically diverse areas on Earth some spurious languages are simply the names of language surveys that the data was published under Examples are Mapi Kia Upper Digul Upper Kaeme listed as Indo Pacific languages in Ruhlen 1987 these are actually rivers that gave their names to language surveys in the Greater Awyu languages and Ok languages of New Guinea 2 Contents 1 Dubious languages 2 Spurious according to Glottolog 3 Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639 3 3 1 Removed from Ethnologue 12th ed 1992 3 2 Removed from Ethnologue 13th ed 1996 3 3 Removed from Ethnologue 14th ed 2000 3 4 Removed from Ethnologue 15th ed 2005 3 5 Retired 2006 3 6 Retired 2007 3 7 Retired 2008 3 8 Retired 2009 3 9 Retired 2010 3 10 Retired 2011 3 11 Retired 2012 3 12 Retired 2013 3 13 Retired 2014 3 14 Retired 2015 3 15 Retired 2016 3 16 Retired 2017 3 17 Retired 2018 3 18 Retired 2019 3 19 Retired 2020 3 20 Retired 2021 3 21 Retired 2022 4 References and notes 5 External linksDubious languages EditDubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain They include Oropom Uganda Nemadi Mauritania Rer Bare Ethiopia extinct if it ever existed Tapeba Brazil tbb 3 4 a recently created indigenous ethnicity not a language Ladakhi Sign Language no community to use it 5 Dek Cameroon Spurious according to Glottolog EditGlottolog maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig classifies several languages some with ISO 639 codes as spurious unattested These include Parsi prp 6 a dialect of Gujarati and Parsi Dari prd 7 Zoroastrian Dari an ethnicity not a language Adabe adb a dialect of Wetarese taken for a Papuan language 8 Tupiniquim the people spoke Old Tupi Khuai a word list of mislabeled ǀXam mixed with other Ui languages Chamari cdg a caste not a language Judeo Berber jbe According to Glottolog Jewish Berbers speak no differently than Muslim Berbers 9 However there are claims listed in the linked article that this is not true Pisabo pig reported to be mutually intelligible with Matses so perhaps not a distinct languageAlso some Aeta ethnic names with no cultural memory of an extinct language 10 Sorsogon Ayta ays Tayabas Ayta ayy Villa Viciosa Agta dyg Other ISO codes that Glottolog regards as spurious because they are not a distinct language are polyphyletic not a single language or have not been shown to exist include Guajajara gub mutually intelligible with Tenetehara tqb Norra nrr 11 South Ucayali Asheninka cpy 12 Moabite obm 13 Ammonite qgg and Edomite xdm 14 Syenara shz 15 and Shempire seb Cauca cca presumed to be from the Cauca Valley but no such language is known unless it is the undemonstrated Quimbaya Agaria agi an ambiguous ethnic term all varieties already covered by ISO Kpatili kym purportedly the original language of the Kpatili people who now speak Gbayi but any such language is unattested Northwestern Fars faz all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codesIr irr Skagit ska Snohomish sno Ahirani ahr Pokanga pok Chetco ctc Arakwal rkw Anasi bpo Yari yri Yola yol Seru szd Gowli gok Mina India myi Degaru dgu Bubia bbx Gbati ri gti Tetete teb Kannada Kurumba kfi Vatrata vlr Kofa kso Old Turkish otk Tingui Boto tgv Imeraguen ime Yauma yax Rufiji rui Ngong nnx Dombe dov Subi xsj Mawayana mzx Kwak kwq Potiguara pog Coxima kox Chipiajes cbe Cagua cbh Kakauhua kbf Yangho ynh Takpa tkk N Ko nqo Sara Dunjo koj Putoh put Bainouk Samik bcb Kamba Brazil xba Bikaru Bragge bic Baga Binari bcg Baga Sobane bsv Ontenu ont Baga Kaloum bqf Munda unx Aduge adu Khalaj kjf Buso bso Uokha uok Ihievbe ihi Coyaima coy Natagaimas nts Odut oda Chilean Quechua cqu Quetzaltepec Mixe pxm Kang kyp Thu Lao tyl Pu Ko puk Gey guv Kakihum kxe Bonjo bok Katukina kav Lui lba Lama Myanmar lay Inpui Naga nkf Puimei Naga npu Purum pub Welaung weu Lumba Yakkha luu Phangduwali phw Lambichhong lmh Lingkhim lii Northwestern Tamang tmk Southwestern Tamang tsf Kayort kyv Loarki lrk Con cno Gengle geg Kuanhua xnh Yarsun yrs Kabixi xbx Vasekela Bushman vaj Maligo mwj Pao ppa Bhalay bhx Gowlan goj Balau blg Kuku Mangk xmq Buya byy Aramanik aam Mediak mwx Kisankasa kqh Southwestern Nisu are any valid nsv Tawang Monpa twm Adap adp Southern Lolopo ysp Eastern Lalu yit Ndonde Hamba njd Lang e yne Lopi lov Laopang lbg Kunggara kvs Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao cqd Karipuna do Amapa kgm Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639 3 EditFollowing is a list of ISO 639 3 language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006 arranged by the year in which the change request was submitted in most cases the actual retirement took effect in the beginning of the following year Also included is a partial list of languages with their SIL codes that appeared at one time in Ethnologue but were removed prior to 2006 arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639 3 or languages removed from Ethnologue because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language The list does not include instances where the language turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken these are cases of duplicates which are resolved in ISO 639 3 by a code merger It does include languages for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found In some cases however the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area which would not identify extinct languages such as Ware below SIL codes are upper case ISO codes are lower case Once retired ISO 639 3 codes are not reused 16 SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages Removed from Ethnologue 12th ed 1992 Edit Itaem PNG ITM Marajona Brazil MPQ Nemeyam PNG NMY Nereyama Nereyo Brazil NRY Numbiai Orelha de Pau NUH Oganibi PNG OGA Tijuana Sign Language Mexico TJS added to Ethnologue 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding removed in 1992 No evidence that it ever existed Tyeliri Senoufo TYE the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers and do not have their own language Wagumi WGM Zanofil name of an ethnic group that speaks Yongkom yon Removed from Ethnologue 13th ed 1996 Edit Bibasa PNG BHE described as isolate in need of survey in the 12th ed Removed from Ethnologue 14th ed 2000 Edit Alak 2 ALQ a mislabeled fragment of a word list 17 Dzorgai DZI Kortse KBG Pingfang PFG Thochu TCJ Lofuchai Lophuchai LFU Wagsod WGS old names for Qiangic languages some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names Hsifan HSI an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or Jiarongic languages Scandinavian Pidgin Sign Language SPF normal inter language contact not an established pidgin Wutana Nigeria WUW an ethnic nameRemoved from Ethnologue 15th ed 2005 Edit Jiji JIJ 18 Kalanke CKN 19 Lewada Dewara LWD incl Balamula Mataru 20 Lowland Semang ORB 21 though other languages without ISO codes such as Wila are also called Lowland Semang Mutus MUF 22 suspected to exist e g by Adelaar 2005 Nchinchege NCQ 23 Nkwak NKQ 24 same as Tanjijili Also a possible synonym for Kwak retired in 2015 Oso Southern Fungom OSO no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum 25 Rungi RUR 26 Wamsak WBD 27 Retired 2006 Edit Miarra xmi unattested 28 29 Atuence atf an old town name 30 Amapa Creole amd 31 Retired 2007 Edit Amikoana Amikuan akn 32 Land Dayak dyk language family name not individual language 33 Ware wre 34 Ware is listed as extinct in Maho 2009 When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken the code was retired Bahau River Kenyah bwv Kayan River Kenyah knh Mahakam Kenyah xkm Upper Baram Kenyah ubm Any current use is likely either Mainstream Kenyah xkl or Uma Lung ulu Retired 2008 Edit Aariya aay Papavo ppv name given to several uncontacted groups Amerax aex prison jargon Europanto eur a jest Garreh Ajuran ggh Borana amp Somali Sufrai suf two languages Tarpia and Kaptiau which are not close 35 Retired 2009 Edit Chumash chs 36 Retired 2010 Edit Ayi China ayx Dhanwar India dha Mahei mja Retired 2011 Edit Palu pbz Pongyong pgy Elpaputih elp could be either of two existing languagesRetired 2012 Edit Malakhel mld likely Ormuri Forest Maninka myq generic Wirangu Nauo wiw the two varieties which do not form a unit 37 Retired 2013 Edit Gugu Mini ggm a generic name Maskoy Pidgin mhh never existed Emok emo never existed Yugh yuu duplicate of Yug yug Lamam lmm duplicate of Romam rmx Retired 2014 Edit Mator Taygi Karagas ymt duplicate of Mator Yiddish Sign Language yds no evidence that it existed 38 The thx duplicate of Oy Imraguen Mauritania ime Borna Eborna bxx perhaps a typo for Boma Eboma 39 Bemba bmy a tribal name Songa sgo a tribal name Daza dzd retired in 2014 with the reason Nonexistent but that decision was reversed in 2022 bringing dzd back 40 Buya byy Kakauhua kbf Kakauhua Caucahue is an ethnonym language unattested see Alacalufan languages Subi xsj duplicate of Shubi suj but that decision was reversed in 2018 bringing xsj back 41 Yangho ynh does not exist Kx au ein aue dialect of Juǀʼhoan ktz 42 Retired 2015 Edit Bhatola btl Cagua cbh Chipiajes cbe a Saliba and Guahibo surname Coxima kox Iapama iap uncontacted and likely one of the neighboring languages Kabixi xbx generic name for Parecis Nambiquaras or any hostile group see Cabixi language for one specific use Runa rna Savara Dravidian svr Xipinawa xip 43 Yari yri And several supposed extinct Arawakan languages of Venezuela and Colombia Cumeral cum Omejes ome Ponares pod a Saliba surname perhaps just Piapoco or Achagua 44 Tomedes a k a Tamudes toe Additional languages and codes were retired in 2015 due to a lack of evidence that they existed but were not necessarily spurious as languages Retired 2016 Edit Lua prb 45 Rennellese Sign Language rsi a home sign system not a full language 46 Rien rie 47 Shinabo snh 48 Pu Ko puk no substantive evidence that the language ever existed Retired 2017 Edit Lyons Sign Language lsg 49 no substantive evidence that the language ever existed Mediak mwx 50 Mosiro mwy a clan name 51 Retired 2018 Edit Lui lba 52 Khlor llo duplicate of Kriang ngt 53 Mina India myi Meena a tribe and caste name in India 54 Retired 2019 Edit Arma aoh 55 Tayabas Ayta ayy 56 Babalia Creole Arabic bbz 57 Barbacoas bpb 58 Cauca cca 59 Chamari cdg 60 Degaru dgu 61 Eastern Karnic ekc 62 Khalaj kjf 63 Lumbee lmz 64 Palpa plp 65 Tapeba tbb 66 Retired 2020 Edit Bikaru bic posited based on a poor elicitation of ordinary Bisorio 67 Retired 2021 Edit Warduji wrd 68 Pini pii 69 Retired 2022 Edit Tupi tpw duplicate of Tupinamba tpn 70 Karipuna kgm duplicate of Palikur plu 71 Khoibal kbz duplicate of Khakas kjh 72 Salchuq slq 73 Parsi prp 74 Judeo Tunisian Arabic ajt duplicate of Tunisian Arabic aeb 75 References and notes Edit Campbell Lyle 2012 Classification of the indigenous languages of South America In Grondona Veronica Campbell Lyle eds The Indigenous Languages of South America The World of Linguistics Vol 2 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 59 166 ISBN 9783110255133 Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai Tapeba at Ethnologue 17th ed 2013 nbsp Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin eds 2017 Tapeba Glottolog 3 0 Jena Germany Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Glottolog 2 4 Adabe Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Parsi at Ethnologue 17th ed 2013 nbsp Parsi Dari at Ethnologue 17th ed 2013 nbsp Glottolog 2 4 Adabe Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Hammarstrom 2015 Ethnologue 16 17 18th editions a comprehensive review online appendices Lobel Jason William 2013 Philippine and North Bornean languages issues in description subgrouping and reconstruction Ph D dissertation Manoa University of Hawai i at Manoa Glottolog 2 4 Norra Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Glottolog 2 4 South Ucayali Asheninka Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Glottolog 2 4 Moabite Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Glottolog 2 4 Edomite Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Glottolog 2 4 Syenara Senoufo Glottolog org Retrieved 13 July 2015 ISO 639 3 Change History 01 sil org Retrieved 13 July 2015 Sidwell 2009 Classifying the Austroasiatic languages Ethnologue 14 report for language code JIJ Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code CKN Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code LWD Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code ORB Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code MUF Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code NCQ Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code NKQ Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code OSO Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code RUR Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Ethnologue 14 report for language code WBD Ethnologue com Retrieved 24 September 2012 Hurd Conrad 8 August 2006 Request Number 2006 016 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin eds 2017 Miarra Glottolog 3 0 Jena Germany Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Hurd Conrad 26 March 2007 Request Number 2006 122 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Hurd Conrad 21 March 2007 Request Number 2006 124 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Holbrook David J 5 April 2007 Request Number 2007 003 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Peebles Matt 1 September 2007 Request Number 2007 254 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Woodward Mark 23 May 2007 Request Number 2007 024 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Hurd Conrad 8 August 2006 Request Number 2006 016 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 McLaughlin John 3 March 2008 Request Number 2008 030 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 12 July 2023 Legere Karsten 18 August 2011 Request Number 2011 133 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Bickford J Albert 31 January 2014 Request Number 2014 010 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Request Number 2014 032 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 25 July 2014 Retrieved 6 January 2019 639 Identifier Documentation dzd SIL International Retrieved 13 February 2023 639 Identifier Documentation xsj SIL International Retrieved 26 January 2019 Dyer Josh 28 August 2014 Request Number 2014 059 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Request Number 2015 011 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 9 March 2015 Retrieved 6 January 2019 Request Number 2015 032 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 28 May 2015 Retrieved 6 January 2019 Cheeseman Nate 16 February 2016 Request Number 2016 010 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Bickford Albert 23 September 2015 Request Number 2016 002 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Cheeseman Nate 27 October 2015 Request Number 2016 005 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Request Number 2016 004 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 26 October 2015 Retrieved 6 January 2019 Bickford J Albert 9 March 2017 Request Number 2017 013 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Legere Karsten 18 May 2017 Request Number 2017 017 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Legere Karsten 31 August 2016 Request Number 2016 029 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 6 January 2019 Request Number 2018 016 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 20 August 2018 Retrieved 15 January 2019 Gehrmann Ryan 22 January 2018 Request Number 2018 008 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 25 January 2019 Request Number 2018 011 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 9 August 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2019 Request Number 2019 017 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 1 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 018 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 4 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 013 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 5 January 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 019 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 4 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 020 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 5 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 028 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 14 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 029 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 18 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 015 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 16 February 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 026 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 12 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 025 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 7 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 034 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 13 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 Request Number 2019 032 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 13 March 2019 Retrieved 5 February 2020 2020 026 Iso 639 3 Request Number 2021 015 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 25 February 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2022 Request Number 2021 021 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 26 April 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2022 Request Number 2022 012 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 30 June 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Request Number 2022 012 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 30 June 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Request Number 2022 011 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 30 June 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Request Number 2022 015 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 30 June 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Request Number 2022 009 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International 24 June 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Turki Houcemeddine 21 April 2021 Request Number 2021 020 for Change to ISO 639 3 Language Code PDF SIL International Retrieved 12 July 2023 External links Edit Retired Code Elements Index SIL International Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spurious languages amp oldid 1165058293 Babalia Creole Arabic, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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