Qiangic (Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang, Chinese: 羌語支, "Qiang language group"; also Rmaic,[1] formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sichuan and northern Yunnan. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa, Garzê, Ya'an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well.
The extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia is considered to be Qiangic by some linguists, including Matisoff (2004).[2] The undeciphered Nam language of China may possibly be related to Qiangic.
Matisoff (2004) describes Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-a > -i as a typical sound change in many Qiangic languages, and refers to this vowel heightening as "brightening." Yu (2012)[7] also notes that "brightening" is a defining innovation in Proto-Ersuic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Ersuic languages.
Thurgood and La Polla (2003)Edit
Thurgood and La Polla (2003) state that the inclusion of Qiang, Prinmi, and Muya is well supported, but that they do not follow Sun's argument for the inclusion of Tangut. Matisoff (2004), however, claims Tangut demonstrates a clear relationship.[8] The unclassified language Baima may also be Qiangic or may retain a Qiangic substratum after speakers shifted to Tibetan.[9]
Some other lesser-known, unclassified Qiangic peoples and languages include the following:[10]
Bolozi 玻璃哦子/博罗子: 2,000 people; in Xiao Heshui Village 小河水村, west of Songpan; also as far south as Wenchuan Township 汶川乡.[11] Sun Hongkai (2013:80–82)[12] identifies Bolozi 博罗子 as a Northern Qiang variety, belonging to the Cimulin 茨木林 dialect.
Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[17] argue for a Na–Qiangic branch which itself forms a Burmo-Qiangic branch together with Lolo–Burmese. Na–Qiangic comprises three primary branches, which are Ersuish (or Ersuic), Naic (or Naxish), and [core] Qiangic. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[18] also proposed an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic (a.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. The position of Guiqiong is not addressed.
However, Chirkova (2012) casts doubt on the validity of Qiangic as a coherent branch, instead considering Qiangic to be a diffusion area. She considers the following four languages to be part of four separate Tibeto-Burman branches:[19]
Both Shixing and Namuzi are both classified as Naic (Naxi) by Jacques & Michaud (2011), but Naic would not be a valid genetic unit in Chirkova's classification scheme since Shixing and Namuzi are considered by Chirkova to not be part of a single branch.
Yu (2012)Edit
Yu (2012:218)[7] notes that Ersuic and Naish languages share some forms that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or “core” Qiangic (Qiang, Prinmi, and Minyak). As a result, “Southern Qiangic” (Ersuic, Namuyi, and Shixing) may be closer to Naish than it is to “core” Qiangic. Together, Southern Qiangic and Naish could form a wider “Naic” group that has links to both Lolo-Burmese to the south and other Qiangic languages to the north.
Obsolete namesEdit
Shafer (1955) and other accounts of the Dzorgaic/Ch'iang branch[20] preserve the names Dzorgai, Kortsè, Thochu, Outer/Outside Man-tze, Pingfang from the turn of the century. The first three were Northern Qiang, and Outside Mantse was Southern Qiang.[21]
When Jiarongic is included as a branch of Qiangic, but distinct from the non-Jiarongic languages, the label "Dzorgaic" may be used for Qiang proper.
Hsi-fan (Xifan) is an ethnic name, meaning essentially 'Tibetan'; the people speak Qiangic or Jiarongic languages such as Qiang, Ergong/Horpa, Ersu, Guiqiong, Shixing, Zhaba, Namuyi, Muya/Minyak, and Jiarong, but not Naxi/Moso, Pumi, or Tangut. The term has not been much used since language surveys of the 1980s resulted in sufficient data for classification.
DistributionEdit
Qiangic languages are spoken mainly in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan provinces of China. Sun Hongkai (2013) lists the following watersheds (riverine systems) and the respective Qiangic languages spoken there.[12]
^Tournadre, Nicolas; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2023). The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan. Paris: LACITO. p. 694. ISBN978-2-490768-08-0.
^Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
^Zhao, Haoliang. 2018. A brief introduction to Zlarong, a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
^Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan.
^Sun, Hongkai. (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. Yunnan Minzuxuebao, 3, 99–273. (Written in Chinese).
^ abYu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
^James Matisoff, 2004. "Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman ( 2015-07-12 at the Wayback Machine)
^Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), Evidence and Counter-Evidence, vol. 2.
^"Bolozi" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 Nov 2021.
^ abSun Hongkai. 2013. Tibeto-Burman languages of eight watersheds [八江流域的藏缅语]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
^"Ming" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
^"Xiangcheng" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
^"Xiangcheng" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
^Sūn Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 2001. 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言 Lùn Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú zhōng de Qiāngyǔzhī yǔyán [On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto-Burman]. Language and linguistics 2:157–181.
^Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages[permanent dead link]." Diachronica 28:468–498.
^Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman.
^Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: a case study of languages of Muli" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 133–170.
^UC Berkeley, 1992, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 15, pp. 76–77.
BibliographyEdit
Bradley, David (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Miyake, Marc. 2015. What is the origin of uvularization in Qiang?
Miyake, Marc. 2012. Nasal codas as clues for the stratification of Chinese loanwords in Ronghong Qiang.
Miyake, Marc. 2011. Danger a-head for the 2 X 2 hypothesis.
Sun Hongkai 孙宏开. 2016. Zangmian yuzu Qiang yuzhi yanjiu 藏缅语族羌语支研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN9787516176566
External linksEdit
October 15, 2023
qiangic, languages, qiangic, iang, kyang, tsiang, chinese, 羌語支, qiang, language, group, also, rmaic, formerly, known, dzorgaic, group, related, languages, within, sino, tibetan, language, family, they, spoken, mainly, southwest, china, including, sichuan, nort. Qiangic Ch iang Kyang Tsiang Chinese 羌語支 Qiang language group also Rmaic 1 formerly known as Dzorgaic is a group of related languages within the Sino Tibetan language family They are spoken mainly in Southwest China including Sichuan and northern Yunnan Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa Garze Ya an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well QiangicRmaicGeographicdistributionChinaLinguistic classificationSino TibetanTibeto BurmanBurmo Qiangic QiangicSubdivisionsTangut Baima Qiang Gyalrongic Choyo Zhaba Guiqiong Muya Ersuic Naic PrinmiGlottolognaqi1236 Na Qiangic qian1263 Qiangic Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the Qiang Tibetan Pumi Nakhi and Mongol ethnic groups by the People s Republic of China The extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia is considered to be Qiangic by some linguists including Matisoff 2004 2 The undeciphered Nam language of China may possibly be related to Qiangic Lamo Larong and Drag yab or the Chamdo languages a group of three closely related Sino Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo Eastern Tibet may or may not be Qiangic 3 4 5 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Sun 1983 1 2 Matisoff 2004 1 3 Thurgood and La Polla 2003 1 4 Sun 2001 1 5 Jacques amp Michaud 2011 1 6 Chirkova 2012 1 7 Yu 2012 2 Obsolete names 3 Distribution 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksClassification EditSun 1983 Edit Sun Hongkai 1983 6 proposes two branches northern and southern Northern Northern Qiang Mawō Pumi Prinmi Muya Minyag Tangut extinct attested 1036 1502 Southern Southern Qiang Taoping Sun groups other poorly described Qiangic languages as Ersu Tosu Shixing Namuzi Namuyi Guiqiong 2 3 varieties with low intelligibility Zhaba Queyu Matisoff 2004 Edit Matisoff 2004 2 states that Jiarongic is an additional branch Jiarongic Gyarung Lavrung Horpa Ergong Matisoff 2004 describes Proto Tibeto Burman a gt i as a typical sound change in many Qiangic languages and refers to this vowel heightening as brightening Yu 2012 7 also notes that brightening is a defining innovation in Proto Ersuic the reconstructed ancestor of the Ersuic languages Thurgood and La Polla 2003 Edit Thurgood and La Polla 2003 state that the inclusion of Qiang Prinmi and Muya is well supported but that they do not follow Sun s argument for the inclusion of Tangut Matisoff 2004 however claims Tangut demonstrates a clear relationship 8 The unclassified language Baima may also be Qiangic or may retain a Qiangic substratum after speakers shifted to Tibetan 9 Some other lesser known unclassified Qiangic peoples and languages include the following 10 Bolozi 玻璃哦子 博罗子 2 000 people in Xiao Heshui Village 小河水村 west of Songpan also as far south as Wenchuan Township 汶川乡 11 Sun Hongkai 2013 80 82 12 identifies Bolozi 博罗子 as a Northern Qiang variety belonging to the Cimulin 茨木林 dialect Ming 命 10 000 people mixed Chinese in Mao County and Wenchuan County Sichuan 13 Xiangcheng 乡城 10 000 people in and around Xiangcheng Township 乡城 Garze Prefecture 14 15 Sun 2001 Edit Sun Hongkai 2001 16 groups the Qiangic languages are follows Qiangic Northern Tangut 西夏 Qiang Qiang 羌 Northern and Southern Prinmi 普米 Minyak 木雅 rGyalrongic rGyalrong 嘉绒 Ergong 尔龚 Lavrung 拉乌戎 Southern Ersu 尔苏 Guiqiong 贵琼 Shixing 史兴 Namuyi 纳木依 Choyo 却隅 nDrapa 扎巴Jacques amp Michaud 2011 Edit Guillaume Jacques amp Alexis Michaud 2011 17 argue for a Na Qiangic branch which itself forms a Burmo Qiangic branch together with Lolo Burmese Na Qiangic comprises three primary branches which are Ersuish or Ersuic Naic or Naxish and core Qiangic Similarly David Bradley 2008 18 also proposed an Eastern Tibeto Burman branch that includes Burmic a k a Lolo Burmese and Qiangic The position of Guiqiong is not addressed Na QiangicErsuish Ersu Lizu Tosu Naic Namuyi Shixing Naish Naxi Na Mosuo Laze Qiangic Queyu Zhaba Tangut Pumi Northern Pumi Southern Pumi Muya Northern Muya Southern Muya Qiang Northern Qiang Southern Qiang rGyalrongic rGyalrongish Situ Japhug Tshobdun Zbu Lavrung Thugsrjechenmo Njorogs Horpa Rtau StodsdeChirkova 2012 Edit However Chirkova 2012 casts doubt on the validity of Qiangic as a coherent branch instead considering Qiangic to be a diffusion area She considers the following four languages to be part of four separate Tibeto Burman branches 19 Lizu Ersu group Shixing Naic Namuzi Naic PumiBoth Shixing and Namuzi are both classified as Naic Naxi by Jacques amp Michaud 2011 but Naic would not be a valid genetic unit in Chirkova s classification scheme since Shixing and Namuzi are considered by Chirkova to not be part of a single branch Yu 2012 Edit Yu 2012 218 7 notes that Ersuic and Naish languages share some forms that are not found in Lolo Burmese or core Qiangic Qiang Prinmi and Minyak As a result Southern Qiangic Ersuic Namuyi and Shixing may be closer to Naish than it is to core Qiangic Together Southern Qiangic and Naish could form a wider Naic group that has links to both Lolo Burmese to the south and other Qiangic languages to the north Obsolete names EditShafer 1955 and other accounts of the Dzorgaic Ch iang branch 20 preserve the names Dzorgai Kortse Thochu Outer Outside Man tze Pingfang from the turn of the century The first three were Northern Qiang and Outside Mantse was Southern Qiang 21 When Jiarongic is included as a branch of Qiangic but distinct from the non Jiarongic languages the label Dzorgaic may be used for Qiang proper Hsi fan Xifan is an ethnic name meaning essentially Tibetan the people speak Qiangic or Jiarongic languages such as Qiang Ergong Horpa Ersu Guiqiong Shixing Zhaba Namuyi Muya Minyak and Jiarong but not Naxi Moso Pumi or Tangut The term has not been much used since language surveys of the 1980s resulted in sufficient data for classification Distribution EditQiangic languages are spoken mainly in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan provinces of China Sun Hongkai 2013 lists the following watersheds riverine systems and the respective Qiangic languages spoken there 12 Upper Jialing River watershed 嘉陵江上游地区 Baima Min River watershed 岷江流域 Qiang including Boluozi 博罗子 Dadu River watershed 大渡河流域 Guiqiong Ersu Yalong River watershed 雅砻江流域 Ergong Zhaba Muya Namuyi Jinsha River watershed 金沙江流域 Shixing Pumi nbsp Jialing 嘉陵江 watershed nbsp Min 岷江 and Dadu 大渡河 watersheds nbsp Yalong 雅砻江 and Jinsha 金沙江 watersheds nbsp Yangtze watershedSee also EditQiang people Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture Languages Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture LanguagesReferences Edit Tournadre Nicolas Suzuki Hiroyuki 2023 The Tibetic Languages an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan Paris LACITO p 694 ISBN 978 2 490768 08 0 a b Matisoff James 2004 Brightening and the place of Xixia Tangut in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto Burman Suzuki Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima 2018 Historical relationship among three non Tibetic languages in Chamdo TAR Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 2018 Kyoto Kyoto University Zhao Haoliang 2018 A brief introduction to Zlarong a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang TAR Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 2018 Kyoto Kyoto University Jacques Guillaumes 2016 Les journees d etudes sur les langues du Sichuan Sun Hongkai 1983 The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches Yunnan Minzuxuebao 3 99 273 Written in Chinese a b Yu Dominic 2012 Proto Ersuic Ph D dissertation Berkeley University of California Berkeley Department of Linguistics James Matisoff 2004 Brightening and the place of Xixia Tangut in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto Burman Archived 2015 07 12 at the Wayback Machine Katia Chirkova 2008 On the position of Baimǎ within Tibetan in Lubotsky et al eds Evidence and Counter Evidence vol 2 China asiaharvest org Bolozi PDF Asiaharvest org Retrieved 1 Nov 2021 a b Sun Hongkai 2013 Tibeto Burman languages of eight watersheds 八江流域的藏缅语 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press Ming PDF Asiaharvest org Retrieved 1 November 2021 Xiangcheng PDF Asiaharvest org Retrieved 1 November 2021 Xiangcheng PDF Asiaharvest org Retrieved 1 November 2021 Sun Hongkai 孙宏开 2001 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言 Lun Zang Miǎn yǔzu zhōng de Qiangyǔzhi yǔyan On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto Burman Language and linguistics 2 157 181 Jacques Guillaume and Alexis Michaud 2011 Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino Tibetan languages permanent dead link Diachronica 28 468 498 Bradley David 2008 The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto Burman Chirkova Katia 2012 The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective a case study of languages of Muli PDF Language and Linguistics 13 1 133 170 Such as Barley 1997 Archived 2015 06 12 at the Wayback Machine UC Berkeley 1992 Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area vol 15 pp 76 77 Bibliography EditBradley David 1997 Tibeto Burman languages and classification In D Bradley Ed Papers in South East Asian linguistics Tibeto Burman languages of the Himalayas No 14 pp 1 71 Canberra Pacific Linguistics Miyake Marc 2015 What is the origin of uvularization in Qiang Miyake Marc 2012 Nasal codas as clues for the stratification of Chinese loanwords in Ronghong Qiang Miyake Marc 2011 Danger a head for the 2 X 2 hypothesis Miyake Marc 2011 fm Sun Hongkai 1983 The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches Yunnan Minzuxuebao 3 99 273 Written in Chinese Sun Hongkai Academy of Social Sciences of China Institute of Nationality Studies 1990 Languages of the Ethnic Corridor in Western Sichuan Archive Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 13 1 1 31 English translation by Jackson T S Sun University of California Berkeley and Academia Sinica Sun Hongkai 孙宏开 2016 Zangmian yuzu Qiang yuzhi yanjiu 藏缅语族羌语支研究 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社 ISBN 9787516176566External links EditThe Qiang Language and Culture Web Site Site on Qiangic languages French and Chinese 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