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Ay dynasty

March 06, 2023

Ay (short from of Ayar)[1] was one of the Tamil dynasties which controlled the south-western tip of the peninsula, from the early historic period up to the medieval period.The clan traditionally held sway over the harbour of Vizhinjam, the fertile region of Nanjinad, and southern parts of the spice-producing Western Ghat mountains. The dynasty was also known as Kupaka in medieval period.[2]

Ay
Ay Kingdom in 1st Century CE
Capital
  • Podhigai Malai (early historic)
  • Vizhinjam (medieval)
Common languagesTamil
Religion
Hinduism
 Succeeded by
[[Venadu]]

The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of early historic (pre-Pallava) Kerala, along with the Cheras of central Kerala and the Musakas of Elimalai in the north.[3][4] Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) described the "Aioi" territory as extending from the Baris (Pamba) to Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The elephant was the emblem of the Ay.[5]

The medieval Ay lineage has its origins in the hill-chiefs of early historic (pre-Pallava) south India.[6][7] The Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between the powerful Pandyas/Cholas and the Cheras (Kerala) in the medieval period.[5] A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan (788 AD), Karunanthadakkkan "Srivallabha" (r. c. 856/57–884[8]), and Vikramaditya "Varaguna" (r. c. 884–911/920 AD[8]) figure as the Ay chiefs of the harbour of Vizhinjam.[4] The famous Brahmin salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay kingdom. The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I (985–1014 AD[9]) in c. 988 AD.[4] Historians assume that the Ay were a leading power in the region till c. 10th century AD.[10]

Origin

It is speculated that the name Ay is derived from the early Tamil word "Ay" meaning cowherd.[11] The cowherds were known as Ayars in Tamil even as they were known as Abhiras in the North India. Tradition says that the Yadavas in the Pandya country came to Tamilakam along with the ancestors of the Pandya. Potiya mountain region and its capital was known as Ay-kudi. Nacchinarkiniyar, in his commentary on the prefatory sutra to the Tolkappiyam, describes a tradition relating to the migration of the Yadava race with a sage Agastya, who repaired to Dwaraka and took with him the 18 kings of the line of Krsna and moved to the South. There, he had the forests cleared and built up kingdoms settling therein all the people he had brought with him.[citation needed]

In his introduction to Lilathilakam, Attur Krishna Pisharodi in giving an account of Chiravayi says that the Ayar family who were ruling the regions near Ayakkudi (in Shencotta) and other places, were defeated by the Pandyas in the 8th century A.D. and they migrated to Vizhinjam, a sea port eight miles south-east of Trivandrum.[12][13][14]

The Ay kings continued to cherish their association with the Yadu-kula and Krsna in the later times also as seen in their copper plate grants and inscriptions.[15]

The medieval Ay claimed that they belonged to the Yadava or Vrishni lineage and this claim was advanced by the rulers of Venad and Travancore.[16][17] Sri Padmanabha in Trivandrum was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family.[5]

History

 
Ancient Silk Road map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
 
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)

The Ay clan was one of the major hill-chiefs of early historic south India.[5] Members of the Ay family – of the Podiyil Hills (the Aykudi) – were related to the early historic Cheras of central Kerala.[4] Towards the close of the early historic period, Pandya supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ay gained their independence during the Kalabhra period).[4][5]

Ay chieftains of early historic south India

A number of Ay chiefs such as Andiran, Titiyan and Atiyan are mentioned in the early Tamil poems.[4]

  • Ay Andiran is praised by early Tamil poets such as Mudamochiyar, Odakizhar, and Kiranar in Purananuru.[4] He is mentioned in the Purananuru as the "Lord of Podiyil Mala" in southern Western Ghats. He is said to have defeated the Kongu chiefs and pursued them to the Arabian Sea. He was an elder contemporary of the Chera chief Antuvan Cheral.[5]
  • Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan) is praised by authors Paranar and Bhuta Pandya (the Pandya chief) in Akananuru. It seems that Ay Titiyan was a vassal of the Pandya ruler Bhuta Pandya.[4][5]
  • Ay Atiyan, successor to Ay Titiyan, is mentioned by authors Paranar and Madurai Kanakkayanar in Akananuru. Paranar and Kanakkayanar also mention Podiyil Mala, the Ay base, as the property of Pachupun Pandya (Azhakiya Pandya), the successor to Bhuta Pandya.[4]
  • An Ay ruler took part in the famous battle of Talai-yalankanam, in which the Pandya chief Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies.[5]

Originally the whole region of Venad (Vel+natu = the country of the Vel people, related to the Ay family) was part of the larger Ay-Vel territory.[18] Persons (the Vels) belonging to the Ay family were the chieftains of the Vel country.[19]

  • Veliyan Venmal Nallini was the wife of the Chera chieftain Utiyan.[19]
  • Veliyan Venman Ay Eyinan was the leader of the Chera warriors against Nannan of Ezhimalai.[19]

Pandya foray into the Ay country

 
Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maran Chadayan (latter half of the 8th century)

In c. 765 AD, Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 AD) sacked port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) and took possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).[20][10] This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel".[20]

The Pandya foray into south Kerala brought the Chera-Perumal rulers into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya-Ay/Chera struggle followed.[20]

  • The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 AD (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription).[21]
  • In 792 AD (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).[18]

Detachment of Venad

In the 9th century, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Chera-Perumals, the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions.[22] Venad (the country of the Vel people) with its base at Kollam came under influence of the Chera-Perumal kingdom[10] while the Ay kingdom, or what was left of it, with its base at Vizhinjam came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–862).[22][7] Larger Cinnamanur Plates do mention a victory of king Srivallabha at Vizhinjam. Ay vassal of the Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha was certain Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884). [23]

Srimara Srivallabha was succeeded on the Pandya throne by Varaguna II (r. 862–885 AD).[4] The Ay kings of Vizhinjam remained vassals of the Pandyas, as indicated by the surname of the then king Vikramaditya (r. c. 884–911/920 AD[8]).[4]

The Pandyas were defeated in the "great battle of Sripurambiyam" in c. 885 AD.[24] Chera Perumal's considerable influence in the Ay country following this battle is visible in two records discovered from that region.[24] A record of the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli, the wife of Chera Perumal Vijayaraga, can be found in Tirunandikkara, a Shiva temple located in the Ay country.[25][26] In 898 AD, Vikramaditya Varaguna is seen making huge land gifts to the Srimulavasa Buddhist vihara in the Chera Perumal kingdom (the Paliyam copper plates).[4]

The chieftains of Venad, owing allegiance to the Chera-Perumals, were determined on extending their sway into the Ay kingdom.[4] Their opportunity might have came in the disorder following the Chola defeat at Takkolam (mid-10 century AD).[4] The Venad chieftains were eventually successful in capturing the whole Ay country down to Kottaru.[4] In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the southern Ay territory in the 10th century AD.[10]

Chola influence in Ay country

The famous salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay country (865 AD, Huzur/Parthivapuram Plates, Karunanthadakkkan). The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in c. 988 AD (fourth regnal year).[4][9]

The entire region to the south of Trivandrum, including the port of Vizhinjam and Cape Comorin, came under the control of king Rajaraja in the early 11th century.[4] The kings of Kollam (i. e., Venad), Kodungallur (the Chera Perumal), and Kolladesam (Mushika) were also defeated by the Cholas (Senur inscription, 1005 AD).[27] There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola Rajadhiraja claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Chera kingdom [from the Ay country]......and liberated the [Ay] king of Kupaka...and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi after the capturing Kantalur Salai while the strong Villavan [the Chera king] hid himself in terror inside the jungle" (this event is dated c. 1018-19 AD[4]).[10]

Major medieval Ay grants

Major medieval Ay grants[8]
Grant name Date Notes
Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884 AD)
Parthivapuram Grant

(Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates)

Regnal year 9 = 865 AD
  • Tamil (ending portion in Sanskrit)[28]
  • Establishment of Vishnu temple in Parthivasekharapuram (Parthivapuram)[28][29]
  • Establishment of Parthivapuram Salai with the temple[28][29]
  • Mentions the 'Rules of Parthivapuram Salai'[28][29]
  • Calls the king a member of the 'Nanda and Yadava family'.[28]
 
Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I Regnal year 14 = 870 AD
  • Tamil (Vattezhuthu)[30]
  • A private donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple[30]
 
Tiruvidaikkodu inscription II Regnal year 22 = 878 AD
  • Tamil (Vattezhuthu)[30]
  • Donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple by Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha [30]
Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. c. 884–911/920 AD)
Thirupparappu Plates[31][32] 9th century AD[31]
  • Mentions king Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha.[31]
 
Thirunandikkarai (Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) Regnal year 8 = 892 AD
  • Tamil (Tamil script with Grantha)[33]
  • Murukan Chendi as the queen of king Vikramaditya Varaguna (the Ay-kula Mahadevi) [33]
  • Donation of land by the king to the queen.[33]
 
Paliyam Copper Plates 898 AD[34]
  • A large land donation to a Buddhist vihara in central Kerala by Vikramaditya Varaguna.[35][36]
 

See also

References

  1. ^ Subrahmanian, N. Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes, 1993. p. 46.
  2. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 179.
  3. ^ Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 - 193, 435 - 437. [1]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, ISBN 81-264-1578-9, ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6 [2]
  6. ^ Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150.
  7. ^ a b Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala". Indian Historical Review. 36 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/037698360903600102. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 145359607.
  8. ^ a b c d Gurukkal, Rajan. The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. AD 600-1000. Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1984. 29-30.
  9. ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 122-24.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ganesh, K. N. Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750). Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22-25.
  11. ^ A Dictionary Of The Tamil And English Languages, Volume 1, Page 131
  12. ^ A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 1. International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2000. p. 121. ISBN 9788185692272.
  13. ^ Nair, Adoor K. K. Ramachandran. Kerala State Gazetteer, Volume 2. State Editor, Kerala Gazetteers, 1986. p. 47.
  14. ^ Journal of Kerala Studies, Volume 14. University of Kerala., 1987. p. 14.
  15. ^ Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav publications. p. 33-35. ISBN 9788170173984.
  16. ^ Aiya, V. Nagam. The Travancore State Manual. Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906 [3]
  17. ^ Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore". Studies in History. 6 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1177/025764309000600102. ISSN 0257-6430. S2CID 162972188.
  18. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 75.
  19. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 106.
  20. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 93-94.
  21. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 106.
  22. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 94-95.
  23. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 107.
  24. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 97.
  25. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-98.
  26. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 109-110.
  27. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119 and 137-138.
  28. ^ a b c d e Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 10–14.
  29. ^ a b c Hartmut Scharfe (2018). Education in Ancient India. BRILL Academic. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-90-474-0147-6.
  30. ^ a b c d Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 14–15.
  31. ^ a b c Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Tirupparappu Fragmentary Set of Copper-Plates. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. XIII (1912 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 197–99.
  32. ^ Gurukkal, Rajan. The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. AD 600-1000. Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1984. 29-30.
  33. ^ a b c Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. The Huzur Office Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 02–03.
  34. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 109-110.
  35. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 97.
  36. ^ Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. XII (1912 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 192–93.

March 06, 2023
dynasty, short, from, ayar, tamil, dynasties, which, controlled, south, western, peninsula, from, early, historic, period, medieval, period, clan, traditionally, held, sway, over, harbour, vizhinjam, fertile, region, nanjinad, southern, parts, spice, producing. Ay short from of Ayar 1 was one of the Tamil dynasties which controlled the south western tip of the peninsula from the early historic period up to the medieval period The clan traditionally held sway over the harbour of Vizhinjam the fertile region of Nanjinad and southern parts of the spice producing Western Ghat mountains The dynasty was also known as Kupaka in medieval period 2 AyAy Kingdom in 1st Century CECapitalPodhigai Malai early historic Vizhinjam medieval Common languagesTamilReligionHinduismSucceeded by Venadu The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of early historic pre Pallava Kerala along with the Cheras of central Kerala and the Musakas of Elimalai in the north 3 4 Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy 2nd century AD described the Aioi territory as extending from the Baris Pamba to Cape Comorin Kanyakumari The elephant was the emblem of the Ay 5 The medieval Ay lineage has its origins in the hill chiefs of early historic pre Pallava south India 6 7 The Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between the powerful Pandyas Cholas and the Cheras Kerala in the medieval period 5 A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan 788 AD Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha r c 856 57 884 8 and Vikramaditya Varaguna r c 884 911 920 AD 8 figure as the Ay chiefs of the harbour of Vizhinjam 4 The famous Brahmin salai at Kantalur somewhere near present day Trivandrum was located in the Ay kingdom The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I 985 1014 AD 9 in c 988 AD 4 Historians assume that the Ay were a leading power in the region till c 10th century AD 10 Contents 1 Origin 2 History 2 1 Ay chieftains of early historic south India 2 2 Pandya foray into the Ay country 2 3 Detachment of Venad 2 4 Chola influence in Ay country 3 Major medieval Ay grants 4 See also 5 ReferencesOrigin EditIt is speculated that the name Ay is derived from the early Tamil word Ay meaning cowherd 11 The cowherds were known as Ayars in Tamil even as they were known as Abhiras in the North India Tradition says that the Yadavas in the Pandya country came to Tamilakam along with the ancestors of the Pandya Potiya mountain region and its capital was known as Ay kudi Nacchinarkiniyar in his commentary on the prefatory sutra to the Tolkappiyam describes a tradition relating to the migration of the Yadava race with a sage Agastya who repaired to Dwaraka and took with him the 18 kings of the line of Krsna and moved to the South There he had the forests cleared and built up kingdoms settling therein all the people he had brought with him citation needed In his introduction to Lilathilakam Attur Krishna Pisharodi in giving an account of Chiravayi says that the Ayar family who were ruling the regions near Ayakkudi in Shencotta and other places were defeated by the Pandyas in the 8th century A D and they migrated to Vizhinjam a sea port eight miles south east of Trivandrum 12 13 14 The Ay kings continued to cherish their association with the Yadu kula and Krsna in the later times also as seen in their copper plate grants and inscriptions 15 The medieval Ay claimed that they belonged to the Yadava or Vrishni lineage and this claim was advanced by the rulers of Venad and Travancore 16 17 Sri Padmanabha in Trivandrum was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family 5 History Edit Ancient Silk Road map showing the then trade routes The spice trade was mainly along the water routes blue Names routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE The Ay clan was one of the major hill chiefs of early historic south India 5 Members of the Ay family of the Podiyil Hills the Aykudi were related to the early historic Cheras of central Kerala 4 Towards the close of the early historic period Pandya supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory through it is likely that the Ay gained their independence during the Kalabhra period 4 5 Ay chieftains of early historic south India Edit A number of Ay chiefs such as Andiran Titiyan and Atiyan are mentioned in the early Tamil poems 4 Ay Andiran is praised by early Tamil poets such as Mudamochiyar Odakizhar and Kiranar in Purananuru 4 He is mentioned in the Purananuru as the Lord of Podiyil Mala in southern Western Ghats He is said to have defeated the Kongu chiefs and pursued them to the Arabian Sea He was an elder contemporary of the Chera chief Antuvan Cheral 5 Ay Titiyan the Podiyil Chelvan is praised by authors Paranar and Bhuta Pandya the Pandya chief in Akananuru It seems that Ay Titiyan was a vassal of the Pandya ruler Bhuta Pandya 4 5 Ay Atiyan successor to Ay Titiyan is mentioned by authors Paranar and Madurai Kanakkayanar in Akananuru Paranar and Kanakkayanar also mention Podiyil Mala the Ay base as the property of Pachupun Pandya Azhakiya Pandya the successor to Bhuta Pandya 4 An Ay ruler took part in the famous battle of Talai yalankanam in which the Pandya chief Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies 5 Originally the whole region of Venad Vel natu the country of the Vel people related to the Ay family was part of the larger Ay Vel territory 18 Persons the Vels belonging to the Ay family were the chieftains of the Vel country 19 Veliyan Venmal Nallini was the wife of the Chera chieftain Utiyan 19 Veliyan Venman Ay Eyinan was the leader of the Chera warriors against Nannan of Ezhimalai 19 Pandya foray into the Ay country Edit Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maran Chadayan latter half of the 8th century In c 765 AD Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I r 765 815 AD sacked port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain the Vel Mannan who might have been related to the Ay family and took possession of the Ay Vel country the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka 17th year 20 10 This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates 3rd regnal year Nedum Chadayan as the suppression of the rebellious Ay Vel 20 The Pandya foray into south Kerala brought the Chera Perumal rulers into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya Ay Chera struggle followed 20 The Pandya king Maran Chadayan Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of Malai Nadu in 788 AD 23rd year Kalukumalai inscription 21 In 792 AD 27th year Jatila Paranthaka the Chera warriors the Cheramanar Padai are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta Karaikkodu near Thalakulam against a commander of Maran Chadayan Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan 18 Detachment of Venad Edit In the 9th century as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Chera Perumals the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions 22 Venad the country of the Vel people with its base at Kollam came under influence of the Chera Perumal kingdom 10 while the Ay kingdom or what was left of it with its base at Vizhinjam came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha r 815 862 22 7 Larger Cinnamanur Plates do mention a victory of king Srivallabha at Vizhinjam Ay vassal of the Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha was certain Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha r c 856 57 884 23 Srimara Srivallabha was succeeded on the Pandya throne by Varaguna II r 862 885 AD 4 The Ay kings of Vizhinjam remained vassals of the Pandyas as indicated by the surname of the then king Vikramaditya r c 884 911 920 AD 8 4 The Pandyas were defeated in the great battle of Sripurambiyam in c 885 AD 24 Chera Perumal s considerable influence in the Ay country following this battle is visible in two records discovered from that region 24 A record of the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli the wife of Chera Perumal Vijayaraga can be found in Tirunandikkara a Shiva temple located in the Ay country 25 26 In 898 AD Vikramaditya Varaguna is seen making huge land gifts to the Srimulavasa Buddhist vihara in the Chera Perumal kingdom the Paliyam copper plates 4 The chieftains of Venad owing allegiance to the Chera Perumals were determined on extending their sway into the Ay kingdom 4 Their opportunity might have came in the disorder following the Chola defeat at Takkolam mid 10 century AD 4 The Venad chieftains were eventually successful in capturing the whole Ay country down to Kottaru 4 In general the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the southern Ay territory in the 10th century AD 10 Chola influence in Ay country Edit The famous salai at Kantalur somewhere near present day Trivandrum was located in the Ay country 865 AD Huzur Parthivapuram Plates Karunanthadakkkan The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in c 988 AD fourth regnal year 4 9 The entire region to the south of Trivandrum including the port of Vizhinjam and Cape Comorin came under the control of king Rajaraja in the early 11th century 4 The kings of Kollam i e Venad Kodungallur the Chera Perumal and Kolladesam Mushika were also defeated by the Cholas Senur inscription 1005 AD 27 There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I Chola Rajadhiraja claims to have confined the undaunted king of Venadu back to the Chera kingdom from the Ay country and liberated the Ay king of Kupaka and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi after the capturing Kantalur Salai while the strong Villavan the Chera king hid himself in terror inside the jungle this event is dated c 1018 19 AD 4 10 Major medieval Ay grants EditMajor medieval Ay grants 8 Grant name Date NotesKarunanthadakkkan Srivallabha r c 856 57 884 AD Parthivapuram Grant Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates Regnal year 9 865 AD Tamil ending portion in Sanskrit 28 Establishment of Vishnu temple in Parthivasekharapuram Parthivapuram 28 29 Establishment of Parthivapuram Salai with the temple 28 29 Mentions the Rules of Parthivapuram Salai 28 29 Calls the king a member of the Nanda and Yadava family 28 Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I Regnal year 14 870 AD Tamil Vattezhuthu 30 A private donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple 30 Tiruvidaikkodu inscription II Regnal year 22 878 AD Tamil Vattezhuthu 30 Donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple by Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha 30 Vikramaditya Varaguna r c 884 911 920 AD Thirupparappu Plates 31 32 9th century AD 31 Mentions king Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha 31 Thirunandikkarai Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates Regnal year 8 892 AD Tamil Tamil script with Grantha 33 Murukan Chendi as the queen of king Vikramaditya Varaguna the Ay kula Mahadevi 33 Donation of land by the king to the queen 33 Paliyam Copper Plates 898 AD 34 A large land donation to a Buddhist vihara in central Kerala by Vikramaditya Varaguna 35 36 See also EditVelir Heo Hwang ok Vizhinjam Pandya dynasty Chera dynasty Cheras of MakotaiReferences Edit Subrahmanian N Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad To A D 1336 Ennes 1993 p 46 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 179 Gurukkal Rajan DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION Proceedings of the Indian History Congress vol 63 2002 pp 138 150 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 191 193 435 437 1 a b c d e f g h A Survey of Kerala History A Sreedhara Menon D C Books Kerala India 2007 ISBN 81 264 1578 9 ISBN 978 81 264 1578 6 2 Gurukkal Rajan DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION Proceedings of the Indian History Congress vol 63 2002 pp 138 150 a b Ganesh K N June 2009 Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala Indian Historical Review 36 1 3 21 doi 10 1177 037698360903600102 ISSN 0376 9836 S2CID 145359607 a b c d Gurukkal Rajan The Agrarian System and Socio Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c AD 600 1000 Doctoral Thesis Jawaharlal Nehru University 1984 29 30 a b Noburu Karashmia ed A Concise History of South India Issues and Interpretations New Delhi Oxford University Press 2014 122 24 a b c d e Ganesh K N Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore A D 1300 1750 Doctoral Thesis Jawaharlal Nehru University 1987 22 25 A Dictionary Of The Tamil And English Languages Volume 1 Page 131 A Handbook of Kerala Volume 1 International School of Dravidian Linguistics 2000 p 121 ISBN 9788185692272 Nair Adoor K K Ramachandran Kerala State Gazetteer Volume 2 State Editor Kerala Gazetteers 1986 p 47 Journal of Kerala Studies Volume 14 University of Kerala 1987 p 14 Padmaja T 2002 Temples of Kr ṣṇa in South India history art and traditions in Tamilnaḍu Abhinav publications p 33 35 ISBN 9788170173984 Aiya V Nagam The Travancore State Manual Vol 1 Part 2 Trivandrum The Travancore Government Press 1906 3 Ganesh K N February 1990 The Process of State Formation in Travancore Studies in History 6 1 15 33 doi 10 1177 025764309000600102 ISSN 0257 6430 S2CID 162972188 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 75 a b c Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 106 a b c Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 93 94 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 106 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 94 95 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 107 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 97 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 96 98 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 109 110 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 118 119 and 137 138 a b c d e Rao T A Gopinatha Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar Travancore Archaeological Series Vol I 1910 ed Madras Government of Travancore pp 10 14 a b c Hartmut Scharfe 2018 Education in Ancient India BRILL Academic pp 175 176 ISBN 978 90 474 0147 6 a b c d Rao T A Gopinatha Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar Travancore Archaeological Series Vol I 1910 ed Madras Government of Travancore pp 14 15 a b c Rao T A Gopinatha Tirupparappu Fragmentary Set of Copper Plates Travancore Archaeological Series Vol XIII 1912 ed Madras Government of Travancore pp 197 99 Gurukkal Rajan The Agrarian System and Socio Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c AD 600 1000 Doctoral Thesis Jawaharlal Nehru University 1984 29 30 a b c Rao T A Gopinatha The Huzur Office Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna Travancore Archaeological Series Vol I 1910 ed Madras Government of Travancore pp 02 03 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 109 110 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 97 Rao T A Gopinatha Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna Travancore Archaeological Series Vol XII 1912 ed Madras Government of Travancore pp 192 93 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ay dynasty amp oldid 1140993918, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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