Enthroned King Ur-Nammu, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, on a cylinder seal. Inscription of the upper segment: "Ur-Nammu, the Great man, King of Ur".[1] The name of King Ur-Nammu (π¨ππ) appears vertically in the upper right corner.[2]
Ur-Nammu dedication tablet for the Temple of Inanna in Uruk.[3] Inscription "For his lady Inanna, Ur-Nammu the mighty man, King of Ur and King of Sumer and Akkad":
ππΉDinanna.... "For Inanna-" ππππΎ Nin-e-an-na.... "Ninanna," πππ NIN-a-ni.... "his Lady" π¨ππ UR-NAMMU.... "Ur-Nammu" πππ΅ NITAH KALAG ga.... "the mighty man" ππππ π LUGAL URIM KI ma.... "King of Ur" ππ πππ π΅π€ LUGAL ki en gi ki URI ke.... "King of Sumer and Akkad"
According to the Sumerian King List, Ur-Nammu reigned for 18 years.[4] Year-names are known for 17 of these years, but their order is uncertain. One year-name of his reign records the devastation of Gutium, while two years seem to commemorate his legal reforms ("Year in which Ur-Nammu the king put in order the ways (of the people in the country) from below to above", "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land").[5]
Among his military exploits were the conquest of Lagash and the defeat of his former masters at Uruk. He was eventually recognized as a significant regional ruler (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) at a coronation in Nippur, and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the roads and general order after the Gutian period.[6] It is now known that the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak in Elam overlapped with that of Ur-Nammu.[7] Ur-Nammu, who styled himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" is probably the one who, in his reign, reconquered the territories of central and northern Mesopotamia that had been occupied by Puzur-Inshushinak, possibly at the expense of the Gutians, and conquered Susa.[8]
He was killed in a battle against the Gutians after he had been abandoned by his army.[6] He was succeeded by his son Shulgi.[4] Ur-Nammu is notable for having been one of the few Mesopotamian kings of the third millennium BC who was not deified after his death.[10] This is testified by the posthumous Sumerian literature which never includes the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's name (this can be seen on the transliterations for the texts on ETCSL), the themes of divine abandonment in "The Death of Ur-Nammu", and the fact that Shulgi promoted his lineage to members of the legendary Uruk dynasty as opposed to Ur-Nammu.[11] While some translations of Sumerian texts had included the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's name[4] more recent evidence indicates this was a mistaken addition.[12] Despite this, the belief that the king was deified after death has been expressed just as recently, demonstrating a lack of certainty on this issue (though these were written during the same year as the new interpretations of the evidence and thus could not refer to them).[13] Sharlach has more recently noted that favour for Ur-Nammu not having been deified has been accepted by many scholars.[14] Ur-Nammu's death in battle was commemorated in a long Sumerian elegiac composition, "The Death of Ur-Nammu".[6][15][16]
The king seems to have married family members to important people all over the empire to secure loyalty in provinces. One example is his daughter Simat-IΕ‘taran, who was married to a local general.[17]
Year names of Ur-Nammu
Several of the year names of Ur-Nammu are known, documenting the major events of his reign. The main year names are:
"Ur-Namma (is) King"
"Ur-Namma declared an amnesty (misharum) in the land"
"The wall of Ur was built"
"The king received kingship from Nippur"
"The temple of Nanna was built"
"The 'A-Nintu' canal was dug"
"The land of Guti was destroyed"
"The god Lugal-bagara was brought into his temple"[18]
Fired mudbrick, stamped. The cuneiform inscription mentions the name of Ur-Nammu, and there are two presumably accidentally impressed dog's paw-marks near one edge. From the Ziggurat of Ur, Ur, Iraq. Ur III period, 21st century BC. British Museum
Name of Ur-Nammu on a seal, and standard cuneiform
Β
"Ur-Nammu, King of Ur, and King of Sumer and Akkad" (π¨ππ: Ur-Nammuππππ : Lugal Urimkiπ : maππ ππ: Lugal Kiengirπ π΅: Kiuri)
Β
Foundation figure in the form of a peg surmounted by the bust of King Ur-Nammu.
^π¨ππ URDNAMMU / πππ΅ NITAH KALAG ga / ππππ π LUGAL URIM KI ma.
^"Hash-hamer Cylinder seal of Ur-Nammu". British Museum.
^Enderwitz, Susanne; Sauer, Rebecca (2015). Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p.Β 28. ISBNΒ 978-3-11-041300-7.
^ abcThorkild Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939),pp.Β 122f
^. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^Sharlach, T.M. (2017). An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p.Β 15.
^Michalowski, Piotr (2008). Brisch, Nicole (ed.). "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia". Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond: 36β7.
^Michalowski, Piotr (2008). Brisch, Nicole (ed.). "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia". Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond: 35.
^Winter, Irene (2008). Brisch, Nicole (ed.). "Touched by the Gods: Visual Evidence for the Divine Status of Rulers in the Ancient Near East". Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond: 77.
^Sharlach, T.M. (2017). An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p.Β 15.
^Shipp, R. Mark (2002). Of Dead Kings and Dirges: Myth and Meaning in Isaiah 14:4b-21. BRILL. pp.Β 61β63. ISBNΒ 978-90-04-12715-9.
^Kramer, Samuel Noah (1967). "The Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the Netherworld". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 21: 104β122. doi:10.2307/1359365. ISSNΒ 0022-0256. JSTORΒ 1359365. S2CIDΒ 163757208.
^Steven J. Garfinkle: The Kingdom of Ur, in: Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (Herausgeber): The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II: Volume II: From the End of the Third Millennium BC to the Fall of Babylon, Oxford 2022, ISBN 978-0-19-068757-1, pp. 154β155.
^"Year names of Ur-Nammu". CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Cambridge University. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^"Hash-hamer Cylinder seal of Ur-Nammu". British Museum.
External links
Β
Wikiquote has quotations related to Ur-Nammu.
Β
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ur-Nammu.
Nabonidus dedication to the Ziggurat
The Code of Ur-Nammu at Britannica
Foundation Figurine of King Ur-Nammu at the Oriental Institute of Chicago
nammu, namma, engur, sumerian, π¨ππ, ruled, 2112, 2094, middle, chronology, possibly, 2048, 2030, short, chronology, founded, sumerian, third, dynasty, southern, mesopotamia, following, several, centuries, akkadian, gutian, rule, main, achievement, state, build. Ur Nammu or Ur Namma Ur Engur Ur Gur Sumerian π¨ππ ruled c 2112 BC 2094 BC middle chronology or possibly c 2048 2030 BC short chronology founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur in southern Mesopotamia following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule His main achievement was state building and Ur Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal code the Code of Ur Nammu the oldest known surviving example in the world He held the titles of King of Ur and King of Sumer and Akkad Ur Nammuπ¨ππKing of UrKing of Sumer and AkkadEnthroned King Ur Nammu founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur on a cylinder seal Inscription of the upper segment Ur Nammu the Great man King of Ur 1 The name of King Ur Nammu π¨ππ appears vertically in the upper right corner 2 King of the Neo Sumerian EmpireReignc 2112 BC 2094 BC Middle Chronology c 2048 BC 2030 BC Short Chronology PredecessorUtu hengalSuccessorShulgiConsortWatartumIssueShulgiDynasty3rd Dynasty of UrReligionSumerian religionUr Nammu built the great Ziggurat of Ur Ur Nammu dedication tablet for the Temple of Inanna in Uruk 3 Inscription For his lady Inanna Ur Nammu the mighty man King of Ur and King of Sumer and Akkad ππΉ Dinanna For Inanna ππππΎ Nin e an na Ninanna πππ NIN a ni his Lady π¨ππ UR NAMMU Ur Nammu πππ΅ NITAH KALAG ga the mighty man ππππ π LUGAL URIM KI ma King of Ur ππ πππ π΅π€ LUGAL ki en gi ki URI ke King of Sumer and Akkad Contents 1 Reign 2 Year names of Ur Nammu 3 Artifacts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External linksReign EditAccording to the Sumerian King List Ur Nammu reigned for 18 years 4 Year names are known for 17 of these years but their order is uncertain One year name of his reign records the devastation of Gutium while two years seem to commemorate his legal reforms Year in which Ur Nammu the king put in order the ways of the people in the country from below to above Year Ur Nammu made justice in the land 5 Among his military exploits were the conquest of Lagash and the defeat of his former masters at Uruk He was eventually recognized as a significant regional ruler of Ur Eridu and Uruk at a coronation in Nippur and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur Larsa Kish Adab and Umma He was known for restoring the roads and general order after the Gutian period 6 It is now known that the reign of Puzur Inshushinak in Elam overlapped with that of Ur Nammu 7 Ur Nammu who styled himself King of Sumer and Akkad is probably the one who in his reign reconquered the territories of central and northern Mesopotamia that had been occupied by Puzur Inshushinak possibly at the expense of the Gutians and conquered Susa 8 Ur Nammu was also responsible for ordering the construction of a number of ziggurats including the Great Ziggurat of Ur 9 He was killed in a battle against the Gutians after he had been abandoned by his army 6 He was succeeded by his son Shulgi 4 Ur Nammu is notable for having been one of the few Mesopotamian kings of the third millennium BC who was not deified after his death 10 This is testified by the posthumous Sumerian literature which never includes the divine determinative before Ur Nammu s name this can be seen on the transliterations for the texts on ETCSL the themes of divine abandonment in The Death of Ur Nammu and the fact that Shulgi promoted his lineage to members of the legendary Uruk dynasty as opposed to Ur Nammu 11 While some translations of Sumerian texts had included the divine determinative before Ur Nammu s name 4 more recent evidence indicates this was a mistaken addition 12 Despite this the belief that the king was deified after death has been expressed just as recently demonstrating a lack of certainty on this issue though these were written during the same year as the new interpretations of the evidence and thus could not refer to them 13 Sharlach has more recently noted that favour for Ur Nammu not having been deified has been accepted by many scholars 14 Ur Nammu s death in battle was commemorated in a long Sumerian elegiac composition The Death of Ur Nammu 6 15 16 The king seems to have married family members to important people all over the empire to secure loyalty in provinces One example is his daughter Simat Istaran who was married to a local general 17 Year names of Ur Nammu EditSeveral of the year names of Ur Nammu are known documenting the major events of his reign The main year names are Ur Namma is King Ur Namma declared an amnesty misharum in the land The wall of Ur was built The king received kingship from Nippur The temple of Nanna was built The A Nintu canal was dug The land of Guti was destroyed The god Lugal bagara was brought into his temple 18 Artifacts Edit Code of Ur Nammu Fired mudbrick stamped The cuneiform inscription mentions the name of Ur Nammu and there are two presumably accidentally impressed dog s paw marks near one edge From the Ziggurat of Ur Ur Iraq Ur III period 21st century BC British Museum Cylinder seal of Ur Nammu British Museum 19 Name of Ur Nammu on a seal and standard cuneiform Ur Nammu King of Ur and King of Sumer and Akkad π¨ππ Ur Nammu ππππ Lugal Urimki π ma ππ ππ Lugal Kiengir π π΅ Kiuri Foundation figure in the form of a peg surmounted by the bust of King Ur Nammu See also Edit Asia portalNammu the god Ur Nammu was named after Notes Edit π¨ππ URDNAMMU πππ΅ NITAH KALAG ga ππππ π LUGAL URIM KI ma Hash hamer Cylinder seal of Ur Nammu British Museum Enderwitz Susanne Sauer Rebecca 2015 Communication and Materiality Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre Modern Societies Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 28 ISBN 978 3 11 041300 7 a b c Thorkild Jacobsen The Sumerian King List Chicago University of Chicago Press 1939 pp 122f Year names for Ur Nammu a b c Hamblin William J Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC New York Routledge 2006 Wilcke See Encyclopedia Iranica articles AWAN ELAM Steinkeller Piotr Puzur InΛsuΛsinak at Susa A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered Susa and Elam Archaeological Philological Historical and Geographical Perspectives Memoires de la Delegation en Perse 298 299 The ziggurat and temple of Ur Nammu Archived from the original on 2007 07 08 Retrieved 2007 07 08 Sharlach T M 2017 An Ox of One s Own Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur Boston Berlin De Gruyter p 15 Michalowski Piotr 2008 Brisch Nicole ed The Mortal Kings of Ur A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia Religion and Power Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond 36 7 Michalowski Piotr 2008 Brisch Nicole ed The Mortal Kings of Ur A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia Religion and Power Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond 35 Winter Irene 2008 Brisch Nicole ed Touched by the Gods Visual Evidence for the Divine Status of Rulers in the Ancient Near East Religion and Power Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond 77 Sharlach T M 2017 An Ox of One s Own Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur Boston Berlin De Gruyter p 15 Shipp R Mark 2002 Of Dead Kings and Dirges Myth and Meaning in Isaiah 14 4b 21 BRILL pp 61 63 ISBN 978 90 04 12715 9 Kramer Samuel Noah 1967 The Death of Ur Nammu and His Descent to the Netherworld Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21 104 122 doi 10 2307 1359365 ISSN 0022 0256 JSTOR 1359365 S2CID 163757208 Steven J Garfinkle The Kingdom of Ur in Karen Radner Nadine Moeller D T Potts Herausgeber The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Volume II Volume II From the End of the Third Millennium BC to the Fall of Babylon Oxford 2022 ISBN 978 0 19 068757 1 pp 154 155 Year names of Ur Nammu CDLI wiki Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Cambridge University Retrieved 9 September 2021 Hash hamer Cylinder seal of Ur Nammu British Museum External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Ur Nammu Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ur Nammu Site drawings of the temple built by Ur Nammu at Ur to the moon god Nanna Nabonidus dedication to the Ziggurat The Code of Ur Nammu at Britannica Foundation Figurine of King Ur Nammu at the Oriental Institute of Chicago The Ur Nammu Stela Penn Museum 2006 ISBN 978 1 931707 89 3 The face of Ur Namma A realistic statue of Ur Namma shows us how he may have looked A brief description of the reign of Ur Namma I am Ur Namma The life and death of Ur Namma as told in Babylonian literature Regnal titlesPreceded byUtu hengal Fifth dynasty of Uruk King of Ur Sumer and Akkadca 21st century BC Succeeded byShulgi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ur Nammu amp oldid 1132631056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
