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August Schleicher

March 31, 2023

August Schleicher (German: [ˈaʊɡʊst ˈʃlaɪçɐ];[3][4] 19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist. His great work was A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages in which he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language. To show how Indo-European might have looked, he created a short tale, Schleicher's fable, to exemplify the reconstructed vocabulary and aspects of Indo-European society inferred from it.

Life

Schleicher was born in Meiningen, in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, southwest of Weimar in the Thuringian Forest. He died from tuberculosis at the age of 47 in Jena, in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, in present-day Thuringia.

Career

Schleicher was educated at the University of Tübingen and Bonn and taught at the Charles University in Prague and the University of Jena. He began his career studying theology and Oriental languages, especially Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and Persian. Combining influences from the seemingly opposed camps of scientific materialism and the idealist philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, he formed the theory that a language is an organism, with periods of development, maturity and decline.[5] Languages start out simpler than they will become. The state of primitive simplicity is followed by a period of growth, which eventually slows and gives way to a period of decay (1874:4):

As man has developed, so also has his language (...): even the simplest language is the product of a gradual growth: all higher forms of language have come out of simpler ones.... Language declines both in sound and in form.... The transition from the first to the second period is one of slower progress.

In 1850, Schleicher completed a monograph systematically describing European languages, Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Uebersicht (The Languages of Europe in Systematic Perspective). He explicitly represented languages as perfectly natural organisms that could most conveniently be described using terms drawn from biology – genus, species, and variety – and arranged languages into a Stammbaum (family tree). He first introduced a graphic representation of a Stammbaum in an article published in 1853 entitled Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes. By the time of the publication of his Deutsche Sprache (German language) (1860) he had begun to use trees to illustrate language descent. Schleicher is commonly recognized as the first linguist to portray language evolution using the figure of a tree. Largely in reaction, Johannes Schmidt later proposed his 'Wave Theory' as an alternative model.

Schleicher is the author of the first scientific Compendium of Lithuanian language, which was published in German in 1856/57.[6][7] Schleicher asserted that the Lithuanian language can compete with the Greek and Roman (Old Latin) languages in perfection of forms.[8]

Schleicher was an advocate of the polygenesis of languages. He reasoned as follows (1876:2):

To assume one original universal language is impossible; there are rather many original languages: this is a certain result obtained by the comparative treatment of the languages of the world which have lived till now. Since languages are continually dying out, whilst no new ones practically arise, there must have been originally many more languages than at present. The number of original languages was therefore certainly far larger than has been supposed from the still-existing languages.

Schleicher's ideas on polygenesis had long-lasting influence, both directly and via their adoption by the biologist Ernst Haeckel.[9] Ernst Haeckel was a German evolutionist and zoologist known for proposing the gastraea hypothesis.[10]

In 1866, August Leskien, a pioneer of research into sound laws, began studying comparative linguistics under August Schleicher at the University of Jena.

Linguistic theories

Tree model

Schleicher played a pivotal role in devising theories in the field of historical linguistics, and in the study of the Proto-Indo-European language. Schleicher had a key role in popularizing the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) within the field of historical linguistics; this is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species. As with species, each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or "mother" language, with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family. [11][12] the tree model has always been a common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so.

It is central to the field of comparative linguistics, which involves using evidence from known languages and observed rules of language feature evolution to identify and describe the hypothetical proto-languages ancestral to each language family, such as Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European languages. However, this is largely a theoretical, qualitative pursuit, and linguists have always emphasized the inherent limitations of the tree model due to the large role played by horizontal transmission in language evolution, ranging from loanwords to creole languages that have multiple mother languages.[11] The wave model was developed in 1872 by Schleicher's student Johannes Schmidt as an alternative to the tree model that incorporates horizontal transmission.[13]

The tree model also has the same limitations as biological taxonomy with respect to the species problem of quantizing a continuous phenomenon that includes exceptions like ring species in biology and dialect continua in language. The concept of a linkage was developed in response and refers to a group of languages that evolved from a dialect continuum rather than from linguistically isolated child languages of a single language.[12]

Comparative model

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language.[14] Ordinarily, both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages; to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language; to discover the development of phonological, morphological and other linguistic systems and to confirm or to refute hypothesised relationships between languages. The comparative method was developed over the 19th century. Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars Rasmus Rask and Karl Verner and the German scholar Jacob Grimm.

The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto-language was Schleicher, in his Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, originally published in 1861.[15] Here is Schleicher's explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms:[16]

In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred Indo-European original language side by side with its really existent derived languages. Besides the advantages offered by such a plan, in setting immediately before the eyes of the student the final results of the investigation in a more concrete form, and thereby rendering easier his insight into the nature of particular Indo-European languages, there is, I think, another of no less importance gained by it, namely that it shows the baselessness of the assumption that the non-Indian Indo-European languages were derived from Old-Indian (Sanskrit).

Schleicher's fable

Schleicher's fable is a text composed in a reconstructed version of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language, published by Schleicher in 1868. Schleicher was the first scholar to compose a text in PIE. The fable is entitled Avis akvāsas ka ("The Sheep [Ewe] and the Horses [Eoh]"). At later dates, various scholars have published revised versions of Schleicher's fable, as the idea of what PIE should look like has changed over time. The fable may serve as an illustration of the significant changes that the reconstructed language has gone through during the last 150 years of scholarly efforts.

Works

  • Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. / Zur vergleichenden Sprachgeschichte. (2 vols.) Bonn, H. B. Koenig (1848)
  • Linguistische Untersuchungen. Part 2: Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Uebersicht. Bonn, H. B. Koenig (1850); new ed. by Konrad Koerner, Amsterdam, John Benjamins (1982)
  • Formenlehre der kirchenslawischen Sprache. (1852)
  • Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes. Allgemeine Zeitung fuer Wissenschaft und Literatur (August 1853)
  • Handbuch der litauischen Sprache. (1st scientific compendium of Lithuanian language) (2 vols.) Weimar, H. Boehlau (1856/57)
  • Litauische Maerchen, Sprichworte, Raetsel und Lieder. Weimar, H. Boehlau (1857)
  • Volkstuemliches aus Sonneberg im Meininger Oberlande – Lautlehre der Sonneberger Mundart. Weimar, H. Boehlau (1858)
  • Kurzer Abriss der Geschichte der italienischen Sprachen. Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie 14.329-46. (1859)
  • Die Deutsche Sprache. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta (1860); new ed. by Johannes Schmidt, Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta (1888)
  • Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. (Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.) (2 vols.) Weimar, H. Boehlau (1861/62); reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, ISBN 3-8102-1071-4
  • Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft – offenes Sendschreiben an Herrn Dr. Ernst Haeckel. Weimar, H. Boehlau (1863)
  • Die Bedeutung der Sprache für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen. Weimar, H. Boehlau (1865)
  • Christian Donalitius Litauische Dichtungen (The Lithuanian Poetry of Christian Donelaitis), published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (1865)
  • Darwinism Tested by the Science of Language. (Transl. by Alexander V. W. Bikkers) London, J. C. Hotten (1869)
  • A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Languages, translated from the third German edition by Herbert Bendall. London: Trübner and Co (1874) (Actually an abridgement of the German original.)
  • Laut- und Formenlehre der polabischen Sprache. reprinted by Saendig Reprint Verlag H. R. Wohlwend, ISBN 3-253-01908-X
  • Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, ISBN 3-8102-1072-2
  • Die Formenlehre der kirchenslavischen Sprache erklaerend und vergleichend dargestellt. Reprint by H. Buske Verlag, Hamburg (1998), ISBN 3-87118-540-X

References

  1. ^ E. F. K. Koerner, Practicing Linguistic Historiography, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989, p. 193: "Schleicher historicism ... was in effect radicalized by the Neogrammarians."
  2. ^ a b Hadumod Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, Routledge, 1996, p. 85.
  3. ^ "August – Französisch-Übersetzung – Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch Wörterbuch" (in German and French). Langenscheidt. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  4. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  5. ^ McElvenny, James (1 January 2018). "August Schleicher and Materialism in 19th-Century Linguistics". Historiographia Linguistica. 45 (1–2): 133–152. doi:10.1075/hl.00018.mce. hdl:20.500.11820/362d4f1a-e3d8-417b-9dc1-2c50253e0e61. ISSN 0302-5160. S2CID 158516713.
  6. ^ "August Schleicher". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  7. ^ Schleicher, August (1857). Handbuch der litauischen Sprache von August Schleicher: Litauisches Lesebuch und Glossar (in German). J. G. Calve. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  8. ^ Arbačiauskas, Giedrius (28 March 2021). "Lietuva mūsų lūpose. Kodėl mokslininkas Schleicheris teigė, kad lietuvių kalba gali lenktyniauti su graikų ir romėnų kalbomis?". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  9. ^ Richards, Robert J. (21 January 2022). "2. The Linguistic Creation of Man: Charles Darwin, August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and the Missing Link in Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory". Experimenting in Tongues. Stanford University Press. pp. 21–48. doi:10.1515/9781503619999-004. ISBN 978-1-5036-1999-9. S2CID 246263680.
  10. ^ "Ernst Haeckel | German embryologist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  11. ^ a b List, Johann-Mattis; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Geisler, Hans; Martin, William (2014). "Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution". BioEssays. 36 (2): 141–150. doi:10.1002/bies.201300096. ISSN 0265-9247. PMC 3910147. PMID 24375688.
  12. ^ a b François (2014).
  13. ^ See Bloomfield 1933, p. 311; Heggarty et al. (2010); François (2014).
  14. ^ Lehmann 1993, pp. 31 ff.
  15. ^ Lehmann 1993, p. 26.
  16. ^ Schleicher 1874, p. 8.

Sources

  • Bloomfield, Leonard (1984) [1933]. Language. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • François, Alexandre (2014), "Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification" (PDF), in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London: Routledge, pp. 161–189, ISBN 978-0-41552-789-7
  • Heggarty, Paul; Maguire, Warren; McMahon, April (2010). "Splits or waves? Trees or webs? How divergence measures and network analysis can unravel language histories". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365 (1559): 3829–3843. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0099. PMC 2981917. PMID 21041208.
  • Lehmann, Winfred P. (1993). Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415082013.
  • Schleicher, August (1874–1877) [1871]. A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Languages, translated from the third German edition. Translated by Bendall, Herbert. London: Trübner and Co.
  • Salomon Lefmann: August Schleicher. Skizze. Leipzig (1870)
  • Joachim Dietze: August Schleicher als Slawist. Sein Leben und Werk in der Sicht der Indogermanistik. Berlin, Akademie Verlag (1966)
  • Konrad Körner: Linguistics and evolution theory (Three essays by August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel and Wilhelm Bleek). Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company (1983)
  • Liba Taub: Evolutionary Ideas and "Empirical" Methods: The Analogy Between Language and Species in the Works of Lyell and Schleicher. British Journal for the History of Science 26, S. 171–193 (1993)
  • Theodor Syllaba: August Schleicher und Böhmen. Prague, Karolinum (1995). ISBN 80-7066-942-X

External links

March 31, 2023
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This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message August Schleicher German ˈaʊɡʊst ˈʃlaɪcɐ 3 4 19 February 1821 6 December 1868 was a German linguist His great work was A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Languages in which he attempted to reconstruct the Proto Indo European language To show how Indo European might have looked he created a short tale Schleicher s fable to exemplify the reconstructed vocabulary and aspects of Indo European society inferred from it August SchleicherAugust Schleicher by Friedrich KriehuberBorn 1821 02 19 19 February 1821Meiningen Duchy of Saxe MeiningenDied6 December 1868 1868 12 06 aged 47 Jena Duchy of Saxe Weimar EisenachAlma materUniversity of Tubingen University of BonnSchoolHistoricism 1 Main interestsIndo European studiesInfluences Franz Bopp 2 Heinrich Ewald Jacob Grimm 2 G W F Hegel Wilhelm von Humboldt Carl VogtInfluenced Johannes Schmidt August Leskien Contents 1 Life 2 Career 3 Linguistic theories 3 1 Tree model 3 2 Comparative model 3 3 Schleicher s fable 4 Works 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksLife EditSchleicher was born in Meiningen in the Duchy of Saxe Meiningen southwest of Weimar in the Thuringian Forest He died from tuberculosis at the age of 47 in Jena in the Duchy of Saxe Weimar Eisenach in present day Thuringia Career EditSchleicher was educated at the University of Tubingen and Bonn and taught at the Charles University in Prague and the University of Jena He began his career studying theology and Oriental languages especially Arabic Hebrew Sanskrit and Persian Combining influences from the seemingly opposed camps of scientific materialism and the idealist philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel he formed the theory that a language is an organism with periods of development maturity and decline 5 Languages start out simpler than they will become The state of primitive simplicity is followed by a period of growth which eventually slows and gives way to a period of decay 1874 4 As man has developed so also has his language even the simplest language is the product of a gradual growth all higher forms of language have come out of simpler ones Language declines both in sound and in form The transition from the first to the second period is one of slower progress In 1850 Schleicher completed a monograph systematically describing European languages Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Uebersicht The Languages of Europe in Systematic Perspective He explicitly represented languages as perfectly natural organisms that could most conveniently be described using terms drawn from biology genus species and variety and arranged languages into a Stammbaum family tree He first introduced a graphic representation of a Stammbaum in an article published in 1853 entitled Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes By the time of the publication of his Deutsche Sprache German language 1860 he had begun to use trees to illustrate language descent Schleicher is commonly recognized as the first linguist to portray language evolution using the figure of a tree Largely in reaction Johannes Schmidt later proposed his Wave Theory as an alternative model Schleicher is the author of the first scientific Compendium of Lithuanian language which was published in German in 1856 57 6 7 Schleicher asserted that the Lithuanian language can compete with the Greek and Roman Old Latin languages in perfection of forms 8 Schleicher was an advocate of the polygenesis of languages He reasoned as follows 1876 2 To assume one original universal language is impossible there are rather many original languages this is a certain result obtained by the comparative treatment of the languages of the world which have lived till now Since languages are continually dying out whilst no new ones practically arise there must have been originally many more languages than at present The number of original languages was therefore certainly far larger than has been supposed from the still existing languages Schleicher s ideas on polygenesis had long lasting influence both directly and via their adoption by the biologist Ernst Haeckel 9 Ernst Haeckel was a German evolutionist and zoologist known for proposing the gastraea hypothesis 10 In 1866 August Leskien a pioneer of research into sound laws began studying comparative linguistics under August Schleicher at the University of Jena Linguistic theories EditTree model Edit Schleicher played a pivotal role in devising theories in the field of historical linguistics and in the study of the Proto Indo European language Schleicher had a key role in popularizing the tree model also Stammbaum genetic or cladistic model within the field of historical linguistics this is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species As with species each language is assumed to have evolved from a single parent or mother language with languages that share a common ancestor belonging to the same language family 11 12 the tree model has always been a common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so It is central to the field of comparative linguistics which involves using evidence from known languages and observed rules of language feature evolution to identify and describe the hypothetical proto languages ancestral to each language family such as Proto Indo European and the Indo European languages However this is largely a theoretical qualitative pursuit and linguists have always emphasized the inherent limitations of the tree model due to the large role played by horizontal transmission in language evolution ranging from loanwords to creole languages that have multiple mother languages 11 The wave model was developed in 1872 by Schleicher s student Johannes Schmidt as an alternative to the tree model that incorporates horizontal transmission 13 The tree model also has the same limitations as biological taxonomy with respect to the species problem of quantizing a continuous phenomenon that includes exceptions like ring species in biology and dialect continua in language The concept of a linkage was developed in response and refers to a group of languages that evolved from a dialect continuum rather than from linguistically isolated child languages of a single language 12 Comparative model Edit In linguistics the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature by feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language 14 Ordinarily both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language to discover the development of phonological morphological and other linguistic systems and to confirm or to refute hypothesised relationships between languages The comparative method was developed over the 19th century Key contributions were made by the Danish scholars Rasmus Rask and Karl Verner and the German scholar Jacob Grimm The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto language was Schleicher in his Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen originally published in 1861 15 Here is Schleicher s explanation of why he offered reconstructed forms 16 In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred Indo European original language side by side with its really existent derived languages Besides the advantages offered by such a plan in setting immediately before the eyes of the student the final results of the investigation in a more concrete form and thereby rendering easier his insight into the nature of particular Indo European languages there is I think another of no less importance gained by it namely that it shows the baselessness of the assumption that the non Indian Indo European languages were derived from Old Indian Sanskrit Schleicher s fable Edit Schleicher s fable is a text composed in a reconstructed version of the Proto Indo European PIE language published by Schleicher in 1868 Schleicher was the first scholar to compose a text in PIE The fable is entitled Avis akvasas ka The Sheep Ewe and the Horses Eoh At later dates various scholars have published revised versions of Schleicher s fable as the idea of what PIE should look like has changed over time The fable may serve as an illustration of the significant changes that the reconstructed language has gone through during the last 150 years of scholarly efforts Works EditSprachvergleichende Untersuchungen Zur vergleichenden Sprachgeschichte 2 vols Bonn H B Koenig 1848 Linguistische Untersuchungen Part 2 Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Uebersicht Bonn H B Koenig 1850 new ed by Konrad Koerner Amsterdam John Benjamins 1982 Formenlehre der kirchenslawischen Sprache 1852 Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes Allgemeine Zeitung fuer Wissenschaft und Literatur August 1853 Handbuch der litauischen Sprache 1st scientific compendium of Lithuanian language 2 vols Weimar H Boehlau 1856 57 Litauische Maerchen Sprichworte Raetsel und Lieder Weimar H Boehlau 1857 Volkstuemliches aus Sonneberg im Meininger Oberlande Lautlehre der Sonneberger Mundart Weimar H Boehlau 1858 Kurzer Abriss der Geschichte der italienischen Sprachen Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie 14 329 46 1859 Die Deutsche Sprache Stuttgart J G Cotta 1860 new ed by Johannes Schmidt Stuttgart J G Cotta 1888 Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache des Altindischen Altiranischen Altgriechischen Altitalischen Altkeltischen Altslawischen Litauischen und Altdeutschen 2 vols Weimar H Boehlau 1861 62 reprinted by Minerva GmbH Wissenschaftlicher Verlag ISBN 3 8102 1071 4 Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft offenes Sendschreiben an Herrn Dr Ernst Haeckel Weimar H Boehlau 1863 Die Bedeutung der Sprache fur die Naturgeschichte des Menschen Weimar H Boehlau 1865 Christian Donalitius Litauische Dichtungen The Lithuanian Poetry of Christian Donelaitis published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg 1865 Darwinism Tested by the Science of Language Transl by Alexander V W Bikkers London J C Hotten 1869 A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Sanskrit Greek and Latin Languages translated from the third German edition by Herbert Bendall London Trubner and Co 1874 Actually an abridgement of the German original Laut und Formenlehre der polabischen Sprache reprinted by Saendig Reprint Verlag H R Wohlwend ISBN 3 253 01908 X Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen reprinted by Minerva GmbH Wissenschaftlicher Verlag ISBN 3 8102 1072 2 Die Formenlehre der kirchenslavischen Sprache erklaerend und vergleichend dargestellt Reprint by H Buske Verlag Hamburg 1998 ISBN 3 87118 540 XReferences Edit E F K Koerner Practicing Linguistic Historiography John Benjamins Publishing Company 1989 p 193 Schleicher historicism was in effect radicalized by the Neogrammarians a b Hadumod Bussmann Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics Routledge 1996 p 85 August Franzosisch Ubersetzung Langenscheidt Deutsch Franzosisch Worterbuch in German and French Langenscheidt Retrieved 20 October 2018 Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 9781405881180 McElvenny James 1 January 2018 August Schleicher and Materialism in 19th Century Linguistics Historiographia Linguistica 45 1 2 133 152 doi 10 1075 hl 00018 mce hdl 20 500 11820 362d4f1a e3d8 417b 9dc1 2c50253e0e61 ISSN 0302 5160 S2CID 158516713 August Schleicher Visuotine lietuviu enciklopedija in Lithuanian Retrieved 15 January 2023 Schleicher August 1857 Handbuch der litauischen Sprache von August Schleicher Litauisches Lesebuch und Glossar in German J G Calve Retrieved 15 January 2023 Arbaciauskas Giedrius 28 March 2021 Lietuva musu lupose Kodel mokslininkas Schleicheris teige kad lietuviu kalba gali lenktyniauti su graiku ir romenu kalbomis Lithuanian National Radio and Television in Lithuanian Retrieved 15 January 2023 Richards Robert J 21 January 2022 2 The Linguistic Creation of Man Charles Darwin August Schleicher Ernst Haeckel and the Missing Link in Nineteenth Century Evolutionary Theory Experimenting in Tongues Stanford University Press pp 21 48 doi 10 1515 9781503619999 004 ISBN 978 1 5036 1999 9 S2CID 246263680 Ernst Haeckel German embryologist Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 20 April 2017 a b List Johann Mattis Nelson Sathi Shijulal Geisler Hans Martin William 2014 Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution BioEssays 36 2 141 150 doi 10 1002 bies 201300096 ISSN 0265 9247 PMC 3910147 PMID 24375688 a b Francois 2014 See Bloomfield 1933 p 311 Heggarty et al 2010 Francois 2014 Lehmann 1993 pp 31 ff Lehmann 1993 p 26 Schleicher 1874 p 8 Sources EditBloomfield Leonard 1984 1933 Language Chicago and London University of Chicago Press Francois Alexandre 2014 Trees Waves and Linkages Models of Language Diversification PDF in Bowern Claire Evans Bethwyn eds The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics London Routledge pp 161 189 ISBN 978 0 41552 789 7 Heggarty Paul Maguire Warren McMahon April 2010 Splits or waves Trees or webs How divergence measures and network analysis can unravel language histories Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365 1559 3829 3843 doi 10 1098 rstb 2010 0099 PMC 2981917 PMID 21041208 Lehmann Winfred P 1993 Theoretical Bases of Indo European Linguistics London Routledge ISBN 9780415082013 Schleicher August 1874 1877 1871 A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Sanskrit Greek and Latin Languages translated from the third German edition Translated by Bendall Herbert London Trubner and Co Salomon Lefmann August Schleicher Skizze Leipzig 1870 Joachim Dietze August Schleicher als Slawist Sein Leben und Werk in der Sicht der Indogermanistik Berlin Akademie Verlag 1966 Konrad Korner Linguistics and evolution theory Three essays by August Schleicher Ernst Haeckel and Wilhelm Bleek Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Company 1983 Liba Taub Evolutionary Ideas and Empirical Methods The Analogy Between Language and Species in the Works of Lyell and Schleicher British Journal for the History of Science 26 S 171 193 1993 Theodor Syllaba August Schleicher und Bohmen Prague Karolinum 1995 ISBN 80 7066 942 XExternal links EditWinfred P Lehmann A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo European Linguistics Chapter 8 August Schleicher University of Texas Robert J Richards The Linguistic Creation of Man Charles Darwin August Schleicher Ernst Haeckel and the Missing Link in Nineteenth Century Evolutionary Theory Geoffrey Sampson Say something in Proto Indo European Asiff Hussein Sinhala 6 000 years ago Schleicher August Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Schleicher August Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Johannes Schmidt 1890 Schleicher August Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 31 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 402 416 August Schleicher in the German National Library catalogue Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title August Schleicher amp oldid 1146910596, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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