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Asimina

February 16, 2024

This article is about the various species of pawpaws in the American plant genus Asimina. For the common pawpaw of eastern North America, see Asimina triloba. For the unrelated tropical papaya fruit often called papaw or pawpaw, see Carica papaya. For other uses, see Paw Paw (disambiguation).

Asimina is a genus of small trees or shrubs described as a genus in 1763.[2][3] Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae.[4] Asimina have large, simple leaves and large fruit. It is native to eastern North America and collectively referred to as pawpaw. The genus includes the widespread common pawpaw Asimina triloba, which bears the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States.[5] Pawpaws are native to 26 states of the U.S. and to Ontario in Canada.[5][6] The common pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat. Pawpaws are in the same plant family (Annonaceae) as the custard apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, soursop, and ylang-ylang;[7] the genus is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics.

Asimina
Asimina triloba
(common pawpaw) in fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Subfamily: Annonoideae
Genus: Asimina
Adans.
Type species
Asimina triloba
Synonyms[1]
  • Orchidocarpum Michx.
  • Pityothamnus Small
  • Porcelia Persoon 1807, not Ruiz & Pavón 1794
  • Uvaria Torr. & A. Gray 1838, illegitimate homonym, not L. 1753

Names edit

 
Michel Adanson (1727–1806), who named the genus Asimina

The genus name Asimina was first described and named by Michel Adanson, a French naturalist of Scottish descent. The name is adapted from a Native American term of unknown origin, assimin,[8] through the French colonial asiminier.[9]

The common name (American) pawpaw, also spelled paw paw, paw-paw, and papaw, probably derives from the Spanish papaya, perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits.[10]

Description edit

 
Flower of Asimina reticulata
 
Flower of A. triloba

Pawpaws are shrubs or small trees to 2–12 m (6.6–39.4 ft) tall. The northern, cold-tolerant common pawpaw (A. triloba) is deciduous, while the southern species are often evergreen.

The leaves are alternate, obovate, entire, 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in) long and 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) broad.

The flowers of pawpaws are produced singly or in clusters of up to eight together; they are large, 4–6 cm across, perfect, with three sepals and six petals (three large outer petals, three smaller inner petals). The petal color varies from white to purple or red-brown.

The fruit of the common pawpaw is a large, edible berry, 5–16 cm (2.0–6.3 in) long and 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) broad, weighing from 20–500 g (0.71–17.64 oz), with numerous seeds; it is green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown. It has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango, varying significantly by cultivar, and has more protein than most fruits.[5]

Species and their distributions edit

Accepted species[11][12][13]
  1. Asimina angustifolia Raf. 1840 not A. Gray 1886; Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina[14] Regarded as a synonym of A. longifolia by some authorities.[15]
  2. Asimina incana (W. Bartram) Exell – woolly pawpaw. Florida and Georgia. (Annona incana W. Bartram[16])
  3. Asimina longifolia Raf. – slimleaf pawpaw. Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
  4. Asimina manasota DeLaney – Manasota papaw native to two counties in Florida (Manatee + Sarasota); first described in 2010[17] Not recognized by some authorities.[18]
  5. Asimina pulchella (Small)Rehder & Dayton – white squirrel banana. Endemic to 3 counties in Florida. (endangered)
  6. Asimina rugelii B.L. Rob – yellow squirrel banana. Endemic to Volusia county Florida (endangered)
  7. Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash) (Annona obovata Willd.) – Flag-pawpaw or Bigflower pawpaw – Florida [19][20]
  8. Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal – smallflower pawpaw. Southern states from Texas to Virginia.
  9. Asimina pygmaea (W. Bartram) Dunal – dwarf pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
  10. Asimina reticulata Shuttlw. ex Chapman – netted pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
  11. Asimina spatulata (Kral) D.B.Ward – slimleaf pawpaw. Florida and Alabama[21] Regarded as a synonym by some authorities.[22]
  12. Asimina tetramera Small – fourpetal pawpaw. Florida (endangered)
  13. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal – common pawpaw. Extreme southern Ontario, Canada, and the eastern United States from New York west to southeast Nebraska, and south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. (Annona triloba L.[23])

Ecology edit

The common pawpaw is native to shady, rich bottom lands, where it often forms a dense undergrowth in the forest, often appearing as a patch or thicket of individual, small, slender trees.

Pawpaw flowers are insect-pollinated, but fruit production is limited since few if any pollinators are attracted to the flower's faint, or sometimes nonexistent scent. The flowers produce an odor similar to that of rotting meat to attract blowflies or carrion beetles for cross pollination.[24] Other insects that are attracted to pawpaw plants include scavenging fruit flies, carrion flies and beetles. Because of difficult pollination, some[who?] believe the flowers are self-incompatible.

Pawpaw fruit may be eaten by foxes, opossums, squirrels, and raccoons. Pawpaw leaves and twigs are seldom consumed by rabbits or deer.[25]

The leaves, twigs, and bark of the common pawpaw tree contain natural insecticides known as acetogenins.[26]

Larvae of the zebra swallowtail butterfly feed exclusively on young leaves of the various pawpaw species, but never occur in great numbers on the plants.[27]

The pawpaw is considered an evolutionary anachronism, where a now-extinct evolutionary partner, such as a Pleistocene megafauna species, formerly consumed the fruit and assisted in seed dispersal.[28]

Cultivation and uses edit

 
Asimina triloba is often called "prairie banana" because of its banana-like, creamy texture and flavor.

Wild-collected fruits of the common pawpaw (A. triloba) have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America.[5] Pawpaws have never been widely cultivated for fruit, but interest in pawpaw cultivation has increased in recent decades.[5] Fresh pawpaw fruits are commonly eaten raw; however, once ripe they store only a few days at room temperature and do not ship well unless frozen.[5][29] Other methods of preservation include dehydration, production of jams or jellies, and pressure canning. The fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes,[30] with pawpaw often substituted in many banana-based recipes.

The common pawpaw is of interest in ecological restoration plantings, since this tree grows well in wet soil and has a strong tendency to form well-rooted clonal thickets.[citation needed]

History edit

The earliest documentation of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the Spanish de Soto expedition, who found Native Americans cultivating it east of the Mississippi River. Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson planted it at his home in Virginia, Monticello. The Lewis and Clark Expedition sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels. Daniel Boone was also a consumer and fan of the pawpaw. The common pawpaw was designated as the Ohio state native fruit in 2009.[31][32] Numerous pawpaw festivals have celebrated the plant and its fruit.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Flora of North America Vol. 3, Pawpaw, Asimina Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 365. 1763".
  2. ^ Adanson, Michel. 1763. Familles des Plantes 2: 365 in French
  3. ^ "Tropicos, Asimina Adans".
  4. ^ Huang, Hongwen; Layne, Desmond; Kubisiak, Thomas (July 2000). "RAPD Inheritance and Diversity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 125 (4): 454–459. doi:10.21273/JASHS.125.4.454.
  5. ^ a b c d e f . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  6. ^ Flora of North America: Asimina triloba. "Asimina triloba". Flora of North America. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  7. ^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-56164-372-1.
  8. ^ Werthner, William Benjamin; Werthner, Evangeline Hippard; Kienholz, Aaron Raymond (1935). Some American trees an intimate study of native Ohio trees. Macmillan. OCLC 681865854.[page needed]
  9. ^ Sargent, Charles Sprague; Faxon, Charles Edward; Gill, Mary (Wright) (1933). Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 680282467.[page needed]
  10. ^ Hormaza, José I. (July 2014). "The Pawpaw, a Forgotten North American Fruit Tree" (PDF). Arnoldia. 72 (1): 13–23.
  11. ^ "The Plant List, search for Asimina".
  12. ^ "Asimina". Flora of North America. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  13. ^ "Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, Asimina".
  14. ^ "Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, Asimina angustifolia".
  15. ^ "Asimina angustifolia Raf". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  16. ^ "Annona incana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  17. ^ "Asimina manasota - Species Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Plants".
  18. ^ "Asimina Adans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  19. ^ "US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash, bigflower pawpaw".
  20. ^ "Asimina obovata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  21. ^ "Alabama Plant Atlas, Asimina spatulata".
  22. ^ "Asimina spatula (Kral) D.B. Ward". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  23. ^ "Asimina triloba". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  24. ^ Guy Hand (October 12, 2011). . Boise Weekly. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  25. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  26. ^ Sampson, Blair J.; McLaughlin, Jerry L.; Wedge, David E. (1 January 2003). "Paw paw extract as a botanical insecticide, 2002". Arthropod Management Tests. 28 (1): L5. doi:10.1093/amt/28.1.L5.
  27. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  28. ^ Boone, Madison J.; Davis, Charli N.; Klasek, Laura; del Sol, Jillian F.; Roehm, Katherine; Moran, Matthew D. (January 2015). "A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs". Southeastern Naturalist. 14 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1656/058.014.0109. S2CID 86809830.
  29. ^ "Purdue University FoodLink - Pawpaw". FoodLink - Purdue Extension. 2020.
  30. ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field guide to edible wild plants. Stackpole Books. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-8117-0616-2. OCLC 799792.
  31. ^ Craig Summers Black (February 4, 2009). . The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2009-03-14.
  32. ^ Ohio Revised Code "Section 5.082 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws".

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asimina.
  • USDA distribution of Pawpaw
  • Pawpaw Information 2004-06-15 at the Wayback Machine from Kentucky State University
  • Asimina Genetic Resources - Pawpaw
  • Clark's September 18, 1806 journal entry about pawpaws
  • Asimina triloba - Brooklyn Botanical Garden 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  • Pawpaw Wines 2011-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
  • Pawpaw Festival, Athens, Ohio

February 16, 2024
asimina, this, article, about, various, species, pawpaws, american, plant, genus, common, pawpaw, eastern, north, america, triloba, unrelated, tropical, papaya, fruit, often, called, papaw, pawpaw, carica, papaya, other, uses, disambiguation, genus, small, tre. This article is about the various species of pawpaws in the American plant genus Asimina For the common pawpaw of eastern North America see Asimina triloba For the unrelated tropical papaya fruit often called papaw or pawpaw see Carica papaya For other uses see Paw Paw disambiguation Asimina is a genus of small trees or shrubs described as a genus in 1763 2 3 Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae 4 Asimina have large simple leaves and large fruit It is native to eastern North America and collectively referred to as pawpaw The genus includes the widespread common pawpaw Asimina triloba which bears the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States 5 Pawpaws are native to 26 states of the U S and to Ontario in Canada 5 6 The common pawpaw is a patch forming clonal understory tree found in well drained deep fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat Pawpaws are in the same plant family Annonaceae as the custard apple cherimoya sweetsop soursop and ylang ylang 7 the genus is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics AsiminaAsimina triloba common pawpaw in fruitScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MagnoliidsOrder MagnolialesFamily AnnonaceaeSubfamily AnnonoideaeGenus AsiminaAdans Type speciesAsimina trilobaSynonyms 1 Orchidocarpum Michx Pityothamnus Small Porcelia Persoon 1807 not Ruiz amp Pavon 1794 Uvaria Torr amp A Gray 1838 illegitimate homonym not L 1753 Contents 1 Names 2 Description 3 Species and their distributions 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation and uses 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksNames edit nbsp Michel Adanson 1727 1806 who named the genus AsiminaThe genus name Asimina was first described and named by Michel Adanson a French naturalist of Scottish descent The name is adapted from a Native American term of unknown origin assimin 8 through the French colonial asiminier 9 The common name American pawpaw also spelled paw paw paw paw and papaw probably derives from the Spanish papaya perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits 10 Description edit nbsp Flower of Asimina reticulata nbsp Flower of A trilobaPawpaws are shrubs or small trees to 2 12 m 6 6 39 4 ft tall The northern cold tolerant common pawpaw A triloba is deciduous while the southern species are often evergreen The leaves are alternate obovate entire 20 35 cm 7 9 13 8 in long and 10 15 cm 3 9 5 9 in broad The flowers of pawpaws are produced singly or in clusters of up to eight together they are large 4 6 cm across perfect with three sepals and six petals three large outer petals three smaller inner petals The petal color varies from white to purple or red brown The fruit of the common pawpaw is a large edible berry 5 16 cm 2 0 6 3 in long and 3 7 cm 1 2 2 8 in broad weighing from 20 500 g 0 71 17 64 oz with numerous seeds it is green when unripe maturing to yellow or brown It has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango varying significantly by cultivar and has more protein than most fruits 5 Species and their distributions editAccepted species 11 12 13 Asimina angustifolia Raf 1840 not A Gray 1886 Florida Georgia Alabama South Carolina 14 Regarded as a synonym of A longifolia by some authorities 15 Asimina incana W Bartram Exell woolly pawpaw Florida and Georgia Annona incana W Bartram 16 Asimina longifolia Raf slimleaf pawpaw Florida Georgia and Alabama Asimina manasota DeLaney Manasota papaw native to two counties in Florida Manatee Sarasota first described in 2010 17 Not recognized by some authorities 18 Asimina pulchella Small Rehder amp Dayton white squirrel banana Endemic to 3 counties in Florida endangered Asimina rugelii B L Rob yellow squirrel banana Endemic to Volusia county Florida endangered Asimina obovata Willd Nash Annona obovata Willd Flag pawpaw or Bigflower pawpaw Florida 19 20 Asimina parviflora Michx Dunal smallflower pawpaw Southern states from Texas to Virginia Asimina pygmaea W Bartram Dunal dwarf pawpaw Florida and Georgia Asimina reticulata Shuttlw ex Chapman netted pawpaw Florida and Georgia Asimina spatulata Kral D B Ward slimleaf pawpaw Florida and Alabama 21 Regarded as a synonym by some authorities 22 Asimina tetramera Small fourpetal pawpaw Florida endangered Asimina triloba L Dunal common pawpaw Extreme southern Ontario Canada and the eastern United States from New York west to southeast Nebraska and south to northern Florida and eastern Texas Annona triloba L 23 Ecology editThe common pawpaw is native to shady rich bottom lands where it often forms a dense undergrowth in the forest often appearing as a patch or thicket of individual small slender trees Pawpaw flowers are insect pollinated but fruit production is limited since few if any pollinators are attracted to the flower s faint or sometimes nonexistent scent The flowers produce an odor similar to that of rotting meat to attract blowflies or carrion beetles for cross pollination 24 Other insects that are attracted to pawpaw plants include scavenging fruit flies carrion flies and beetles Because of difficult pollination some who believe the flowers are self incompatible Pawpaw fruit may be eaten by foxes opossums squirrels and raccoons Pawpaw leaves and twigs are seldom consumed by rabbits or deer 25 The leaves twigs and bark of the common pawpaw tree contain natural insecticides known as acetogenins 26 Larvae of the zebra swallowtail butterfly feed exclusively on young leaves of the various pawpaw species but never occur in great numbers on the plants 27 The pawpaw is considered an evolutionary anachronism where a now extinct evolutionary partner such as a Pleistocene megafauna species formerly consumed the fruit and assisted in seed dispersal 28 Cultivation and uses edit nbsp Asimina triloba is often called prairie banana because of its banana like creamy texture and flavor Wild collected fruits of the common pawpaw A triloba have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree s extensive native range in eastern North America 5 Pawpaws have never been widely cultivated for fruit but interest in pawpaw cultivation has increased in recent decades 5 Fresh pawpaw fruits are commonly eaten raw however once ripe they store only a few days at room temperature and do not ship well unless frozen 5 29 Other methods of preservation include dehydration production of jams or jellies and pressure canning The fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes 30 with pawpaw often substituted in many banana based recipes The common pawpaw is of interest in ecological restoration plantings since this tree grows well in wet soil and has a strong tendency to form well rooted clonal thickets citation needed History editThe earliest documentation of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the Spanish de Soto expedition who found Native Americans cultivating it east of the Mississippi River Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson planted it at his home in Virginia Monticello The Lewis and Clark Expedition sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels Daniel Boone was also a consumer and fan of the pawpaw The common pawpaw was designated as the Ohio state native fruit in 2009 31 32 Numerous pawpaw festivals have celebrated the plant and its fruit See also editAsimina piedmontanaReferences edit Flora of North America Vol 3 Pawpaw Asimina Adanson Fam Pl 2 365 1763 Adanson Michel 1763 Familles des Plantes 2 365 in French Tropicos Asimina Adans Huang Hongwen Layne Desmond Kubisiak Thomas July 2000 RAPD Inheritance and Diversity in Pawpaw Asimina triloba Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125 4 454 459 doi 10 21273 JASHS 125 4 454 a b c d e f Pawpaw Description and Nutritional Information Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 14 July 2011 Flora of North America Asimina triloba Asimina triloba Flora of North America Retrieved 13 July 2011 Boning Charles R 2006 Florida s Best Fruiting Plants Native and Exotic Trees Shrubs and Vines Sarasota Florida Pineapple Press Inc pp 172 173 ISBN 978 1 56164 372 1 Werthner William Benjamin Werthner Evangeline Hippard Kienholz Aaron Raymond 1935 Some American trees an intimate study of native Ohio trees Macmillan OCLC 681865854 page needed Sargent Charles Sprague Faxon Charles Edward Gill Mary Wright 1933 Manual of the trees of North America exclusive of Mexico Houghton Mifflin OCLC 680282467 page needed Hormaza Jose I July 2014 The Pawpaw a Forgotten North American Fruit Tree PDF Arnoldia 72 1 13 23 The Plant List search for Asimina Asimina Flora of North America Retrieved 28 November 2011 Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps Asimina Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps Asimina angustifolia Asimina angustifolia Raf Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 1 November 2022 Annona incana Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 04 16 Asimina manasota Species Page ISB Atlas of Florida Plants Asimina Adans Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 1 November 2022 US Department of Agriculture plants profile Asimina obovata Willd Nash bigflower pawpaw Asimina obovata Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 04 16 Alabama Plant Atlas Asimina spatulata Asimina spatula Kral D B Ward Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 1 November 2022 Asimina triloba Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 04 16 Guy Hand October 12 2011 In Awe of the Pawpaw Boise Weekly Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 Retrieved 3 July 2012 PAWPAW Fruit Facts Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2010 10 18 Sampson Blair J McLaughlin Jerry L Wedge David E 1 January 2003 Paw paw extract as a botanical insecticide 2002 Arthropod Management Tests 28 1 L5 doi 10 1093 amt 28 1 L5 California Rare Fruit Growers Inc 1996 1999 Pawpaw Asimina triloba Annonaceae Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2010 10 18 Boone Madison J Davis Charli N Klasek Laura del Sol Jillian F Roehm Katherine Moran Matthew D January 2015 A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs Southeastern Naturalist 14 1 22 32 doi 10 1656 058 014 0109 S2CID 86809830 Purdue University FoodLink Pawpaw FoodLink Purdue Extension 2020 Angier Bradford 1974 Field guide to edible wild plants Stackpole Books p 160 ISBN 978 0 8117 0616 2 OCLC 799792 Craig Summers Black February 4 2009 America s forgotten fruit The native pawpaw tastes like banana and grows close to home The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on 2009 03 14 Ohio Revised Code Section 5 082 Ohio Revised Code Ohio Laws External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asimina USDA distribution of Pawpaw Pawpaw Information Archived 2004 06 15 at the Wayback Machine from Kentucky State University Asimina Genetic Resources Pawpaw Clark s September 18 1806 journal entry about pawpaws Asimina triloba Brooklyn Botanical Garden Archived 2011 07 16 at the Wayback Machine Pawpaw Wines Archived 2011 02 19 at the Wayback Machine Pawpaw Festival Athens Ohio Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Asimina amp oldid 1189441189, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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