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Shelf life

May 05, 2023

Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale.[1] In other words, it might refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf (unfit for use), or no longer on a supermarket shelf (unfit for sale, but not yet unfit for use). It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs,[2] chemicals, tyres, batteries, and many other perishable items. In some regions, an advisory best before, mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods. The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions.[3]

This pack of diced pork says 'Display until' 7 May and 'Use by' 8 May

Background

Shelf life is the recommended maximum time for which products or fresh (harvested) produce can be stored, during which the defined quality of a specified proportion of the goods remains acceptable under expected (or specified) conditions of distribution, storage and display.[4]

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), "canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2° C)". If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years.[5]

"Sell by date" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an "expiration date". Most food is still edible after the expiration date.[6] A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life. Some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all would have to mark such products down as wasted, resulting in a financial loss.

Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product. Most can be influenced by several factors: exposure to light, heat, moisture, transmission of gases, mechanical stresses, and contamination by things such as micro-organisms. Product quality is often mathematically modelled around a parameter (concentration of a chemical compound, a microbiological index, or moisture content).[7]

For some foods, health issues are important in determining shelf life. Bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous, and foods left unused too long will often be contaminated by substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become dangerous to eat, leading to food poisoning. However, shelf life alone is not an accurate indicator of how long the food can safely be stored. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly. However, improper storage of milk may result in bacterial contamination or spoilage before the expiration date.[8]

The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. Most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline.[9] A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates. Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - most expired drugs are probably effective.[10]

Shelf life is not significantly studied during drug development[dubious – discuss], and drug manufacturers have economic and liability incentives to specify shorter shelf lives so that consumers are encouraged to discard and repurchase products. One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program (SLEP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid-1980s. One criticism is that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refused to issue guidelines based on SLEP research for normal marketing of pharmaceuticals even though the FDA performed the study. The SLEP and FDA signed a memorandum that scientific data could not be shared with the public, public health departments, other government agencies, and drug manufacturers.[11] State and local programs are not permitted to participate.[12] The failure to share data has caused foreign governments to refuse donations of expired medications.[13] One exception occurred during the 2010 Swine Flu Epidemic when the FDA authorized expired Tamiflu based on SLEP Data.[14] The SLEP discovered that drugs such as Cipro remained effective nine years after their shelf life, and, as a cost-saving measure, the US military routinely uses a wide range of SLEP tested products past their official shelf life if drugs have been stored properly.[15]

 
Package testing: heat sealing film for evaluation of shelf life of lettuce

Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life. Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum/oxygen-barrier pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products where oxygen causes the loss.

The DoD Shelf-Life Program defines shelf-life as

The total period of time beginning with the date of manufacture, date of cure (for elastomeric and rubber products only), date of assembly, or date of pack (subsistence only), and terminated by the date by which an item must be used (expiration date) or subjected to inspection, test, restoration, or disposal action; or after inspection/laboratory test/restorative action that an item may remain in the combined wholesale (including manufacture's) and retail storage systems and still be suitable for issue or use by the end user. Shelf-life is not to be confused with service-life (defined as, A general term used to quantify the average or standard life expectancy of an item or equipment while in use. When a shelf-life item is unpacked and introduced to mission requirements, installed into intended application, or merely left in storage, placed in pre-expended bins, or held as bench stock, shelf-life management stops and service life begins.)[16]

Shelf life is often specified in conjunction with a specific product, package, and distribution system. For example, an MRE field ration is designed to have a shelf life of three years at 80 °F (27 °C) and six months at 100 °F (38 °C).[17]

Temperature control

Main article: Cold chain

Nearly all chemical reactions can occur at normal temperatures (although different reactions proceed at different rates). However most reactions are accelerated by high temperatures, and the degradation of foods and pharmaceuticals is no exception. The same applies to the breakdown of many chemical explosives into more unstable compounds. Nitroglycerine is notorious. Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e. liable to be triggered to explode by very small disturbances, even trivial jiggling) than more recently manufactured explosives. Rubber products also degrade as sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert; this is why old rubber bands and other rubber products soften and get crispy, and lose their elasticity as they age.

The often quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of 10 °C (18 °F) because activation energy barriers are more easily surmounted at higher temperatures. However, as with many rules of thumb, there are many caveats and exceptions. The rule works best for reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ/mole; many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter. It is often applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly. There is a widespread impression, for instance in industry, that "triple time" can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by 15 °C (27 °F), e.g., storing a product for one month at 35 °C (95 °F) simulates three months at 20 °C (68 °F). This is mathematically incorrect (if the rule was precisely accurate the required temperature increase would be about 15.8 °C (28.4 °F)), and in any case the rule is only a rough approximation and cannot always be relied on. Chemists often use the more comprehensive Arrhenius equation for better estimations.

The same is true, up to a point, of the chemical reactions of living things. They are usually catalyzed by enzymes which change reaction rates, but with no variation in catalytic action, the rule of thumb is still mostly applicable. In the case of bacteria and fungi, the reactions needed to feed and reproduce speed up at higher temperatures, up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves begin to break down, or denature, so quickly that they cannot be replaced. This is why high temperatures kill bacteria and other micro-organisms: 'tissue' breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies. On the other hand, 'elevated' temperatures short of these result in increased growth and reproduction; if the organism is harmful, perhaps to dangerous levels.

Just as temperature increases speed up reactions, temperature decreases reduce them. Therefore, to make explosives stable for longer periods, or to keep rubber bands springy, or to force bacteria to slow down their growth, they can be cooled. That is why shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: (refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled cold chain, etc.) and why some medicines and foods must be refrigerated. Since such storing of such goods is temporal in nature and shelf life is dependent on the temperature controlled environment, they are also referred to as cargo even when in special storage to emphasize the inherent time-temperature sensitivity matrix.

Temperature data loggers and time temperature indicators can record the temperature history of a shipment to help estimate their remaining shelf life.[18]

According to the USDA, "foods kept frozen continuously are safe indefinitely."[5]

Packaging

Passive barrier packaging can often help control or extend shelf life by blocking the transmission of deleterious substances, like moisture or oxygen, across the barrier.[19] Active packaging, on the other hand, employs the use of substances that scavenge, capture, or otherwise render harmless deleterious substances.[19] When moisture content is a mechanism for product degradation, packaging with a low moisture vapor transmission rate and the use of desiccants help keep the moisture in the package within acceptable limits. When oxidation is the primary concern, packaging with a low oxygen transmission rate and the use of oxygen absorbers can help extend the shelf life. Produce and other products with respiration often require packaging with controlled barrier properties. The use of a modified atmosphere in the package can extend the shelf life for some products.

Related concepts

The concept of shelf life applies to other products besides food and drugs. Gasoline has a shelf life, although it is not normally necessary to display a sell-by date. Exceeding this time-frame will introduce harmful varnishes[clarification needed], etc. into equipment designed to operate with these products, i.e. a gasoline lawn mower that has not been properly winterized[clarification needed] could incur damage that will prevent use in the spring, and require expensive servicing to the carburetor.

Some glues and adhesives also have a limited storage life, and will stop working in a reliable and usable manner if their safe shelf life is exceeded.

Rather different is the use of a time limit for the use of items like vouchers, gift certificates and pre-paid phone cards, so that after the displayed date the voucher etc. will no longer be valid. Bell Mobility and its parent company, BCE Inc. have been served with notice of a $100-million class-action lawsuit alleging that expiry dates on its pre-paid wireless services are illegal.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
  2. ^ Forcinio, Hallie (2 October 2018). "Protecting Solid-Dose Shelf Life". Pharmaceutical Technology. Vol. 42, no. 10. UBM. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  3. ^ Affairs, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Public (21 March 2012). "Date Labelling on Pre-packaged Foods". www.inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  4. ^ Gyesley, S. W. (January 1991). "Total System Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Food Products". In Henyon, DK (ed.). Total Systems Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Foods. ASTM International.: Food Packaging Technology. pp. 46–50. doi:10.1520/STP14842S. ISBN 978-0-8031-1417-3. ASTM STP 1113-EB.
  5. ^ a b "Food_Product_Dating". Retrieved 2015-04-24.
  6. ^ See "Expiration dates". Consumer Affairs. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  7. ^ Azanha, A.B.; Faria (July 2005). "Use of mathematical models for estimating the shelf-life of cornflakes in flexible packaging". Packaging Technology and Science. 18 (4): 161–222. doi:10.1002/pts.686. S2CID 136702424.
  8. ^ "Can You Drink Milk Past Its Sell-by Date?". Dairy Council of California. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  9. ^ Pomerantz, JM (2004). "Recycling expensive medication: why not?". MedGenMed. 6 (2): 4. PMC 1395800. PMID 15266231.
  10. ^ Cohen, Laurie P. (2000-03-28). "Many Medicines Prove Potent for Years Past Their Expiration Dates". Wall Street Journal. Vol. 235, no. 62. pp. A1 (cover story).
  11. ^ . Usamma.army.mil. 2013-11-20. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  12. ^ . Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  13. ^ . Essentialdrugs.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  14. ^ "Stockpiled Antivirals at or Nearing Expiration". Fda.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  15. ^ http://www.usamma.army.mil/assets/docs/dlar.pdf 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL PDF]
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-01-01.
  17. ^ Public Affairs Office (June 4, 2004). (Press release). Natick, MA: United States Army Soldier Systems Center. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  18. ^ Meyers, T (June 2007). "RFID Shelf-life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes". RFID Journal.
  19. ^ a b Forcinio, Hallie (2 October 2018). "Protecting Solid-Dose Shelf Life". Pharmaceutical Technology. Vol. 42, no. 10. UBM. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  20. ^ [1] May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

  • "New Guidelines Seek to Provide Clarity on Food Expiration Dates". All Things Considered. U.S.: NPR. 17 February 2017. Includes a list of the many terms used in the United States food industry.
  • Anonymous, , 2003, 2006
  • Anonymous, Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck 2014-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, USDA Handbook 669, 1995
  • Kilcast, D., Subramamiam, P., Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life, Woodhead Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84569-701-3
  • Labuza, T. P., Szybist, L., Open dating of Foods, Food and Nutrition Press, 2001; other edition: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0-917678-53-2
  • Man, C. M., Jones. A. A., Shelf-Life Evaluation of Foods, ISBN 0-8342-1782-1
  • Robertson, G.L., Food Packaging and Shelf Life: A Practical Guide, CRC Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4200-7844-2
  • Steele, R., Understanding and Measuring the Shelf-Life of Food, Woodhead Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-85573-732-9
  • Weenen, H., Cadwallader, K., Freshness and Shelf Life of Foods, ACS, 2002, ISBN 0-8412-3801-4

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shelf life.
  • USDA - Food Product Dating and storage guidelines

May 05, 2023
shelf, life, length, time, that, commodity, stored, without, becoming, unfit, consumption, sale, other, words, might, refer, whether, commodity, should, longer, pantry, shelf, unfit, longer, supermarket, shelf, unfit, sale, unfit, applies, cosmetics, foods, be. Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use consumption or sale 1 In other words it might refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf unfit for use or no longer on a supermarket shelf unfit for sale but not yet unfit for use It applies to cosmetics foods and beverages medical devices medicines explosives pharmaceutical drugs 2 chemicals tyres batteries and many other perishable items In some regions an advisory best before mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions 3 This pack of diced pork says Display until 7 May and Use by 8 May Contents 1 Background 2 Temperature control 3 Packaging 4 Related concepts 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBackground EditShelf life is the recommended maximum time for which products or fresh harvested produce can be stored during which the defined quality of a specified proportion of the goods remains acceptable under expected or specified conditions of distribution storage and display 4 According to the United States Department of Agriculture USDA canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures or temperatures above 90 F 32 2 C If the cans look okay they are safe to use Discard cans that are dented rusted or swollen High acid canned foods tomatoes fruits will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months low acid canned foods meats vegetables for 2 to 5 years 5 Sell by date is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an expiration date Most food is still edible after the expiration date 6 A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe but quality is no longer guaranteed In most food stores waste is minimized by using stock rotation which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area and then to the front of the shelf so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life Some stores can be fined for selling out of date products most if not all would have to mark such products down as wasted resulting in a financial loss Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product Most can be influenced by several factors exposure to light heat moisture transmission of gases mechanical stresses and contamination by things such as micro organisms Product quality is often mathematically modelled around a parameter concentration of a chemical compound a microbiological index or moisture content 7 For some foods health issues are important in determining shelf life Bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous and foods left unused too long will often be contaminated by substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become dangerous to eat leading to food poisoning However shelf life alone is not an accurate indicator of how long the food can safely be stored For example pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell by date if it is refrigerated properly However improper storage of milk may result in bacterial contamination or spoilage before the expiration date 8 The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug Most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline 9 A study conducted by the U S Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs prescription and over the counter The study showed that about 90 of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates Joel Davis a former FDA expiration date compliance chief said that with a handful of exceptions notably nitroglycerin insulin and some liquid antibiotics most expired drugs are probably effective 10 Shelf life is not significantly studied during drug development dubious discuss and drug manufacturers have economic and liability incentives to specify shorter shelf lives so that consumers are encouraged to discard and repurchase products One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program SLEP of the U S Department of Defense DoD which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid 1980s One criticism is that the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA refused to issue guidelines based on SLEP research for normal marketing of pharmaceuticals even though the FDA performed the study The SLEP and FDA signed a memorandum that scientific data could not be shared with the public public health departments other government agencies and drug manufacturers 11 State and local programs are not permitted to participate 12 The failure to share data has caused foreign governments to refuse donations of expired medications 13 One exception occurred during the 2010 Swine Flu Epidemic when the FDA authorized expired Tamiflu based on SLEP Data 14 The SLEP discovered that drugs such as Cipro remained effective nine years after their shelf life and as a cost saving measure the US military routinely uses a wide range of SLEP tested products past their official shelf life if drugs have been stored properly 15 Package testing heat sealing film for evaluation of shelf life of lettuce Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum oxygen barrier pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products where oxygen causes the loss The DoD Shelf Life Program defines shelf life as The total period of time beginning with the date of manufacture date of cure for elastomeric and rubber products only date of assembly or date of pack subsistence only and terminated by the date by which an item must be used expiration date or subjected to inspection test restoration or disposal action or after inspection laboratory test restorative action that an item may remain in the combined wholesale including manufacture s and retail storage systems and still be suitable for issue or use by the end user Shelf life is not to be confused with service life defined as A general term used to quantify the average or standard life expectancy of an item or equipment while in use When a shelf life item is unpacked and introduced to mission requirements installed into intended application or merely left in storage placed in pre expended bins or held as bench stock shelf life management stops and service life begins 16 Shelf life is often specified in conjunction with a specific product package and distribution system For example an MRE field ration is designed to have a shelf life of three years at 80 F 27 C and six months at 100 F 38 C 17 Temperature control EditMain article Cold chain Nearly all chemical reactions can occur at normal temperatures although different reactions proceed at different rates However most reactions are accelerated by high temperatures and the degradation of foods and pharmaceuticals is no exception The same applies to the breakdown of many chemical explosives into more unstable compounds Nitroglycerine is notorious Old explosives are thus more dangerous i e liable to be triggered to explode by very small disturbances even trivial jiggling than more recently manufactured explosives Rubber products also degrade as sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert this is why old rubber bands and other rubber products soften and get crispy and lose their elasticity as they age The often quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of 10 C 18 F because activation energy barriers are more easily surmounted at higher temperatures However as with many rules of thumb there are many caveats and exceptions The rule works best for reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ mole many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter It is often applied in shelf life estimation sometimes wrongly There is a widespread impression for instance in industry that triple time can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by 15 C 27 F e g storing a product for one month at 35 C 95 F simulates three months at 20 C 68 F This is mathematically incorrect if the rule was precisely accurate the required temperature increase would be about 15 8 C 28 4 F and in any case the rule is only a rough approximation and cannot always be relied on Chemists often use the more comprehensive Arrhenius equation for better estimations The same is true up to a point of the chemical reactions of living things They are usually catalyzed by enzymes which change reaction rates but with no variation in catalytic action the rule of thumb is still mostly applicable In the case of bacteria and fungi the reactions needed to feed and reproduce speed up at higher temperatures up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves begin to break down or denature so quickly that they cannot be replaced This is why high temperatures kill bacteria and other micro organisms tissue breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies On the other hand elevated temperatures short of these result in increased growth and reproduction if the organism is harmful perhaps to dangerous levels Just as temperature increases speed up reactions temperature decreases reduce them Therefore to make explosives stable for longer periods or to keep rubber bands springy or to force bacteria to slow down their growth they can be cooled That is why shelf life is generally extended by temperature control refrigeration insulated shipping containers controlled cold chain etc and why some medicines and foods must be refrigerated Since such storing of such goods is temporal in nature and shelf life is dependent on the temperature controlled environment they are also referred to as cargo even when in special storage to emphasize the inherent time temperature sensitivity matrix Temperature data loggers and time temperature indicators can record the temperature history of a shipment to help estimate their remaining shelf life 18 According to the USDA foods kept frozen continuously are safe indefinitely 5 Packaging EditPassive barrier packaging can often help control or extend shelf life by blocking the transmission of deleterious substances like moisture or oxygen across the barrier 19 Active packaging on the other hand employs the use of substances that scavenge capture or otherwise render harmless deleterious substances 19 When moisture content is a mechanism for product degradation packaging with a low moisture vapor transmission rate and the use of desiccants help keep the moisture in the package within acceptable limits When oxidation is the primary concern packaging with a low oxygen transmission rate and the use of oxygen absorbers can help extend the shelf life Produce and other products with respiration often require packaging with controlled barrier properties The use of a modified atmosphere in the package can extend the shelf life for some products Related concepts EditThe concept of shelf life applies to other products besides food and drugs Gasoline has a shelf life although it is not normally necessary to display a sell by date Exceeding this time frame will introduce harmful varnishes clarification needed etc into equipment designed to operate with these products i e a gasoline lawn mower that has not been properly winterized clarification needed could incur damage that will prevent use in the spring and require expensive servicing to the carburetor Some glues and adhesives also have a limited storage life and will stop working in a reliable and usable manner if their safe shelf life is exceeded Rather different is the use of a time limit for the use of items like vouchers gift certificates and pre paid phone cards so that after the displayed date the voucher etc will no longer be valid Bell Mobility and its parent company BCE Inc have been served with notice of a 100 million class action lawsuit alleging that expiry dates on its pre paid wireless services are illegal 20 See also EditAccelerated aging Cold chain Digital permanence Expiration date Failure rate Food waste Inventory turnover Modified atmosphere Moisture sorption isotherm Moisture vapor transmission rate Packaging and labelling Permeation Planned obsolescence Redox Shelf stableReferences Edit Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed Forcinio Hallie 2 October 2018 Protecting Solid Dose Shelf Life Pharmaceutical Technology Vol 42 no 10 UBM Retrieved 8 November 2018 Affairs Government of Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency Public 21 March 2012 Date Labelling on Pre packaged Foods www inspection gc ca Retrieved 1 September 2017 Gyesley S W January 1991 Total System Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Food Products In Henyon DK ed Total Systems Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Foods ASTM International Food Packaging Technology pp 46 50 doi 10 1520 STP14842S ISBN 978 0 8031 1417 3 ASTM STP 1113 EB a b Food Product Dating Retrieved 2015 04 24 See Expiration dates Consumer Affairs Retrieved 11 November 2011 Azanha A B Faria July 2005 Use of mathematical models for estimating the shelf life of cornflakes in flexible packaging Packaging Technology and Science 18 4 161 222 doi 10 1002 pts 686 S2CID 136702424 Can You Drink Milk Past Its Sell by Date Dairy Council of California Retrieved 30 May 2017 Pomerantz JM 2004 Recycling expensive medication why not MedGenMed 6 2 4 PMC 1395800 PMID 15266231 Cohen Laurie P 2000 03 28 Many Medicines Prove Potent for Years Past Their Expiration Dates Wall Street Journal Vol 235 no 62 pp A1 cover story US Army Medical Materiel Agency USAMMA Usamma army mil 2013 11 20 Archived from the original on 2015 03 18 Retrieved 2014 02 08 Maximizing State and Local Medical Countermeasure Stockpile Investments Through the Shelf Life Extension Program Upmc biosecurity org Archived from the original on 2013 01 18 Retrieved 2014 02 08 Essentialdrugs org Essentialdrugs org Archived from the original on 2013 12 11 Retrieved 2014 02 08 Stockpiled Antivirals at or Nearing Expiration Fda gov Retrieved 2014 02 08 http www usamma army mil assets docs dlar pdf Archived 2017 12 09 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF The DoD Shelf Life Program Shelf Life Management Manual Definitions Archived from the original on 2007 01 01 Public Affairs Office June 4 2004 Nanotechnology applied to ration packaging Press release Natick MA United States Army Soldier Systems Center Archived from the original on October 26 2018 Retrieved September 28 2010 Meyers T June 2007 RFID Shelf life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes RFID Journal a b Forcinio Hallie 2 October 2018 Protecting Solid Dose Shelf Life Pharmaceutical Technology Vol 42 no 10 UBM Retrieved 8 November 2018 1 Archived May 16 2012 at the Wayback MachineFurther reading Edit New Guidelines Seek to Provide Clarity on Food Expiration Dates All Things Considered U S NPR 17 February 2017 Includes a list of the many terms used in the United States food industry Anonymous Cold Chain Management 2003 2006 Anonymous Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck Archived 2014 05 16 at the Wayback Machine USDA Handbook 669 1995 Kilcast D Subramamiam P Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life Woodhead Publishing 2011 ISBN 978 1 84569 701 3 Labuza T P Szybist L Open dating of Foods Food and Nutrition Press 2001 other edition Wiley Blackwell 2004 ISBN 0 917678 53 2 Man C M Jones A A Shelf Life Evaluation of Foods ISBN 0 8342 1782 1 Robertson G L Food Packaging and Shelf Life A Practical Guide CRC Press 2010 ISBN 978 1 4200 7844 2 Steele R Understanding and Measuring the Shelf Life of Food Woodhead Publishing 2004 ISBN 1 85573 732 9 Weenen H Cadwallader K Freshness and Shelf Life of Foods ACS 2002 ISBN 0 8412 3801 4External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shelf life USDA Food Product Dating and storage guidelines FDA Food freshness and smart packaging How to store your food Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shelf life amp oldid 1152517233, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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