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Annona

April 09, 2024

For other uses, see Annona (disambiguation).

Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria,[3] containing approximately 166[4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.[5]

Annona
Annona squamosa
Annona muricata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Tribe: Annoneae
Genus: Annona
L.[1]
Type species
Annona muricata
Species

Some 169 (see text)

Synonyms[2]
  • Guanabanus Mill.
  • Raimondia Saff.
  • Rollinia A.St.-Hil.
  • Rolliniopsis Saff.

The generic name derives from anón, a Hispaniolan Taíno word for the fruit.[6] Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Medicoto to approximately 1000 BC.[7] Plants of the genus have several common names, including sugar-apple, soursop, anona, chrimoya and guanabana.

Currently, seven Annona species and one hybrid are grown for domestic or commercial use, mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits; several others also produce edible fruits.[8] Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases, though their efficacy has yet to be validated scientifically. Several annonaceous species have been found to contain acetogenins, a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities.[9][10] The first complete genome for a species in this genus (Annona muricata) was published in 2021.[11]

Description edit

Annona species are taprooted, evergreen or semideciduous, tropical trees or shrubs.[5] The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below 28 °F (−2 °C), especially Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, India the Philippines and Calabria (southern Italy). However, they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida.

The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly, giving rise to slender, stiff, cylindrical, and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds.[5] Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.[5]

The flowering stalks rise from axils, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers. Usually, the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls—the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller, and nectar glands are darker pigmented. The numerous stamens are ball-shaped, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma, with one or two ovules per pistil; the style and stigma are club-shaped or narrowly conic.[5]

One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower. Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps, with one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds are bean-like with tough coats; the seed kernels are toxic.[5]

Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles, which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived, as well as all Rollinia spp., possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.[12]

Toxicology edit

 
Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds.

The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata (soursop) are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disease. The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.[13]

Selected species edit

Main article: List of Annona species

There are 169 accepted Annona species, as of April 2021, according to Plants of the World Online.[2]

Hybrids edit

Insects and diseases edit

Annona species are generally disease-free. They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt. Ants may also be a problem, since they promote mealybugs on the fruit.[15]

Insects
Fungi
Nematodes
Algae
Diseases

References edit

  1. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona L." The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  2. ^ a b "Annona L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Annona". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  4. ^ Species of Annona on The Plant List. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Flora of North America. "1. Annona Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 241, 1754". 3. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.
  7. ^ Warrington, Ian J. Warrington (2003). "Annonaceae". Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-592-6. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  8. ^ University of Southampton (March 2002). (PDF). Fruits for the Future. Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilised Crops. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  9. ^ Pilar Rauter, Amélia; A. F. Dos Santos; A. E. G. Santana (2002). "Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say". Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 540 pages. ISBN 1-4020-1047-8. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  10. ^ Esposti, M Degli; A Ghelli; M Ratta; D Cortes; E Estornell (1994-07-01). "Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)". The Biochemical Journal. 301 (Pt 1). The Biochemical Society: 161–7. doi:10.1042/bj3010161. PMC 1137156. PMID 8037664.
  11. ^ Strijk, Joeri S.; Hinsinger, Damien D.; Roeder, Mareike M.; Chatrou, Lars W.; Couvreur, Thomas L. P.; Erkens, Roy H. J.; Sauquet, Hervé; Pirie, Michael D.; Thomas, Daniel C.; Cao, Kunfang (2021). "Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology". Molecular Ecology Resources. 21 (5): 1608–1619. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13353. ISSN 1755-0998. PMC 8251617. PMID 33569882.
  12. ^ Gottsberger, Gerhard (28 April 1988). "Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia (Annonaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 167 (3–4). Springer Science+Business Media: 189–194. doi:10.1007/BF00936405. S2CID 40889017.
  13. ^ Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, 4. Mai 2007
  14. ^ Timyan, J. (2020). "Annona rosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T141033297A176438833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T141033297A176438833.en. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  15. ^ a b Robert Vieth. . Minor subtropicals. Ventura County Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  16. ^ a b c Jorge Pena; Freddie Johnson (October 1993). "Insect Pests of Annona Crops" (PDF). Other Fruits With Insecticides Known to Have Labels for Use. Department of Entomology, University of Florida. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  17. ^ Jonathan H. Crane; Carlos F. Balerdi; Ian Maguire (April 1994). "Sugar Apple Growing in the Florida Home Landscape". Fact Sheet HS38. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  18. ^ a b c d Bridg, Hannia (2001-05-03). "Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L." Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. doi:10.18452/14481. from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links edit

  •   Media related to Annona at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Annona at Wikispecies

Images edit

April 09, 2024
annona, other, uses, disambiguation, anona, from, taíno, annon, genus, flowering, plants, pawpaw, sugar, apple, family, ceae, second, largest, genus, family, after, guatteria, containing, approximately, species, mostly, neotropical, afrotropical, trees, shrubs. For other uses see Annona disambiguation Annona or Anona from Taino annon is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw sugar apple family Annonaceae It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria 3 containing approximately 166 4 species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs 5 AnnonaAnnona squamosaAnnona muricataScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MagnoliidsOrder MagnolialesFamily AnnonaceaeTribe AnnoneaeGenus AnnonaL 1 Type speciesAnnona muricataSpeciesSome 169 see text Synonyms 2 Guanabanus Mill Raimondia Saff Rollinia A St Hil Rolliniopsis Saff The generic name derives from anon a Hispaniolan Taino word for the fruit 6 Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Medicoto to approximately 1000 BC 7 Plants of the genus have several common names including sugar apple soursop anona chrimoya and guanabana Currently seven Annona species and one hybrid are grown for domestic or commercial use mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits several others also produce edible fruits 8 Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases though their efficacy has yet to be validated scientifically Several annonaceous species have been found to contain acetogenins a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities 9 10 The first complete genome for a species in this genus Annona muricata was published in 2021 11 Contents 1 Description 2 Toxicology 3 Selected species 3 1 Hybrids 4 Insects and diseases 5 References 6 External links 7 ImagesDescription editAnnona species are taprooted evergreen or semideciduous tropical trees or shrubs 5 The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below 28 F 2 C especially Cuba Jamaica Central America India the Philippines and Calabria southern Italy However they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly giving rise to slender stiff cylindrical and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds 5 Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable bald or hairy 5 The flowering stalks rise from axils or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers Usually the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller and nectar glands are darker pigmented The numerous stamens are ball shaped club shaped or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac Numerous pistils attached directly to the base are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma with one or two ovules per pistil the style and stigma are club shaped or narrowly conic 5 One fleshy ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps with one syncarp and seed per pistil Seeds are bean like with tough coats the seed kernels are toxic 5 Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived as well as all Rollinia spp possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae 12 Toxicology edit nbsp Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata soursop are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson like neurodegenerative disease The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin The disorder is a so called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation 13 Selected species editMain article List of Annona species There are 169 accepted Annona species as of April 2021 according to Plants of the World Online 2 Annona acuminata Annona acutiflora Annona ambotay Annona angustifolia Annona asplundiana Annona atabapensis Annona aurantiaca Annona bullata Annona cacans araticum cagao Annona cascarilloides Annona cherimola cherimoya Annona chrysophylla graines Annona conica Annona cordifolia Annona coriacea Annona cornifolia Annona crassiflora araticum do cerrado marolo Annona crassivenia Annona cristalensis Annona cubensis Annona deceptrix Annona deminuta Annona dioica Annona diversifolia Annona dolichophylla Annona ecuadorensis Annona ekmanii Annona foetida Annona fosteri Annona glabra pond apple alligator apple monkey apple Annona globiflora Annona haematantha Annona haitiensis Annona hypoglauca Annona hystricoides Annona jahnii Annona jamaicensis Annona longiflora Annona macrocarpa auct Annona macroprophyllata Annona manabiensis Annona moaensis Annona montana Macfad mountain soursop Annona muricata soursop graviola Annona nitida Annona nutans Annona oligocarpa Annona paludosa Annona papilionella Annona pittieri Annona praetermissa Annona purpurea soncoya Annona reticulata custard apple bullock s heart Annona rigida Annona rosei 14 Annona salzmannii beach sugar apple Annona scleroderma poshe te cawesh wild red custard apple Annona sclerophylla Annona senegalensis African custard apple Annona sericea Annona spraguei Annona squamosa sugar apple sweetsop Annona stenophylla Annona tenuiflora Annona tomentosa Annona trunciflora Hybrids edit Annona atemoya atemoyaInsects and diseases editAnnona species are generally disease free They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt Ants may also be a problem since they promote mealybugs on the fruit 15 InsectsBraephratiloides cubense annona seed borer Bepratelloides cubense annona seed borer 16 17 Morganella longispina plumose scale Philephedra n sp Philephedra scale Pseudococcus sp mealybugs Xyleborus sp ambrosia beetles 16 Ammiscus polygrophoides Anastrepha atrox Anastrepha barandianae Anastrepha bistrigata Anastrepha chiclayae Anastrepha disticta Anastrepha extensa Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha oblicua Anastrepha serpentina Anastrepha striata Anastrepha suspensa Apate monachus Bactrocera spp Bephrata maculicollis Brevipalpus spp Ceratitis capitata Cerconota anonella Coccoidea spp Coccus viridis green scale Emanadia flavipennis Gelwchiidae spp Heliothrips haemorphoidalis Leosynodes elegantales Lyonetia spp Oiketicus kirby Orthezia olivicola Phyllocnistis spp Pinnaspis aspidistrae Planococcus citri Saissetia nigra Talponia spp Tenuipalpidae Tetranynchus spp Thrips 18 FungiArmillaria oak root fungus Ascochyta cherimolaer Athelia rolfsii Botryodiplodia theobromae Cercospora annonaceae Cladosporium carpophilum Colletotrichium spp Colletotrichium annonicola Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Diplodia natalensis dry fruit rot Erythricium salmonicolor Fumagina spp Fusarium solani Gloeosporium spp Glomerella cingulata Isariopsis anonarum Monilia spp Nectria episphaeria Oidium spp Phakopsora cherimolae Phomopsis spp Phomopsis annonacearum Phyllosticta spp Phythium spp Phytophtora palmivora Phytophtora parasitica Rhizoctonia noxia Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia spp Rhizopus nigricans Rhizopus stolonifer Salssetia oleare Uredo cherimola Verticillium spp wilt Zignoella annonicola 15 18 NematodesCephalobidae spp Dorylaimidae spp Gracilacus spp Helicotylenchus spp Hemicycliophora spp Hoplolaimidae spp Meloidogyne incognita spp Pratylenchus spp Paratylenchus micoletzky Rhabditis spp Tylenchorhynchus spp Xiphinema americanum 18 AlgaeCephaleuros virescens Cephalosporium spp Paecilomyces spp 18 DiseasesFruit rot 16 References edit Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS PLANTS Profile Annona L The PLANTS Database United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 04 16 a b Annona L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 9 April 2021 Annona Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 2008 04 16 Species of Annona on The Plant List Retrieved 2013 05 28 a b c d e f Flora of North America 1 Annona Linnaeus Sp Pl 1 536 1753 Gen Pl ed 5 241 1754 3 Retrieved 2008 04 20 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Austin Daniel F 2004 Florida Ethnobotany CRC Press p 95 ISBN 978 0 8493 2332 4 Warrington Ian J Warrington 2003 Annonaceae Apples Botany Production and Uses CABI Publishing ISBN 0 85199 592 6 Retrieved 2008 04 20 University of Southampton March 2002 Factsheet No 5 Annona PDF Fruits for the Future Department for International Development International Centre for Underutilised Crops Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2008 04 20 Pilar Rauter Amelia A F Dos Santos A E G Santana 2002 Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say Natural Products in the New Millennium Prospects and Industrial Application Springer Science Business Media pp 540 pages ISBN 1 4020 1047 8 Retrieved 2008 04 20 Esposti M Degli A Ghelli M Ratta D Cortes E Estornell 1994 07 01 Natural substances acetogenins from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase Complex I The Biochemical Journal 301 Pt 1 The Biochemical Society 161 7 doi 10 1042 bj3010161 PMC 1137156 PMID 8037664 Strijk Joeri S Hinsinger Damien D Roeder Mareike M Chatrou Lars W Couvreur Thomas L P Erkens Roy H J Sauquet Herve Pirie Michael D Thomas Daniel C Cao Kunfang 2021 Chromosome level reference genome of the soursop Annona muricata A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology Molecular Ecology Resources 21 5 1608 1619 doi 10 1111 1755 0998 13353 ISSN 1755 0998 PMC 8251617 PMID 33569882 Gottsberger Gerhard 28 April 1988 Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia Annonaceae Plant Systematics and Evolution 167 3 4 Springer Science Business Media 189 194 doi 10 1007 BF00936405 S2CID 40889017 Informationsdienst Wissenschaft Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift Archived June 13 2007 at the Wayback Machine 4 Mai 2007 Timyan J 2020 Annona rosei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T141033297A176438833 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T141033297A176438833 en Retrieved 7 April 2022 a b Robert Vieth Cherimoya Minor subtropicals Ventura County Cooperative Extension Archived from the original on 2007 08 06 Retrieved 2008 04 20 a b c Jorge Pena Freddie Johnson October 1993 Insect Pests of Annona Crops PDF Other Fruits With Insecticides Known to Have Labels for Use Department of Entomology University of Florida Retrieved 2008 04 19 Jonathan H Crane Carlos F Balerdi Ian Maguire April 1994 Sugar Apple Growing in the Florida Home Landscape Fact Sheet HS38 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 Retrieved 2008 04 19 a b c d Bridg Hannia 2001 05 03 Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill and Annona muricata L Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin doi 10 18452 14481 Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 Retrieved 2008 04 20 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help External links edit nbsp Media related to Annona at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Annona at Wikispecies Type Collections of Neotropical Annonaceae Annona has pictures and details on these and other Annona speciesImages edit nbsp Atemoya A cherimola A squamosa nbsp Cherimoya A cherimola plantation nbsp Soursop A muricata nbsp Sugar apples A squamosa nbsp Sugar apple A squamosa interior nbsp Sugar apple interior nbsp Sugar apple exterior nbsp Annona muricata nbsp A crassiflora fruit nbsp The fruit of A salzmannii nbsp Annona squamosa flower and leaves in Hyderabad India nbsp Annona glabra fruit nbsp Annona cherimola fruit Pedra Bela Brazil nbsp Halved annona fruit nbsp Annona tree Merida Yucatan Mexico nbsp Annona fruit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Annona amp oldid 1214350289, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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