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2022 Kazakh unrest

July 25, 2023

The 2022 Kazakh unrest, also known as Bloody January (Kazakh: Қанды қаңтар, romanized: Qandy qañtar; Russian: Кровавый январь)[15][16] or the January tragedy (Kazakh: Қаңтар трагедиясы, romanized: Qañtar tragediasy),[17][18] or the January events (Kazakh: Қаңтар оқиғасы, romanized: Qañtar oqiğasy; Russian: Январские события, romanized: Janvarskie sobytija)[19][20][21] was a series of mass protests that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied gas prices following the lifting of a government-enforced price cap on 1 January. The protests began peacefully in the oil-producing city of Zhanaozen and quickly spread to other cities in the country, especially the nation's largest city, Almaty, which saw its demonstrations turn into violent riots, fueled by rising dissatisfaction with the government and widespread poverty.[22][23] During the week-long violent unrest and crackdowns, 227 people were killed and over 9,900 were arrested, according to Kazakh officials.[13][14]

2022 Kazakh unrest
Clockwise from top: Burned out Akimat Residence in Republic Square • Protest in Aktobe on 4 January 2022 • Burned police paddy wagon in Almaty • Tajik Armed Forces of the CSTO peacekeeping forces in Almaty Power Station-1 • Overturned police vehicle in Almaty
Date2–11 January 2022
(1 week and 2 days)
Location
Kazakhstan
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
Parties
Lead figures

No centralized leadership[1]

Units involved
Number
Over +2,000 people[9][10][11][12]
3,800[5]
Casualties and losses
208 killed[13]
9,900+ arrested[14]
19 killed[13]
No casualties reported

Growing discontent with the government and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev, who remained the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, also influenced larger demonstrations. As there were no popular opposition groups against the Kazakh government, the unrest appeared to be assembled directly by citizens. In response, president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty, effective from 5 January 2022. The Mamin Cabinet resigned the same day,[24][25][26] and Nazarbayev himself was also removed from his position of chairman of the Security Council.[27] The state of emergency was shortly extended to the whole country. In response to Tokayev's request, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) – a military alliance of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan – agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan.[28] The aim was declared to be peacekeeping while some commentators described it as helping the Kazakh government in quelling the unrest.[29][30] Russian president Vladimir Putin described the intervention as a concerted effort to protect regional allies from what he described as colour revolutions instigated by foreign interference in allies' internal affairs.[31] CSTO troops were initially deployed to government buildings in the capital city, Astana, and then guarded key infrastructure in Almaty.[32]

As a concession, Tokayev announced that vehicle gas price caps of 50 tenge per litre would be restored for 6 months.[33][34][35] On 7 January, he said in a statement that constitutional order had "largely been restored in all regions of the country."[36][37][38] He also announced that he had ordered troops to use lethal force against protesters, authorizing instructions to "shoot to kill" without warning, calling the protesters "bandits and terrorists" and saying that the use of force would continue to "destroy the protests."[39][40][41][42]

On 10 January, the government declared a day of mourning for those who died during the unrest.[43] On 11 January, Tokayev said that order had been restored in Kazakhstan in what he described as an attempted coup d'état.[44] He also announced that CSTO troops would begin withdrawing from the country on 13 January,[14] and they were fully withdrawn by 20 January.[45] In an 11 January speech to the parliament, Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates over their wealth.[46] The same day, international flights were resumed to and from the country's capital, Astana.[47] He also nominated a new prime minister that day, Älihan Smaiylov,[14] and later fired the defence minister Murat Bektanov on 18 January.[48] On 16 March, Tokayev delivered a state-of-the-nation address at a joint session of the houses of parliament in which he outlined a program of economic and political reforms.[49]

Background

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, wealthy individuals who had links to the former government of the Soviet Union received preferential treatment, gaining wealth from privatization and their land ownership of areas with valuable resources.[23] Nursultan Nazarbayev became Kazakhstan's first president after the dissolution, ruling the country from 1990 to 2019.[26] During this time, international observers did not recognize any of the elections in Kazakhstan,[26] with Nazarbayev ruling the nation through authoritarianism, nepotism and detaining opponents, according to The Daily Telegraph.[50]

Through this period, Kazakhstan experienced one of the strongest performing economies in Central Asia, with oil production representing a large percentage of its economic growth until oil prices decreased in the mid-2010s.[51] The country also held about 40% of the world's uranium resources within its territory.[23] Despite such growth, none of the economic benefits were shared throughout the population, with the minimum wage in Kazakhstan for the common individual being less than US$100 per month and economic inequality being pervasive.[23] In 2012, the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country,[52] while in 2005 the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on par with Angola, Bolivia, Kenya, and Libya at that time.[53] In 2013, Aftenposten quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer Denis Jivaga as saying that there is an "oil fund in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".[54] Following various international banking scandals, wealthy Kazakhs emigrated to foreign countries, especially the United Kingdom.[23] In 2018, Crédit Suisse ranked Kazakhstan 169th out of 174 countries in wealth distribution.[55] By 2022, 162 rich Kazakhs held 55% of the nation's wealth.[23]

Zhanaozen strike

Main article: Zhanaozen massacre

Zhanaozen, an oil-producing city in Mangystau Region, has had a history of labour strikes and demonstrations. In 2011, a riot broke out in the city amidst the 20th anniversary of Independence Day that led to 16 deaths and 100 injuries according to official numbers. Kazakh security forces opened fire on protestors who demanded better working conditions. During that time, the price for a litre of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a mix of butane and propane that is a common vehicle fuel in Zhanaozen, was around 30–35 tenge and has repeatedly risen since then.

Following further protests in 2018 and Nazarbayev's crackdown on the demonstrations, he was made the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life.[50]

Since January 2019, the Kazakh government phased transition policy to electronic market trading of LPG to gradually end state gas subsidies and allow for the market instead to determine prices, resulting with increased LPG prices according to Eurasianet.[56]

In January 2020, a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge.[57] As the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy, austerity measures and an inadequate amount of economic stimulus from the government resulted with inflation and stagnant wages.[23]

Since 1 January 2022, according to Zhanaozen protesters, the price of LPG almost doubled, to 120 tenge per litre (€0.24 per litre; US$1.06 per gallon), causing outrage amongst citizens.[58] Further discontent with the former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, the nation's oligarchy, corruption and economic inequality would then spark more widespread protests.[26][23]

Aims

Aims of the protests reported after the protests had started included calls for major political changes. According to Darkhan Sharipov of the Oyan, Qazaqstan activist group, protestors wanted "real political reforms" and "fair elections", and were angry about "corruption and nepotism".[26] According to The New York Times, protestors wanted leaders of the regions of Kazakhstan to be directly elected rather than appointed by the president.[59]

Protests

2 January

On the morning of 2 January, residents in the city of Zhanaozen in Mangystau Region blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices.[60] The demonstrators called on the akim of the region, Nurlan Nogaev, and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages.[60] The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials.[60]

3 January

Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight.[61] As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon, an estimated 1,000 people were at the square, chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders.[61] The police officers, while standing at the perimeter of the square during the demonstration, did not intervene.[61] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov arrived at the square and pledged for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85–90 tenge, which failed to please the demonstrators.[62] Nogaev and his subordinates were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd.[62]

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by "taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field".[63] He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order, reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government in "accordance with the law".[63] A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Eraly Togjanov was formed to consider the socio-economic situation in Mangystau.[64]

Reports of arrests were received from the cities of Astana, Aktobe and Almaty where the Republic Square and Astana Square were closed off and security officers deployed.[65] Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas.[65]

In Aktau, a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building, setting up tents and yurts for the encampment.[66] By evening, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators were at the square, demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government.[66] They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.[66] Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev visited the rally, reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched an antitrust probe into gas suppliers for a suspected price collusion; he urged the protestors to maintain public order and suggested that they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.[67]

 
Protesters setting up a yurt in Aktobe, 4 January 2022.

4 January

On the night of 4 January, around 1,000 marched to the Republic Square in Almaty which was cordoned off by the police.[68] From there, clashes broke out between both parties with the security forces using stun grenades and tear gas to disperse the protesters who in-turn vandalized police cars and setting some of them ablaze.[68][69] Armoured military vehicles were spotted throughout the streets of Almaty during the night of unrest which videos on social media later showed them fleeing by chasing protesters.[70]

President Tokayev signed decrees to introduce a state of emergency in Mangystau District and Almaty from 5 January 01:30 local time to 19 January 00:00 local time.[71] According to Tokayev, all legitimate demands of protesters will be considered.[68] A special commission, after meeting with protesters, agreed to lower the LPG price to 50 tenges ($0.11) per litre.[58] Internet watchdog organization NetBlocks documented significant internet disruptions with "high impact to mobile services" that were likely to limit the public's ability to express political discontent.[72][73] People also started protesting in Taldıqorğan.

5 January

 
Ruling Nur Otan party office in Almaty after being vandalized by protesters

At 04:00, Almaty akim Bakhytzhan Sagintayev made a video address to the residents, asserting that the situation in the city had been brought under control.[74] From there, he accused of "provocateurs from within and outside" being behind in destabilization and extremist actions and urged people not to succumb to "provocations and lawlessness".[74] In spite of Sagintayev's remarks, explosions of stun grenades were continued to be heard throughout Almaty in early morning with protesters setting up barricades and clashing with the National Guard in central streets.[75][76]

President Tokayev accepted the government's resignation. On the same day, a Reuters correspondent reported thousands of protesters pressing ahead towards Almaty city centre after security forces failed to disperse them with tear gas and stun grenades.[24][77] Later on the same day, Tokayev announced that former president Nursultan Nazarbayev has resigned as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan, and Tokayev has assumed this position himself.[78] Digital rights monitor NetBlocks reported that internet disruptions had intensified by 5:00 p.m. local time, leaving Kazakhstan in the "midst of a nation-scale internet blackout" after a day of mobile internet disruptions and partial restrictions.[72][79][80][81]

  Mayor's building on fire, Almaty, January 5

In Almaty, as the protesters had reached the Republic Square again, the offices of the city mayor were stormed and set aflame.[82][26] Locations that stored firearms were captured by protesters including the National Security Committee building and were shown to be distributed to others throughout the city.[83][84] Protests at the Almaty International Airport resulted in cancelled and rerouted flights.[26] The government reported protesters seizing five planes.[83] Two Kazakh army soldiers were reported killed attempting to retake the Almaty airport.[85] Russian state-run media reported that protesters also attacked President Tokayev's home with rifles and grenades, leaving it partially destroyed.[86] In addition, the offices of the ruling Nur Otan party were also set on fire.[87] Atameken, Kazakhstan's business lobby group, reported attacks on banks, stores and restaurants.[88]

The interior ministry reported government buildings were also attacked in the southern cities of Shymkent and Taraz.[89] In Aktobe,

In Taldıqorğan, a statue of former leader Nazarbayev was pulled down and destroyed by demonstrators chanting "Old man, leave!".[90][86]

In the late afternoon, President Tokayev announced a nationwide state of emergency until 19 January. This would include a curfew from 23:00 to 07:00, temporary restrictions on movement, and a ban on mass gatherings.[91] During a televised address, Tokayev threatened to crackdown on protesters, stating "I plan to act as toughly as possible", and said that he had no intentions of fleeing the country.[26]

By around late evening, anarchy had broken out in Almaty as large numbers of riot police began to arrive as automatic gunshots were being heard throughout the city with armed demonstrators and security forces exchanging fire while residents were urged to stay away from the streets by loudspeakers.[92] Various state-media agency buildings stationed in Almaty were burnt down and looting had taken place in which grocery stores, banks, ATMs, and shopping centers were targeted.[93]

6 January

Oil production at Kazakhstan's highest-producing oil field Tengiz was reduced.[94][95][96] US oil producer Chevron Corporation holds a 50% stake in Tengizchevroil (TCO) which operates the Tengiz oil field.[97]

Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry issued a statement saying: "Employees of the Almaty police department have launched a mop-up operation in the streets of Karasay-batyr and Masanchi. Measures are being taken to detain the violators. In total, some 2,000 people have been taken to police stations."[98]

Dozens of protesters and at least 12 police officers were killed with one police officer who was found beheaded.[99] Witnesses in Almaty described scenes of chaos with government buildings stormed or set on fire and widespread looting. The interior ministry said 2,298 people had been arrested during the unrest, while the police spokesperson Saltanat Azirbek told state news channel Khabar 24 that "dozens of attackers were liquidated".[100]

3,000 Russian paratroopers arrived in Kazakhstan on the morning of 6 January, after president Tokayev made a formal request for assistance to the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan also sent troops.[101][102]

Protestors remained in the Aktau town square on 6 January. Six thousand people protested in the centre of Zhanaozen. The akim of Zhanoazen, Maksat Ibagarov, stated that "none of the local activists [would] be persecuted".[103]

National Security Committee chief Karim Massimov was arrested, per the official account, after being detained the previous day on 5 January.

7 January

 
Burned building in Republic Square, Almaty

On 7 January, as a concession, President Tokayev said that the vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge per litre had been restored for 6 months.[33][34][35]

Tokayev said in a statement, "Constitutional order has largely been restored in all regions of the country."[36][37][38] He also announced that he had ordered troops to shoot without warning at anyone protesting, calling protesters 'bandits and terrorists' and saying use of force will continue.[39][40][41] In a speech to the nation, he said, "We hear calls from abroad for the parties to negotiate to find a peaceful solution to the problems, this is just nonsense. What negotiations can there be with criminals and murderers? They need to be destroyed and this will be done." He went on to thank Russia for sending troops to help establish order.[104]

Russia's Defence Ministry stated that more than 70 planes were flying, around the clock, to bring Russian troops into Kazakhstan and that they were helping to control Almaty's main airport.[36] According to several Russian media sources, former president Nursultan Nazarbayev had left the country with his three daughters and their families. It was not clear where Nazarbayev had gone, but he had apparently left the country for health reasons.[105]

A peaceful protest took place in Zhanaozen, where protestors asked for a new government, more freedom for civil rights activists, and a return to the 1993 Kazakh constitution.[106] Protests also continued in Aktau.[107]

The Kazakh government announced that seven additional policemen had been killed in Almaty.[108][better source needed] Levan Kogeashvili, a 22-year-old Israeli national was shot and killed while driving to work in Almaty. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that he had been residing in Kazakhstan for several years and his family said that he was not involved in the protests.[109][110]

8 January

 
Armed militant patroller on the roof top of the Auezov District Department of Internal Affairs in Almaty, 8 January 2022
 
Counterterrorist forces in search for anti-government militants at a parking lot in Almaty, 8 January 2022

Protests continued in Zhanaozen.[111]

The National Security Committee said that its former chief and former prime minister, Karim Massimov, had been arrested on suspicion of treason.[112]

The Ministry of Internal Affairs announced that 4,404 people had been detained and at least 40 people had died as a result of the protests.[113][114]

Kazakhstan authorities launched a countrywide antitrust investigation into 180 LNG sellers due to a suspected collusion.[115][116]

9 January

On 9 January, the interior ministry, said initial estimates put property damage at about 175 million euros, adding that more than 100 businesses and banks had been attacked and looted and about 400 vehicles destroyed. The ministry confirmed that more than 160 people had been killed and more than 5,000 had been arrested for questioning as part of 125 separate investigations into the unrest.[117] The Interior Ministry reported more than 2,200 people sought treatment for injuries from the protests, and about 1,300 security officers were injured.[118] The office of Kazakhstan's president said that in total 5,800 people had been detained.[119] The health ministry said in total 164 people, including two children, had been killed. It also specified that 103 people had died in Kazakhstan's largest city, Almaty. Interior Minister Erlan Turgumbayev held a press conference, saying, "Today the situation is stabilised in all regions of the country ... the counterterror operation is continuing in a bid to re-establish order in the country".[117]

10 January

 
Electronics store after being ravaged by looters in Almaty, 10 January 2022

On 10 January, the government declared a day of mourning for the victims of the protests. Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry reported that a total of 7,939 people have been detained across the country. The National Security Committee, Kazakhstan's counterintelligence and anti-terrorism agency, said that the situation in the country had "stabilized and is under control."[43] Tokayev called the protests a "coup attempt."[120] The government also stated that "foreign-trained Islamist radicals" were among those who had attacked government buildings and security forces in the last week and that police had then detained almost 8,000 people to bring the situation under control.[121]

Internet service was restored in Almaty following a five-day blackout.[122]

Military general and politician Zhanat Suleimenov committed suicide, at the age of 59, after a criminal case was opened against him during the protests.[123]

11 January

On 11 January, in a speech to an online meeting of the CSTO military alliance by video link, Tokayev said that order had now been restored in Kazakhstan and called the protests over.[44] He announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13 and would be fully withdrawn in the next 10 days.[124] Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed victory in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a "foreign-backed terrorist uprising", and promised leaders of other ex-Soviet states that a Moscow-led alliance (CSTO) would protect them too.[125]

In a speech to parliament regarding the past days, Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates due to their wealth. He said the public discontent was justified and that he wanted associates of the former president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, to share their wealth to the people. Tokayev told parliament, "Thanks to Nazarbayev, a group of very profitable companies emerged in the country as well as a group of people wealthy even by international standards, I think it is time they pay their dues to the people of Kazakhstan and help them on a systemic and regular basis." He went on to say that the financial system is dominated by large business groups, "based on the principle 'everything for friends, and laws for everyone else'". He spoke of initiatives to narrow the wealth gap, raise taxes on the mining sector, and eliminate irregularities in state procurement and areas where associates of Nazarbayev have business interests.[46]

The Interior Ministry mentioned that security forces had detained over 9,900 people in connection with the protests.[14] Tokayev nominated a new prime minister, Älihan Smaiylov.[124] International flights were resumed to and from the country's capital, Astana.[47]

Violence

On 5 January, authorities in Almaty reported that over 400 businesses were damaged from the protests and that 200 people had been arrested; police in Atyrau fired into protesters which resulted in the death of at least one individual.[90] The government reported on 5 January that eight law enforcement personnel were killed and 317 were wounded.[126] A report carried by the French AFP news agency stated that dozens of protestors had been killed,[127] while the Russian TASS news agency aired footage of a heavy gunfight near Almaty's Republic Square.[128] On 6 January, dozens of protestors were killed during an operation, while the number of security forces killed rose to 18.[129][130] According to local authorities, two of the security officers were found decapitated.[131]

On 7 January, President Tokayev stated that the army and law enforcement agencies had been ordered "to shoot to kill without warning."[132]

By 19 January, the death toll of the unrest reportedly reached 227.[13]

Analysis

Dosym Satpaev, a Kazakh political analyst, said that the Kazakh government would mainly use force to respond to protests, stating: "The authorities are trying everything to calm things down, with a mix of promises and threats, but so far it's not working. ... There will be imitations of dialogue but essentially the regime will respond with force because they have no other tools."[26] Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center observed that such protests were unsettling for the Russian government, with Dubnov saying: "There is no doubt that the Kremlin would not want to see an example of such a regime beginning to talk to the opposition and conceding to their demands."[90]

In an article for Foreign Policy, Eugene Chausovsky wrote that "Tokayev felt the need to get CSTO assistance in order to secure strategic sites and installations, including government buildings and airports in key cities such as Almaty, while Kazakh security forces could focus on handling the demonstrators directly."[133]

Joanna Lillis, writing in Eurasianet on 7 January, described Tokayev's shoot to kill declared policy and his terminology, including "bandits and terrorists ... to be eliminated", as resembling that of Russian president Vladimir Putin. Lillis saw this as a significant change from Tokayev's earlier promises of liberalising the political situation and consulting civil society.[134] She interpreted the dismissal and arrest of Karim Massimov, head of the National Security Committee and close to Nazarbayev, together with a statement by Nazarbayev's former adviser Ermukhamet Ertysbayev that a coup d'état had been attempted, as signs of a significant shift of power within the Kazakh political elites from Nazarbayev to Tokayev. She considered the claims of an attempted coup d'état to be credible.[135] Other analysts dispute this, as no details were provided upon Massimov's arrest on what actions could have represented an attempted overthrow of the government.[136]

Hans-Henning Schröder, a political scientist and expert on Russia, told Deutsche Welle: "All of Russia's major neighbors have been rocked by social unrest. If I were in the Kremlin, I would start to worry about whether Russia could be next."[137]

Daniil Kislov, the founder and General Director of the Ferghana Information Agency, speculated to The New York Times that the violence in Almaty was "all artificially organized by people who really had power in their hands," as a proxy for a power struggle between Tokayev and former president Nazarbayev. Kislov claimed that Nazarbayev's nephew Samat Abish, who was previously deputy head of the Kazakh State Security Service before being ousted by Tokayev, was responsible for orchestrating much of the violence. Galym Ageleulov, a human rights activist in Almaty, stated that the violence only started in Almaty when a crowd that was "clearly organized by crime group marauders" started the march to the City Hall, while at the same time police presence dissipated.[138]

Sergey Khestanov, macroeconomic adviser to the general director of Otkritie-Broker, claimed that the massive protests weren't caused directly due to economic factors, suggesting Kazakhstan's high standard of living within the former Soviet Union comparably to Russia and that the average age in Kazakhstan being relatively young leads to higher social activity, which played role in fueling discontent due to "a sufficiently long, stable and powerful economic growth" being "sharply inhibited".[139]

Economic impact

Global market

As Kazakhstan produces more than 40% of the world's uranium, uranium prices rose after the protests erupted.[140][141] Canadian uranium company Cameco stated that "any disruption in Kazakhstan could of course be a significant catalyst in the uranium market. If nothing else, it's a reminder for utilities that an over-reliance on any one source of supply is risky."[142] The internet blackout also impacted cryptocurrency mining operations, with the global cryptocurrency computational capacity (hashrate) dropping by 12 percent. Prior to the protests, Kazakhstan accounted for around 18 percent of global hashrate for Bitcoin, due to the fact that neighboring China in 2021 banned the mining of cryptocurrencies and many of the cryptominers moved to Kazakhstan.[143][144]

Craig Erlam, senior market analyst at OANDA, suggested that further oil production outages during protests could impact global oil prices by reaching the October 2021 peak and possibly three-digit prices as well.[145] According to Chevron Corporation, which operates Tengiz Field, the production of oil was reduced after its contractors had disrupted railway lines in support of the protests.[146] However just days later, Chevron announced that it would be gradually increasing its output again.[147][better source needed]

Economy

During the protests and riot in Kazakhstan, the fortune of four local billionaires shrank by $3 billion according to Forbes. At the same time, the middle daughter and son-in-law of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Dinara and Timur Kulibayev, lost $200 million. The couple controls the country's largest bank in terms of assets, Halyk Bank; the fortune of each co-owner is estimated at $3.1 billion. One of the most affected billionaires was Kazakh businessman Vyacheslav Kim, who is the chairman of the board of directors of the fintech company Kaspi Bank. In two days, its shares fell by 30%, from $188 as of 4 January to $87 on 6 January; according to Forbes, decreasing his fortune by $1.4 billion to $4.2 billion. By the end of the week, his assets grew slightly and were estimated at $4.4 billion. The general director of Kaspi.kz, a billionaire from Georgia Mikhail Lomtadze living in Kazakhstan, lost about $1.4 billion. The size of his fortune fell to $3.8 billion.[148][149][150]

Reactions

National

Speaking from France, the leader of Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Ablyazov, told Reuters on 7 January 2022: "I see myself as the leader of the opposition". Ablyazov also stated that the West should remove Kazakhstan from Russian influence to prevent Russian President Vladimir Putin from incorporating Kazakhstan into "a structure like the Soviet Union".[151]

International

Collective Security Treaty Organization

 
Member states of the CSTO

Unrest in Kazakhstan caught international observers by surprise.[26] President Tokayev began communications with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, who had quashed the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, and was in discussions with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, calling for the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) to intervene against protesters that he described as "international terrorists".[26][90] Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan, who had just been made chairman of the CSTO on 3 January 2022, responded to Tokayev's request, stating "As the Chairman of the CPC Assembly Security Council, I am starting immediate consultations with the leaders of the CSTO countries".[86][152]

On 6 January, the CSTO agreed to intervene in Kazakhstan with a collective group of forces that it described as having the aim of peacekeeping, with the organization citing the Collective Security Treaty's Article 4, which states "In the case of aggression (an armed attack threatening safety, stability, territorial integrity and sovereignty) against any Member States, all other Member States at the request of this Member State shall immediately provide the latter with the necessary aid, including military".[153][2] Pashinyan said that the CSTO was to be deployed due to "the threats to national security and sovereignty to the Republic of Kazakhstan, including from external interference".[2] A Russian Air Force regiment in Orenburg was reported to be readying itself for deployment to Kazakhstan.[2] Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said: "Peacekeeping forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization were sent to the Republic of Kazakhstan for a limited time to stabilize and normalize the situation." She confirmed armed forces of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan were sent to Kazakhstan as part of the wider CSTO effort.[154] According to CSTO, its armed forces are only authorised to participate in the protection of strategic infrastructure facilities, including Almaty International Airport and Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in south-central Kazakhstan.[155] Russian State Duma member Leonid Kalashnikov stated that actions in relation to the protesters themselves were to be handled by local Kazakhstani law enforcement.[156]

On 7 January, the Belarusian Telegraph Agency reported that President Lukashenko "discussed in detail the state of affairs in Kazakhstan" via phone with former president and chair of Security Council of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev.[157]

On 11 January, Tokayev announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13;[14] they were fully withdrawn by 19 January.[45]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

On 7 January, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's regional anti-terrorist structure announced that it was ready to extend assistance to Kazakhstan upon request, and voiced support for the Kazakh government's security measures.[158]

By country

  •   Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: The Afghan Foreign Ministry spokesperson Fazilrabi Zahin published a statement saying the administration is "closely monitoring the situation in Kazakhstan and, as a close neighbor and economic partner state, is concerned about the recent unrest." The ministry also "urges both the government and protestors to resolve issues through talks and peaceful means, and to return calm and stability to the country."[159]
  •   Armenia: Currently chairing at CSTO, Armenia started consultations among CSTO member countries and sent 100 soldiers to peacekeeping mission, citing protection of water source and one of the largest bread factories as the main aims of its deployed troops.[160] However, Armenians took dim view of Armenia's participation in CSTO mission to Kazakhstan, with many citizens objecting that the CSTO did not help Armenia when it asked for help in 2021-2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis, and pointing out at the irony of the Pashinyan's government itself coming to power as the result of street protests.[161] "The people of any country must choose their own government; no other country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs. Today, the Armenian armed forces have a mission to protect the borders of our country. We condemn the short-sighted and irresponsible actions of the Armenian government." a coalition of Armenian NGOs said in a statement.[162]
  •   Azerbaijan: The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs had expressed condolences on 10 January "to the families and loved ones of people who lost their lives in a number of regions of the country, brotherly Kazakh people. We wish Kazakhstan peace, stability, peace and well-being."[163]
  •   Belarus: President Alexander Lukashenko called on demonstrators to negotiate with President Tokayev who called him as "a decent person, a diplomat" and "very intelligent and educated man", telling "It's a lesson for us. One more lesson. In the sense that we now understand what could have happened to us."[164] State Secretary of the Belarusian Security Council Alexander Volfovich on 6 January described the Kazakh unrest as an "external hybrid threat" that aims to destroy a legitimate government via unconstitutional methods similarly to a colour revolution.[165] He called on the Belarusian military personnel to be deployed in Kazakhstan "to provide assistance to the fraternal people of Kazakhstan, prevent the situation from aggravating and send peacekeeping forces there."[165]
  •   Canada: The Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying it was "closely monitoring the unrest". It called for "restraint and de-escalation" and that the situation be resolved "quickly and peacefully".[166]
  •   China: The Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin expressed that China and Kazakhstan shared friendly relations and are strategic partners and "hopes for early restoration of public order" in Kazakhstan and also reiterated that the matter is an "interior affair of Kazakhstan" and believes in the ability of the "Kazakh authorities to resolve the issue properly".[167] Wang hoped for a speedy stabilization of the situation.[167] On 7 January, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping stated that "China opposes external forces that deliberately trigger unrest and incite a 'colour revolution' in Kazakhstan".[168][169]
  •   France: Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian on 6 January called the events in Kazakhstan "worrying" and urged all parties "to show moderation and open a dialogue".[170] President Emmanuel Macron expressed his concern in regards with the deadly unrest, adding that he would continue in monitoring the situation.[171]
  •   Germany: Federal Foreign Office spokesman Christofer Burger said that the officials were looking into the reports of Tokayev's shooting order, telling "it must be said very clearly that a use of lethal force, of live ammunition against civilians can only be a very last resort, particularly if military forces are deployed."[172]
  •   Hungary: Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó in a video briefing stated that violent protesters need to be held accountable and concerns over human rights have "no place" when it comes to restoring order, saying that "Destabilization efforts or coups are completely opposed to Hungary's security interests" and that "Hungary supports efforts to restore peace and order in central Asia, specifically Kazakhstan."[173]
  •   India: The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Arindam Bagchi stated that events in Kazakhstan were being closely followed, and extended "deepest condolences to families of innocent victims who have lost lives in the violence". The statement hoped for "an early stabilization of the situation".[174] The Indian community in Kazakhstan of about 7,800 – including 5,300 students and some 1,000 construction workers – was reportedly safe. The violence erupted at a time when leaders of the five Central Asian states were expected to be chief guests at India's Republic Day celebrations on January 26.[174][175]
  •   Iran: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Saeed Khatibzadeh stated, "We believe that the wise government and nation of the friendly, brotherly and neighborly country can resolve their problems and disputes peacefully and through dialog, without foreign interference and based on their own national interests."[176]
  •   Kyrgyzstan: The Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on a "civilized dialogue within a legal framework" to prevent a "further escalation of the situation", hoping for Kazakhstan to resolve the current crisis "independently and without outside interference" while positioning Kyrgyzstan as strategic partner by conforming its readiness to "provide all possible support to the brotherly Kazakhstan, if necessary."[177] During a telephone conversion between leaders of CTSO on 5 January, President Sadyr Japarov expressed concern about the reports of casualties, numerous cases of looting and pogroms, and other cases of violence.[178] Japarov later expressed condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh people, wishing for "stability, unity, peace and prosperity."[179]
  •   Malaysia: Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah stated that Wisma Putra is monitoring the developments closely. He also confirmed that 50 Malaysians in the country are in safe condition.[180]
  •   Mongolia: The Mongolian Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised its citizens to not attend demonstrations and rallies and that it would continue to monitor the situation closely.[181]
  •   Pakistan: The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan formed 'help desks' within its embassies in Almaty and Astana in an attempt to facilitate Pakistanis in Kazakhstan requiring emergency services.[182]
  •   Romania: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania stated that it was closely following the unrest in Kazakhstan since its inception. It also declared that it had been in contact with the around 100 Romanian citizens in the country and that the personnel of the Romanian embassy in Astana were not in danger, and called for a peaceful and inclusive settlement of the situation without the need to resort to violence.[183]
  •   Russia: President Vladimir Putin claimed victory on 10 January in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a "foreign-backed terrorist uprising",[184] promising regional allies that a Moscow-led alliance (CSTO) would protect them from colour revolutions. Putin also drew a parallel between the Kazakh protests and the Euromaidan protests and referenced other pro-democracy movements that toppled allied leaders in Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan.[185]
    •   Bashkortostan: Head Radiy Khabirov after meeting with Kazakh officials on 19 January said, "When the 'well-known events' began in Kazakhstan, we were in touch with our colleagues, wishing them good luck and strength. And we were absolutely sure that the people of Kazakhstan would choose the right path of development."[186]
    •   Chechnya: In a joint live Instagram broadcast, Head Ramzan Kadyrov called on Kazakh citizens to not destroy the state and compared the events with the beginning of the Chechen War.[187]
  •   Serbia: President Aleksandar Vučić stated that in Kazakhstan there will be "hundreds or thousands of dead, a devastated country" and that "foreign services, various great powers, have also intervened".[188]
  •   South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed hope for the restoration of peace in Kazakhstan and that South Korea will closely monitor political situations and take measures for the safety for its nationals residing in the country.[189]
  •   Tajikistan: The Tajik Foreign Affairs Ministry on January 6 expressed concerns over violence, seizure of government buildings and looting as well as emergence of armed groups sharing support to the Kazakh government in attempts at stabilizing the situation and that the "wise people of Kazakhstan and their leadership will put an end to acts of violence in the shortest possible time through dialogue."[190] That same day, the Ministry issued a travel warning as well as guidelines towards Tajik citizens in Kazakhstan "to exercise maximum vigilance and avoid crowded places."[191]
  •   Turkey: President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan told Tokayev in a phone call that Turkey stands in solidarity with Kazakhstan.[192] The Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a solidarity message with the participation of the ruling Justice and Development Party, along with the opposition Republican People's Party, Nationalist Movement Party and Good Party, in which they expressed support to the Kazakh government's reform agenda to further improve the well-being and welfare of the people.[193]
  •   Turkmenistan: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow in a letter to Tokayev expressed deep condolences in response to high casualties and injuries resulting from the days of violent unrest.[194] Berdimuhamedow expressed sympathy and support to the families and relatives of the victims, as well as wishes for quick recovery to the injured.[194]
  •   Ukraine: The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued statement to which it condemned violence and expressed condolences with the deaths and urged for the conflict to de-escalate and foreign deployed CSTO troops to respect sovereignty of Kazakhstan and not to maintain presence beyond the declared time period.[195]
  •   United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan during phone call with President Tokayev on 10 January "expressed his confidence in the ability of the Kazakhstan government and people to overcome this difficult period quickly."[196]
  •   United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, in the House of Commons, condemned the violence and said that the British government would be coordinating with allies.[197]
  •   United States: The U.S. government appealed for calm while reported by The Independent to be monitoring the unrest.[198][199] U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken questioned Kazakhstan's decision to seek CSTO's military assistance, saying that "one lesson of recent history is that once Russians are in your house, it's sometimes very difficult to get them to leave".[200]
  •   Uzbekistan: The Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the events "alarming" and that it would continue monitoring the development of the situation with a written statement saying "We are convinced that the wise people of Kazakhstan will be able to prevent the escalation of instability, avoid violence and human casualties" and that the people of Kazakhstan "have the necessary determination and will to preserve unity, restore peace and tranquility in the country and independently overcome the problems that have arisen."[201] In a 10 January letter, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev expressed deep condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh citizens in connection with the numerous victims and serious injuries among the servicemen and the population, as well as significant damage as a result in the aftermath of the conflict.[202] On 11 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Uzbek citizens will be evacuated from Kazakhstan by the nearest flights of Uzbekistan Airways.[203]

Entities with limited recognition

By international union

  •   European Union: On 5 January 2022, the EU issued a statement saying: "We call on all concerned to act with responsibility and restraint and to refrain from actions that could lead to further escalation of violence. While recognising the right to peaceful demonstration, the European Union expects that they remain non-violent and avoid any incitement to violence".[207]
  •   The Organization of Turkic States stated "their confidence in the capacity of the Kazakh authorities to peacefully defuse tensions and reestablish calm and order."[208]
  •   United Nations: On 6 January, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet called on all sides in Kazakhstan to refrain from violence and to seek a peaceful resolution to their grievances following mass unrest after days of demonstrations. In a statement, Bachelet said: "People have the right to peaceful protest and freedom of expression. At the same time, protesters, no matter how angry or aggrieved they may be, should not resort to violence against others".[209][210] On 10 January, the United Nations criticised Kazakhstan over photos showing military personnel wearing United Nations peacekeeper helmets. United Nations spokesman Stephane Dujarric said the United Nations had complained to Kazakhstan's diplomatic outpost in New York about the apparent use of United Nations peacekeeping equipment and said the issue "had been addressed".[211]
  •   NATO: On 7 January, NATO's Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs & Security Policy and Special Representative for the Caucasus & Central Asia, Javier Colomina, said on Twitter: "NATO shares the serious concern over the situation in Kazakhstan, including reports of casualties. We call on all parties to exercise restraint, refrain from violence, and pursue dialogue. Authorities must respect international human rights obligations, including the right to peaceful protest".[212][213]
  •   Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE): on 5 January the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE, Zbigniew Rau, declared "I call for a peaceful return to order and respect for democratic processes, while rights and freedoms, including freedom of assembly and freedom of expression, must be protected."[214]

Legacy

On December 23, 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev opened a Tagzym memorial dedicated to the victims of the January events (Qantar) in Almaty.[215]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 Kazakh protests.

References

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July 25, 2023
2022, kazakh, unrest, also, known, bloody, january, kazakh, Қанды, қаңтар, romanized, qandy, qañtar, russian, Кровавый, январь, january, tragedy, kazakh, Қаңтар, трагедиясы, romanized, qañtar, tragediasy, january, events, kazakh, Қаңтар, оқиғасы, romanized, qa. The 2022 Kazakh unrest also known as Bloody January Kazakh Қandy kantar romanized Qandy qantar Russian Krovavyj yanvar 15 16 or the January tragedy Kazakh Қantar tragediyasy romanized Qantar tragediasy 17 18 or the January events Kazakh Қantar okigasy romanized Qantar oqigasy Russian Yanvarskie sobytiya romanized Janvarskie sobytija 19 20 21 was a series of mass protests that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied gas prices following the lifting of a government enforced price cap on 1 January The protests began peacefully in the oil producing city of Zhanaozen and quickly spread to other cities in the country especially the nation s largest city Almaty which saw its demonstrations turn into violent riots fueled by rising dissatisfaction with the government and widespread poverty 22 23 During the week long violent unrest and crackdowns 227 people were killed and over 9 900 were arrested according to Kazakh officials 13 14 2022 Kazakh unrestClockwise from top Burned out Akimat Residence in Republic Square Protest in Aktobe on 4 January 2022 Burned police paddy wagon in Almaty Tajik Armed Forces of the CSTO peacekeeping forces in Almaty Power Station 1 Overturned police vehicle in AlmatyDate2 11 January 2022 1 week and 2 days LocationKazakhstanCaused byIncreased gas pricesEconomic inequalityCorruptionDissatisfaction with the Kazakh governmentDissatisfaction with former president Nursultan NazarbayevCOVID 19 pandemicGoalsDecreased fuel pricesResignation of President Kassym Jomart Tokayev and his administrationRemoval of immunity and resignation of former president Nursultan Nazarbayev from the Security CouncilDirect elections for akims local heads Return to the 1993 Kazakh constitutionMethodsDemonstrationsOnline activismRiotingStrikesCivil disobedienceResulted inMass looting and chaos in Almaty from 5 January to 8 JanuaryNationwide state of emergency from 5 January to 20 JanuaryCSTO forces in Kazakhstan from 6 January to 20 JanuaryRemoval of Nazarbayev as chairman of Security CouncilResignation of Prime Minister Askar Mamin and his governmentRemoval of Murat Bektanov as Minister of DefenceRestoration of vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge per litre for 6 monthsPartiesKazakh oppositionProtesters Government of Kazakhstan CSTO n 1 Lead figuresNo centralized leadership 1 Kassym Jomart TokayevAskar MaminAlihan SmaiylovEraly TogjanovNursultan NazarbayevVladimir PutinNikol Pashinyan 2 A LukashenkoStanislav Zas 3 Andrey Serdyukov 4 Units involved Kazakhstan Armed Forces National Guard Military Police Police Russia 5 98th Guards Airborne Division 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade Belarus 103rd Guards Airborne Brigade 5 6 Tajikistan Mobile Forces Peacekeeping Battalion 5 Kyrgyzstan Scorpion 25th Special Forces Brigade 7 Armenia 12th Peacekeeping Brigade 8 NumberOver 2 000 people 9 10 11 12 3 800 5 Casualties and losses208 killed 13 9 900 arrested 14 19 killed 13 No casualties reported Growing discontent with the government and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev who remained the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan also influenced larger demonstrations As there were no popular opposition groups against the Kazakh government the unrest appeared to be assembled directly by citizens In response president Kassym Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Mangystau Region and Almaty effective from 5 January 2022 The Mamin Cabinet resigned the same day 24 25 26 and Nazarbayev himself was also removed from his position of chairman of the Security Council 27 The state of emergency was shortly extended to the whole country In response to Tokayev s request the Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO a military alliance of Russia Armenia Belarus Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan and Kazakhstan agreed to deploy troops in Kazakhstan 28 The aim was declared to be peacekeeping while some commentators described it as helping the Kazakh government in quelling the unrest 29 30 Russian president Vladimir Putin described the intervention as a concerted effort to protect regional allies from what he described as colour revolutions instigated by foreign interference in allies internal affairs 31 CSTO troops were initially deployed to government buildings in the capital city Astana and then guarded key infrastructure in Almaty 32 As a concession Tokayev announced that vehicle gas price caps of 50 tenge per litre would be restored for 6 months 33 34 35 On 7 January he said in a statement that constitutional order had largely been restored in all regions of the country 36 37 38 He also announced that he had ordered troops to use lethal force against protesters authorizing instructions to shoot to kill without warning calling the protesters bandits and terrorists and saying that the use of force would continue to destroy the protests 39 40 41 42 On 10 January the government declared a day of mourning for those who died during the unrest 43 On 11 January Tokayev said that order had been restored in Kazakhstan in what he described as an attempted coup d etat 44 He also announced that CSTO troops would begin withdrawing from the country on 13 January 14 and they were fully withdrawn by 20 January 45 In an 11 January speech to the parliament Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates over their wealth 46 The same day international flights were resumed to and from the country s capital Astana 47 He also nominated a new prime minister that day Alihan Smaiylov 14 and later fired the defence minister Murat Bektanov on 18 January 48 On 16 March Tokayev delivered a state of the nation address at a joint session of the houses of parliament in which he outlined a program of economic and political reforms 49 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Zhanaozen strike 1 2 Aims 2 Protests 2 1 2 January 2 2 3 January 2 3 4 January 2 4 5 January 2 5 6 January 2 6 7 January 2 7 8 January 2 8 9 January 2 9 10 January 2 10 11 January 3 Violence 4 Analysis 5 Economic impact 5 1 Global market 5 2 Economy 6 Reactions 6 1 National 6 2 International 6 2 1 Collective Security Treaty Organization 6 2 2 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6 3 By country 6 3 1 Entities with limited recognition 6 4 By international union 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 ReferencesBackground EditFollowing the dissolution of the Soviet Union wealthy individuals who had links to the former government of the Soviet Union received preferential treatment gaining wealth from privatization and their land ownership of areas with valuable resources 23 Nursultan Nazarbayev became Kazakhstan s first president after the dissolution ruling the country from 1990 to 2019 26 During this time international observers did not recognize any of the elections in Kazakhstan 26 with Nazarbayev ruling the nation through authoritarianism nepotism and detaining opponents according to The Daily Telegraph 50 Through this period Kazakhstan experienced one of the strongest performing economies in Central Asia with oil production representing a large percentage of its economic growth until oil prices decreased in the mid 2010s 51 The country also held about 40 of the world s uranium resources within its territory 23 Despite such growth none of the economic benefits were shared throughout the population with the minimum wage in Kazakhstan for the common individual being less than US 100 per month and economic inequality being pervasive 23 In 2012 the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country 52 while in 2005 the World Bank listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot on par with Angola Bolivia Kenya and Libya at that time 53 In 2013 Aftenposten quoted the human rights activist and lawyer Denis Jivaga as saying that there is an oil fund in Kazakhstan but nobody knows how the income is spent 54 Following various international banking scandals wealthy Kazakhs emigrated to foreign countries especially the United Kingdom 23 In 2018 Credit Suisse ranked Kazakhstan 169th out of 174 countries in wealth distribution 55 By 2022 162 rich Kazakhs held 55 of the nation s wealth 23 Zhanaozen strike Edit Main article Zhanaozen massacre Zhanaozen an oil producing city in Mangystau Region has had a history of labour strikes and demonstrations In 2011 a riot broke out in the city amidst the 20th anniversary of Independence Day that led to 16 deaths and 100 injuries according to official numbers Kazakh security forces opened fire on protestors who demanded better working conditions During that time the price for a litre of liquefied petroleum gas LPG a mix of butane and propane that is a common vehicle fuel in Zhanaozen was around 30 35 tenge and has repeatedly risen since then Following further protests in 2018 and Nazarbayev s crackdown on the demonstrations he was made the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life 50 Since January 2019 the Kazakh government phased transition policy to electronic market trading of LPG to gradually end state gas subsidies and allow for the market instead to determine prices resulting with increased LPG prices according to Eurasianet 56 In January 2020 a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge 57 As the COVID 19 pandemic affected the economy austerity measures and an inadequate amount of economic stimulus from the government resulted with inflation and stagnant wages 23 Since 1 January 2022 according to Zhanaozen protesters the price of LPG almost doubled to 120 tenge per litre 0 24 per litre US 1 06 per gallon causing outrage amongst citizens 58 Further discontent with the former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev the nation s oligarchy corruption and economic inequality would then spark more widespread protests 26 23 Aims Edit Aims of the protests reported after the protests had started included calls for major political changes According to Darkhan Sharipov of the Oyan Qazaqstan activist group protestors wanted real political reforms and fair elections and were angry about corruption and nepotism 26 According to The New York Times protestors wanted leaders of the regions of Kazakhstan to be directly elected rather than appointed by the president 59 Protests Edit2 January Edit On the morning of 2 January residents in the city of Zhanaozen in Mangystau Region blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices 60 The demonstrators called on the akim of the region Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages 60 The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials 60 3 January Edit Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight 61 As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon an estimated 1 000 people were at the square chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders 61 The police officers while standing at the perimeter of the square during the demonstration did not intervene 61 Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev and Zhanaozen akim Maksat Ibagarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov arrived at the square and pledged for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85 90 tenge which failed to please the demonstrators 62 Nogaev and his subordinates were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd 62 President Kassym Jomart Tokayev had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field 63 He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government in accordance with the law 63 A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister Eraly Togjanov was formed to consider the socio economic situation in Mangystau 64 Reports of arrests were received from the cities of Astana Aktobe and Almaty where the Republic Square and Astana Square were closed off and security officers deployed 65 Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas 65 In Aktau a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building setting up tents and yurts for the encampment 66 By evening an estimated 6 000 demonstrators were at the square demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government 66 They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan 66 Mangystau akim Nurlan Nogaev visited the rally reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched an antitrust probe into gas suppliers for a suspected price collusion he urged the protestors to maintain public order and suggested that they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities 67 Protesters setting up a yurt in Aktobe 4 January 2022 4 January Edit On the night of 4 January around 1 000 marched to the Republic Square in Almaty which was cordoned off by the police 68 From there clashes broke out between both parties with the security forces using stun grenades and tear gas to disperse the protesters who in turn vandalized police cars and setting some of them ablaze 68 69 Armoured military vehicles were spotted throughout the streets of Almaty during the night of unrest which videos on social media later showed them fleeing by chasing protesters 70 President Tokayev signed decrees to introduce a state of emergency in Mangystau District and Almaty from 5 January 01 30 local time to 19 January 00 00 local time 71 According to Tokayev all legitimate demands of protesters will be considered 68 A special commission after meeting with protesters agreed to lower the LPG price to 50 tenges 0 11 per litre 58 Internet watchdog organization NetBlocks documented significant internet disruptions with high impact to mobile services that were likely to limit the public s ability to express political discontent 72 73 People also started protesting in Taldiqorgan 5 January Edit Ruling Nur Otan party office in Almaty after being vandalized by protestersAt 04 00 Almaty akim Bakhytzhan Sagintayev made a video address to the residents asserting that the situation in the city had been brought under control 74 From there he accused of provocateurs from within and outside being behind in destabilization and extremist actions and urged people not to succumb to provocations and lawlessness 74 In spite of Sagintayev s remarks explosions of stun grenades were continued to be heard throughout Almaty in early morning with protesters setting up barricades and clashing with the National Guard in central streets 75 76 President Tokayev accepted the government s resignation On the same day a Reuters correspondent reported thousands of protesters pressing ahead towards Almaty city centre after security forces failed to disperse them with tear gas and stun grenades 24 77 Later on the same day Tokayev announced that former president Nursultan Nazarbayev has resigned as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan and Tokayev has assumed this position himself 78 Digital rights monitor NetBlocks reported that internet disruptions had intensified by 5 00 p m local time leaving Kazakhstan in the midst of a nation scale internet blackout after a day of mobile internet disruptions and partial restrictions 72 79 80 81 Mayor s building on fire Almaty January 5In Almaty as the protesters had reached the Republic Square again the offices of the city mayor were stormed and set aflame 82 26 Locations that stored firearms were captured by protesters including the National Security Committee building and were shown to be distributed to others throughout the city 83 84 Protests at the Almaty International Airport resulted in cancelled and rerouted flights 26 The government reported protesters seizing five planes 83 Two Kazakh army soldiers were reported killed attempting to retake the Almaty airport 85 Russian state run media reported that protesters also attacked President Tokayev s home with rifles and grenades leaving it partially destroyed 86 In addition the offices of the ruling Nur Otan party were also set on fire 87 Atameken Kazakhstan s business lobby group reported attacks on banks stores and restaurants 88 The interior ministry reported government buildings were also attacked in the southern cities of Shymkent and Taraz 89 In Aktobe In Taldiqorgan a statue of former leader Nazarbayev was pulled down and destroyed by demonstrators chanting Old man leave 90 86 In the late afternoon President Tokayev announced a nationwide state of emergency until 19 January This would include a curfew from 23 00 to 07 00 temporary restrictions on movement and a ban on mass gatherings 91 During a televised address Tokayev threatened to crackdown on protesters stating I plan to act as toughly as possible and said that he had no intentions of fleeing the country 26 By around late evening anarchy had broken out in Almaty as large numbers of riot police began to arrive as automatic gunshots were being heard throughout the city with armed demonstrators and security forces exchanging fire while residents were urged to stay away from the streets by loudspeakers 92 Various state media agency buildings stationed in Almaty were burnt down and looting had taken place in which grocery stores banks ATMs and shopping centers were targeted 93 6 January Edit Oil production at Kazakhstan s highest producing oil field Tengiz was reduced 94 95 96 US oil producer Chevron Corporation holds a 50 stake in Tengizchevroil TCO which operates the Tengiz oil field 97 Kazakhstan s Interior Ministry issued a statement saying Employees of the Almaty police department have launched a mop up operation in the streets of Karasay batyr and Masanchi Measures are being taken to detain the violators In total some 2 000 people have been taken to police stations 98 Dozens of protesters and at least 12 police officers were killed with one police officer who was found beheaded 99 Witnesses in Almaty described scenes of chaos with government buildings stormed or set on fire and widespread looting The interior ministry said 2 298 people had been arrested during the unrest while the police spokesperson Saltanat Azirbek told state news channel Khabar 24 that dozens of attackers were liquidated 100 3 000 Russian paratroopers arrived in Kazakhstan on the morning of 6 January after president Tokayev made a formal request for assistance to the Collective Security Treaty Organization Armenia Belarus Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan also sent troops 101 102 Protestors remained in the Aktau town square on 6 January Six thousand people protested in the centre of Zhanaozen The akim of Zhanoazen Maksat Ibagarov stated that none of the local activists would be persecuted 103 National Security Committee chief Karim Massimov was arrested per the official account after being detained the previous day on 5 January 7 January Edit Burned building in Republic Square AlmatyOn 7 January as a concession President Tokayev said that the vehicle fuel price caps of 50 tenge per litre had been restored for 6 months 33 34 35 Tokayev said in a statement Constitutional order has largely been restored in all regions of the country 36 37 38 He also announced that he had ordered troops to shoot without warning at anyone protesting calling protesters bandits and terrorists and saying use of force will continue 39 40 41 In a speech to the nation he said We hear calls from abroad for the parties to negotiate to find a peaceful solution to the problems this is just nonsense What negotiations can there be with criminals and murderers They need to be destroyed and this will be done He went on to thank Russia for sending troops to help establish order 104 Russia s Defence Ministry stated that more than 70 planes were flying around the clock to bring Russian troops into Kazakhstan and that they were helping to control Almaty s main airport 36 According to several Russian media sources former president Nursultan Nazarbayev had left the country with his three daughters and their families It was not clear where Nazarbayev had gone but he had apparently left the country for health reasons 105 A peaceful protest took place in Zhanaozen where protestors asked for a new government more freedom for civil rights activists and a return to the 1993 Kazakh constitution 106 Protests also continued in Aktau 107 The Kazakh government announced that seven additional policemen had been killed in Almaty 108 better source needed Levan Kogeashvili a 22 year old Israeli national was shot and killed while driving to work in Almaty The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that he had been residing in Kazakhstan for several years and his family said that he was not involved in the protests 109 110 8 January Edit Armed militant patroller on the roof top of the Auezov District Department of Internal Affairs in Almaty 8 January 2022 Counterterrorist forces in search for anti government militants at a parking lot in Almaty 8 January 2022Protests continued in Zhanaozen 111 The National Security Committee said that its former chief and former prime minister Karim Massimov had been arrested on suspicion of treason 112 The Ministry of Internal Affairs announced that 4 404 people had been detained and at least 40 people had died as a result of the protests 113 114 Kazakhstan authorities launched a countrywide antitrust investigation into 180 LNG sellers due to a suspected collusion 115 116 9 January Edit On 9 January the interior ministry said initial estimates put property damage at about 175 million euros adding that more than 100 businesses and banks had been attacked and looted and about 400 vehicles destroyed The ministry confirmed that more than 160 people had been killed and more than 5 000 had been arrested for questioning as part of 125 separate investigations into the unrest 117 The Interior Ministry reported more than 2 200 people sought treatment for injuries from the protests and about 1 300 security officers were injured 118 The office of Kazakhstan s president said that in total 5 800 people had been detained 119 The health ministry said in total 164 people including two children had been killed It also specified that 103 people had died in Kazakhstan s largest city Almaty Interior Minister Erlan Turgumbayev held a press conference saying Today the situation is stabilised in all regions of the country the counterterror operation is continuing in a bid to re establish order in the country 117 10 January Edit Electronics store after being ravaged by looters in Almaty 10 January 2022On 10 January the government declared a day of mourning for the victims of the protests Kazakhstan s Interior Ministry reported that a total of 7 939 people have been detained across the country The National Security Committee Kazakhstan s counterintelligence and anti terrorism agency said that the situation in the country had stabilized and is under control 43 Tokayev called the protests a coup attempt 120 The government also stated that foreign trained Islamist radicals were among those who had attacked government buildings and security forces in the last week and that police had then detained almost 8 000 people to bring the situation under control 121 Internet service was restored in Almaty following a five day blackout 122 Military general and politician Zhanat Suleimenov committed suicide at the age of 59 after a criminal case was opened against him during the protests 123 11 January Edit On 11 January in a speech to an online meeting of the CSTO military alliance by video link Tokayev said that order had now been restored in Kazakhstan and called the protests over 44 He announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13 and would be fully withdrawn in the next 10 days 124 Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed victory in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a foreign backed terrorist uprising and promised leaders of other ex Soviet states that a Moscow led alliance CSTO would protect them too 125 In a speech to parliament regarding the past days Tokayev promised reform and acknowledged public discontent over income inequality and criticized Nazarbayev and his associates due to their wealth He said the public discontent was justified and that he wanted associates of the former president Nursultan Nazarbayev to share their wealth to the people Tokayev told parliament Thanks to Nazarbayev a group of very profitable companies emerged in the country as well as a group of people wealthy even by international standards I think it is time they pay their dues to the people of Kazakhstan and help them on a systemic and regular basis He went on to say that the financial system is dominated by large business groups based on the principle everything for friends and laws for everyone else He spoke of initiatives to narrow the wealth gap raise taxes on the mining sector and eliminate irregularities in state procurement and areas where associates of Nazarbayev have business interests 46 The Interior Ministry mentioned that security forces had detained over 9 900 people in connection with the protests 14 Tokayev nominated a new prime minister Alihan Smaiylov 124 International flights were resumed to and from the country s capital Astana 47 Violence EditOn 5 January authorities in Almaty reported that over 400 businesses were damaged from the protests and that 200 people had been arrested police in Atyrau fired into protesters which resulted in the death of at least one individual 90 The government reported on 5 January that eight law enforcement personnel were killed and 317 were wounded 126 A report carried by the French AFP news agency stated that dozens of protestors had been killed 127 while the Russian TASS news agency aired footage of a heavy gunfight near Almaty s Republic Square 128 On 6 January dozens of protestors were killed during an operation while the number of security forces killed rose to 18 129 130 According to local authorities two of the security officers were found decapitated 131 On 7 January President Tokayev stated that the army and law enforcement agencies had been ordered to shoot to kill without warning 132 By 19 January the death toll of the unrest reportedly reached 227 13 Analysis EditThis article may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Dosym Satpaev a Kazakh political analyst said that the Kazakh government would mainly use force to respond to protests stating The authorities are trying everything to calm things down with a mix of promises and threats but so far it s not working There will be imitations of dialogue but essentially the regime will respond with force because they have no other tools 26 Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center observed that such protests were unsettling for the Russian government with Dubnov saying There is no doubt that the Kremlin would not want to see an example of such a regime beginning to talk to the opposition and conceding to their demands 90 In an article for Foreign Policy Eugene Chausovsky wrote that Tokayev felt the need to get CSTO assistance in order to secure strategic sites and installations including government buildings and airports in key cities such as Almaty while Kazakh security forces could focus on handling the demonstrators directly 133 Joanna Lillis writing in Eurasianet on 7 January described Tokayev s shoot to kill declared policy and his terminology including bandits and terrorists to be eliminated as resembling that of Russian president Vladimir Putin Lillis saw this as a significant change from Tokayev s earlier promises of liberalising the political situation and consulting civil society 134 She interpreted the dismissal and arrest of Karim Massimov head of the National Security Committee and close to Nazarbayev together with a statement by Nazarbayev s former adviser Ermukhamet Ertysbayev that a coup d etat had been attempted as signs of a significant shift of power within the Kazakh political elites from Nazarbayev to Tokayev She considered the claims of an attempted coup d etat to be credible 135 Other analysts dispute this as no details were provided upon Massimov s arrest on what actions could have represented an attempted overthrow of the government 136 Hans Henning Schroder a political scientist and expert on Russia told Deutsche Welle All of Russia s major neighbors have been rocked by social unrest If I were in the Kremlin I would start to worry about whether Russia could be next 137 Daniil Kislov the founder and General Director of the Ferghana Information Agency speculated to The New York Times that the violence in Almaty was all artificially organized by people who really had power in their hands as a proxy for a power struggle between Tokayev and former president Nazarbayev Kislov claimed that Nazarbayev s nephew Samat Abish who was previously deputy head of the Kazakh State Security Service before being ousted by Tokayev was responsible for orchestrating much of the violence Galym Ageleulov a human rights activist in Almaty stated that the violence only started in Almaty when a crowd that was clearly organized by crime group marauders started the march to the City Hall while at the same time police presence dissipated 138 Sergey Khestanov macroeconomic adviser to the general director of Otkritie Broker claimed that the massive protests weren t caused directly due to economic factors suggesting Kazakhstan s high standard of living within the former Soviet Union comparably to Russia and that the average age in Kazakhstan being relatively young leads to higher social activity which played role in fueling discontent due to a sufficiently long stable and powerful economic growth being sharply inhibited 139 Economic impact EditGlobal market Edit As Kazakhstan produces more than 40 of the world s uranium uranium prices rose after the protests erupted 140 141 Canadian uranium company Cameco stated that any disruption in Kazakhstan could of course be a significant catalyst in the uranium market If nothing else it s a reminder for utilities that an over reliance on any one source of supply is risky 142 The internet blackout also impacted cryptocurrency mining operations with the global cryptocurrency computational capacity hashrate dropping by 12 percent Prior to the protests Kazakhstan accounted for around 18 percent of global hashrate for Bitcoin due to the fact that neighboring China in 2021 banned the mining of cryptocurrencies and many of the cryptominers moved to Kazakhstan 143 144 Craig Erlam senior market analyst at OANDA suggested that further oil production outages during protests could impact global oil prices by reaching the October 2021 peak and possibly three digit prices as well 145 According to Chevron Corporation which operates Tengiz Field the production of oil was reduced after its contractors had disrupted railway lines in support of the protests 146 However just days later Chevron announced that it would be gradually increasing its output again 147 better source needed Economy Edit During the protests and riot in Kazakhstan the fortune of four local billionaires shrank by 3 billion according to Forbes At the same time the middle daughter and son in law of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev Dinara and Timur Kulibayev lost 200 million The couple controls the country s largest bank in terms of assets Halyk Bank the fortune of each co owner is estimated at 3 1 billion One of the most affected billionaires was Kazakh businessman Vyacheslav Kim who is the chairman of the board of directors of the fintech company Kaspi Bank In two days its shares fell by 30 from 188 as of 4 January to 87 on 6 January according to Forbes decreasing his fortune by 1 4 billion to 4 2 billion By the end of the week his assets grew slightly and were estimated at 4 4 billion The general director of Kaspi kz a billionaire from Georgia Mikhail Lomtadze living in Kazakhstan lost about 1 4 billion The size of his fortune fell to 3 8 billion 148 149 150 Reactions EditNational Edit Speaking from France the leader of Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan Mukhtar Ablyazov told Reuters on 7 January 2022 I see myself as the leader of the opposition Ablyazov also stated that the West should remove Kazakhstan from Russian influence to prevent Russian President Vladimir Putin from incorporating Kazakhstan into a structure like the Soviet Union 151 International Edit Collective Security Treaty Organization Edit Member states of the CSTOUnrest in Kazakhstan caught international observers by surprise 26 President Tokayev began communications with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko who had quashed the 2020 2021 Belarusian protests and was in discussions with President of Russia Vladimir Putin calling for the Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO to intervene against protesters that he described as international terrorists 26 90 Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan who had just been made chairman of the CSTO on 3 January 2022 responded to Tokayev s request stating As the Chairman of the CPC Assembly Security Council I am starting immediate consultations with the leaders of the CSTO countries 86 152 On 6 January the CSTO agreed to intervene in Kazakhstan with a collective group of forces that it described as having the aim of peacekeeping with the organization citing the Collective Security Treaty s Article 4 which states In the case of aggression an armed attack threatening safety stability territorial integrity and sovereignty against any Member States all other Member States at the request of this Member State shall immediately provide the latter with the necessary aid including military 153 2 Pashinyan said that the CSTO was to be deployed due to the threats to national security and sovereignty to the Republic of Kazakhstan including from external interference 2 A Russian Air Force regiment in Orenburg was reported to be readying itself for deployment to Kazakhstan 2 Russia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said Peacekeeping forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization were sent to the Republic of Kazakhstan for a limited time to stabilize and normalize the situation She confirmed armed forces of Russia Belarus Armenia Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan were sent to Kazakhstan as part of the wider CSTO effort 154 According to CSTO its armed forces are only authorised to participate in the protection of strategic infrastructure facilities including Almaty International Airport and Russia s Baikonur Cosmodrome in south central Kazakhstan 155 Russian State Duma member Leonid Kalashnikov stated that actions in relation to the protesters themselves were to be handled by local Kazakhstani law enforcement 156 On 7 January the Belarusian Telegraph Agency reported that President Lukashenko discussed in detail the state of affairs in Kazakhstan via phone with former president and chair of Security Council of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev 157 On 11 January Tokayev announced that the CSTO had completed its mission in Kazakhstan and would begin withdrawing from the country on January 13 14 they were fully withdrawn by 19 January 45 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Edit On 7 January the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation s regional anti terrorist structure announced that it was ready to extend assistance to Kazakhstan upon request and voiced support for the Kazakh government s security measures 158 By country Edit Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan The Afghan Foreign Ministry spokesperson Fazilrabi Zahin published a statement saying the administration is closely monitoring the situation in Kazakhstan and as a close neighbor and economic partner state is concerned about the recent unrest The ministry also urges both the government and protestors to resolve issues through talks and peaceful means and to return calm and stability to the country 159 Armenia Currently chairing at CSTO Armenia started consultations among CSTO member countries and sent 100 soldiers to peacekeeping mission citing protection of water source and one of the largest bread factories as the main aims of its deployed troops 160 However Armenians took dim view of Armenia s participation in CSTO mission to Kazakhstan with many citizens objecting that the CSTO did not help Armenia when it asked for help in 2021 2022 Armenia Azerbaijan border crisis and pointing out at the irony of the Pashinyan s government itself coming to power as the result of street protests 161 The people of any country must choose their own government no other country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs Today the Armenian armed forces have a mission to protect the borders of our country We condemn the short sighted and irresponsible actions of the Armenian government a coalition of Armenian NGOs said in a statement 162 Azerbaijan The Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs had expressed condolences on 10 January to the families and loved ones of people who lost their lives in a number of regions of the country brotherly Kazakh people We wish Kazakhstan peace stability peace and well being 163 Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko called on demonstrators to negotiate with President Tokayev who called him as a decent person a diplomat and very intelligent and educated man telling It s a lesson for us One more lesson In the sense that we now understand what could have happened to us 164 State Secretary of the Belarusian Security Council Alexander Volfovich on 6 January described the Kazakh unrest as an external hybrid threat that aims to destroy a legitimate government via unconstitutional methods similarly to a colour revolution 165 He called on the Belarusian military personnel to be deployed in Kazakhstan to provide assistance to the fraternal people of Kazakhstan prevent the situation from aggravating and send peacekeeping forces there 165 Canada The Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying it was closely monitoring the unrest It called for restraint and de escalation and that the situation be resolved quickly and peacefully 166 China The Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin expressed that China and Kazakhstan shared friendly relations and are strategic partners and hopes for early restoration of public order in Kazakhstan and also reiterated that the matter is an interior affair of Kazakhstan and believes in the ability of the Kazakh authorities to resolve the issue properly 167 Wang hoped for a speedy stabilization of the situation 167 On 7 January General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping stated that China opposes external forces that deliberately trigger unrest and incite a colour revolution in Kazakhstan 168 169 France Foreign Minister Jean Yves Le Drian on 6 January called the events in Kazakhstan worrying and urged all parties to show moderation and open a dialogue 170 President Emmanuel Macron expressed his concern in regards with the deadly unrest adding that he would continue in monitoring the situation 171 Germany Federal Foreign Office spokesman Christofer Burger said that the officials were looking into the reports of Tokayev s shooting order telling it must be said very clearly that a use of lethal force of live ammunition against civilians can only be a very last resort particularly if military forces are deployed 172 Hungary Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto in a video briefing stated that violent protesters need to be held accountable and concerns over human rights have no place when it comes to restoring order saying that Destabilization efforts or coups are completely opposed to Hungary s security interests and that Hungary supports efforts to restore peace and order in central Asia specifically Kazakhstan 173 India The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Arindam Bagchi stated that events in Kazakhstan were being closely followed and extended deepest condolences to families of innocent victims who have lost lives in the violence The statement hoped for an early stabilization of the situation 174 The Indian community in Kazakhstan of about 7 800 including 5 300 students and some 1 000 construction workers was reportedly safe The violence erupted at a time when leaders of the five Central Asian states were expected to be chief guests at India s Republic Day celebrations on January 26 174 175 Iran Foreign Ministry spokesperson Saeed Khatibzadeh stated We believe that the wise government and nation of the friendly brotherly and neighborly country can resolve their problems and disputes peacefully and through dialog without foreign interference and based on their own national interests 176 Kyrgyzstan The Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on a civilized dialogue within a legal framework to prevent a further escalation of the situation hoping for Kazakhstan to resolve the current crisis independently and without outside interference while positioning Kyrgyzstan as strategic partner by conforming its readiness to provide all possible support to the brotherly Kazakhstan if necessary 177 During a telephone conversion between leaders of CTSO on 5 January President Sadyr Japarov expressed concern about the reports of casualties numerous cases of looting and pogroms and other cases of violence 178 Japarov later expressed condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh people wishing for stability unity peace and prosperity 179 Malaysia Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah stated that Wisma Putra is monitoring the developments closely He also confirmed that 50 Malaysians in the country are in safe condition 180 Mongolia The Mongolian Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised its citizens to not attend demonstrations and rallies and that it would continue to monitor the situation closely 181 Pakistan The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan formed help desks within its embassies in Almaty and Astana in an attempt to facilitate Pakistanis in Kazakhstan requiring emergency services 182 Romania The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania stated that it was closely following the unrest in Kazakhstan since its inception It also declared that it had been in contact with the around 100 Romanian citizens in the country and that the personnel of the Romanian embassy in Astana were not in danger and called for a peaceful and inclusive settlement of the situation without the need to resort to violence 183 Russia President Vladimir Putin claimed victory on 10 January in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a foreign backed terrorist uprising 184 promising regional allies that a Moscow led alliance CSTO would protect them from colour revolutions Putin also drew a parallel between the Kazakh protests and the Euromaidan protests and referenced other pro democracy movements that toppled allied leaders in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan 185 Bashkortostan Head Radiy Khabirov after meeting with Kazakh officials on 19 January said When the well known events began in Kazakhstan we were in touch with our colleagues wishing them good luck and strength And we were absolutely sure that the people of Kazakhstan would choose the right path of development 186 Chechnya In a joint live Instagram broadcast Head Ramzan Kadyrov called on Kazakh citizens to not destroy the state and compared the events with the beginning of the Chechen War 187 Serbia President Aleksandar Vucic stated that in Kazakhstan there will be hundreds or thousands of dead a devastated country and that foreign services various great powers have also intervened 188 South Korea Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed hope for the restoration of peace in Kazakhstan and that South Korea will closely monitor political situations and take measures for the safety for its nationals residing in the country 189 Tajikistan The Tajik Foreign Affairs Ministry on January 6 expressed concerns over violence seizure of government buildings and looting as well as emergence of armed groups sharing support to the Kazakh government in attempts at stabilizing the situation and that the wise people of Kazakhstan and their leadership will put an end to acts of violence in the shortest possible time through dialogue 190 That same day the Ministry issued a travel warning as well as guidelines towards Tajik citizens in Kazakhstan to exercise maximum vigilance and avoid crowded places 191 Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdogan told Tokayev in a phone call that Turkey stands in solidarity with Kazakhstan 192 The Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a solidarity message with the participation of the ruling Justice and Development Party along with the opposition Republican People s Party Nationalist Movement Party and Good Party in which they expressed support to the Kazakh government s reform agenda to further improve the well being and welfare of the people 193 Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow in a letter to Tokayev expressed deep condolences in response to high casualties and injuries resulting from the days of violent unrest 194 Berdimuhamedow expressed sympathy and support to the families and relatives of the victims as well as wishes for quick recovery to the injured 194 Ukraine The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued statement to which it condemned violence and expressed condolences with the deaths and urged for the conflict to de escalate and foreign deployed CSTO troops to respect sovereignty of Kazakhstan and not to maintain presence beyond the declared time period 195 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan during phone call with President Tokayev on 10 January expressed his confidence in the ability of the Kazakhstan government and people to overcome this difficult period quickly 196 United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Liz Truss in the House of Commons condemned the violence and said that the British government would be coordinating with allies 197 United States The U S government appealed for calm while reported by The Independent to be monitoring the unrest 198 199 U S Secretary of State Antony Blinken questioned Kazakhstan s decision to seek CSTO s military assistance saying that one lesson of recent history is that once Russians are in your house it s sometimes very difficult to get them to leave 200 Uzbekistan The Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the events alarming and that it would continue monitoring the development of the situation with a written statement saying We are convinced that the wise people of Kazakhstan will be able to prevent the escalation of instability avoid violence and human casualties and that the people of Kazakhstan have the necessary determination and will to preserve unity restore peace and tranquility in the country and independently overcome the problems that have arisen 201 In a 10 January letter President Shavkat Mirziyoyev expressed deep condolences to President Tokayev and the Kazakh citizens in connection with the numerous victims and serious injuries among the servicemen and the population as well as significant damage as a result in the aftermath of the conflict 202 On 11 January the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Uzbek citizens will be evacuated from Kazakhstan by the nearest flights of Uzbekistan Airways 203 Entities with limited recognition Edit Republic of Artsakh The President of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan stated that the most effective and efficient mechanism for preventing the escalating danger and avoiding new disasters was the entry of the CSTO peacekeeping forces into Kazakhstan He added that extremist groups and formations are behind the plans on destabilizing the situation 204 205 According to the Artsakh s Foreign Minister David Babayan these are the planned actions of Turkey and pan Turkic circles to implement a dangerous expansionist project and that more than 20 000 militants arrived in Kazakhstan likely through the territory of Turkey and Azerbaijan 206 By international union Edit European Union On 5 January 2022 the EU issued a statement saying We call on all concerned to act with responsibility and restraint and to refrain from actions that could lead to further escalation of violence While recognising the right to peaceful demonstration the European Union expects that they remain non violent and avoid any incitement to violence 207 The Organization of Turkic States stated their confidence in the capacity of the Kazakh authorities to peacefully defuse tensions and reestablish calm and order 208 United Nations On 6 January the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet called on all sides in Kazakhstan to refrain from violence and to seek a peaceful resolution to their grievances following mass unrest after days of demonstrations In a statement Bachelet said People have the right to peaceful protest and freedom of expression At the same time protesters no matter how angry or aggrieved they may be should not resort to violence against others 209 210 On 10 January the United Nations criticised Kazakhstan over photos showing military personnel wearing United Nations peacekeeper helmets United Nations spokesman Stephane Dujarric said the United Nations had complained to Kazakhstan s diplomatic outpost in New York about the apparent use of United Nations peacekeeping equipment and said the issue had been addressed 211 NATO On 7 January NATO s Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs amp Security Policy and Special Representative for the Caucasus amp Central Asia Javier Colomina said on Twitter NATO shares the serious concern over the situation in Kazakhstan including reports of casualties We call on all parties to exercise restraint refrain from violence and pursue dialogue Authorities must respect international human rights obligations including the right to peaceful protest 212 213 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe OSCE on 5 January the Chairman in Office of the OSCE Zbigniew Rau declared I call for a peaceful return to order and respect for democratic processes while rights and freedoms including freedom of assembly and freedom of expression must be protected 214 Legacy EditOn December 23 2022 Kassym Jomart Tokayev opened a Tagzym memorial dedicated to the victims of the January events Qantar in Almaty 215 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 Kazakh protests Politics portal2020s in political history 2021 global energy crisis List of protests in the 21st century 2018 2020 Kazakh protests 2020 Kyrgyz protests 2020 2021 Belarusian protests 2021 Russian protests Euromaidan protests in Ukraine in 2013 2014 List of fuel protests Jeltoqsan December 1986 protests in Almaty at the time named Alma Ata Zhanaozen massacre December 2011 protests in the Mangystau Region with 14 protesters killedReferences Edit The Kazakh government claimed that the CSTO s operations were solely for peacekeeping purposes Pikulicka Wilczewska Agnieszka Do Kazakhstan s protests signal an end to the Nazarbayev era www aljazeera com Retrieved January 12 2022 It is important to understand that protesters are never a unified mass It is not that a single group or political party took to the streets In all 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Faulconbridge Guy 7 January 2022 Richardson Alex ed West must stand up to Russia in Kazakhstan opposition leader says Reuters Archived from the original on 7 January 2022 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Հայ խաղաղապահները մեկնել են Ղազախստան mil am in Armenian Retrieved 7 January 2022 CSTO Council decides to send collective peacekeeping forces to Kazakhstan TASS Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Moscow led alliance sends first troops to Kazakhstan DefenceTalk Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Over 3 800 detained 26 killed in Kazakhstan during unrest The Daily Guardian 8 January 2022 Overnight developments in Kazakhstan s uprising CSTO peacekeepers have been deployed and an antiterrorist operation is underway against protesters and rioters Meduza 6 January 2022 Trevelyan Mark 7 January 2022 Jones Gareth ed Belarus leader Lukashenko spoke to Kazakhstan s Nazarbayev Reuters Archived from the original on 7 January 2022 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Ng Teddy Ziwen Zhao 8 January 2022 Chinese led Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ready to act in Kazakhstan if needed South China Morning Post O Connor Tom 6 January 2022 Taliban closely monitoring unrest in Kazakhstan after Russia led intervention Newsweek Harutyunyan Lilit 12 January 2022 Ալմաթիում հայ խաղաղապահների հիմնական խնդիրներից էր կանխել ջրատարի թունավորումը Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան in Armenian Retrieved 12 January 2022 Mejlumyan Ani 7 January 2022 Armenians take dim view of deployment to Kazakhstan Eurasianet Retrieved 8 January 2022 Հասարակական կազմակերպությունների արձագանքը Ղազախստան ՀԱՊԿ զորք ուղարկելու մասին Հանուն հավասար իրավունքների in Armenian Retrieved 8 January 2022 Ozturk Alparslan 10 January 2022 Azerbaycan XIN Qazaxistana bassagligi verib Report Informasiya Agentliyi in Azerbaijani Retrieved 18 January 2022 Lukashenko urges demonstrators in Kazakhstan to negotiate with Tokayev TASS 6 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 a b Belarus security chief calls situation in Kazakhstan external hybrid aggression TASS 6 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Statement on protests in Kazakhstan www canada ca 6 January 2022 Archived from the original on 7 January 2022 Retrieved 7 January 2022 a b China expresses hopes for early restoration of public order in Kazakhstan Aninews Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 China opposes external forces triggering unrest in Kazakhstan says Xi Jinping ANI News Retrieved 7 January 2022 Xi sends verbal message to Kazakh president Xinhua english news cn Retrieved 7 January 2022 France Urges Moderation From All Sides In Kazakhstan Foreign Minister www barrons com 6 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Irish John Van Overstraeten Benoit 7 January 2022 Kar Gupta Sudip ed French President Macron says he is concerned about Kazakhstan situation Reuters Retrieved 18 January 2022 Litvinova Dasha 7 January 2022 Kazakh president Forces can shoot to kill to quell unrest AP NEWS Retrieved 18 January 2022 Simon Zoltan 11 January 2022 Hungary Rejects Rights Concerns Over Kazakhstan Crackdown www bloomberg com Retrieved 18 January 2022 a b Official Spokesperson s response to media queries on recent developments in Kazakhstan Ministry of External Affairs 10 January 2022 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Laskar Rezaul Hasan 11 January 2022 India for early stabilisation of situation in Kazakhstan says all Indians safe The Hindustan Times Retrieved 14 January 2022 Kazakhstan Able to Resolve Problems Peacefully via Dialogue Iranian Spokesman Tasnim News Agency Retrieved 5 June 2022 Podolskaya Darya 6 January 2022 Protests in Kazakhstan Foreign Ministry of Kyrgyzstan issues statement 24 kg Retrieved 18 January 2022 Prezident Sadyr Zhaparov provel ryad telefonnyh razgovorov s liderami stran ODKB president kg in Russian 6 January 2021 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Prezident Sadyr Zhaparov vyrazil soboleznovaniya Prezidentu Kazahstana Kasym Zhoomartu Tokaevu v svyazi s tragicheskimi sobytiyami v sosednej respublike president kg in Russian 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Malaysians in protest hit Kazakhstan safe says foreign minister The Malay Mail 7 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Kazahstan Ulsad Bajgaa Irgedijn Anhaarald consul mn in Mongolian 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Pakistan Embassy Help Desks for Pakistanis residing in Kazakhstan mofa gov pk 8 January 2022 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Ambasada Romaniei in Kazahstan a luat legătura cu cei 100 de romani din țara marcată de revolte Digi24 in Romanian 6 January 2022 Vaal Tamara 10 January 2022 Putin claims victory in defending Kazakhstan from revolt Reuters Retrieved 10 January 2022 Vladimir Putin vows to stop colour revolutions after sending troops to Kazakhstan Financial Times 10 January 2022 Retrieved 6 July 2022 Gizzatullin Gizzatullin Azat Azat 19 January 2022 Radij Habirov My byli absolyutno uvereny chto narod Kazahstana vyberet pravilnyj put razvitiya bashinform ru in Russian Retrieved 21 February 2022 Kadyrov prizval kazahskij narod ne idti na povodu u provokatorov RIA Novosti in Russian 5 January 2022 Retrieved 21 February 2022 Vucic Opozicija ne veruje da ce pobediti kandidata SNS na izborima Novinska agencija Beta in Serbian Retrieved 7 January 2022 강윤승 8 January 2022 S Korea calls for restoration of peace amid unrest in Kazakhstan Yonhap News Agency Retrieved 18 January 2022 Zayavlenie MID Tadzhikistana v svyazi s situaciej v Kazahstane www mfa tj in Russian 6 January 2021 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Vnimaniyu grazhdan Respubliki Tadzhikistan nahodyashihsya v Respublike Kazahstan www mfa tj in Russian 6 January 2022 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Kazakhstan unrest From Russia to US the world reacts AlJazeera 6 January 2022 Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Turkish Parliament issues solidarity statement for Kazakhstan Hurriyet Daily News 13 January 2022 a b The President of Turkmenistan has sent a letter of condolences to the President of Kazakhstan www mfa gov tm 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Kitsoft 10 January 2022 Ministerstvo zakordonnih sprav Ukrayini Zayava MZS Ukrayini shodo rozvitku situaciyi v Respublici Kazahstan mfa gov ua in Ukrainian Retrieved 18 January 2022 UAE reiterates support for stability in Kazakhstan Arab News 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 James William Bruce Andy 6 January 2022 UK s Truss condemns Kazakhstan violence says talking with allies news trust org Retrieved 7 January 2022 Auyezov Olzhas 5 January 2022 Kazakh president fails to quell protests 8 deaths reported Reuters Archived from the original on 5 January 2022 Retrieved 5 January 2022 Mathers Matt 5 January 2022 Kazakhstan protesters seize airport amid anger over fuel price rise follow live The Independent Archived from the original on 5 January 2022 Retrieved 5 January 2022 Kazakhstan unrest Blinken questions Russian troop deployment BBC News 8 January 2022 Retrieved 8 January 2022 Qozog istondagi voqealar yuzasidan O zbekiston Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligining bayonoti Mfa uz in Uzbek 5 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 permanent dead link O zbekiston Prezidenti Qozog iston xalqi va Prezidentiga ta ziya yo lladi Mfa uz in Uzbek 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 permanent dead link Uzbekistan evakuiruet svoih grazhdan iz Kazahstana EADaily in Russian 11 January 2021 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Artsakh President blames pan Turkist radicals and extremist groups for Kazakhstan events armenpress am 10 January 2022 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Ghazanchyan Siranush 10 January 2022 Artsakh President says developments in Kazakhstan dangerous for neighboring regions Public Radio of Armenia Retrieved 19 January 2022 Levina Mariam 10 January 2022 Karabakh MFA Events in Kazakhstan are result of actions planned by Turkey news am Retrieved 19 January 2022 Kazakhstan Statement by the Spokesperson on the latest developments 5 January 2022 Archived from the original on 5 January 2022 Retrieved 5 January 2022 Bir Burak 6 January 2022 Organization of Turkic States offers support to protest hit Kazakhstan Anadolu Agency Archived from the original on 6 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 UN rights chief urges step back from violence in Kazakhstan Al Araby 6 January 2022 Archived from the original on 7 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Kazakhstan unrest Bachelet urges peaceful resolution of grievances OHCHR Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Reinl James 10 January 2022 UN criticises Kazakhstan over unauthorised blue peacekeeper helmet use The National Retrieved 24 March 2023 Javier Colomina Twitter Retrieved 7 January 2022 NATO expressed concern over events in Kazakhstan news am Retrieved 7 January 2022 Statement on the situation in Kazakhstan by the OSCE Chairman in Office Twitter Retrieved 7 January 2022 President Tokayev unveils memorial to victims of January tragedy in Almaty www inform kz 23 December 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2022 Kazakh unrest amp oldid 1166832749, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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