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2019–2022 Chilean protests

March 04, 2023

2019–2022 Chilean protests
Protests in various Chilean cities, most notably Santiago.
Date7 October 2019[1] – 4 September 2022 [2]
Location
 Chile
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtests, fare evasion, civil disobedience, rioting, and looting
Status
Concessions
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures

No centralized leadership

Number
Over 3.7 million protesters[10][11]
Casualties
Death(s)36 (as of February 2020)[12]
Injuries11,564
Detained28,000 (as of February 2020)[12]

A series of massive demonstrations and severe riots known in Chile as the Estallido Social (lit. social outburst),[13][14] originated in Santiago and took place in all regions of Chile, with a greater impact in the regional capitals, mainly between October 2019 and March 2020. The protests were in response to a raise in the Santiago Metro's subway fare, a probity crisis,[A] cost of living, university graduate unemployment,[B] privatisation[21] and inequality prevalent in the country.[22][23][24][25]

The protests began in Chile's capital, Santiago, as a coordinated fare evasion campaign by secondary school students which led to spontaneous takeovers of the city's main train stations and open confrontations with the Carabineros de Chile (the national police force). On 18 October, the situation escalated as a group of people began vandalizing city's infrastructure; seizing, vandalizing, and burning down many stations of the Santiago Metro network and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage, and for a time causing the cessation of the network in its entirety. Eighty-one stations have sustained major damage, including seventeen burned down.[26][27] On the same day, President of Chile Sebastián Piñera announced a state of emergency, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees. A curfew was declared on 19 October in the Greater Santiago area.[28][29]

In the following days, protests and riots expanded to other Chilean cities, including Concepción, San Antonio and Valparaíso.[30] The state of emergency was extended to the Concepción Province, all Valparaíso Region (except Easter Island and Juan Fernández Archipelago) and the cities of Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Iquique, La Serena, Rancagua, Valdivia, Osorno, and Puerto Montt. The protests have been considered the "worst civil unrest" having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship due to the scale of damage to public infrastructure, the number of protesters, and the measures taken by the government.[31] As a consequence of this widespread looting occurred at shops and businesses.

On 25 October 2019, over 1.2 million people took to the streets of Santiago to protest against social inequality, in what was called as "The biggest march of Chile."[32][33] As of 28 December 2019, 29 people had died,[34] nearly 2,500 had been injured and 2,840 had been arrested.[33][35] Human rights organizations have received several reports of violations conducted against protesters by security forces, including eye mutilation, torture, sexual abuse and sexual assault.[36][37][38] On 28 October 2019, President Piñera changed eight ministries of his cabinet in response to the unrest, dismissing his Interior Minister Andrés Chadwick.[39][40]

On 15 November 2019, Chile's National Congress signed an agreement to hold a national referendum that would rewrite the constitution if it were to be approved.[citation needed] On 25 October 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 percent in favor of a new constitution, while 21.72 per cent rejected the change. Voter turnout was 51 percent. On 16 May 2021, the election of the 155 Chileans who formed the convention which drafted the new constitution was voted.[41][42] On November 18 Chilean security services discontinued an investigation on the presumed involvement of Cuban and Venezuelan agents in the protests, having not found any conclusive evidence.[43]

The pandemic provoked a reduction in the scale of the protests, with social distancing measures and eventual government-imposed lockdowns in place.[44] An estimated 3.5 billion dollars and 300,000 jobs have been lost due to destruction and damage of public and private infrastructure, including the Santiago Metro, as a result of the protests and vandalism carried out mainly between October and November 2019. During the second half of 2020 and most of 2021, the demonstrations continued to focus every Friday almost exclusively around Plaza Baquedano, where between 100 to 500 people confronted the police and vandalized the surroundings demanding for the liberation of the so-called "Prisoners of the Revolt".[45] This continuation has been defined by the government as "acts of crime that do not respond to a demonstration or social demand."[46][47][48][49][50]

On 19 December 2021, former student leader and constitutional agreement negotiator, 35-year old leftist Gabriel Boric, was elected president of Chile in the 2021 Chilean presidential election with 55.86% of the vote.[51] Under his government, on 4 September 2022, the 2022 Chilean national plebiscite was held in order to determine whether the public agreed with the text of a new Political Constitution of the Republic drawn up by the Constitutional Convention.[52] The proposed constitution was rejected by a margin of 62% to 38%, leaving the constitutional process open, and stoping the so-called "octubrismo" (octoberism).[53][54]

Core issues

Transport fares

 
Fee, adjusted by inflation, of public transportation in Santiago, between 31 January 2012 and 6 October 2019, before the last increase was revoked

The price of public transport in Greater Santiago is determined by the Panel of Public Transport Experts (Spanish: Panel de Expertos del Transporte Público), which uses an automatic calculation formula to adjust fares on a monthly basis. The Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications is advised by the panel and must be notified of any price changes.[55]

On 1 October 2019, the Panel determined the quarterly adjustment of fares for the public transport system of the Province of Santiago and the communes of San Bernardo and Puente Alto. They decided that a fare hike of 10 Chilean pesos for buses and 30 pesos for the Santiago Metro and Metrotrén at peak hours (a rise of about 4%), as well as a fare decrease of 30 pesos at off-peak hours, was necessary.[56] The increase was justified by the panel due to increase of the rate index, which is subject to variations in the value of fuel, the value of the US dollar, the value of the euro, the cost of labor, and the consumer price index among other variables, such that the costs to the subway have risen.[57] The fare change was scheduled to take effect from 6 October.[58]

Some specialists, such as former Minister Paola Tapia, have indicated that there are other factors that explain the rise. Among these factors would be the purchase without tender of a new fleet of electric buses for the Metropolitan Mobility Network and the suspension of the new tender for bus services, both decisions made by the administration of Minister Gloria Hutt.[59]

In addition, there is criticism that rail transit fares in Santiago are the second highest in Latin America (only surpassed by São Paulo).[60] In relative terms, the average monthly cost per person for the city's public transport is equivalent to 13.8% of the minimum wage, well above other cities such as Buenos Aires, Mexico City or Lima, where it does not exceed 10%.[61]

Inequality and cost of living

According to Jose Miguel Ahumada, a political economist and associate professor at the University of Chile, the country is "one of the most unequal countries in Latin America".[23] As described by The Washington Post, while the last three decades of neoliberal policies made Chile "one of South America's wealthiest countries, with inflation under control and easy access to credit", they also "created stark economic disparities and strapped many Chileans into debt".[62][C] The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) states, that 1% of the population in Chile controls 26.5% of the country's wealth, while 50% of low-income households access 2.1%. Additionally, according to National Statistics Institute of Chile, while the minimum wage in Chile is 301,000 pesos, half of the workers in that country receive a salary equal to or less than 400,000 pesos.[64]

Protesters interviewed by Reuters said they were struggling to make ends meet because of the high costs of part-privatised education and health systems, rents and utilities, and a privatised pension system has been widely rejected by Chileans because of its low and often delayed payouts.[25]

October 2019 protests

October protests
 
One of the 16 public transport buses that were burned on the night of 18 October
 
Carabineros Public Order Control officers watching protests on 19 October

The protests began on Monday, 7 October, as secondary-school students began an orchestrated campaign of fare dodging on the Santiago Metro. In response, the Metro authority began controlling access to several stations.[1] Under the slogan ¡Evade! ("evade"), the fare-dodging campaign continued and grew over the remainder of that week and into the next.[65] Regarding the fees Minister of Economy Juan Andrés Fontaine commented on October 8 that "those who get up early can be helped with a lower rate" causing outrage in the public opinion.[66] On Monday, 14 October, several stations on Line 5 were closed in the afternoon after violent incidents were reported.[65] On 15 October, a major clash between students and police occurred at Santa Ana station and four arrests were made;[67] in the afternoon, a group of protesters kicked down a metal gate at Plaza de Armas station in downtown Santiago, and stations on Lines 1, 3 and 5 were closed to passengers as security was stepped up.[68] Confrontations continued and expanded over the following days, with turnstiles and ticket machines being destroyed at San Joaquín station on 17 October and four stations closed in the evening.[69] At that time, 133 arrests had been made and damage to Metro infrastructure was estimated at up to 500 million pesos (US$700,000).[70]

On Friday, 18 October, the situation escalated as protests unfolded in downtown Santiago. Barricades were built, to which the police responded with water cannons and tear gas. The entire Metro system was closed after attacks were reported at nearly all its 164 stations, forcing many passengers to walk home.[70] The headquarters of electricity company Enel Generación Chile was damaged in a fire which affected its emergency exit stairwell.[71]

A major event that galvanized the day's movement was related to Sebastián Piñera himself. At approximately 21:00 hours on 18 October, while riots and open battles swept the capital, the President was away from La Moneda Palace, busy attending the birthday of one of his grandchildren. The celebration took place at a restaurant named Romaría, an expensive pizza parlour in the northern district of Vitacura, one of Santiago's wealthiest.[72] An unidentified customer who happened to be inside took photographs and posted them anonymously on Twitter, showing a relaxed Piñera eating inside and his private escort convoy sitting outside the building.[72][73] Piñera later addressed the nation and announced a 15-day state of emergency in the capital, allowing the armed forces to patrol the city alongside the Carabineros, Chile's militarized national police force.[70][74]

 
Demonstration and barricades in downtown Concepción on 21 October

The violence continued on 19 October and the Metro remained closed to passengers. Shops were looted, buses were set alight and clashes occurred between demonstrators and the security forces.[75] A curfew was imposed between 22:00 and 07:00 hours. As rioting spread to other parts of the country, states of emergency were declared in the Valparaíso Region and Concepción Province.[74] In an address to the nation in the evening, President Piñera announced the cancellation of the fare increase and the establishment of a dialogue panel, with representatives from across society, to discuss the underlying causes behind the unrest.[76][77]

 
Protesters in Plaza Baquedano on 22 October

On 20 October, many supermarkets, shopping malls and cinemas remained closed[78] as the protests continued.[76] Curfews were imposed for that night in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, and the regions of Valparaíso, Biobío (including the regional capital, Concepción), and Coquimbo;[79] as the curfew began in Santiago, many protesters remained on the street.[80]

Local authorities also announced the closure of schools on 21 October (and some also on 22 October) in 43 of the 52 communes of the Metropolitan Region and across the province of Concepción.[81][82]

President Piñera again addressed the nation on the evening of 20 October. In his remarks, he said the country was "at war with a powerful and relentless enemy" and announced that the state of emergency, already in effect in the Metropolitan Region and the regions of Valparaíso, Biobío, Coquimbo and O’Higgins, would be extended to the regions of Antofagasta, Maule, Los Ríos, and Magallanes.[83] Some opposition politicians described his rhetoric as "irresponsible", while a Latin America editor for BBC News Online expressed concern about the impact his words would have on the protesters and on the chances for meaningful dialogue.[84] Hours shortly after the President's speech, chief of national defense Javier Iturriaga del Campo spoke against this declaration, asserting that he was "content" and "not at war with anyone".[85]

 
Protesters in Plaza Baquedano on 8 November

Some incidents of unrest were reported on 21 October in Santiago, Concepción, and other cities. The Santiago Metro remained closed, except for a portion of Line 1,[86] as did all the nation's universities and institutes of higher education.[87] The intendant of the Metropolitan Region announced that schools would remain closed on 22 October in 48 of the region's communes.[88] Michelle Bachelet, a former President of Chile now serving as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, issued a call for open, sincere and immediate dialogue and warned that "the use of inflammatory rhetoric will only serve to further aggravate the situation".[89]

On 25 October, over a million people took to the streets in Santiago, and thousands more throughout Chile, to protest against President Piñera, demanding his resignation.[32][33]

As of 26 October 2019 19 people have died, nearly 2,500 have been injured, and 2,840 have been arrested.[33][35]

On 27 October, President Piñera requested all of his cabinet ministers to resign;[90] however, he accepted 8 resignations, including the Interior Minister Andrés Chadwick.[39][40] Three days later, Piñera withdrew Chile from hosting the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting scheduled for November and the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December.[91]

According to Bloomberg, the protests are the worst civil unrest having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship due to of the scale of damage to public infrastructure, the number of protesters, and the measures taken by the government.[31][92]

On 8 November, approximately 75,000 people took to the streets of Santiago to take part in anti-government protests.[93] During the protests, a Roman Catholic church in Santiago was looted and its religious iconography was burned in the street.[93] A university near Santiago's Plaza Italia square was burned as well

History

Attempts for normalization and the “New Social Agenda”

Monday, 21 October, was the first business day after the big riots. The government insisted on working towards normalcy, by encouraging the return to work and school. The Secretary of Labor Nicolás Monckeberg rejected the idea to declare a holiday, despite the fact that he told businesses to give employees more flexible hours due to transportation issues.[94] As for schools, the government gave municipalities the freedom to decide if they would hold classes. In the metropolitan region of Santiago, 43 of the 52 communes suspended activities, in addition to a large number of private institutions. They were joined by the majority of universities and institutions of higher education.[95] Despite the fears of a possible shortage of food and fuel among citizens, due to the closure of shops, this did not occur, even though some people waited in long lines and others started hoarding.[96]

The Santiago Metro partially restarted activity on Monday the 21st, opening certain Line 1 stations with a reduced schedule.[97] In the days following, they increased the number of available stations. Beginning on the 28th, five of the seven lines opened and 53 stations opened (out of a total of 136).[98] In spite of that, low metro capacities, temporary closures of some stations, and traffic diversions due to the demonstrations created long transportation delays for citizens of Santiago, especially in the more peripheral sectors. Additionally, the use of bicycles increased because of long delays on public transportation.[99]

After five days of massive demonstrations, President Sebastián Piñera returned on the night of 22 October to address the country. During this speech, Piñera asked for forgiveness for not recognizing the issues that troubled society and announced a series of steps called the "New Social Agenda".[100] These measures incorporate a series of small and moderate changes that will address different areas of need:[101]

  • Pensions: 20% increase in the Basic Solidarity Pension and the Provisional Solidarity Contribution; additional increases in 2021 and 2022 for retirees over the age of 75; fiscal contributions to complement Social Security savings of the middle class and women; contributions of fiscal resources to improve pensions for older adults who are not eligible.
  • Health: Fix the government's catastrophic disease insurance project; create a project for medication; expand the agreement from Fansa with pharmacies to reduce the price of medication.
  • Wages: Complement, with fiscal funds, the salary of workers until they reach a minimum guaranteed income of 350,000 Bruto (298,800 pesos) for full-time work; for the workers that receive the minimum salary, this is an increase of 49,000 pesos.[102]
  • Energy: Creation of a stable mechanism for electric tariffs, that voids the 9.2% rise expected in the coming months.
  • Taxes: Creation of a new plan in the supplementary global tax of 40% for incomes over eight million pesos per month.
  • Public administration: Reduction in the allowance of parliament and high salaries of the public administration; reduction of the number of members in the parliament and limits on their re-election.

Even though some politicians value concrete proposals, many critique the proposals as insufficient given the scale of the protests, even from the ruling party.[103] Within the opposition, they critique the fact that some of the proposals subsidize or favor private businesses, being only superficial changes.[104]

"The Biggest March"

Main article: The biggest march of Chile

After the announcement of the “New Social Agenda”, the demonstrations continued and included some new actors. On October 24, a group of truck drivers, taxi drivers and other drivers – organized in the group “no more tolling” – held a protest along Route 68 towards the headquarters of the National Congress in Valparaiso[105] The following day, the group held new demonstrations occupying various urban highways in Santiago as a way about the high cost of electronic tolling.[106][107]

On Friday the 25th, massive marches were organized in different cities of the country. In the capital of the country, the principal announcement was made in Plaza Baquedano. “The biggest march of them all”, as it was called, had an attendance that officially exceeded 1.2 million people[108] becoming the largest recognized in Chile. This exceeded the demonstrations organized by the "No" campaign for plebiscites in 1988.[109][110] The demonstration, due to its size, covered a large part of Alameda, the main avenue of the city, Forestal Park, Bustamente Park, Balmaceda Park, and other spaces. On that same afternoon, there was a march between Valparaíso and Viña del Mar with an attendance of more than 90,000 people, while in Concepción it reached 50,000 people.[111] During the day there were multiple massive marches in other cities in Chile, between them Rancagua, La Serena, Coquimbo, Concepción, Arica and Punta Arenas, among others.[112]

After the protests, various governmental figures expressed their support of the demonstrations through social media. President Sebastián Piñera referred to the massive march as “transversal” and “without political colors”,[113] even though the demands of the protestors include the resignation of the government and himself.[114]

"The massive, happy, and calm march today, where the Chileans asked for a more just and supportive Chile, opens grand paths of future and hope. We all have listened to the message. We all have changed. With unity and help from the Gods, we will walk the road to that better Chile for all."

— Sebastián Piñera, President of Chile (Twitter)[115]

2020 protests

 
Poster of the Negro Matapacos dog symbol of social protests in Chile.

On 6 January 2020, university entrance exams to be taken by 300,000 students around Chile were disrupted by protests over inequality and elitism, with some students blocking access to test sites and burning exam papers.[116]

At the end of January 2020, the social unrest (which had reduced somewhat during the Chilean summer holidays) resumed again with large demonstrations. The protests were catalysed by incidents such as the death of Jorge Mora, struck by a Carabinero vehicle after a football match.[117][118] As of February 2020, an estimated 36 people had died.[12] The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) denounced the violence of the police and announced that between 18 October and 6 December 2019, 28,000 people had been imprisoned. The Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (INDH) reported at the end of January 2020 that 427 persons had received eye injuries at the hands of the police.[12] The INDH also recorded 697 attacks on lone civilians by state actors between the start of the protests in October and 31 January. Of these, 123 attacks were by Carabineros.[12]

COVID-19 pandemic

The protests had to come to a halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the establishment of several partial lockdowns in Santiago and other cities. Taking advantage of the situation, government agencies erased most of the graffiti and street art in downtown Santiago that was drawn during the protests. On 3 April, President Sebastián Piñera visited an empty Plaza Italia and took some pictures in it, which was considered by many as a way of taunting the protesters under quarantine. Piñera later regretted the situation and mentioned that he was "misinterpreted".[119][120] Despite the lockdown, some protests appeared during International Workers' Day in Santiago that resulted in the arrest of 57 people by Carabineros. Detained members of the international press were later released without charge. Similar incidents were reported in the port city of Valparaíso.[121]

On 4 September 2020, police and demonstrators clashed at an anti-government protest at Plaza Italia.[citation needed]

On 11 September 2020, the 47th anniversary of the Pinochet coup, protestors clashed with Santiago police at the central Plaza Italia that resulted in over one hundred arrests. Sixteen police officers and two civilians were injured.[122]

In the following weeks, small protests appeared again in Plaza Italia usually on Fridays and were severely repressed by Carabineros. On 2 October, an incident occurred when a police officer pushed a 16-year-old protester off the Pío Nono bridge into the Mapocho river.[123] The minor suffered several fractures and concussion and was rescued by protesters. The situation sparked new protests on Saturday, 3 October near Plaza Italia, being the first time since the start of a national lockdown that the square is taken by protesters. Opposition politicians called for the resignation of General Director Mario Rozas and announce an impeachment to the Ministry of Interior Víctor Pérez. Also, they announce they will reject the annual budget for Carabineros unless changes are implemented.[124] The officer is under arrest and charged with attempted murder by the National Public Prossecutor.[125]

On 18 October 2020, a year after the protests of 18 October 2019, individuals set a fire on the Parroquia de La Asunción in Santiago, resulting in the bell tower collapsing from the fire.[126] One of the 5 suspects is a Chilean Navy Corporal,[127] which may have been an infiltrator from the Armed Forces, this was denied by the government and the Chilean Navy. Corporal Ernesto Osorio was discharged from the Navy, while he is under investigation for his involvement in the arson.[128] Two Catholic churches in Santiago were burned as well.[129][130]

On 3 November 2020, Chile's Interior and Security Minister Victor Perez resigned after being suspended from his duties when the Chamber of Deputies voted in favor of an investigation over allegations he failed to stop police abuses during protests.[131]

On 18 November 2020, hundreds demonstrated in the capital demanding President Piñera's resignation with regards to police repression of the protests.[132]

Incidents and casualties

Further information: Eye injury in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests
 
  State of emergency and curfew
  State of emergency

During the protests 36 people have died as of February 2020, and thousands have been injured and arrested.[12] Amnesty International has received hundreds of complaints about serious human rights violations that range from excessive use of force to torture, illegal raids and arbitrary detention.[36] Similar allegations have been received by Chile's National Institute for Human Rights, which also included reports of sexual violence.[37][38]

Incidents

  • 19 October
    • Two women died and one man was seriously injured in a fire inside a supermarket in the southern Santiago suburb of San Bernardo.[133]
    • A Polish teacher was accidentally shot and killed by his father-in-law, who was trying to stop looters in a nearby supermarket.[134]
  • 20 October
    • A 38-year-old man died in a supermarket fire on Matucana Avenue, located along the border of Santiago and Quinta Normal.[135]
    • Five people died in a textile factory fire in Renca; three of them were minors.[136][137][138]
    • A 21-year-old protester was shot dead by soldiers in La Serena; another was seriously injured.[139][140]
    • A 23-year-old protester was shot dead inside a La Polar store by soldiers in Coquimbo.[141]
  • 21 October
    • Two people, one of them 74 years old, died in a supermarket fire in La Pintana.[142]
    • A 25-year-old man was shot and killed in Curicó, and the investigation indicated, due to the bullet found, that he had been shot by a business-owner's gun,[143][144] and another three people were seriously injured. (The city was not under a state of emergency.)[145]
    • In the commune of Talcahuano, in the city of Concepción during a period of looting, military forces ran over and killed a 23-year-old man.[146]
    • A man was fatally electrocuted during looting in a Santa Isabel supermarket in a suburb of Santiago.[147]
    • A 39-year-old man died in a hospital from injuries sustained in a beating carried out by policemen in Maipú, western Santiago. (His name was initially not included on the official list of dead; it was added on 23 October.)[148][149]
  • 22 October
    • A man was killed after being shot in the head by a tenant who feared looting.[150]
    • A driver rammed his car into protesters killing two people, including a 4 year old toddler, and wounding 17; this event increased the death toll to 17.[151][152]
  • 10 November 2019 – Reñaca shooting
    • John Cobin opened fire on Chilean demonstrators in Reñaca, Chile, wounding Luis Jesús Ahumada Villegas, a 33-year old protester, in the leg.[153][154]
  • 27 December
    • Following the last protest march of the year, a demonstrator called Mauricio Fredes died after falling into a construction hole, whilst being pursued by police.[155]
  • 31 January
    • A man who had been shot in the head at a protest outside a police station in Santiago died of his wounds in hospital.[118]
    • The body of a man thought to have died from carbon monoxide poisoning was recovered from a supermarket which had been looted and burnt.[118]

Excessive use of force

Further information: Eye injuries in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests

According to the National Institute of Human Rights (INDH), the use of rubber pellets by security forces has left at least 964 injured, including 222 with eye problems.[156] According to the Chilean Ophthalmology Society, this is the highest number of injuries of this type registered during protests or in conflict zones in the world.[157] Bandaged eyes had become so common that they become a symbol for protesters.[158][159][160]

Human rights organisations have received several reports of violations conducted against protesters, including torture, sexual abuse and rape.[36][37][38][40] Amnesty International's investigations "allege that state security forces, including both the police and army, deliberately use excessive force against protesters."[161] Amnesty International went on to state that "[the military and police] are using unnecessary and excessive force with the intention of injuring and punishing protesters."[162] According to Erika Guevara-Rosas, the America's director for the human rights group, "the intention of the Chilean security forces is clear: to injure demonstrators in order to discourage protest."[163] Human Rights Watch stated that "indiscriminate and improper use of riot guns and shotguns, abuse of detainees in custody, and poor internal accountability systems gave rise to serious violations of the rights of many Chileans".[164]

Other incidents

2019

  • On 18 October, during riots at the historical Estación Central station, a young woman was gravely injured in the legs by gunfire from Carabineros riot police. The woman was aided by nearby protesters and passers-by as she suffered extensive blood loss before being extracted by emergency services.[165]
  • On 19 October, a doctor assaulted by a police officer during a protest indicated that the police officer had signs of being under the influence of drugs.[166]
  • On 20 October, President Piñera extended the state of emergency in the north and south of the country and said "we are at war against a powerful enemy that doesn't respect anything or anyone".[167]
  • On 8 November, the Pedro Valdivia University was set ablaze. Initial reports suggested this was due to the indiscriminate firing of tear gas canisters by Carabineros into the building. The Roman Catholic church Veronica de Lastarria near the main site of the demonstration at Baquedano Square (commonly referred to as Italia Square) has been looted and a statue of Jesus and furniture from the interior of the church were taken out on the street and burned down.[168]
  • On 27 December, in the night, the Cine Arte Alameda, an arts center, was burnt down.[12][155] An investigation by the Criminal Investigation Brigade (Brigada de Investigación Criminal) is reported to have concluded that no explanation for the fire could be ruled out.[169]

2020

  • On 18 January The tomb of folksinger Víctor Jara was vandalised.[12]
  • On 20 January, at a protest following the death of Jorge Mora, a group of Carabineros beat up a young man called Matías Soto. The entire attack was recorded by a security camera. The INDH announced it would sue the Carabineros for torture.[12]
  • On 7 February, the Violeta Parra Museum was arson attacked.[12] The chief of the Santiago Fire Department said the causes were not yet established.[170]
  • On 28 February, the Violeta Parra Museum was again arson attacked, with eyewitnesses recording that Carabineros shot at least 6 tear gas canisters into the building. Officially, the cause was not ascertained.[171]
  • By August 20, 2020, newspaper La Tercera reported that only 0.9 of the legal complaints originating from the protests had so far resulted in convictions.[172]
  • On 18 October, a year after the start of the social outbreak, a series of demonstrations took place in which some 25,000 people gathered in various cities of the country. Although the majority were peaceful, within the framework of the Chile national plebiscite of 2020's campaign, there were isolated clashes with police, 580 people being detained, and two severe fires were registered in the Church of San Francisco de Borja and in the Parroquia de la Asunción, two catholic churches of Santiago.[173][174]

Aftermath – 2021 and 2022

  • On 5 February, street artist Francisco Martínez dies after being shot by a police official during an identity check in Panguipulli, Los Ríos Region. His death generated a wave of protests, riots and vandalism, resulting later that night in the burning of the building that housed various public offices, including Panguipulli's town hall.[175]
  • On 12 March, the four tons statue of General Baquedano was removed from the Plaza Baquedano to be restored by the "National Council of Monuments", after continuous acts of vandalism by protesters. Attempts to burn and tear down the statue were made on 5 and 8 March respectively, ultimately prompting the authorities to take the decision.[176]
  • On 30 May the headquarters of the right-wing parties National Renewal and Independent Democratic Union were attacked and the Memorial to Jaime Guzmán was vandalized with graffiti.[177]
  • On 30 July, new Friday afternoon protests demanding the liberation of the "prisoners of the revolt" ended up with riots and vandalism at Barrio Lastarria, where many pubs and restaurants were heavily damaged by a mob.[178][179]
  • On 10 October during a demonstration supporting the indigenous rights in Santiago, Denisse Cortés was killed by a firework explosion in front of the Catholic University of Chile. She was a 43-year-old law student and human rights activist. The situation is under investigation.[180][181]
  • On 18 October, the second anniversary, around ten thousand people gathered in the surroundings of Plaza Baquedano. Subsequently, fainting and vandalism were recorded that caused the destruction of the protective barrier at the base of the statue of General Baquedano and the fire of it. Supermarkets and fast food outlets were looted and the stairs leading to the Santa Lucía hill were set on fire.[182]
  • On Friday April 1, 2022, one public transport bus was torched and one person was rammed by a police vehicle.[183]
  • On April 30, 2022, a former candidate for the Constitutional Convention was detained by police while providing protesters tires for building barricades.[184]
  • On 18 October 2022, protests were arranged in Santiago, Concepción, Valparaíso, Antofagasta, Temuco and Valdivia.[185][186] In Valparaíso secondady students marched along university students and social organizations.[185] The group marched towards the National Congress of Chile.[185] Towards the end of the march some protesters engaged the police.[185] In Santiago and Antofagasta protesters erected barricades.[186] Outside University of La Frontera in Temuco there were clashes between about 15 hooded protesters and police.[185]

Government response

In late November 2019, security forces announced the suspension of the use of rubber pellets as a crowd control method in the protests.[156]

Reactions

International reactions

NGOs

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International both expressed concern over the government's response to the protests, citing "excessive use of force" by the Chilean Police, as well as "possible arbitrary detentions of demonstrators".[187]

Solidarity protests

In New Zealand's largest city Auckland, hundreds of protesters staged a solidarity march on 27 October 2019.[188]

Others

Polish party Lewica Razem issued official statement strongly supporting protests.[189]

Popular culture

 
Comedian Stefan Kramer performing the "Primera Línea" at the Festival de Viña 2020, where he was harshly criticized by right-wing politicians for "praising and idealizing" violence.

Some costume-clad protesters have emerged as "superheroes" from among the many demonstrations and protests throughout the country. They have gained significant attention on social media by being captured with particular attitudes or outfits. After going viral, they were colloquially called the "Chilean Avengers", in reference to the superheroes of Marvel Comics. Among them stands out: "Baila Pikachu", "Stupid and sensual Spiderman", "Pareman", the "Dinosaur", "Nalcaman", the "Granny", the "Selknam", "Robin Hood", "Yutakiller" and the dog "Negro Matapacos". On 22 November 2019, some of them held a meeting recreating a scene from the movie The Avengers in Plaza Baquedano, organized by the production company Nano.[190][191][192][193]

Notes

  1. ^ According to political scientist Mauricio Morales Quiroga the probity crisis[15] stem from a series of publicized cases of corruption among the police,[16] the armed forces[16] and government,[17] besides a series of private company collusions.[17][15] A 2019 study by Transparency International claimed that 54% of adult Chileans thought corruption had increased the last year.[18]
  2. ^ Various Chilean intellectuals such as José Joaquín Brunner and Mario Waissbluth have posited that growing numbers of university graduates with bleak prospects of professional development and employment contributed to the protests.[19][20]
  3. ^ Analysis of historical data shows that Chile has been very unequal society since at least 1850.[63]

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March 04, 2023
2019, 2022, chilean, protests, protests, various, chilean, cities, most, notably, santiago, date7, october, 2019, september, 2022, location, chilecaused, byrise, public, transport, fares, probity, crisis, cost, living, privatisation, social, inequalitygoalsrev. 2019 2022 Chilean protestsProtests in various Chilean cities most notably Santiago Date7 October 2019 1 4 September 2022 2 Location ChileCaused byRise in public transport fares 3 4 Probity crisis cost of living privatisation and social inequalityGoalsReversal of public transport fares Reforms in education health care and pension systems Better wages and minimum wage increase Resignation of President Sebastian Pinera Draft a new constitution 5 MethodsProtests fare evasion civil disobedience rioting and lootingStatusClosure of the Santiago Metro on the weekend of 19 20 October State of emergency and curfew declared 3 on 16 regions of Chile 6 ConcessionsPresident Pinera announces reforms in education healthcare and pension systems 7 Cabinet reshuffle including Interior Finance and Economy ministries 2020 Chilean national plebisciteParties to the civil conflictGovernment Chilean Armed Forces Carabineros de Chile Grupo de Operaciones Policiales Especiales Investigations Police of Chile Protesters Primera Linea Anarchists 8 Mesa de Unidad Social 9 Lead figuresSebastian Pinera Andres Chadwick Gonzalo Blumel Javier Iturriaga Alberto Espina Mario Desbordes Mario Rozas Ricardo Yanez Victor Perez Karla Rubilar Felipe Guevara Felipe Alessandri Evelyn Matthei Rodrigo Delgado No centralized leadershipNumberOver 3 7 million protesters 10 11 CasualtiesDeath s 36 as of February 2020 12 Injuries11 564Detained28 000 as of February 2020 12 A series of massive demonstrations and severe riots known in Chile as the Estallido Social lit social outburst 13 14 originated in Santiago and took place in all regions of Chile with a greater impact in the regional capitals mainly between October 2019 and March 2020 The protests were in response to a raise in the Santiago Metro s subway fare a probity crisis A cost of living university graduate unemployment B privatisation 21 and inequality prevalent in the country 22 23 24 25 The protests began in Chile s capital Santiago as a coordinated fare evasion campaign by secondary school students which led to spontaneous takeovers of the city s main train stations and open confrontations with the Carabineros de Chile the national police force On 18 October the situation escalated as a group of people began vandalizing city s infrastructure seizing vandalizing and burning down many stations of the Santiago Metro network and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage and for a time causing the cessation of the network in its entirety Eighty one stations have sustained major damage including seventeen burned down 26 27 On the same day President of Chile Sebastian Pinera announced a state of emergency authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado State Security Law against dozens of detainees A curfew was declared on 19 October in the Greater Santiago area 28 29 In the following days protests and riots expanded to other Chilean cities including Concepcion San Antonio and Valparaiso 30 The state of emergency was extended to the Concepcion Province all Valparaiso Region except Easter Island and Juan Fernandez Archipelago and the cities of Antofagasta Coquimbo Iquique La Serena Rancagua Valdivia Osorno and Puerto Montt The protests have been considered the worst civil unrest having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet s military dictatorship due to the scale of damage to public infrastructure the number of protesters and the measures taken by the government 31 As a consequence of this widespread looting occurred at shops and businesses On 25 October 2019 over 1 2 million people took to the streets of Santiago to protest against social inequality in what was called as The biggest march of Chile 32 33 As of 28 December 2019 29 people had died 34 nearly 2 500 had been injured and 2 840 had been arrested 33 35 Human rights organizations have received several reports of violations conducted against protesters by security forces including eye mutilation torture sexual abuse and sexual assault 36 37 38 On 28 October 2019 President Pinera changed eight ministries of his cabinet in response to the unrest dismissing his Interior Minister Andres Chadwick 39 40 On 15 November 2019 Chile s National Congress signed an agreement to hold a national referendum that would rewrite the constitution if it were to be approved citation needed On 25 October 2020 Chileans voted 78 28 percent in favor of a new constitution while 21 72 per cent rejected the change Voter turnout was 51 percent On 16 May 2021 the election of the 155 Chileans who formed the convention which drafted the new constitution was voted 41 42 On November 18 Chilean security services discontinued an investigation on the presumed involvement of Cuban and Venezuelan agents in the protests having not found any conclusive evidence 43 The pandemic provoked a reduction in the scale of the protests with social distancing measures and eventual government imposed lockdowns in place 44 An estimated 3 5 billion dollars and 300 000 jobs have been lost due to destruction and damage of public and private infrastructure including the Santiago Metro as a result of the protests and vandalism carried out mainly between October and November 2019 During the second half of 2020 and most of 2021 the demonstrations continued to focus every Friday almost exclusively around Plaza Baquedano where between 100 to 500 people confronted the police and vandalized the surroundings demanding for the liberation of the so called Prisoners of the Revolt 45 This continuation has been defined by the government as acts of crime that do not respond to a demonstration or social demand 46 47 48 49 50 On 19 December 2021 former student leader and constitutional agreement negotiator 35 year old leftist Gabriel Boric was elected president of Chile in the 2021 Chilean presidential election with 55 86 of the vote 51 Under his government on 4 September 2022 the 2022 Chilean national plebiscite was held in order to determine whether the public agreed with the text of a new Political Constitution of the Republic drawn up by the Constitutional Convention 52 The proposed constitution was rejected by a margin of 62 to 38 leaving the constitutional process open and stoping the so called octubrismo octoberism 53 54 Contents 1 Core issues 1 1 Transport fares 1 2 Inequality and cost of living 2 October 2019 protests 3 History 3 1 Attempts for normalization and the New Social Agenda 3 2 The Biggest March 4 2020 protests 4 1 COVID 19 pandemic 5 Incidents and casualties 5 1 Incidents 5 2 Excessive use of force 5 3 Other incidents 5 3 1 2019 5 3 2 2020 5 3 3 Aftermath 2021 and 2022 5 4 Government response 6 Reactions 6 1 International reactions 6 1 1 NGOs 6 1 2 Solidarity protests 6 1 3 Others 7 Popular culture 8 Notes 9 ReferencesCore issues EditTransport fares Edit Fee adjusted by inflation of public transportation in Santiago between 31 January 2012 and 6 October 2019 before the last increase was revoked The price of public transport in Greater Santiago is determined by the Panel of Public Transport Experts Spanish Panel de Expertos del Transporte Publico which uses an automatic calculation formula to adjust fares on a monthly basis The Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications is advised by the panel and must be notified of any price changes 55 On 1 October 2019 the Panel determined the quarterly adjustment of fares for the public transport system of the Province of Santiago and the communes of San Bernardo and Puente Alto They decided that a fare hike of 10 Chilean pesos for buses and 30 pesos for the Santiago Metro and Metrotren at peak hours a rise of about 4 as well as a fare decrease of 30 pesos at off peak hours was necessary 56 The increase was justified by the panel due to increase of the rate index which is subject to variations in the value of fuel the value of the US dollar the value of the euro the cost of labor and the consumer price index among other variables such that the costs to the subway have risen 57 The fare change was scheduled to take effect from 6 October 58 Some specialists such as former Minister Paola Tapia have indicated that there are other factors that explain the rise Among these factors would be the purchase without tender of a new fleet of electric buses for the Metropolitan Mobility Network and the suspension of the new tender for bus services both decisions made by the administration of Minister Gloria Hutt 59 In addition there is criticism that rail transit fares in Santiago are the second highest in Latin America only surpassed by Sao Paulo 60 In relative terms the average monthly cost per person for the city s public transport is equivalent to 13 8 of the minimum wage well above other cities such as Buenos Aires Mexico City or Lima where it does not exceed 10 61 Inequality and cost of living Edit According to Jose Miguel Ahumada a political economist and associate professor at the University of Chile the country is one of the most unequal countries in Latin America 23 As described by The Washington Post while the last three decades of neoliberal policies made Chile one of South America s wealthiest countries with inflation under control and easy access to credit they also created stark economic disparities and strapped many Chileans into debt 62 C The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC states that 1 of the population in Chile controls 26 5 of the country s wealth while 50 of low income households access 2 1 Additionally according to National Statistics Institute of Chile while the minimum wage in Chile is 301 000 pesos half of the workers in that country receive a salary equal to or less than 400 000 pesos 64 Protesters interviewed by Reuters said they were struggling to make ends meet because of the high costs of part privatised education and health systems rents and utilities and a privatised pension system has been widely rejected by Chileans because of its low and often delayed payouts 25 October 2019 protests EditOctober protests One of the 16 public transport buses that were burned on the night of 18 October Carabineros Public Order Control officers watching protests on 19 October The protests began on Monday 7 October as secondary school students began an orchestrated campaign of fare dodging on the Santiago Metro In response the Metro authority began controlling access to several stations 1 Under the slogan Evade evade the fare dodging campaign continued and grew over the remainder of that week and into the next 65 Regarding the fees Minister of Economy Juan Andres Fontaine commented on October 8 that those who get up early can be helped with a lower rate causing outrage in the public opinion 66 On Monday 14 October several stations on Line 5 were closed in the afternoon after violent incidents were reported 65 On 15 October a major clash between students and police occurred at Santa Ana station and four arrests were made 67 in the afternoon a group of protesters kicked down a metal gate at Plaza de Armas station in downtown Santiago and stations on Lines 1 3 and 5 were closed to passengers as security was stepped up 68 Confrontations continued and expanded over the following days with turnstiles and ticket machines being destroyed at San Joaquin station on 17 October and four stations closed in the evening 69 At that time 133 arrests had been made and damage to Metro infrastructure was estimated at up to 500 million pesos US 700 000 70 On Friday 18 October the situation escalated as protests unfolded in downtown Santiago Barricades were built to which the police responded with water cannons and tear gas The entire Metro system was closed after attacks were reported at nearly all its 164 stations forcing many passengers to walk home 70 The headquarters of electricity company Enel Generacion Chile was damaged in a fire which affected its emergency exit stairwell 71 A major event that galvanized the day s movement was related to Sebastian Pinera himself At approximately 21 00 hours on 18 October while riots and open battles swept the capital the President was away from La Moneda Palace busy attending the birthday of one of his grandchildren The celebration took place at a restaurant named Romaria an expensive pizza parlour in the northern district of Vitacura one of Santiago s wealthiest 72 An unidentified customer who happened to be inside took photographs and posted them anonymously on Twitter showing a relaxed Pinera eating inside and his private escort convoy sitting outside the building 72 73 Pinera later addressed the nation and announced a 15 day state of emergency in the capital allowing the armed forces to patrol the city alongside the Carabineros Chile s militarized national police force 70 74 Demonstration and barricades in downtown Concepcion on 21 October The violence continued on 19 October and the Metro remained closed to passengers Shops were looted buses were set alight and clashes occurred between demonstrators and the security forces 75 A curfew was imposed between 22 00 and 07 00 hours As rioting spread to other parts of the country states of emergency were declared in the Valparaiso Region and Concepcion Province 74 In an address to the nation in the evening President Pinera announced the cancellation of the fare increase and the establishment of a dialogue panel with representatives from across society to discuss the underlying causes behind the unrest 76 77 Protesters in Plaza Baquedano on 22 October On 20 October many supermarkets shopping malls and cinemas remained closed 78 as the protests continued 76 Curfews were imposed for that night in the Santiago Metropolitan Region and the regions of Valparaiso Biobio including the regional capital Concepcion and Coquimbo 79 as the curfew began in Santiago many protesters remained on the street 80 Local authorities also announced the closure of schools on 21 October and some also on 22 October in 43 of the 52 communes of the Metropolitan Region and across the province of Concepcion 81 82 President Pinera again addressed the nation on the evening of 20 October In his remarks he said the country was at war with a powerful and relentless enemy and announced that the state of emergency already in effect in the Metropolitan Region and the regions of Valparaiso Biobio Coquimbo and O Higgins would be extended to the regions of Antofagasta Maule Los Rios and Magallanes 83 Some opposition politicians described his rhetoric as irresponsible while a Latin America editor for BBC News Online expressed concern about the impact his words would have on the protesters and on the chances for meaningful dialogue 84 Hours shortly after the President s speech chief of national defense Javier Iturriaga del Campo spoke against this declaration asserting that he was content and not at war with anyone 85 Protesters in Plaza Baquedano on 8 November Some incidents of unrest were reported on 21 October in Santiago Concepcion and other cities The Santiago Metro remained closed except for a portion of Line 1 86 as did all the nation s universities and institutes of higher education 87 The intendant of the Metropolitan Region announced that schools would remain closed on 22 October in 48 of the region s communes 88 Michelle Bachelet a former President of Chile now serving as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a call for open sincere and immediate dialogue and warned that the use of inflammatory rhetoric will only serve to further aggravate the situation 89 On 25 October over a million people took to the streets in Santiago and thousands more throughout Chile to protest against President Pinera demanding his resignation 32 33 As of 26 October 2019 19 people have died nearly 2 500 have been injured and 2 840 have been arrested 33 35 On 27 October President Pinera requested all of his cabinet ministers to resign 90 however he accepted 8 resignations including the Interior Minister Andres Chadwick 39 40 Three days later Pinera withdrew Chile from hosting the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting scheduled for November and the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 91 According to Bloomberg the protests are the worst civil unrest having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet s military dictatorship due to of the scale of damage to public infrastructure the number of protesters and the measures taken by the government 31 92 On 8 November approximately 75 000 people took to the streets of Santiago to take part in anti government protests 93 During the protests a Roman Catholic church in Santiago was looted and its religious iconography was burned in the street 93 A university near Santiago s Plaza Italia square was burned as wellHistory EditAttempts for normalization and the New Social Agenda Edit Monday 21 October was the first business day after the big riots The government insisted on working towards normalcy by encouraging the return to work and school The Secretary of Labor Nicolas Monckeberg rejected the idea to declare a holiday despite the fact that he told businesses to give employees more flexible hours due to transportation issues 94 As for schools the government gave municipalities the freedom to decide if they would hold classes In the metropolitan region of Santiago 43 of the 52 communes suspended activities in addition to a large number of private institutions They were joined by the majority of universities and institutions of higher education 95 Despite the fears of a possible shortage of food and fuel among citizens due to the closure of shops this did not occur even though some people waited in long lines and others started hoarding 96 The Santiago Metro partially restarted activity on Monday the 21st opening certain Line 1 stations with a reduced schedule 97 In the days following they increased the number of available stations Beginning on the 28th five of the seven lines opened and 53 stations opened out of a total of 136 98 In spite of that low metro capacities temporary closures of some stations and traffic diversions due to the demonstrations created long transportation delays for citizens of Santiago especially in the more peripheral sectors Additionally the use of bicycles increased because of long delays on public transportation 99 After five days of massive demonstrations President Sebastian Pinera returned on the night of 22 October to address the country During this speech Pinera asked for forgiveness for not recognizing the issues that troubled society and announced a series of steps called the New Social Agenda 100 These measures incorporate a series of small and moderate changes that will address different areas of need 101 Pensions 20 increase in the Basic Solidarity Pension and the Provisional Solidarity Contribution additional increases in 2021 and 2022 for retirees over the age of 75 fiscal contributions to complement Social Security savings of the middle class and women contributions of fiscal resources to improve pensions for older adults who are not eligible Health Fix the government s catastrophic disease insurance project create a project for medication expand the agreement from Fansa with pharmacies to reduce the price of medication Wages Complement with fiscal funds the salary of workers until they reach a minimum guaranteed income of 350 000 Bruto 298 800 pesos for full time work for the workers that receive the minimum salary this is an increase of 49 000 pesos 102 Energy Creation of a stable mechanism for electric tariffs that voids the 9 2 rise expected in the coming months Taxes Creation of a new plan in the supplementary global tax of 40 for incomes over eight million pesos per month Public administration Reduction in the allowance of parliament and high salaries of the public administration reduction of the number of members in the parliament and limits on their re election Even though some politicians value concrete proposals many critique the proposals as insufficient given the scale of the protests even from the ruling party 103 Within the opposition they critique the fact that some of the proposals subsidize or favor private businesses being only superficial changes 104 The Biggest March Edit Main article The biggest march of Chile After the announcement of the New Social Agenda the demonstrations continued and included some new actors On October 24 a group of truck drivers taxi drivers and other drivers organized in the group no more tolling held a protest along Route 68 towards the headquarters of the National Congress in Valparaiso 105 The following day the group held new demonstrations occupying various urban highways in Santiago as a way about the high cost of electronic tolling 106 107 On Friday the 25th massive marches were organized in different cities of the country In the capital of the country the principal announcement was made in Plaza Baquedano The biggest march of them all as it was called had an attendance that officially exceeded 1 2 million people 108 becoming the largest recognized in Chile This exceeded the demonstrations organized by the No campaign for plebiscites in 1988 109 110 The demonstration due to its size covered a large part of Alameda the main avenue of the city Forestal Park Bustamente Park Balmaceda Park and other spaces On that same afternoon there was a march between Valparaiso and Vina del Mar with an attendance of more than 90 000 people while in Concepcion it reached 50 000 people 111 During the day there were multiple massive marches in other cities in Chile between them Rancagua La Serena Coquimbo Concepcion Arica and Punta Arenas among others 112 After the protests various governmental figures expressed their support of the demonstrations through social media President Sebastian Pinera referred to the massive march as transversal and without political colors 113 even though the demands of the protestors include the resignation of the government and himself 114 The massive happy and calm march today where the Chileans asked for a more just and supportive Chile opens grand paths of future and hope We all have listened to the message We all have changed With unity and help from the Gods we will walk the road to that better Chile for all Sebastian Pinera President of Chile Twitter 115 2020 protests Edit Poster of the Negro Matapacos dog symbol of social protests in Chile On 6 January 2020 university entrance exams to be taken by 300 000 students around Chile were disrupted by protests over inequality and elitism with some students blocking access to test sites and burning exam papers 116 At the end of January 2020 the social unrest which had reduced somewhat during the Chilean summer holidays resumed again with large demonstrations The protests were catalysed by incidents such as the death of Jorge Mora struck by a Carabinero vehicle after a football match 117 118 As of February 2020 an estimated 36 people had died 12 The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR denounced the violence of the police and announced that between 18 October and 6 December 2019 28 000 people had been imprisoned The Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos INDH reported at the end of January 2020 that 427 persons had received eye injuries at the hands of the police 12 The INDH also recorded 697 attacks on lone civilians by state actors between the start of the protests in October and 31 January Of these 123 attacks were by Carabineros 12 COVID 19 pandemic Edit The protests had to come to a halt due to the COVID 19 pandemic and the establishment of several partial lockdowns in Santiago and other cities Taking advantage of the situation government agencies erased most of the graffiti and street art in downtown Santiago that was drawn during the protests On 3 April President Sebastian Pinera visited an empty Plaza Italia and took some pictures in it which was considered by many as a way of taunting the protesters under quarantine Pinera later regretted the situation and mentioned that he was misinterpreted 119 120 Despite the lockdown some protests appeared during International Workers Day in Santiago that resulted in the arrest of 57 people by Carabineros Detained members of the international press were later released without charge Similar incidents were reported in the port city of Valparaiso 121 On 4 September 2020 police and demonstrators clashed at an anti government protest at Plaza Italia citation needed On 11 September 2020 the 47th anniversary of the Pinochet coup protestors clashed with Santiago police at the central Plaza Italia that resulted in over one hundred arrests Sixteen police officers and two civilians were injured 122 In the following weeks small protests appeared again in Plaza Italia usually on Fridays and were severely repressed by Carabineros On 2 October an incident occurred when a police officer pushed a 16 year old protester off the Pio Nono bridge into the Mapocho river 123 The minor suffered several fractures and concussion and was rescued by protesters The situation sparked new protests on Saturday 3 October near Plaza Italia being the first time since the start of a national lockdown that the square is taken by protesters Opposition politicians called for the resignation of General Director Mario Rozas and announce an impeachment to the Ministry of Interior Victor Perez Also they announce they will reject the annual budget for Carabineros unless changes are implemented 124 The officer is under arrest and charged with attempted murder by the National Public Prossecutor 125 On 18 October 2020 a year after the protests of 18 October 2019 individuals set a fire on the Parroquia de La Asuncion in Santiago resulting in the bell tower collapsing from the fire 126 One of the 5 suspects is a Chilean Navy Corporal 127 which may have been an infiltrator from the Armed Forces this was denied by the government and the Chilean Navy Corporal Ernesto Osorio was discharged from the Navy while he is under investigation for his involvement in the arson 128 Two Catholic churches in Santiago were burned as well 129 130 On 3 November 2020 Chile s Interior and Security Minister Victor Perez resigned after being suspended from his duties when the Chamber of Deputies voted in favor of an investigation over allegations he failed to stop police abuses during protests 131 On 18 November 2020 hundreds demonstrated in the capital demanding President Pinera s resignation with regards to police repression of the protests 132 Incidents and casualties EditFurther information Eye injury in the 2019 2020 Chilean protests State of emergency and curfew State of emergency During the protests 36 people have died as of February 2020 and thousands have been injured and arrested 12 Amnesty International has received hundreds of complaints about serious human rights violations that range from excessive use of force to torture illegal raids and arbitrary detention 36 Similar allegations have been received by Chile s National Institute for Human Rights which also included reports of sexual violence 37 38 Incidents Edit 19 October Two women died and one man was seriously injured in a fire inside a supermarket in the southern Santiago suburb of San Bernardo 133 A Polish teacher was accidentally shot and killed by his father in law who was trying to stop looters in a nearby supermarket 134 20 October A 38 year old man died in a supermarket fire on Matucana Avenue located along the border of Santiago and Quinta Normal 135 Five people died in a textile factory fire in Renca three of them were minors 136 137 138 A 21 year old protester was shot dead by soldiers in La Serena another was seriously injured 139 140 A 23 year old protester was shot dead inside a La Polar store by soldiers in Coquimbo 141 21 October Two people one of them 74 years old died in a supermarket fire in La Pintana 142 A 25 year old man was shot and killed in Curico and the investigation indicated due to the bullet found that he had been shot by a business owner s gun 143 144 and another three people were seriously injured The city was not under a state of emergency 145 In the commune of Talcahuano in the city of Concepcion during a period of looting military forces ran over and killed a 23 year old man 146 A man was fatally electrocuted during looting in a Santa Isabel supermarket in a suburb of Santiago 147 A 39 year old man died in a hospital from injuries sustained in a beating carried out by policemen in Maipu western Santiago His name was initially not included on the official list of dead it was added on 23 October 148 149 22 October A man was killed after being shot in the head by a tenant who feared looting 150 A driver rammed his car into protesters killing two people including a 4 year old toddler and wounding 17 this event increased the death toll to 17 151 152 10 November 2019 Renaca shooting John Cobin opened fire on Chilean demonstrators in Renaca Chile wounding Luis Jesus Ahumada Villegas a 33 year old protester in the leg 153 154 27 December Following the last protest march of the year a demonstrator called Mauricio Fredes died after falling into a construction hole whilst being pursued by police 155 31 January A man who had been shot in the head at a protest outside a police station in Santiago died of his wounds in hospital 118 The body of a man thought to have died from carbon monoxide poisoning was recovered from a supermarket which had been looted and burnt 118 Excessive use of force Edit Further information Eye injuries in the 2019 2020 Chilean protests According to the National Institute of Human Rights INDH the use of rubber pellets by security forces has left at least 964 injured including 222 with eye problems 156 According to the Chilean Ophthalmology Society this is the highest number of injuries of this type registered during protests or in conflict zones in the world 157 Bandaged eyes had become so common that they become a symbol for protesters 158 159 160 Human rights organisations have received several reports of violations conducted against protesters including torture sexual abuse and rape 36 37 38 40 Amnesty International s investigations allege that state security forces including both the police and army deliberately use excessive force against protesters 161 Amnesty International went on to state that the military and police are using unnecessary and excessive force with the intention of injuring and punishing protesters 162 According to Erika Guevara Rosas the America s director for the human rights group the intention of the Chilean security forces is clear to injure demonstrators in order to discourage protest 163 Human Rights Watch stated that indiscriminate and improper use of riot guns and shotguns abuse of detainees in custody and poor internal accountability systems gave rise to serious violations of the rights of many Chileans 164 Other incidents Edit 2019 Edit On 18 October during riots at the historical Estacion Central station a young woman was gravely injured in the legs by gunfire from Carabineros riot police The woman was aided by nearby protesters and passers by as she suffered extensive blood loss before being extracted by emergency services 165 On 19 October a doctor assaulted by a police officer during a protest indicated that the police officer had signs of being under the influence of drugs 166 On 20 October President Pinera extended the state of emergency in the north and south of the country and said we are at war against a powerful enemy that doesn t respect anything or anyone 167 On 8 November the Pedro Valdivia University was set ablaze Initial reports suggested this was due to the indiscriminate firing of tear gas canisters by Carabineros into the building The Roman Catholic church Veronica de Lastarria near the main site of the demonstration at Baquedano Square commonly referred to as Italia Square has been looted and a statue of Jesus and furniture from the interior of the church were taken out on the street and burned down 168 On 27 December in the night the Cine Arte Alameda an arts center was burnt down 12 155 An investigation by the Criminal Investigation Brigade Brigada de Investigacion Criminal is reported to have concluded that no explanation for the fire could be ruled out 169 2020 Edit On 18 January The tomb of folksinger Victor Jara was vandalised 12 On 20 January at a protest following the death of Jorge Mora a group of Carabineros beat up a young man called Matias Soto The entire attack was recorded by a security camera The INDH announced it would sue the Carabineros for torture 12 On 7 February the Violeta Parra Museum was arson attacked 12 The chief of the Santiago Fire Department said the causes were not yet established 170 On 28 February the Violeta Parra Museum was again arson attacked with eyewitnesses recording that Carabineros shot at least 6 tear gas canisters into the building Officially the cause was not ascertained 171 By August 20 2020 newspaper La Tercera reported that only 0 9 of the legal complaints originating from the protests had so far resulted in convictions 172 On 18 October a year after the start of the social outbreak a series of demonstrations took place in which some 25 000 people gathered in various cities of the country Although the majority were peaceful within the framework of the Chile national plebiscite of 2020 s campaign there were isolated clashes with police 580 people being detained and two severe fires were registered in the Church of San Francisco de Borja and in the Parroquia de la Asuncion two catholic churches of Santiago 173 174 Aftermath 2021 and 2022 Edit On 5 February street artist Francisco Martinez dies after being shot by a police official during an identity check in Panguipulli Los Rios Region His death generated a wave of protests riots and vandalism resulting later that night in the burning of the building that housed various public offices including Panguipulli s town hall 175 On 12 March the four tons statue of General Baquedano was removed from the Plaza Baquedano to be restored by the National Council of Monuments after continuous acts of vandalism by protesters Attempts to burn and tear down the statue were made on 5 and 8 March respectively ultimately prompting the authorities to take the decision 176 On 30 May the headquarters of the right wing parties National Renewal and Independent Democratic Union were attacked and the Memorial to Jaime Guzman was vandalized with graffiti 177 On 30 July new Friday afternoon protests demanding the liberation of the prisoners of the revolt ended up with riots and vandalism at Barrio Lastarria where many pubs and restaurants were heavily damaged by a mob 178 179 On 10 October during a demonstration supporting the indigenous rights in Santiago Denisse Cortes was killed by a firework explosion in front of the Catholic University of Chile She was a 43 year old law student and human rights activist The situation is under investigation 180 181 On 18 October the second anniversary around ten thousand people gathered in the surroundings of Plaza Baquedano Subsequently fainting and vandalism were recorded that caused the destruction of the protective barrier at the base of the statue of General Baquedano and the fire of it Supermarkets and fast food outlets were looted and the stairs leading to the Santa Lucia hill were set on fire 182 On Friday April 1 2022 one public transport bus was torched and one person was rammed by a police vehicle 183 On April 30 2022 a former candidate for the Constitutional Convention was detained by police while providing protesters tires for building barricades 184 On 18 October 2022 protests were arranged in Santiago Concepcion Valparaiso Antofagasta Temuco and Valdivia 185 186 In Valparaiso secondady students marched along university students and social organizations 185 The group marched towards the National Congress of Chile 185 Towards the end of the march some protesters engaged the police 185 In Santiago and Antofagasta protesters erected barricades 186 Outside University of La Frontera in Temuco there were clashes between about 15 hooded protesters and police 185 Government response Edit In late November 2019 security forces announced the suspension of the use of rubber pellets as a crowd control method in the protests 156 Reactions EditInternational reactions Edit NGOs Edit Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International both expressed concern over the government s response to the protests citing excessive use of force by the Chilean Police as well as possible arbitrary detentions of demonstrators 187 Solidarity protests Edit In New Zealand s largest city Auckland hundreds of protesters staged a solidarity march on 27 October 2019 188 Others Edit Polish party Lewica Razem issued official statement strongly supporting protests 189 Popular culture Edit Comedian Stefan Kramer performing the Primera Linea at the Festival de Vina 2020 where he was harshly criticized by right wing politicians for praising and idealizing violence Some costume clad protesters have emerged as superheroes from among the many demonstrations and protests throughout the country They have gained significant attention on social media by being captured with particular attitudes or outfits After going viral they were colloquially called the Chilean Avengers in reference to the superheroes of Marvel Comics Among them stands out Baila Pikachu Stupid and sensual Spiderman Pareman the Dinosaur Nalcaman the Granny the Selknam Robin Hood Yutakiller and the dog Negro Matapacos On 22 November 2019 some of them held a meeting recreating a scene from the movie The Avengers in Plaza Baquedano organized by the production company Nano 190 191 192 193 Notes Edit According to political scientist Mauricio Morales Quiroga the probity crisis 15 stem from a series of publicized cases of corruption among the police 16 the armed forces 16 and government 17 besides a series of private company collusions 17 15 A 2019 study by Transparency International claimed that 54 of adult Chileans thought corruption had increased the last year 18 Various Chilean intellectuals such as Jose Joaquin Brunner and Mario Waissbluth have posited that growing numbers of university graduates with bleak prospects of professional development and employment contributed to the protests 19 20 Analysis of historical data shows that Chile has been very unequal society since at least 1850 63 References Edit a b Evasion masiva de alumnos del 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el mensaje todos hemos cambiado Infobae 2019 10 26 Retrieved 2019 10 30 Pinera Sebastian sebastianpinera 2019 10 25 La multitudinaria alegre y pacifica marcha hoy donde los chilenos piden un Chile mas justo y solidario abre grandes caminos de futuro y esperanza Todos hemos escuchado el mensaje Todos hemos cambiado Con unidad y ayuda de Dios recorreremos el camino a ese Chile mejor para todos Tweet via Twitter Chilean university admissions tests hit by fresh protests Reuters 2020 01 06 Archived from the original on 2020 01 15 Retrieved 2020 01 15 Violence resurgence in Chile three deaths looting and torched supermarkets MercoPress UTC 2020 02 29 Archived from the original on 2020 02 29 Retrieved 2020 02 29 a b c Two more dead as fresh waves of violent protests break out in Chile SBS News AFP SBS Archived from the original on 2020 02 29 Retrieved 2020 02 29 Pinera se bajo de su auto en Plaza Italia y fue fotografiado a los pies del monumento a Baquedano CNN Chile 2020 04 03 Retrieved 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manifestacion BioBio Chile Retrieved 2020 10 18 Ampliacion Comunicado Servidor Naval es detenido en Santiago tras participar en desordenes durante manifestaciones Dan de baja a marino detenido en manifestaciones Chile anniversary rallies turn violent as churches burned police fire tear gas Reuters 2020 10 25 Demonstrators burn two Catholic churches in Chile on anniversary of protests 2020 10 19 Chile Lawmakers Suspend Top Pinera Aide on Police Brutality Bloomberg 2020 11 03 Archived from the original on 2020 11 06 Retrieved 2020 11 06 Hundreds protest in Santiago against Chilean president AFP 2020 11 18 Retrieved 2020 11 19 S A P El Mercurio 2019 10 20 Intendencia confirma que incendio que afecto a supermercado de San Bernardo durante saqueos dejo al menos tres fallecidos Emol com Emol in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 20 Retrieved 2019 10 20 Profesor polaco muere por disparo de su suegro mientras intentaba detener un saqueo El Dinamo in Spanish 2019 10 23 Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 24 S A P El Mercurio 2019 10 20 Confirman tercer fallecido tras incendio de supermercado en Matucana Emol com CNN Chile in Spanish Retrieved 2019 10 24 Welle www dw com Deutsche Muertos por protestas en Chile aumentan a 8 y se extiende toque de queda DW 21 October 2019 Death toll by protests in Chile rises to 8 and curfew extends DW COM in European Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 21 Retrieved 2019 10 21 Chile protests Curfew extended as death toll rises DW COM Deutsche Welle Retrieved 2019 10 22 Mi hijo esta muerto El drama para identificar a los quemados en saqueos La Tercera 2019 10 22 Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Muere una persona por disparo en La Serena y otra queda grave habrian recibido balazos de militares BioBioChile in Spanish 2019 10 20 Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Extienden investigacion contra oficial del Ejercito por homicidio de hombre ecuatoriano 2021 04 13 En medio de crisis social reportan segunda victima fatal en la region Diario el Dia in Spanish 2019 10 20 Archived from the original on 2019 10 22 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Dos muertos deja incendio en sucursal de Construmart en La Pintana MegaNoticias in Spanish 2019 10 21 Archived from the original on 2019 10 22 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Fiscalia retira cargos contra militar Empresario seria responsable del disparo que dio muerte a Jose Miguel Uribe cnnchile com 2019 12 10 Archived from the original on 2019 12 11 Retrieved 2019 12 11 Fiscalia retirara cargos por homicidio a militar detenido por muerte de Jose Miguel Uribe durante manifestaciones en Curico Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine El Mostrador 10 de diciembre de 2019 Consultado el 11 de diciembre de 2019 Militares disparan y matan a manifestante en Curico adnradio cl in Spanish 2019 10 21 Archived from the original on 2019 10 22 Retrieved 2019 10 22 Cooperativa cl Hombre fallecio atropellado por patrulla militar en Talcahuano Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 22 Cooperativa cl Hombre murio electrocutado en supermercado saqueado en el barrio Franklin Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 24 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Ciper Chile Manifestante murio en la Posta Central y gobierno no lo incluyo en la lista oficial de fallecidos Ciper Chile in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 24 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Balance Gobierno reconoce denuncia de hombre muerto a golpes por carabineros Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 24 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Hombre murio baleado por comerciante en Puente Alto Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 24 Retrieved 2019 10 24 Nino de 4 anos entre las victimas fatales de protestas en Chile que ya dejan 18 muertos Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 23 Infobae Impactante video un hombre embistio a una multitud con un auto causo dos muertos y elevo a 17 el saldo de victimas en Chile infobae com in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 23 Retrieved 2019 10 23 Condenan por homicidio frustrado y otros delitos a autor de disparos en Renaca durante manifestaciones 24 Horas in Spanish 2020 10 16 Archived from the original on 2020 10 29 Retrieved 2021 01 07 Mennickent Camila 2021 02 18 Rebajan sentencia a John Cobin estadounidense condenado por disparos en Renaca BioBioChile in Spanish Archived from the original on 2021 02 18 Retrieved 2021 06 17 a b Spek Boris van der 2019 12 30 Chile Last March of 2019 Ends in Tragedy PHOTOS Chile Today Retrieved 2020 03 17 a b Montes Rocio 2019 11 21 La policia de Chile suspende el uso de perdigones tras herir a mil personas in Spanish El Pais Archived from the original on 2019 11 21 Retrieved 2019 11 29 Record mundial de lesiones oculares durante protestas en Chile in Spanish Cooperativa 2019 11 06 Archived from the original on 2019 12 14 Retrieved 2019 11 29 McDonald Brent 2019 11 19 A Bullet to the Eye Is the Price of Protesting in Chile The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2019 11 29 Retrieved 2019 12 01 A bullet to the eye is the price of protesting in Chile The Independent 2019 11 21 Archived from the original on 2019 12 09 Retrieved 2019 12 01 Guzman Andrea 2019 11 29 Bandaged Eyes Have Become a Symbol of Resistance in Chile Vice Archived from the original on 2019 11 30 Retrieved 2019 12 01 Beaten and blinded Chile s protesters face policy of punishment says Amnesty International Archived 23 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine CNN Chile Deliberate policy to injure protesters points to responsibility of those in command Archived 23 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International Amnesty International Chile using violence as a deterrent Archived 26 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine BBC News HRW calls for urgent police reform in Chile to address abuses Archived 30 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera Video muestra a joven herida durante jornada de protestas en Estacion Central Facebook in Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 19 Retrieved 2019 10 19 Medico golpeado por FF EE durante protestas Carabinero tenia los mismos rasgos de pacientes que han consumido cocaina In Spanish Archived from the original on 2019 10 21 Retrieved 2019 10 21 S A P El Mercurio 2019 10 20 Presidente Pinera Estamos en guerra contra un enemigo poderoso que no respeta a nada ni a nadie Emol com Emol Archived from the original on 2019 10 21 Retrieved 2020 05 19 Chile Protesters burn university loot church In DW com 9 11 2019 Access date 13 November 2019 Archived 13 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine PDI afirma que no se puede descartar ninguna tesis por incendio de cine Arte Alameda El Desconcierto Retrieved 2020 05 19 Incendio afecto al Museo Violeta Parra Dejo danos practicamente totales en el auditorio Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2020 02 09 Retrieved 2020 03 17 Investigan nuevo incendio en Museo Violeta Parra en el centro de Santiago Cooperativa cl in Spanish Archived from the original on 2020 02 29 Retrieved 2020 03 17 Lapidario balance de las causas del estallido social La Tercera in Spanish 2020 08 20 Retrieved 2022 10 21 Masivas protestas en Chile por el primer aniversario del estallido social terminan con incidentes aislados y la quema de dos iglesias BBC News Mundo 2020 10 18 Retrieved 2020 10 19 Casi 600 detenidos en Chile durante jornada de conmemoracion de protestas noticia al dia 2020 10 19 Retrieved 2020 10 20 Protests erupt in Chile after police fatally shoot street juggler www aljazeera com Retrieved 2021 03 20 Tercera La 2021 03 12 Estatua del general Baquedano es trasladada luego de dos horas y media de trabajos La Tercera Retrieved 2021 03 12 La sede de la UDI y el memorial de Jaime Guzman fueron vandalizados por manifestantes CNN Chile in Spanish 2021 06 02 Retrieved 2022 05 01 Cooperativa cl Nueva jornada de manifestaciones termino con vandalismo en el Barrio Lastarria Cooperativa cl in Spanish Retrieved 2021 09 12 Barrio Lastarria resulta vandalizado tras protestas de la noche de este viernes en Baquedano La Nacion in Spanish 2021 07 31 Retrieved 2021 09 12 Cardenas Leonardo 2021 10 12 Quien era Denisse Cortes la estudiante de Derecho que murio cerca de Plaza Baquedano La Tercera Retrieved 2021 10 17 Conmocion causa muerte de activista de DDHH en protesta por derechos indigenas Interferencia in Spanish 2021 10 11 Retrieved 2021 10 17 Silva Daniela Navarrete Jose Pablo Pedro Astaburuaga y Juan rews 2021 10 19 Saqueos incendios y barricadas se registraron durante jornada de manifestaciones por aniversario del 18 O La Tercera Retrieved 2021 12 18 Una persona atropellada por carabineros y un bus quemado tras manifestacion en Plaza Baquedano El Mostrador in Spanish 2022 04 02 Retrieved 2022 05 01 Gomez S Rodrigo 2022 04 30 Detienen a excandidata a la Convencion Constituyente por facilitar neumaticos para barricadas en Plaza Baquedano La Tercera in Spanish Retrieved 2022 05 02 a b c d e Salgado Daniela 2022 10 18 18 O saqueos incidentes ataques a carabineros y detenidos en principales ciudades del pais Radio Bio Bio in Spanish Retrieved 2022 10 21 a b Lara Emilio 2022 10 18 Barricadas en Santiago y regiones marcan inicio del tercer aniversario del estallido social Radio Bio Bio in Spanish Retrieved 2022 10 21 Gramer Elizabeth Miles Robbie Why Chileans Are Still Protesting Despite Reform Promises Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 2019 10 30 Retrieved 2019 10 29 Hundreds march down Queen Street in Auckland against growing inequality in Chile 1 News 2019 10 27 Archived from the original on 2019 10 28 Retrieved 2019 10 28 Chile desperto Poparcie dla protestow w Chile Partia Razem Inna polityka jest mozliwa in Polish 2019 12 09 Retrieved 2019 12 09 Cooperativa cl Video Los Avengers chilenos se reunieron en la Plaza de la Dignidad Cooperativa cl in Spanish Retrieved 2021 03 19 Escena de Avengers es recreada por personajes de manifestaciones chilenas Radio Concierto in Spanish 2019 11 25 Retrieved 2021 03 19 Fernanda Arros 2019 11 22 Los Avengers chilenos recrean famosa escena del MCU en el nuevo video de Nano La Tercera Retrieved 2021 03 19 Fernanda Arros 2019 11 06 Avengers chilenos Las figuras de las manifestaciones agrupadas por Twitter La Tercera Retrieved 2021 03 19 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2019 2022 Chilean protests amp oldid 1141807042, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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