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1988 Chilean national plebiscite

January 31, 2023

The 1988 Chilean national plebiscite was a presidential election (though not considered as such under Chilean law) taking the form of a national referendum held on 5 October 1988 to determine whether Chile's de facto leader, Augusto Pinochet, who governed as the head of a military dictatorship, should become President for an eight-year term under resumed civilian rule. The "No" side won with nearly 56% of the vote, indicating the end of Pinochet's fifteen and a half years in power. After democratic elections in 1989, a new government took power in 1990.

1988 Chilean national plebiscite
← 1970 5 October 1988 (1988-10-05) 1989 →
Plebiscite: President of the Republic
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 3,119,110 44.01%
No 3,967,579 55.99%
Valid votes 7,086,689 97.72%
Invalid or blank votes 165,254 2.28%
Total votes 7,251,943 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 7,429,404 97.61%
Results by commune

Despite disappointment from the results, Pinochet respected the results of the plebiscite. This was due to pressure from international and business communities and included John Paul II who called for a more democratic Chile and met privately with Pinochet to deliver Communion and influence his beliefs.[1]

Background

Army General Augusto Pinochet and leaders of the Air Force, Navy, and police force took power on 11 September 1973 in a coup d'état which deposed the democratically elected Socialist President Salvador Allende. This coup was backed by the United States,[2] Allende killed himself as the presidential palace was being bombarded.[3] A military junta – led by Pinochet, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh, Navy Admiral José Toribio Merino, and Carabinero Chief General César Mendoza – was sworn in the same evening. The following day, the four drafted an official document suspending the 1925 constitution and Congress and establishing the Junta as the country's supreme authority. Pinochet was designated as its first president, and the four verbally agreed to rotate the office. Shortly after, the Junta established an advisory committee, which Pinochet was successful in staffing with Army officers loyal to himself. One of their first recommendations was to discard the idea of a rotating presidency, arguing it would create too many administrative problems and lead to confusion.[4] In March 1974, six months after the Junta's establishment, Pinochet verbally attacked the Christian Democratic Party and stated that there was no set timetable for a return to civilian rule. On 18 December 1974 Pinochet was declared Supreme Leader of the nation.[4] After that date, the junta functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990.

On 24 September 1973, a commission was set up by the junta to draw up a blueprint for a new constitution. By 5 October 1978, the commission had finished its work. During the next two years, the proposal was studied by the Council of State presided by former president Jorge Alessandri, and in July 1980 it submitted a Constitution draft to Pinochet and the Junta. A constitutional referendum, regarded as "highly irregular"[5] and forthrightly "fraudulent"[6] by some observers, took place on 11 September 1980, in which the new constitution was approved by 67% of voters.[7] The Constitution, which took effect on 11 March 1981, established a "transition period," during which Pinochet would continue to exercise executive power and the Junta legislative power, for the next eight years. Before that period ended, a candidate for President was to be proposed by the Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Carabinero Chief General for the following period of eight years. The candidate was to be ratified by registered voters in a national plebiscite. On 30 August 1988 Pinochet was declared to be the candidate.

During the last years of the dictatorship the commanders-in-chief of the Navy, Air Force and Carabineros disassociated themselves from Pinochet, expressing their wishes that a civilian should represent the regime in the 1988 plebiscite. Pinochet however imposed himself as candidate.[8]

Plebiscite

 
Original ballot.

The plebiscite – as detailed in the 1980 Constitution – consisted of two choices:

  • Yes: The proposed candidate is approved. Pinochet takes office on 11 March 1989 for an eight-year mandate, and parliamentary elections are held nine months after he is sworn in. The Junta continues to exercise legislative power until the newly elected Congress takes office on 11 March 1990.
  • No: The proposed candidate is rejected. Pinochet and the Junta continue in power for another year and a half. Presidential and parliamentary elections are held three months before Pinochet's term expires. The newly elected President and Congress take office on 11 March 1990.

Political endorsements

Yes

No

Null vote

  •   Chilean Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Chileno) A populist party created by pro-Junta factions to attract support for Pinochet disguised under the Socialist Party's banner.[9]

The campaign

 
Symbol of the "Yes" option. The logotype had the SÍ blue letters with a star and a blue, white and red tricolour sash.

The campaign is regarded, along with the registration process, as one of the key factors that led to the victory of the No side in the plebiscite.

For the first time in the history of Chile, both options were guaranteed free electoral advertising spaces—franjas—of 15 minutes each, late at night or early in the morning. (There were similar spaces in prime time, but only for the government). They were first broadcast on 5 September, at 11 pm, just one month before the referendum. In a short time the spots prepared by the No side were seen to be better, despite the Yes side creating a more elaborate campaign devised by an Argentinian advertising agency and with the assistance of the Chilean Armed Forces. The Minister of the Interior Sergio Fernández, one of the main coordinators of the official campaign, said:

The (campaign) results were poor. In a few days nobody could ignore the evident technical superiority of the No campaign: superior in argumentation, superior in filming, superior in music. Its signature tune, with the slogan "La alegría ya viene" (Joy is coming) as its main element, was so catchy that even the Yes campaign creatives hummed it during their brainstorming sessions.

 
Main logo of the No campaign, el arcoíris (the rainbow)

The No side used a rainbow as its main symbol, with the intention of symbolising the plural views of the opposition (each member party had its own colour depicted in the rainbow) and, at the same time, the hope of a better Chile and a more prosperous future. Their campaign, directed by American and Chilean advertising men, combined both criticism (including testimony by victims of torture and relatives of disappeared people during the dictatorship) and optimism, highlighting that the No option did not mean returning to the socialist system of former President Salvador Allende, but the re-establishment of democracy. This idea was supported by the appearance of right-wing leaders standing for No. A popular jingle was composed, with the main slogan of the campaign, "Chile, la alegría ya viene" (Chile, joy is on its way), and both Chilean and international celebrities, such as Patricio Bañados (renowned journalist banned from TV by the Junta), Sting, Jane Fonda, Richard Dreyfuss, Sara Montiel, Robert Blake, Paloma San Basilio and Christopher Reeve starred in the No spots. One advert featured a middle-aged woman describing her experience of being kidnapped and tortured after the 1973 coup, and advocating a no vote, followed by her son Carlos Caszely, one of Chile's top footballers of the 1970s and 1980s,[10] and a critic of the Pinochet regime.[11]

The Yes campaign had two main goals: creating fear amongst voters by reminding them of the chaotic situation of Chile in 1973, with the consequent coup d'état (a background blamed on supporters of the No side), and improving the general perception of Augusto Pinochet, regarded by the public as an arrogant and authoritarian leader. The spots included jingles with lyrics supportive of the Junta and songs that were close to promoting a cult of personality around Pinochet, such as the main campaign anthem, "Un horizonte de esperanza" (A Horizon of Hope) or a Rapa Nui folk song, "Iorana, Presidente" (Hello, President). In its early stages the campaign put its focus on the economic success achieved by the government, but when this failed to appeal to viewers, the strategy followed was to introduce criticism of the No adverts and the publication of polls that showed massive support for Pinochet, and a new look of the programmes starting in the 18 September broadcast, with the new format almost identical to those of the No – a presenter, Hernán Serrano, introduced each topic, and more testimonies were added.

Both sides called for massive rallies: on 22 September the No side started the March of Joy (Marcha de la alegría), which lasted 10 days and joined supporters from the northernmost and southernmost cities of Chile in Santiago.[12] These rallies were often stopped by the Carabineros or the secret police on claimed suspicion of possible attacks, or for no stated reason, and the demonstrators were attacked by armed pro-Yes supporters without the police taking any action. On 2 October the Yes campaign called for a huge rally in downtown Santiago. The rallies had different coverage by the news media, which struggled to show more Chileans standing for the Yes side than for the No, and were considered to be too close to the Yes campaign.

Electorate

Voting was open to persons who were aged 18 or over on the day of the election, and were either Chilean citizens or foreigners who had resided legally in Chile for at least five years. Only those registered in the electoral roll could vote, but registration was not compulsory. Voting was mandatory for registered Chilean citizens.

Results

 
 
 
Results by regions, provinces and communes
  Voted Yes
  Voted No
Choice Votes % Result
Yes 3,119,110 44.01
 N No 3,967,579 55.99 Proposal rejected
Valid votes 7,086,689 97.72
Null votes 94,594 1.30
Blank votes 70,660 0.97
Total votes 7,251,943 100
Registered voters 7,429,404 97.61% turnout
Voting-age population 8,193,683 88.51% turnout

Source: Tribunal Calificador de Elecciones.

Result by regions

Region «Yes» % «No» %
I Tarapacá 75,849 44.71 93,800 55.29
II Antofagasta 84,259 39.32 130,052 60.68
III Atacama 49,400 43.84 63,293 56.16
IV Coquimbo 114,250 46.02 133,997 53.98
V Valparaíso 324,058 42.69 434,997 57.31
VI O'Higgins 164,430 44.08 208,574 55.92
VII Maule 220,742 48.83 231,348 51.17
VIII Biobío 409,513 44.71 506,513 55.29
IX Araucanía 220,090 54.05 187,071 45.95
X Los Lagos 242,457 50.15 240,984 49.85
XI Aysén 19,238 49.99 19,245 50.01
XII Magallanes 35,549 42.36 48,372 57.64
RM Santiago Metropolitan 1,159,275 40.98 1,669,333 59.02
Total: 7,086,689 3,119,110 44.01 3,967,579 55.99

Aftermath

In the wake of his electoral defeat, Pinochet attempted to implement a plan for an auto-coup.[dubious – discuss] He attempted to implement efforts to orchestrate chaos and violence in the streets to justify his power grab, however, the Carabinero police refused an order to lift the cordon against street demonstrations in the capital, according to a CIA informant.[citation needed] In his final move, Pinochet convened a meeting of his junta at La Moneda, in which he requested that they give him extraordinary powers to have the military seize the capital. Air Force General Fernando Matthei refused, saying that he would not agree to such a thing under any circumstances, and the rest of the junta followed this stance, on grounds that Pinochet already had his turn and lost.[13] Matthei would later become the first member of the junta to publicly admit that Pinochet had lost the plebiscite. Without any support from the junta, Pinochet was forced to accept the result.

The other junta members, who had preferred a civilian to run for president instead of Pinochet, regarded the result as Pinochet's personal defeat.[8]

Pinochet and opposition forces agreed to revise the 1980 Constitution. The 54 proposed amendments were approved by 91% of voters in a referendum on 30 July 1989. Presidential and parliamentary elections took place as scheduled on 14 December 1989. The opposition candidate, Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, won the election with 55% of the vote, and took office on 11 March 1990. The newly elected Congress was sworn in the same day.

Popular culture

The 2012 film No presented a fictionalized account of the "No" television campaign. It was the first Chilean film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards.

See also

Further reading

  • Ethan Kaplan, Fernando Saltiel, Sergio S. Urzúa. 2019. "Voting for Democracy: Chile's Plebiscito and the Electoral Participation of a Generation." NBER.

References

  1. ^ BOWERS, Steven R.; BOWERS, STEPHEN R. (1988). "Pinochet's Plebiscite and the Catholics: The Dual Role of the Chilean Church". World Affairs. 151 (2): 51–58. ISSN 0043-8200.
  2. ^ Kornbluh, Peter (2013). The Pinochet File: a declassified dossier on atrocity and accountability. New York: The New Press.
  3. ^ "BBC News - Chile court confirms Salvador Allende committed suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b . Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  5. ^ "A Country Study: Chile". United States Library of Congress.
  6. ^ "El Fraude: Claudio Fuentes S. Presentó libro sobre plebiscito de la Constitución de 1980".
  7. ^ Nohlen, p. 268
  8. ^ a b Angell, Alan; Pollack, Benny (1990). "The Chilean Elections of 1989". Bulletin of Latin American Research. Society for Latin American Studies. 9 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/3338214. JSTOR 3338214.
  9. ^ Daniel Labarca (19 July 2013). . La Tercera. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  10. ^ Edwards, Lee (2001). Mediapolitik: How the Mass Media Have Transformed World Politics. Washington D.C.: CUA Press. pp. 242–243. ISBN 9780813209920. Retrieved 3 July 2014. carlos caszely pinochet no.
  11. ^ Gilles Perez and Gilles Rof. Football Rebels: Caszely and the demise of Allende (Television production). Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  12. ^ "El plebiscito que cambió la historia de Chile | Periódico Diagonal". www.diagonalperiodico.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  13. ^ "Chilean Junta Meeting" (PDF). Department of Defense. IIR 6 817 0058 89. (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2022.

External links

  • El plebiscito presidencial de 1988 National Democratic Institute (in Spanish)

January 31, 2023
1988, chilean, national, plebiscite, presidential, election, though, considered, such, under, chilean, taking, form, national, referendum, held, october, 1988, determine, whether, chile, facto, leader, augusto, pinochet, governed, head, military, dictatorship,. The 1988 Chilean national plebiscite was a presidential election though not considered as such under Chilean law taking the form of a national referendum held on 5 October 1988 to determine whether Chile s de facto leader Augusto Pinochet who governed as the head of a military dictatorship should become President for an eight year term under resumed civilian rule The No side won with nearly 56 of the vote indicating the end of Pinochet s fifteen and a half years in power After democratic elections in 1989 a new government took power in 1990 1988 Chilean national plebiscite 1970 5 October 1988 1988 10 05 1989 Plebiscite President of the RepublicAugusto Pinochet UgarteResultsChoice Votes Yes 3 119 110 44 01 No 3 967 579 55 99 Valid votes 7 086 689 97 72 Invalid or blank votes 165 254 2 28 Total votes 7 251 943 100 00 Registered voters turnout 7 429 404 97 61 Results by communeDespite disappointment from the results Pinochet respected the results of the plebiscite This was due to pressure from international and business communities and included John Paul II who called for a more democratic Chile and met privately with Pinochet to deliver Communion and influence his beliefs 1 Contents 1 Background 2 Plebiscite 3 Political endorsements 3 1 Yes 3 2 No 3 3 Null vote 4 The campaign 5 Electorate 6 Results 6 1 Result by regions 7 Aftermath 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External linksBackground EditArmy General Augusto Pinochet and leaders of the Air Force Navy and police force took power on 11 September 1973 in a coup d etat which deposed the democratically elected Socialist President Salvador Allende This coup was backed by the United States 2 Allende killed himself as the presidential palace was being bombarded 3 A military junta led by Pinochet Air Force General Gustavo Leigh Navy Admiral Jose Toribio Merino and Carabinero Chief General Cesar Mendoza was sworn in the same evening The following day the four drafted an official document suspending the 1925 constitution and Congress and establishing the Junta as the country s supreme authority Pinochet was designated as its first president and the four verbally agreed to rotate the office Shortly after the Junta established an advisory committee which Pinochet was successful in staffing with Army officers loyal to himself One of their first recommendations was to discard the idea of a rotating presidency arguing it would create too many administrative problems and lead to confusion 4 In March 1974 six months after the Junta s establishment Pinochet verbally attacked the Christian Democratic Party and stated that there was no set timetable for a return to civilian rule On 18 December 1974 Pinochet was declared Supreme Leader of the nation 4 After that date the junta functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990 On 24 September 1973 a commission was set up by the junta to draw up a blueprint for a new constitution By 5 October 1978 the commission had finished its work During the next two years the proposal was studied by the Council of State presided by former president Jorge Alessandri and in July 1980 it submitted a Constitution draft to Pinochet and the Junta A constitutional referendum regarded as highly irregular 5 and forthrightly fraudulent 6 by some observers took place on 11 September 1980 in which the new constitution was approved by 67 of voters 7 The Constitution which took effect on 11 March 1981 established a transition period during which Pinochet would continue to exercise executive power and the Junta legislative power for the next eight years Before that period ended a candidate for President was to be proposed by the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces and Carabinero Chief General for the following period of eight years The candidate was to be ratified by registered voters in a national plebiscite On 30 August 1988 Pinochet was declared to be the candidate During the last years of the dictatorship the commanders in chief of the Navy Air Force and Carabineros disassociated themselves from Pinochet expressing their wishes that a civilian should represent the regime in the 1988 plebiscite Pinochet however imposed himself as candidate 8 Plebiscite Edit Original ballot The plebiscite as detailed in the 1980 Constitution consisted of two choices Yes The proposed candidate is approved Pinochet takes office on 11 March 1989 for an eight year mandate and parliamentary elections are held nine months after he is sworn in The Junta continues to exercise legislative power until the newly elected Congress takes office on 11 March 1990 No The proposed candidate is rejected Pinochet and the Junta continue in power for another year and a half Presidential and parliamentary elections are held three months before Pinochet s term expires The newly elected President and Congress take office on 11 March 1990 Political endorsements EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Yes Edit Democratic Party of Chile Partido Democratico de Chile Great Civic Front of Chile Gran Frente Civico de Chile Independent Democratic Union Union Democrata Independiente Liberal Democrat Party of Chile Partido Liberal Democrata de Chile National Advance Avanzada Nacional National Party Partido Nacional National Renewal Renovacion Nacional Radical Democracy Democracia Radical Social Democrat Party Partido Socialdemocrata Party of the South Partido del Sur No Edit Christian Democratic Party Partido Democrata Cristiano Christian Left Izquierda Cristiana Communist Party of Chile Partido Comunista de Chile Humanist Party Partido Humanista Liberal Party Partido Liberal MAPU Obrero Campesino National Democratic Party Partido Democratico Nacional National Party for the NO Partido Nacional por el NO Party for Democracy Partido por la Democracia Popular Socialist Union Union Socialista Popular Popular Unitary Action Movement Movimiento de Accion Popular Unitaria Radical Party Partido Radical Revolutionary Left Movement Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria Social Democracy Party of Chile Partido Social Democracia de Chile Democratic Socialist Radical Party Partido Radical Socialista Democratico Socialist Party of Chile Almeyda faction Partido Socialista Almeyda Socialist Party of Chile Historic faction Partido Socialista Historico Socialist Party of Chile Mandujano faction Partido Socialista Mandujano Socialist Party of Chile Nunez faction Partido Socialista Nunez The Greens Los Verdes Null vote Edit Chilean Socialist Party Partido Socialista Chileno A populist party created by pro Junta factions to attract support for Pinochet disguised under the Socialist Party s banner 9 The campaign Edit Symbol of the Yes option The logotype had the SI blue letters with a star and a blue white and red tricolour sash The campaign is regarded along with the registration process as one of the key factors that led to the victory of the No side in the plebiscite For the first time in the history of Chile both options were guaranteed free electoral advertising spaces franjas of 15 minutes each late at night or early in the morning There were similar spaces in prime time but only for the government They were first broadcast on 5 September at 11 pm just one month before the referendum In a short time the spots prepared by the No side were seen to be better despite the Yes side creating a more elaborate campaign devised by an Argentinian advertising agency and with the assistance of the Chilean Armed Forces The Minister of the Interior Sergio Fernandez one of the main coordinators of the official campaign said The campaign results were poor In a few days nobody could ignore the evident technical superiority of the No campaign superior in argumentation superior in filming superior in music Its signature tune with the slogan La alegria ya viene Joy is coming as its main element was so catchy that even the Yes campaign creatives hummed it during their brainstorming sessions Main logo of the No campaign el arcoiris the rainbow The No side used a rainbow as its main symbol with the intention of symbolising the plural views of the opposition each member party had its own colour depicted in the rainbow and at the same time the hope of a better Chile and a more prosperous future Their campaign directed by American and Chilean advertising men combined both criticism including testimony by victims of torture and relatives of disappeared people during the dictatorship and optimism highlighting that the No option did not mean returning to the socialist system of former President Salvador Allende but the re establishment of democracy This idea was supported by the appearance of right wing leaders standing for No A popular jingle was composed with the main slogan of the campaign Chile la alegria ya viene Chile joy is on its way and both Chilean and international celebrities such as Patricio Banados renowned journalist banned from TV by the Junta Sting Jane Fonda Richard Dreyfuss Sara Montiel Robert Blake Paloma San Basilio and Christopher Reeve starred in the No spots One advert featured a middle aged woman describing her experience of being kidnapped and tortured after the 1973 coup and advocating a no vote followed by her son Carlos Caszely one of Chile s top footballers of the 1970s and 1980s 10 and a critic of the Pinochet regime 11 The Yes campaign had two main goals creating fear amongst voters by reminding them of the chaotic situation of Chile in 1973 with the consequent coup d etat a background blamed on supporters of the No side and improving the general perception of Augusto Pinochet regarded by the public as an arrogant and authoritarian leader The spots included jingles with lyrics supportive of the Junta and songs that were close to promoting a cult of personality around Pinochet such as the main campaign anthem Un horizonte de esperanza A Horizon of Hope or a Rapa Nui folk song Iorana Presidente Hello President In its early stages the campaign put its focus on the economic success achieved by the government but when this failed to appeal to viewers the strategy followed was to introduce criticism of the No adverts and the publication of polls that showed massive support for Pinochet and a new look of the programmes starting in the 18 September broadcast with the new format almost identical to those of the No a presenter Hernan Serrano introduced each topic and more testimonies were added Both sides called for massive rallies on 22 September the No side started the March of Joy Marcha de la alegria which lasted 10 days and joined supporters from the northernmost and southernmost cities of Chile in Santiago 12 These rallies were often stopped by the Carabineros or the secret police on claimed suspicion of possible attacks or for no stated reason and the demonstrators were attacked by armed pro Yes supporters without the police taking any action On 2 October the Yes campaign called for a huge rally in downtown Santiago The rallies had different coverage by the news media which struggled to show more Chileans standing for the Yes side than for the No and were considered to be too close to the Yes campaign Electorate EditVoting was open to persons who were aged 18 or over on the day of the election and were either Chilean citizens or foreigners who had resided legally in Chile for at least five years Only those registered in the electoral roll could vote but registration was not compulsory Voting was mandatory for registered Chilean citizens Results Edit Results by regions provinces and communes Voted Yes Voted No Choice Votes ResultYes 3 119 110 44 01 N No 3 967 579 55 99 Proposal rejectedValid votes 7 086 689 97 72Null votes 94 594 1 30Blank votes 70 660 0 97Total votes 7 251 943 100Registered voters 7 429 404 97 61 turnoutVoting age population 8 193 683 88 51 turnoutSource Tribunal Calificador de Elecciones Result by regions Edit Region Yes No I Tarapaca 75 849 44 71 93 800 55 29II Antofagasta 84 259 39 32 130 052 60 68III Atacama 49 400 43 84 63 293 56 16IV Coquimbo 114 250 46 02 133 997 53 98V Valparaiso 324 058 42 69 434 997 57 31VI O Higgins 164 430 44 08 208 574 55 92VII Maule 220 742 48 83 231 348 51 17VIII Biobio 409 513 44 71 506 513 55 29IX Araucania 220 090 54 05 187 071 45 95X Los Lagos 242 457 50 15 240 984 49 85XI Aysen 19 238 49 99 19 245 50 01XII Magallanes 35 549 42 36 48 372 57 64RM Santiago Metropolitan 1 159 275 40 98 1 669 333 59 02Total 7 086 689 3 119 110 44 01 3 967 579 55 99Aftermath EditIn the wake of his electoral defeat Pinochet attempted to implement a plan for an auto coup dubious discuss He attempted to implement efforts to orchestrate chaos and violence in the streets to justify his power grab however the Carabinero police refused an order to lift the cordon against street demonstrations in the capital according to a CIA informant citation needed In his final move Pinochet convened a meeting of his junta at La Moneda in which he requested that they give him extraordinary powers to have the military seize the capital Air Force General Fernando Matthei refused saying that he would not agree to such a thing under any circumstances and the rest of the junta followed this stance on grounds that Pinochet already had his turn and lost 13 Matthei would later become the first member of the junta to publicly admit that Pinochet had lost the plebiscite Without any support from the junta Pinochet was forced to accept the result The other junta members who had preferred a civilian to run for president instead of Pinochet regarded the result as Pinochet s personal defeat 8 Pinochet and opposition forces agreed to revise the 1980 Constitution The 54 proposed amendments were approved by 91 of voters in a referendum on 30 July 1989 Presidential and parliamentary elections took place as scheduled on 14 December 1989 The opposition candidate Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin won the election with 55 of the vote and took office on 11 March 1990 The newly elected Congress was sworn in the same day Popular culture EditThe 2012 film No presented a fictionalized account of the No television campaign It was the first Chilean film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards See also EditChilean transition to democracyFurther reading EditEthan Kaplan Fernando Saltiel Sergio S Urzua 2019 Voting for Democracy Chile s Plebiscito and the Electoral Participation of a Generation NBER References Edit BOWERS Steven R BOWERS STEPHEN R 1988 Pinochet s Plebiscite and the Catholics The Dual Role of the Chilean Church World Affairs 151 2 51 58 ISSN 0043 8200 Kornbluh Peter 2013 The Pinochet File a declassified dossier on atrocity and accountability New York The New Press BBC News Chile court confirms Salvador Allende committed suicide Bbc co uk 12 September 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2013 a b CIA Activities in Chile Cia gov Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 Retrieved 23 January 2013 A Country Study Chile United States Library of Congress El Fraude Claudio Fuentes S Presento libro sobre plebiscito de la Constitucion de 1980 Nohlen p 268 a b Angell Alan Pollack Benny 1990 The Chilean Elections of 1989 Bulletin of Latin American Research Society for Latin American Studies 9 1 1 23 doi 10 2307 3338214 JSTOR 3338214 Daniel Labarca 19 July 2013 Pugnas internas y denuncias de fraude provocan ruptura en partido de ex DC La Tercera Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 Retrieved 2 May 2014 Edwards Lee 2001 Mediapolitik How the Mass Media Have Transformed World Politics Washington D C CUA Press pp 242 243 ISBN 9780813209920 Retrieved 3 July 2014 carlos caszely pinochet no Gilles Perez and Gilles Rof Football Rebels Caszely and the demise of Allende Television production Retrieved 3 July 2014 El plebiscito que cambio la historia de Chile Periodico Diagonal www diagonalperiodico net in Spanish Retrieved 11 June 2020 Chilean Junta Meeting PDF Department of Defense IIR 6 817 0058 89 Archived PDF from the original on 15 September 2022 External links EditEl plebiscito presidencial de 1988 National Democratic Institute in Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1988 Chilean national plebiscite amp oldid 1136147720, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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