Santiago Metro
The Santiago Metro (Spanish: Metro de Santiago) is a rapid transit system serving the city of Santiago, the capital of Chile. It currently consists of seven lines (numbered 1-6 and 4A), 136 stations, and 140 kilometres (87.0 mi) of revenue route.[1] The system is managed by the state-owned Metro S.A. and is the first and only rapid transit system in the country.
| Santiago Metro | |||
|---|---|---|---|
AS-2014 train on the line 6 side of Los Leones. | |||
| Overview | |||
| Native name | Metro de Santiago | ||
| Locale | Santiago, Chile | ||
| Transit type | Rapid transit | ||
| Number of lines | 7[1] | ||
| Number of stations | 136[1] | ||
| Daily ridership | 2.35 million (avg. weekday, 2017)[2] | ||
| Annual ridership | 685 million (2017)[2] | ||
| Website | Metro de Santiago | ||
| Operation | |||
| Began operation | 15 September 1975[3] | ||
| Operator(s) | es:Metro S.A. | ||
| Technical | |||
| System length | 139.7 km (86.8 mi)[4] | ||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge | ||
| Electrification |
| ||
| |||
The Santiago Metro carries around 2.5 million passengers daily. This figure represents an increase of more than a million passengers per day compared to 2007, when the ambitious Transantiago project was launched, in which the metro plays an important role in the public transport system serving the city. Its highest passenger peak was reached on 2 May 2019, reaching 2,951,962 passengers.[5]
In June 2017 the government announced plans for the construction of Line 7, connecting Renca in the northwest of Santiago with Vitacura in the northeast. The new line will add 26 kilometres (16 mi) and 19 new stations to the Metro network, running along the municipalities of Renca, Cerro Navia, Quinta Normal, Santiago, Providencia, Las Condes and Vitacura. Its cost has been initially estimated at US$2.53 bn, and it is projected to open in 2027.[6][7]
In March 2012, the Santiago Metro was chosen as the best underground system in the Americas, after being honoured at the annual reception held by Metro Rail in London.[8]
History and development
Early projections
The idea to build an underground railway network in Santiago dates back to 1944, when new ways to improve the chaotic transport system were sought after the rapid population growth the city was experiencing since the early 1930s. However, ideas would begin to take shape in the 1960s, when the government released an international tender for the development of an urban transport system. On 24 October 1968, the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva approved the draft submitted by the Franco-Chilean consortium BCEOM SOFRETU CADE, in which the construction of five lines with an extension of approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) by 1990 was proposed. On 29 May 1969, works finally began for the construction of the first line, which would link the Civil District and the area of Barrancas (current-day Lo Prado).
On 15 September 1975, the first line of the metro was opened by Augusto Pinochet during the military dictatorship. Line 1, during its opening stage, was mostly underground from San Pablo to La Moneda, running below the Alameda. In 1977, the line was extended towards Providencia and by 1980, the line reached as far as Escuela Militar.
In March 1978, Line 2 was opened. Its initial section ran at ground level from Los Héroes to Franklin. By December, the second segment of the line was opened, running underground towards the south along the Gran Avenida up to Lo Ovalle.
Project changes
Despite the fast growth of the network, the severe economic crisis that affected the country in 1982 halted the original plans. Furthermore, studies showed that southeast Santiago was becoming more populated than the north end of the capital, area that was then covered by the planned extensions of the service.
In order to supply future demand, the layout for Line 2 was changed and the extension would start at Los Héroes and go around the Civic District, crossing Line 1 again at Baquedano to head south through Vicuña Mackenna. Meanwhile, Line 3 was projected through Independencia and Irarrázaval to supply the northern area that Line 2 was supposed to run.
However, these plans were affected once again when an earthquake struck the Chilean Central Valley on 3 March 1985. Most of the funds destined for the construction of the Line 2 extension and Line 3 were used to rebuild the city. The opening of two new stations towards the north in 1986 (Santa Ana) and 1987 (Puente Cal y Canto) were the only finalised works from these plans: Santa Ana and Mapocho stations on Line 2. The latter would change its name later, as remains of the old Calicanto Bridge –emblem of the city for over a century– were discovered during the excavation process. That same year, the Metrobús service was launched with services operating from Escuela Militar, Lo Ovalle and Las Rejas.
Institutionally, the management of Metro de Santiago was changed at the end of the decade. The former General Directorate of Metro, a branch of the Ministry of Public Works, became a state-funded public company, Metro S.A., with the provisions of Law 18,772 published on 28 January 1989.
Following the economic recovery after the second miracle, the metro's expansion plans resurged. Population growth in the southeastern area of the capital became unstoppable during the 1980s, and La Florida became the most populous commune in the country, thus the construction of a new line to supply that area was paramount. The first plans were drawn in 1989 and it was officially announced in 1991 by President Patricio Aylwin. This new line would start from Baquedano and head southwards to Américo Vespucio Avenue, crossing through Vicuña Mackenna.
Line 5 was opened on 5 April 1997 by President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. This new line would have a length of 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) initially running underground from Baquedano to Irarrázaval, emerging as a viaduct on Vicuña Mackenna and going underground before reaching its southeastern terminus, Bellavista de la Florida.
In March 2000, a new section of Line 5 crossing the historic centre of the capital was opened to the public. The new connection between Baquedano and Santa Ana through Plaza de Armas and Bellas Artes meant that all three at-the-time existing lines would be connected.
New lines and line extensions
With the election of Ricardo Lagos as President of Chile in 2000, one of his main objectives was an overhaul of the transport system serving the capital. To achieve this, a new extension for Line 5 was designed, heading westwards to Quinta Normal, following Catedral street, and an extension for Line 2 from both ends of the line to reach the northern and southern ends of the Américo Vespucio ring road.
Despite this, the biggest announcement was made in 2002 when Lagos disclosed the construction of a fourth line for the metro, serving the southeastern communes of Santiago to reach the heart of Puente Alto, which had taken over La Florida as the most populous commune of the country. With these new projects, the Metro network would double its extension by 2010, year in which the country would celebrate its bicentennial.
These new projects were designed to make Metro the key element of the new transport reform plan for the city, Transantiago. Along with the new extensions, exchange stations were designed to allow for a better interaction between the urban railways and other means of transport, mainly buses. The first exchange station would open in Quinta Normal after the Line 5 extension was finalised on 31 March 2004. However, the original plan to host a railway station would be discarded following the failure of the Melitrén construction.
On September 8, 2004, the Metro would make another breakthrough when the Mapocho river was crossed underground, with the opening of Patronato and Cerro Blanco stations on Line 2. On 22 December 2004, the southern extension of the same line opened its new stations, El Parrón and La Cisterna. A second stretch of Line 2 towards the north would open on 25 November 2005, and the last in the series of extensions opened on 22 December 2005, with a total cost of US$170 million and a 27-million passenger increase annually.
On November 30, 2005, the first underground leg of Line 4 from Tobalaba to Grecia, and the viaduct between Vicente Valdés and Plaza de Puente Alto opened to the public. The unfinished track from Grecia and Vicente Valdés was covered by a rail replacement bus service operated by Transantiago until March 2, 2006, when the remaining stations and track were finished. Line 4 at this time was the longest of the network, with an extension of 24.7 kilometres (15.3 mi) and 22 stations serving Providencia, Las Condes, Ñuñoa, La Reina, Peñalolén, Macul, La Florida and Puente Alto. This new line also saw the introduction of new rolling stock, the AS-2002, manufactured by Alstom in Brazil, featuring more interior space than those running other lines. Finally, Line 4 would be complemented with the opening of a branch service on August 16, 2006, Line 4A, which connected Line 2 from La Cisterna with Line 4 at Vicuña Mackenna, running through the Américo Vespucio ring road.
On May 26, 2016, Metro announced the extension of Lines 2 and 3, adding 8.9 kilometers and 7 new stations to the Metro network. Both extensions are expected to begin operations during the second half of 2021. The extension of Line 2 to the south will add 5.1 kilometers and 4 new stations connecting the current terminal station in La Cisterna with San Bernardo locality. The new terminal station will be located next to a hospital called Hospital El Pino in San Bernardo. Meanwhile, the extension of Line 3 to the west will add 3.8 kilometers and 3 new stations to the Metro network, connecting future station Los Libertadores with Quilicura.[9]
On November 2, 2017, Line 6 was inaugurated from Cerrillos to Los Leones adding 10 new stations. This new line does not have staffed ticket offices; instead there are automatic machines for ticket sales and loading money onto bip! cards. It has platform-edge doors to protect passengers, and traction power is supplied by overhead line equipment, not by conductor rails as on the other lines. It has new entrance and exit turnstiles at stations.[10] The trains on Line 6 only have steel wheels, and are driverless.
On January 22, 2019, Line 3 was inaugurated, after 9 years of prospecting and construction [11] and being delayed since the 1980s after the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake and the changing demographics of the city during the '80s and '90s. Its rolling stock material is identical to the Line 6 and were built simultaneously, so they're considered "twin lines".
2019 protests
During the month of October 2019, the Santiago metro network was affected by social protests due to the increase in the fare of the entire Metropolitan Mobility Network. Initially, secondary students staged massive acts of evasion between 6 and 11 October. The protests quickly escalated to several metro stations, resulting in train service being repeatedly interrupted.
On Friday the 18th, the situation escalated and the entire network had to be closed due to attacks on stations and workers. At night, after the declaration of a state of emergency by President Sebastián Piñera, several stations of the Metro were destroyed and burned, some of which were attacked again the next day, even though a curfew had been established. Meanwhile, the Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos investigated accusations that the Baquedano station was used as a detention and torture center by police and military. On the morning of the same day, the site was reviewed by staff from the INDH, PDI and guarantee judges. The judges found no evidence of torture or illegal detentions at the site, but an investigation was launched to rule out any irregular situation.
The Metro network had been partially reactivated as of Monday, October 21; however, due to the damage of some stations, the network will only be available in its entirety within a period of up to 7 months. Damage costs are estimated at more than $300 million. Metro de Santiago indicated that it does not have insurance contracted for the infrastructure of the stations and trains. Lines 3 and 6, meanwhile, opened on 23 October, Lines 2 and 5 on the 25th, Line 4 on the 28th, and line 4A on November 25, in all cases partially and on a shortened schedule.
On October 23, it was reported that 79 stations had been damaged in all, with lines 4, 4A, and 5 having the highest number of stations destroyed or vandalized. There were also damage to 6 trains, 5 on line 4 and one on line 1 - the latter set on fire at the San Pablo station. Upon the reopening of the last two stations (Trinidad and Protectora de la Infancia) on September 25, 2020, the metro system was back to 100% operation.
Timeline
| Line | Length | Stations | Opening Date | Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Pablo – La Moneda | 8.2 km | 12 | 15 Sep 1975 | Trench/Underground | |
| La Moneda – Salvador | 3.2 km | 5 | 31 Mar 1977 | Underground | |
| Los Héroes – Franklin | 4.9 km | 4 | 31 Mar 1978 | Ground Level | |
| Franklin – Lo Ovalle | 4.8 km | 6 | 21 Dec 1978 | Underground | |
| Salvador – Escuela Militar | 4.5 km | 6 | 22 Aug 1980 | Underground | |
| Los Héroes – Santa Ana | 0.7 km | 1 | 25 Jul 1986 | Ground level | |
| Santa Ana – Puente Cal y Canto | 1 km | 1 | 15 Sep 1987 | Ground/Underground | |
| Baquedano – Bellavista de La Florida | 10.3 km | 11 | 5 Apr 1997 | Viaduct/Underground | |
| Baquedano – Santa Ana | 2.7 km | 2 | 4 Mar 2000 | Underground | |
| Santa Ana – Quinta Normal | 1.9 km | 2 | 31 Mar 2004 | Underground | |
| Puente Cal y Canto – Cerro Blanco | 1.6 km | 2 | 8 Sept 2004 | Underground | |
| Lo Ovalle – La Cisterna | 2.1 km | 2 | 22 Dec 2004 | Underground | |
| Cerro Blanco – Einstein | 1.9 km | 2 | 25 Nov 2005 | Underground | |
| Bellavista de La Florida – Vicente Valdés | 0.6 km | 1 | 30 Nov 2005 | Underground | |
| Vicente Valdés – Plaza de Puente Alto | 10.9 km | 9 | 30 Nov 2005 | Viaduct/Underground | |
| Tobalaba – Grecia | 7.7 km | 7 | 30 Nov 2005 | Underground | |
| Grecia – Vicente Valdés | 6.1 km | 5 | 2 Mar 2006 | Ground level | |
| Vicuña Mackenna – La Cisterna | 7.7 km | 6 | 16 Aug 2006 | Ground level | |
| Einstein – Vespucio Norte | 3.6 km | 3 | 21 Dec 2006 | Underground | |
| San José de la Estrella | 0 km | 1 | 5 Nov 2009 | Viaduct | |
| Escuela Militar – Los Dominicos | 4 km | 3 | 7 Jan 2010 | Underground | |
| Quinta Normal – Pudahuel | 5.8 km | 5 | 12 Jan 2010 | Underground | |
| Pudahuel – Plaza de Maipú | 8 km | 7 | 3 Feb 2011 | Viaduct | |
| Cerrillos – Los Leones | 15.3 km | 10 | 2 Nov 2017 | Underground | |
| Los Libertadores – Fernando Castillo Velasco | 21.7 km | 18 | 22 Jan 2019 | Underground | |
| La Cisterna – Hospital El Pino | 5 km | 4 | 2023 | Underground | |
| Los Libertadores – Plaza de Quilicura | 3.8 km | 3 | 2023 | Underground | |
| Los Leones – Isidora Goyenechea | 1.4 km | 1 | 2028 | Underground | |
| Cerrillos – Lo Errázuriz | 2.5 km | 1 | 2028 | Underground | |
| Brasil – Estoril | 26 km | 19 | 2028 | Underground | |
| Los Leones – Puente Alto | 19 km | 14 | 2030 | Underground | |
| Bío Bío – Plaza de La Pintana | 12,2 km | 10 | 2030 | Underground | |
| Puente Cal y Canto – Bío Bío | 5.4 km | 4 | 2032 | Underground | |
| Plaza de La Pintana – Plaza de Puente Alto | 9,8 km | 5 | 2033 | Underground | |
Rolling stock
The Santiago Metro currently[when?] operates 9 models of rolling stock: two models (the AS-2002 and the AS-2014) are steel-wheeled, while the others are all rubber-tyred. The NS 74 and NS 93 stock are based on the MP 73 and MP 89 stock of the Paris Metro respectively,[12] while the NS-88 and NS-2007 stock are based on the FM-86 and NM-02 stock of the Mexico City Metro respectively.[13] All rubber-tyred stock is preceded with the acronym NS (for Neumático Santiago); likewise, all steel-wheeled stock is preceded with the acronym AS (for Acero Santiago). The number representing each type of rubber-tyred and steel-wheeled rolling stock is the year of design of a particular rolling stock, not year of first use, similar to the practice in the Mexico City Metro and Paris Métro.
Currently the NS-2007, NS-2012, AS-2014 stock and a number of the NS-93 stock are retrofitted with air conditioning.
In September 2012, the NS 2012 trains went into service on Line 1. These trains are the first to be built with air conditioning.[14]
On November 2, 2017, the line 6 entered revenue service. This line utilizes the AS-2014 (Acero Santiago 2014) which are the most modern stock of the system[citation needed], being the first model in the system that are driverless. However, in the first and last car there is a control panel meant to control the train when necessary. It is also the first with security cameras, energy obtainment via overhead rigid catenary, and evacuation doors at the front of the first and last car (with an evacuation ramp for people on wheelchairs) as well as on the sides of each convoy. They are also the second to be built with air conditioning, and the third with LED lights. The line that they operate in is also the first in revenue service with platform safety barriers, followed by Line 3 opened in January 2019.
| Model | Manufacturer | Year Built | Operating Lines |
|---|---|---|---|
| NS-74 | Alstom | 1973–1981 | Line 5 |
| NS-88 | Concarril | 1987 | Line 2 |
| NS 93 | Alstom | 1996–2003 | Lines 1 & 5 |
| AS-2002 | Alstom | 2004–2010 | Lines 4 & 4A |
| NS -2004 | Alstom | 2006–2007 | Line 2 |
| NS-2007 | CAF | 2009–2010 | Line 1 |
| NS-2012 | CAF | 2012–2014 | Line 1 |
| AS-2014 | CAF | 2015–2017 | Lines 3 & 6 |
| NS-2016 | Alstom | 2017–present | Undergoing assembly, twenty one units are complete and are in revenue service in the line 2, 8 of them are in line 5. Two more are undergoing tests. Will replace parte of the NS-74 fleet. |
-
NS-74
-
NS-88
-
-
AS-2002
-
NS-2004
-
NS-2007
-
NS-2012
-
AS-2014
-
NS-2016
Stations
In bold are transfer stations. In grey are stations projected or currently under construction.
Art in the Metro
The Santiago Metro incorporates a number of works of art in the design of its stations. The station Universidad de Chile has a giant mural created by Mario Toral and represents the history of the country. Other pieces of art are in Baquedano (featuring modern art and a concert space), Bellas Artes (multimedia art), Santa Lucía (Portuguese azulejos, a gift made by the Lisbon Metro), La Moneda (with realistic painting representing typical landscape), and various other stations.
Station amenities
A diverse array of services are provided within each Metro station. Ticket offices, public telephones and metro-network information panels exist in every station; Redbanc, Cirrus and Plus-enabled ATMs, typically provided by either the Banco de Chile company or the BancoEstado national bank, are common. Automatic recharge machines are also common, with all such machines charging a customer's Bip! card with either cash deposits or a Redbanc-enabled card. In higher-traffic stations, there are screens that display MetroTV, featuring additional system information as well as music videos and short news segments.
Some 21 of the busiest stations contain a branch of Bibliometro, a system of lending libraries supported by the national Department of Libraries, Archives and Museums (Dibam). A Chilean ID or foreign passport allows any Metro customer to freely borrow from a reserve of books and other literature, but a registration is needed first.
Customers may rent a parking space for their bicycles through the Bicimetro network, which opened in 2008 at six stations and is slowly expanding, for a starting cost of $300 (approximately US$0.50) a day. There are weekly and monthly rental services too, that guarantee a fixed space for the bike (contrary to the daily rent which relies on random free-space).
Most underground Metro stations contain at least one shop or convenience store, with large line-transfer stations such as Baquedano featuring several food vendors and retailers, and even a small underground "shopping center" in Universidad de Chile.
Security and safety
Various private security agencies have day-to-day responsibility for maintaining order in the metro and deterring petty crime or attempts to board without paying. The largest transfer stations, such as Tobalaba, also feature depots of the Carabineros de Chile, the national military police force. Metro staff man the ticket counters in closed box offices and distribute tickets and money through small transaction windows.
Signage to advise customers of safety hazards is extensive, and each platform has a painted yellow line which customers are advised to not cross except to board a train. During rush hour, Metro staff line the platform edge to keep people from being crowded off the platform and to support disabled customers. There is no physical barrier between the edge and the tracks (with the exception of recently opened Lines 3 and 6), including the hazardous, electrified third rail. However, lines 3 and 6 use overhead lines as the powersource of the trains.
Metro travelers are advised to keep a close guard on their belongings, as petty or opportunistic theft is somewhat of a problem in lines that connect some districts to the center of Santiago.[15] This is most apparent with passengers who reverse their backpacks so that the bag is across the stomach, to ensure that no one can pilfer the pockets out of sight.
Pricing and working hours
Metro is part of Red Metropolitana de Movilidad, the integrated public transport system that serves the capital using also feeder and main bus routes. Red works with an integrated fare system, which allows passengers to make bus-bus or bus-metro transfers on a two-hour time limit from the first trip (maximum of two changes) using a contactless smart card called "Bip! card". Bus-to-bus, metro-to-bus and metro-to-train transfers do not cost extra. Bus-to-metro transfers costs $20 (approx. US$0.03) during Horario Valle (low-use hours) and $80 (approx. US$0.12) during Horario Punta (rush hour).
Bip! cards are available in all the ticketing offices in every station at a cost of $1,550 (approx. US$2.23), with a minimum first charge of $1000 worth of credit (approx. US$1.41). Tickets are sold from 6:00 to 23:00 Monday to Friday, 6:30 to 23:00 on Saturdays, and 8:00 to 22:30 on Sundays and holidays. Cards can be topped up to $20000, and the credit only expires if the card it is not used in two years.
Metro also used to sell single-trip, Metro-use only tickets, but they went out of circulation in early 2017. Fares depended on the time of the use of the system. The cost of a ticket in the Horario Punta (rush hour, 7:00–8:59 and 18:00–19:59) was $700 (approx. US$1.01); in the Horario Valle (off-peak hours, 6:30–6:59, 9:00–18:00, 20:00–20:44, and all day on weekends and holidays) was $640 (approximately US$0.90); and in the Horario Bajo (low-use hours, 6:00–6:29 and 20:45–23:00) was $590 (approximately US0.85).
Senior citizens (65 and older) and students holding concession cards pay $200 (US$0.28). Senior concession fare does not apply during rush hours.[16]
On weekdays, the metro operates from 5.35 am until 12.08 am, while on Saturdays it operates from 6.30 am until 12.08 am and on Sundays and public holidays the metro operates from 8 am (Line 1 from 9 am) until 11.48 pm. However, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, operating hours have varied in accordance with national curfew.
(warning: stations close earlier - see timetable)
Network Map
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Conoce la "estación fantasma" de la Línea 3: fue construida hace 30 años y no será utilizada" [Meet Line 3's "Ghost Station": Built 30 years ago and not used] (in Spanish). Bio Bio. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
- ^ a b "Memoria Anual 2017" [2017 Annual Report] (PDF) (in Spanish). Metro de Santiago. 27 March 2018. p. 18. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ^ "Corporativa – Historia – Historia de Metro" [Corporate – History – History of Metro] (in Spanish). Metro de Santiago. July 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- ^ "La Tercera" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 22 January 2019.
- ^ "T13 | Tele 13". www.t13.cl. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ "Así será la nueva Línea 7 del Metro de Santiago". La Tercera (in Spanish). 2 June 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ "Futura Línea 7 – Línea 3 y 6". www.metro.cl. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ^ "Metro de Santiago es elegido como el mejor tren subterráneo de América". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ "Metro de Santiago anuncia extensiones en dos líneas para el 2021". 24 Horas (in Spanish). 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- ^ "Así quedó el mapa de estaciones en el Metro de Santiago con la nueva Línea 6". 24 Horas (in Spanish). 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ^ "Piñera anuncia construcción de dos nuevas Líneas del Metro para 2014". 5 October 2010.
- ^ es:Metro de Santiago
- ^ es:NS 2007
- ^ "Global Mass Transit: Metro de Santiago: Momentum continues to grow".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-12-16.
- ^ "Metro de Santiago Price List". Retrieved 10 October 2014.
External links
- (in Spanish) Metro S.A.
- (in English) UrbanRail.net/Santiago
- (in English) Santiago Metro Map
- (in Spanish and Russian) Santiago Metro Track Map
- (in Spanish) Tarjeta Bip!
- (in Spanish) Plan and Authority of Transit of Santiago de Chile, Transantiago
- (in Spanish) Santiago Metro in Wikipedia in Spanish