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Uganda People's Defence Force

January 07, 2023

The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), previously known as the National Resistance Army, is the armed forces of Uganda. From 2007 to 2011, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40,000–45,000 and consisted of land forces and an air wing.[6] Recruitment to the forces is done annually.[7]

Uganda People's Defence Force
Uganda People's Defence Force emblem
Founded1962
Current form1995
Service branchesUgandan Land Forces
 Ugandan Air Force
Ugandan Special Operations Command[1]
Ugandan Reserve Forces
HeadquartersKampala, Uganda
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefYoweri Kaguta Museveni
Minister of Defense and Veteran AffairsVincent Ssempijja[2]
Chief of Defence ForcesGeneral Wilson Mbadi
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
Active personnel46,800 (2014)[3]
Expenditures
BudgetUS$933.6 million (2015)[4]
Percent of GDP1.2% (2015)[5]
Industry
Domestic suppliersNational Enterprise Corporation
Foreign suppliersRussia
China
Poland
United States
Italy
South Africa
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Uganda
RanksMilitary ranks of Uganda
Parliamentary Seats
Seats in the Parliament of Uganda
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After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962, British officers retained most high-level military commands.[8] Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low. These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces, already weakened by ethnic divisions.[8] Each post-independence regime expanded the size of the army, usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group, and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest.[8]

History

Main article: Military history of Uganda

The origins of the Ugandan armed forces can be traced to 1902, when the Uganda Battalion of the King's African Rifles was formed. Ugandan soldiers fought as part of the King's African Rifles during the First World War and Second World War.[citation needed] As Uganda moved toward independence, the army stepped up recruitment, and the government increased the use of the army to quell domestic unrest.[8] The army became more closely involved in politics, setting a pattern that continued after independence.[8] In January 1960, for example, troops were deployed to Bugisu and Bukedi districts in the east to quell political violence.[8] In the process, the soldiers killed 12 people, injured several hundred, and arrested more than 1,000.[8] A series of similar clashes occurred between troops and demonstrators, and in March 1962 the government recognized the army's growing domestic importance by transferring control of the military to the Ministry of Home Affairs.[8]

First post-independence military, 1962–1971

Main article: Uganda Army (1962–1971)

On 9 October 1962, Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom, with 4th Battalion, King's African Rifles, based at Jinja, becoming the Uganda Rifles.[9] The traditional leader of the Baganda, Edward Mutesa, became president of Uganda.[8] Milton Obote, a northerner and longtime opponent of autonomy for the southern kingdoms including Buganda, was prime minister.[8] Mutesa recognized the seriousness of the rank-and-file demands for Africanising the officer corps, but was more concerned about potential northern domination of the military, a concern that reflected the power struggle between Mutesa and Obote.[8] Mutesa used his political power to protect the interests of his Baganda constituency, and refused to support demands for Africanisation of the officer ranks.[8]

On 1 August 1962, the Uganda Rifles was renamed the "Uganda Army".[10] The armed forces more than doubled, from 700 to 1,500, and the government created the 2nd Battalion stationed at the northeastern town of Moroto[8] on 14 November 1963.[11] Omara-Otunnu wrote in 1987 that "a large number of men had been recruited into the Army to form this new battalion, and ... the new recruits were not given proper training" because the Army was already heavily committed in its various operations.[12]

In January 1964, following a mutiny by Tanganyikan soldiers in protest over their own Africanisation crisis, unrest spread throughout the Uganda Army.[8] On 22 January 1964, soldiers of the 1st Battalion in Jinja mutinied to press their demands for a pay raise and a Ugandan officer corps.[8] They also detained their British officers, several non-commissioned officers, and Minister of Interior Felix Onama, who had arrived in Jinja to represent the government's views to the rank and file.[8] Obote appealed for British military support, hoping to prevent the mutiny from spreading to other parts of the country.[8] About 450 British soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, The Scots Guards and Staffordshire Regiment (elements of the 24th Infantry Brigade) responded.[8] They surrounded the First Battalion barracks at Jinja, seized the armory, and quelled the mutiny.[8] The government responded two days later by dismissing several hundred soldiers from the army, several of whom were subsequently detained.[8]

Although the authorities later released many of the detained soldiers and reinstated some in the army, the mutiny marked a turning point in civil-military relations.[8] The mutiny reinforced the army's political strength.[8] Within weeks of the mutiny, the president's cabinet also approved a military pay raise retroactive to 1 January 1964, more than doubling the salaries of those in private to staff-sergeant ranks.[8] Additionally, the government raised defense allocations by 400 percent.[8] The number of Ugandan officers increased from 18 to 55.[8] Two northerners, Shaban Opolot and Idi Amin, assumed command positions in the Uganda Army and later received promotions to Brigadier and commander in chief, and army chief of staff, respectively.[8]

Following the 1964 mutiny, the government remained fearful of internal opposition.[8] Obote moved the army headquarters approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) from Jinja to Kampala.[8] He also created a secret police force, the General Service Unit (GSU) to bolster security.[8] Most GSU employees guarded government offices in and around Kampala, but some also served in overseas embassies and other locations throughout Uganda.[8] When British training programs ended, Israel started training Uganda's army, air force, and GSU personnel.[8] Several other countries also provided military assistance to Uganda.[8]

Decalo writes:[13]

using classic 'divide and rule' tactics, he [Obote] appointed different foreign military missions to each battalion, scrambled operational chains of command, played the police off against the army, encouraged personal infighting between his main military 'proteges' and removed from operational command of troops officers who appeared unreliable or too authoritative.

When Congolese aircraft bombed the West Nile villages of Paidha and Goli on 13 February 1965, Obote again increased military recruitment and doubled the army's size to more than 4,500.[8] Units established included a third battalion at Mubende, a signals squadron at Jinja, and an antiaircraft detachment.[8] On 1 July 1965, six units were formed: a brigade reconnaissance, an army ordnance depot (seemingly located at Magamaga),[14] a brigade signals squadron training wing, a records office, a pay and pensions office, and a Uganda army workshop.[15][8]

 
A Uganda Army OT-64 SKOT armoured personnel carrier during a military parade in Kampala in the late 1960s

Tensions rose in the power struggle over control of the government and the army and over the relationship between the army and the Baganda people.[8] During Obote's absence on February 4, 1966, a motion opposing him was introduced to parliament by Grace Ibingira, which called to suspend Amin and investigate Obote and three others (including Amin) for supposedly accepting gold and ivory from Congolese rebels.[16] On February 22, Obote arrested Ibingira and four other ministers, essentially dismantling opposition to himself in the Ugandan People's Congress.[17] Later, Amin was appointed Chief of the Army and Air Force Staff, while Brigadier Opolot was demoted to the Ministry of Defence as Chief of the Defence Staff.[18][19] On 24 May 1966, Obote ousted Mutesa, assumed his offices of president and commander in chief, suspended the 1962 constitution, and consolidated his control over the military by eliminating several rivals.[8] In October 1966 Opolot was dismissed from the army and detained under the emergency regulations then in force.

At about the same time, Obote abrogated the constitution, revoked Buganda's autonomous status, and instructed the Army to attack the Kabaka's palace, forcing the Kabaka to flee. Elections were cancelled. Political loyalties rather than military skill became critical amongst both officers and men.[20] Many educated southern officers were court-martialled or dismissed in 1966 and 1967, and ethnicity became the key factor in recruitment and promotions.

In 1970, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) assessed the Ugandan armed forces to consist of 6,700 personnel, constituting an army of 6,250 with two brigade groups, each of two battalions, plus an independent infantry battalion, with some Ferret armoured cars, and BTR-40 and BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers, plus an air arm of 450 with 12 Fouga Magister armed jet trainers, and seven MiG-15s and MiG-17s.[21]

Uganda Army of Idi Amin, 1971–1979

Main article: Uganda Army (1971–1980)
 
Idi Amin (left), dressed in military fatigues, visits the Zairian dictator Mobutu in 1977.

In January 1971, Amin and his followers within the army seized power in a coup d'état.[22]

Shortly after the expulsion of Asians in 1972, Obote launched a small invasion across the Tanzanian border into south-western Uganda.[8] His small army contingent in 27 trucks set out to capture the southern Ugandan military post at Masaka but instead settled down to await a general uprising against Amin, which did not occur.[8] A planned seizure of the airport at Entebbe by soldiers in an allegedly hijacked East African Airways passenger aircraft was aborted when Obote's pilot blew out the aircraft's tires, causing it to remain in Tanzania.[8] Amin was able to mobilize his more reliable Malire Mechanised Regiment and expel the invaders.[8]

In 1976, during Operation Entebbe, the Israeli military destroyed 12 MiG-21s and three MiG-17s based at Entebbe Airport to prevent pursuit.[23]

In 1977, before the Uganda–Tanzania War, the Ugandan armed forces were reported by IISS as consisting of 20,000 land forces personnel, with two four-battalion brigades and five other battalions of various types, plus a training regiment.[24] There were a total of 35 T-34, T-55, and M-4 Sherman medium tanks. An air arm was 1,000 strong with 21 MiG-21 and 10 MiG-17 combat aircraft. The IISS noted that the Uganda Army collapsed in the face of the Tanzanian onslaught and the serviceable aircraft were removed to Tanzania. Its remnants fled into exile in Zaire and Sudan, from where they launched an insurgency. Meanwhile, pro-Tanzanian rebel groups were reorganized to become Uganda's new regular military.

UNLA, 1979–1986

Main article: Uganda National Liberation Army

After the Uganda–Tanzania War, fighters available to the new government included only the fewer than 1,000 troops who had fought alongside the Tanzanian People's Defence Force (TPDF) to expel Amin.[8] The army was back to the size of the original army at independence in 1962.[8] Titularly, Colonel Tito Okello served as army commander and Colonel David Oyite Ojok as chief of staff,[25] leading the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA).

But in 1979, in an attempt to consolidate support for the future, leaders such as Yoweri Museveni and Major General (later Chief of Staff) Ojok began to enroll thousands of recruits into what were rapidly becoming their private armies.[8] Museveni's 80 original soldiers grew to 8,000; Ojok's original 600 became 24,000.[8] When then-President Godfrey Binaisa sought to curb the use of these militias, which were harassing and detaining political opponents, he was overthrown in a military coup on 10 May 1980.[8] The coup was engineered by Ojok, Museveni, and others acting under the general direction of Paulo Muwanga, Obote's right-hand man and chair of the Military Commission.[8] The TPDF was still providing necessary security while Uganda's police force—which had been decimated by Amin—was rebuilt, but President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania refused to help Binaisa retain power.[8] Many Ugandans claimed that although Nyerere did not impose his own choice on Uganda, he indirectly facilitated the return to power of his old friend and ally, Obote.[8] In any case, the Military Commission headed by Muwanga effectively governed Uganda during the six months leading up to the national elections of December 1980.[8]

After the Museveni government was formed in 1986, an NRA code of conduct, originally formulated in the bush in 1982, was made public. This was later formalized as Legal Notice No. 1 of 1986 (Amendment), and served as a basis for relations among soldiers and between the NRA and the public.[26] After the MRM victory steps were taken to institutionalize the NRA, including the setting-up of a bureaucracy; uniforms; regimental colours; training programmes; ranks; and pay and privileges.[27] A number of key Rwanda Patriotic Front personnel became part of the National Resistance Army that became Uganda's new national armed forces. Fred Rwigyema was appointed deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for the nation. Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Other Tutsi refugees were highly placed: Peter Baingana was head of NRA medical services and Chris Bunyenyezi was the commander of the 306th Brigade.[28] Tutsi refugees formed a disproportionate number of NRA officers for the simple reason that they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience.[28]

Uganda Peoples' Defence Force, 1995 to present

The NRA had been successful in its war, and its senior military officers held key political positions in the NRM. It was reduced in size under pressure from donors, unwilling to fund either an outsize army or civil service. Between 1990 and 1996 the army was reduced from 100,000 to 40,000, and the civil service from 320,000 to 156,000.[29] Yet the defence budget rose from $44 million in 1991 as far as $200 million in 2004. Somerville ascribes the budget rise to the rebellion in the north, Uganda's military intervention in the Congo, and "massive corruption" - 'ghost soldiers' who did not exist, whose (real) salaries were claimed by senior officers.[30]

The National Resistance Army was renamed the Uganda People's Defence Force following the enactment of the 1995 Constitution of Uganda.[31]

UPDF's primary focus was the conflict with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group operating in the country's northern region. Since March 2002, UPDF has been granted permission to carry out operations against LRA bases across the border in South Sudan. These raids, collectively known as Operation Iron Fist, have resulted in the repatriation of many abducted children being held by the rebels as child soldiers or sex slaves. The LRA has fled Uganda and been pushed deep into the jungles of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (principally Orientale Province).

The UPDF has also been the subject of controversy for having a minimum age for service of 13.[32] Many international organizations have condemned this as being military use of children. This has created an image problem for the UPDF and may have impacted the international aid Uganda receives. Western nations have sent a limited level of military aid to Uganda.[33] "Between 1990 and 2002, the army payroll had at least 18,000 ghost soldiers, according to a report by General David Tinyefuza."[34]

The problem continued in 2003, when there was a severe problem of "ghost" soldiers within the UPDF.[35] As of 2008, these personnel problems has been exacerbated by the surge of UPDF troops resigning to work with the Coalition Forces in Iraq.[36] They mostly work as an additional guard force at control points and dining facilities, for example.

Prior to 2000, the United States armed forces trained together with the UPDF as part of the African Crisis Response Initiative. This cooperation was terminated in 2000 because of Uganda's incursion into the DRC. Following the June 2003 UPDF withdrawal of troops from the DRC, limited nonlethal military assistance has restarted. The UPDF participates in the African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance programme with the United States.

After several interventions in the Congo, the UPDF was involved in a further incursion there, from December 2008 stretching into February 2009, against the LRA in the Garamba area. UPDF special forces and artillery, supported by aircraft, were joined by the DRC's armed forces and elements of the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Called "Operation Lightning Thunder" by the UPDF, it was commanded by Brigadier Patrick Kankiriho, commander of the 3rd Division.[37][38]

Recent operations

African Union Mission in Somalia

 
Artist's rendition of a Ugandan T-55 tank, serving in AMISOM

The UPDF has more than 6,200 soldiers serving with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).[39] The AMISOM force commander is Ugandan Lieutenant General Jonathan Rono.[40] The force commander in 2009, Ugandan Major General Nathan Mugisha, was wounded in a car bomb attack on 17 September 2009 that left nine soldiers dead,[41] including Burundian Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza, the second in command.[42]

The United States has provided extensive training for UPDF contingents headed for Somalia. In the first half of 2012, Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) trained soldiers from the UPDF.[43]

In addition, a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies. "Bancroft Global Development, headquartered on Washington's Embassy Row, employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with [AMISOM's] Ugandan and Burundian troops."[44] Bancroft director Michael Stock told The EastAfrican that these mentors are embedded with AMISOM units in Mogadishu and southern and central Somalia. They coach commanders on how to predict and defeat the tactics which foreign fighters bring from outside East Africa and teach to al-Shabaab.[45]

On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Mil Mi-24s flying from Entebbe across Kenya to Somalia crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivors from the ten Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flight crashed on Mount Kenya, and all seven Ugandan servicemen on board were rescued a day later. The aircraft were supporting AMISOM in the ongoing Somali Civil War. An accompanying Mil Mi-17 transport helicopter landed without problems in the eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[46]

In August 2014, AMISOM launched Operation Indian Ocean against al-Shabaab in Lower Shabelle and other coastal areas of southcentral Somalia.[47] On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr.[48] According to Pentagon spokesperson Admiral John Kirby, the Ugandan AMISOM forces had informed U.S. intelligence about where Godane and other Al-Shabaab leaders were meeting and provided information on a convoy of vehicles in which he was traveling.[49]

Al-Shabaab subsequently threatened an attack in Uganda for the UPDF contingent's role within AMISOM and the strike on Godane.[50][51] The Ugandan security services, with the assistance of the U.S. military and intelligence, then identified and foiled a major Al-Shabaab terrorist attack in the Ugandan capital Kampala. They recovered suicide vests, other explosives, and small arms and detained Al-Shabaab operatives.[52][53][54]

On 10 August 2021 Ugandan AMISOM soldiers were ambushed by Al-Shabab near Golweyn in Lower Shabelle. A gunfight ensued in which one UPDF soldier died. But after the gunfight with the insurgents the Ugandan troops allegedly killed 7 Somali civilians. AMISOM immediately launched an investigation that will report its findings on 6 September 2021.[55][56][57][58][59][60][needs update]

African Union Regional Task Force

In November 2011, the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU) authorized a Regional Co-operation Initiative (RCI) for eliminating the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA had been forced out of Uganda and was roaming remote areas of (what is now) South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the Central African Republic (CAR). The RCI was planned to consist of three elements: a Joint Co-ordination Mechanism chaired by the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security and made up of the Ministers of Defence of the four affected countries (Uganda, South Sudan, the DRC, and the CAR); a Regional Task Force Headquarters; and, the Regional Task Force (RTF) of up to 5,000 troops from the four countries.[61]

United States special forces were already assisting Ugandan forces in their operations against the LRA in the DRC and the CAR.[62][63] In 2014, these forces were still assisting the RTF.[64]

The RTF started to take form in September 2012. By February 2013, the RTF had 3,350 soldiers and had finished deploying to the three sectors envisioned, with bases at Dungu, Obo, and Nzara (South Sudan).[65][66]

The RTF headquarters is at Yambio in South Sudan. The first Force Commander was Ugandan Colonel Dick Olum and the Deputy Force Commander was Colonel Gabriel Ayok Akuok.[67]

RTF operations, however, were plagued with difficulties, including the fact that Ugandan forces were restricted from operating in the DRC.[citation needed]

In October 2014, RTF Commander Brigadier Sam Kavuma was deployed to Somalia[68] and his place taken by Brigadier Lucky Kidega[69] By March 2016, the Ugandan RTF Commander was Colonel Richard Otto.[70]

During January 2016, UPDF 11 Battalion was based with the RTF in the CAR.[71] In mid-2016, it was reported that Uganda would withdraw its contribution to the RTF by the end of the year.[72]

South Sudan Civil War

December 2013: Uganda reportedly deploys troops to Juba to evacuate Ugandan nationals following outbreak of fighting.

13 January 2014: President Museveni speaks of battle 90 km south of Bor involving UPDF.

16 January 2014: Colonel Kayanja Muhanga announced as UPDF force commander in South Sudan.[73]

January 2014: Ambush and battle reported at Tabakeka, a few kilometres outside Bor, with nine UPDF fatalities and 46 wounded.

22 January 2014: Updated casualty report says nine UPDF dead and a dozen wounded, including: Captain Celistine Egau, Sergeant Santos Ochen, Private Richard Oyaka and Private Arthur Mbagira.

9 February 2014: Colonel Kayanja Muhanga, Officer Commanding "Zulu Task Force", promoted to Brigadier.

21 October 2015: First re-deployment of troops out of South Sudan, from forward base in Bor, about 190 km north of Juba.

9 December 2015: Mention of c. 3000 men from South Sudan in seven battalions registering late for upcoming Ugandan election.

14-18 July 2016: Ugandan forces under Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga undertake Operation Okoa Wanaichi in South Sudan, "successfully evacuating up to 40,000 Ugandans and 100 other nationalities who were fleeing the fighting."[74]

UN Guard Unit, Somalia

The UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) was established on 3 June 2013 by UN Security Council Resolution 2102 and works alongside AMISOM in Somalia. In 2014 it was decided the mission needed a guard unit to secure and protect UN personnel and their installations in Somalia. Uganda has provided this unit, initially of 410 personnel, since 2014. The United Nations Guard Unit, or UNGU, is based at Mogadishu Airport.[75][76][77][78][79]

  • UNGU I (Lt. Col. Wycliffe Keita) – May 2014 to mid-2015
  • UNGU II (Lt. Col. Richard Walekura) – mid-2015 to August 2016
  • UNGU III (Lt. Col. Keith Katungi) – August 2016 to July 2017
  • UNGU IV (Lt. Col. Mike Hyeroba) – July 2017 to mid-2018
  • UNGU V (Lt. Col. Stuart Agaba), 529 personnel – mid-2018 to July 2019[80][81]
  • UNGU VI (Lt. Col. Nathan Bainomugisha) - July 2019[82] to August 2020.
  • UNGU VII (Lt. Col. Francis Odikiro), 600 personnel - August 2020 to present.[83]

Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team, Equatorial Guinea

During February 2017 Uganda deployed a UPDF team to Equatorial Guinea to assist in the training of that country's armed forces.[84] The second contingent of 248 personnel was welcomed back in Uganda in January 2019 when a third team was dispatched.[85] The foreign mission is known as the Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team, abbreviated as UMTMT.

  • UMTMT 1 – 100–150 personnel; deployed February 2017
  • UMTMT 2 – 248 personnel; until January 2019
  • UMTMT 3 – Deployed January 2019
  • UMTMT 4
  • UMTMT 5 (Col. James Kato Kalyebara) - completed 'post-mission ideological training course' during January 2022.[86]

Command and organisation

Training schools

The UPDF has the following training schools:[87]

  • Senior Command and Staff College, Kimaka (Lt. Gen. Andrew Guti)
  • Junior Staff College, Jinja (Brig. James Kinalwa)
  • Uganda Military Academy, Kabamba (Brig. Emmanuel Musinguzi)
  • Uganda Military Engineering College (University Military Science & Technology, Lugazi) (Brigadier Dennis Asiimwe)
  • College of Logistics and Engineering (COLE) (Magamaga - Mayuge District. 91 km East of Kampala) (Brigadier Christopher Bbosa)
  • Oliver Tambo Leadership School, Kawaweta, Nakaseke District[88][89]
  • Karama Armoured Warfare Training School, Mubende (Brigadier Francis Chemonges, or Chemo)
  • Singo Peace Support Training Centre (Brigadier Jack Bakasumba)
  • Kaweweta Recruits Training School
  • National Leadership Institute Kyankwanzi
  • Bihanga Military Training School, Ibanda (Colonel Semakula)
  • Hima Training School, Kasese
  • Anti-terrorism Centre (Major General Fred Mugisha)
  • Uganda Rapid Deployment Capability Centre, Jinja (Major General Nakibus Lakara)
  • Uganda Air Defence and Artillery School, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District
  • Uganda Air Force Academy, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District[90]
  • Uganda Urban Warfare Training School, Singo, Nakaseke District[91]

Land Forces

As of June 2013, the land forces commander appeared to be Major General David Muhoozi.[92] In 2012, Muhoozi was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commander of the air defence unit in Nakasongola. He previously served as the brigade commander for the mechanised brigade in Masaka.

Before his appointment as commander of the defence forces, General Katumba Wamala served as the commander of land forces.[93] Wamala was among the military cadets sent to the Monduli Military Academy in Tanzania in 1979 (now the Tanzania Military Academy) and served as inspector general of police until 2005. Wamala succeeded General Aronda Nyakairima as chief of the defence force.

In August 2012, Major General Fredrick Mugisha, previously in charge of the African Union Mission in Somalia, was appointed the new joint chief of staff.[94] Brigadier Charles Angina, formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed chief of staff of the land forces.[94]

The organisation of the land forces was reported in 2015 to be as follows:[95]

  • five division headquarters
  • one armoured brigade
  • one motorised infantry brigade
  • one tank battalion
  • Presidential Guard brigade
  • one engineer brigade
  • one commando battalion
  • 5 infantry divisions (total: 16 infantry brigades)
  • one artillery brigade
  • two air defence battalions

Divisions

The divisions are:

  • First Division: Kakiri, Wakiso District.
  • Second Division: Makenke Barracks, Mbarara (Brigadier Peter Elewelu). It is composed of three brigades and four auxiliary battalions, according to the website of the Ministry of Defence Uganda. This division, according to afdevinfo.com, includes the divisional headquarters at Mbarara; the 13th, 17th, 69th, 73rd, and 77th battalions; the Rwenzori Mountain Alpine Brigade; possibly another Alpine brigade; and the 3rd Tank Battalion. The division has been heavily involved with border operations since the Congo Civil War began in the 1990s. Brigadier Peter Elwelu took command in a ceremony on 17 July 2013. He had been appointed in June 2013.[92]
  • Third Division: Moroto (Brigadier Dick Olum). Before 2013, the Third Division headquarters was reported to be at Mbale.[96]
  • Fourth Division: Gulu District (Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga, until December 2016 when he took command of the Ugandan contingent with AMISOM in Somalia).[97] James Kazini served with this division in 1996–99.[98][99]
  • Fifth Division: Lira (Brigadier Sam Kavuma). Created in August 2002.[100] As of 2013, the division appears to include the 401 Brigade.[101]
  • Field Artillery Division: Masindi (Brigadier Sam Okiding, who was Ugandan Contingent Commander with AMISOM, 2015–16)[102]
  • Air Defence Division: Nakasongala (Brigadier Garvas Mugyenyi since May 2013)

Brigades

  • Armoured Brigade: Kasijjagirwa Barracks, Masaka (Brigadier Joseph M. Ssemwanga)[103]
  • Motorised Infantry Brigade: Nakasongola (Brigadier Tumusiime Katsigazi). Formed in September 2002 and is composed of three motorized infantry battalions.[104]
  • 209 Brigade
  • 301 Brigade[105]
  • 302 Brigade[106]
  • 303 Brigade
  • 305 Brigade[107]
  • 307 Brigade, Mburamizi, Kihihi, Kanungu District.[108][109] Formed in June 2001 in Ntungamo District, when it included the 69 Battalion.
  • 401 Brigade, Lira/ Pader[110]
  • 403 Brigade, Kitgum,[111] later Matany, Napak District, as a component of 3 Division[112]
  • 405 Brigade, Kotido[106]
  • 407 Brigade[106]
  • 409 Brigade, West Nile
  • 503 Brigade, Gang-Dyang, Kitgum.[113]
  • 505 Brigade, Pajimu, Kitgum District, a component of 5 Division.[112]
  • 507 Alpine Brigade, Kasese.[114][115]
  • 509 Brigade, Pader.
  • 601 Brigade

Army Equipment

Origin Type Acquired In service Notes
T-90 Russia Main battle tank 100[116] 44[116] T-90S variant; 56 on order.[116]
Type 85 China Main battle tank -- In service as of 2017.[117]
T-54/55 Soviet Union Main battle tank 199[116] 173[118]
T-34 Soviet Union Medium tank 10[116] --
PT-76 Soviet Union Light tank 50[116] 20[118]
BMP-2 Ukraine Infantry fighting vehicle 31[116] Sourced from Ukraine.[116]
BTR-80 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 32[116] BTR-80A.[116]
BTR-60 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 20[118] 12[119]
BTR-152 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 74[116] --
OT-64 SKOT Czechoslovakia Armoured personnel carrier 36[116] 4[118]
Mamba South Africa MRAP 40[120]
RG-31 Nyala South Africa MRAP 15[116]
Katmerciler Hızır Turkey APC IFV MRAP 15
Buffel South Africa MRAP 51[116][119]
Casspir South Africa MRAP 42[116] For peacekeeping missions.[121]
Eland Mk7 South Africa Armoured car 40[119] Eland-90.[122]
Alvis Saladin United Kingdom Armoured car 36[123] --
Ferret United Kingdom Scout car 15[116] -- Some sources report up to 60.[118]
BRDM-1 Soviet Union Scout car 98[116] --
BRDM-2 Soviet Union Scout car 100[116] --
SAMIL South Africa Utility vehicle 450[124]
Chubby South Africa Mine detection vehicle 1[118]
D-30 Soviet Union Howitzer 9[116]
M-30 Soviet Union Howitzer 18[116] -- Sourced from Libya.[116]
M-46 Soviet Union Field gun 8[116] Sourced from Bulgaria.[116]
Cardom Israel Heavy mortar 18[116]
ATMOS 2000 Israel Self-propelled howitzer 6[116]
BM-21 Grad Soviet Union Multiple rocket launcher 20[116]
RM-70 Czechoslovakia Multiple rocket launcher 6[116] Purchased 2001–2002.[116]

Previous equipment included the M4 Sherman tank. SIPRI trade registers indicated transfer of at least 12 vehicles,[116] and in 1999, another source listed 3 Shermans in service.[125]

Ugandan People's Defence Force Air Force

Main article: Ugandan Air Force
 
Uganda People's Defence Air Force roundel

The Uganda Army Air Force (UAAF) was established in 1964 with Israeli aid. Its first aircraft was consequently of Israeli origin, and its initial pilots trained in Israel. As Uganda's government forged closer links with the Eastern Bloc, the UAAF began to acquire more aircraft as well as support in training from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Libya. Israeli aid initially continued as well.

By late 1978, the UAAF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gore[126] and consisted of several dozen MiG-21MFs, MiG-21UMs, MiG-17s,[127] and MiG-15UTIs. Some of the available aircraft were not combat-ready, however, and were abandoned during the Uganda–Tanzania War without seeing action.[128] The lack of spare parts especially affected the MiG-15s and MiG-17s.[129] The UAAF was split into three fighter squadrons.[129] However the force was effectively wiped out during the 1978-1979 air campaign of the Uganda-Tanzania War.

There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Ugandan Air Force has in service as of 2019–2020. Lieutenant General Charles Lwanga Lutaaya, is the commander.[130]

In 2011, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the central bank governor, caused large volatility in the Ugandan shilling when he told the Financial Times that President Museveni had ignored technical advice against using Uganda's small foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft.[131]

Inventory

 
A Sukhoi Su-30MK2 taxiing
 
A Bell 206 helicopter landing
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union fighter 5[132] .
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MK2 5[132]
Transport
Cessna 208 United States utility /surveillance 2[132]
Helicopters
Bell 206 United States utility 6[132]
Bell UH-1 United States utility UH-1H 5[132] donated by the US[133]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility 10[132]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 5[132]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer 8[132]
SF.260 Italy basic trainer 4[132]

Endnotes

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Bibliography

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of Uganda.
  • "World Defence Almanac". Military Technology. Bonn, Germany: Monch Publishing Group. XXXII (1): 335. ISSN 0722-3226.
  • Abbott, P. & Ruggeri, R., Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002, Men-at-Arms Series 492, Osprey Publishing, London, 2014.
  • Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890-1985, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987.
  • Cooper, Tom, Africa@War Volume 14: Great Lakes Conflagration – The Second Congo War, 1998–2003, Helion & Co Ltd, England, and Thirty Degrees South Publishers Pty Ltd, Johannesburg, 2013.
  • Cooper, Tom & Fontanellaz, Adrien, Africa@War Volume 23: Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda, 1971–1994, Helion & Co Ltd, England, and Thirty Degrees South Publishers Pty Ltd, Johannesburg, 2015.ISBN 978-1-78200-076-1
  • Oloya, Opiyo, Black Hawks Rising: The Story of AMISOM's Successful War Against Somali Insurgents 2007-2014, Helion & Co Ltd, Solihull, England, 2016. ISBN 978-1-910777-69-5
  • Mudoola, Dan M. (1991). "Chapter 17: Institution-Building: The Case of the NRM and the military in Uganda 1986-89". In Hansen, Holger Bernt (ed.). Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. James Currey. pp. 230–246.
  • Prunier, Gérard, Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford University Press, London, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-975420-5

Further reading

  • One way street, Africa Confidential, Volume 41 No 9. Deep rivalries in the Ugandan People's Defence Forces have been the main reason for the UPDF's failure to defeat the LRA since the late 1980s.
  • Conor Davis, "Border disorder" [Description of DRC entry 2022 in Operation "Shujaa"], Jane's Defence Weekly, Vol. 59, No. 16, 20 April 2022, 24-29.
  • Max Delany, and Jeremy Binnie, 'Triple helicopter crash is major blow for Uganda, AMISOM,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 2013, 10.
  • Rune Hjalmar Espeland, and Stina Petersen (2010). The Ugandan army and its war in the North. Forum for Development Studies. 37(2): 193- 215
  • Lee, J. M. (1969), African Armies and Civil Order, International Institute for Strategic Studies/Chatto and Windus, 1969, 77, 105.
  • Ngoga, Pascal. "Uganda: The National Resistance Army." African guerrillas (1998): 91–106.
  • Gerard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War: the 'Congolese' Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, Hurst & Co., London, 2009, ISBN 978-1-85065-523-7 (p. 88, 186, 197)
  • "U.S. relies on contractors in Somalia conflict," New York Times, 10 August 2011
  • Rocky Williams, "National defence reform and the African Union." SIPRI Yearbook 2004: 231–249.
  • https://chimpreports.com/museveni-why-i-elevated-1st-commando-battalion-to-brigade/ - history of Commandos, 2021.

January 07, 2023
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The Uganda People s Defence Force UPDF previously known as the National Resistance Army is the armed forces of Uganda From 2007 to 2011 the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40 000 45 000 and consisted of land forces and an air wing 6 Recruitment to the forces is done annually 7 Uganda People s Defence ForceUganda People s Defence Force emblemFounded1962Current form1995Service branchesUgandan Land Forces Ugandan Air ForceUgandan Special Operations Command 1 Ugandan Reserve ForcesHeadquartersKampala UgandaLeadershipCommander in ChiefYoweri Kaguta MuseveniMinister of Defense and Veteran AffairsVincent Ssempijja 2 Chief of Defence ForcesGeneral Wilson MbadiPersonnelMilitary age18 years of ageActive personnel46 800 2014 3 ExpendituresBudgetUS 933 6 million 2015 4 Percent of GDP1 2 2015 5 IndustryDomestic suppliersNational Enterprise CorporationForeign suppliersRussiaChinaPolandUnited StatesItalySouth AfricaRelated articlesHistoryMilitary history of UgandaRanksMilitary ranks of UgandaParliamentary SeatsSeats in the Parliament of Uganda10 426After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962 British officers retained most high level military commands 8 Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces already weakened by ethnic divisions 8 Each post independence regime expanded the size of the army usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest 8 Contents 1 History 1 1 First post independence military 1962 1971 1 2 Uganda Army of Idi Amin 1971 1979 1 3 UNLA 1979 1986 1 4 Uganda Peoples Defence Force 1995 to present 2 Recent operations 2 1 African Union Mission in Somalia 2 2 African Union Regional Task Force 2 3 South Sudan Civil War 2 4 UN Guard Unit Somalia 2 5 Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team Equatorial Guinea 3 Command and organisation 3 1 Training schools 4 Land Forces 4 1 Divisions 4 2 Brigades 4 3 Army Equipment 5 Ugandan People s Defence Force Air Force 5 1 Inventory 6 Endnotes 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingHistory EditMain article Military history of Uganda The origins of the Ugandan armed forces can be traced to 1902 when the Uganda Battalion of the King s African Rifles was formed Ugandan soldiers fought as part of the King s African Rifles during the First World War and Second World War citation needed As Uganda moved toward independence the army stepped up recruitment and the government increased the use of the army to quell domestic unrest 8 The army became more closely involved in politics setting a pattern that continued after independence 8 In January 1960 for example troops were deployed to Bugisu and Bukedi districts in the east to quell political violence 8 In the process the soldiers killed 12 people injured several hundred and arrested more than 1 000 8 A series of similar clashes occurred between troops and demonstrators and in March 1962 the government recognized the army s growing domestic importance by transferring control of the military to the Ministry of Home Affairs 8 First post independence military 1962 1971 Edit Main article Uganda Army 1962 1971 On 9 October 1962 Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom with 4th Battalion King s African Rifles based at Jinja becoming the Uganda Rifles 9 The traditional leader of the Baganda Edward Mutesa became president of Uganda 8 Milton Obote a northerner and longtime opponent of autonomy for the southern kingdoms including Buganda was prime minister 8 Mutesa recognized the seriousness of the rank and file demands for Africanising the officer corps but was more concerned about potential northern domination of the military a concern that reflected the power struggle between Mutesa and Obote 8 Mutesa used his political power to protect the interests of his Baganda constituency and refused to support demands for Africanisation of the officer ranks 8 On 1 August 1962 the Uganda Rifles was renamed the Uganda Army 10 The armed forces more than doubled from 700 to 1 500 and the government created the 2nd Battalion stationed at the northeastern town of Moroto 8 on 14 November 1963 11 Omara Otunnu wrote in 1987 that a large number of men had been recruited into the Army to form this new battalion and the new recruits were not given proper training because the Army was already heavily committed in its various operations 12 In January 1964 following a mutiny by Tanganyikan soldiers in protest over their own Africanisation crisis unrest spread throughout the Uganda Army 8 On 22 January 1964 soldiers of the 1st Battalion in Jinja mutinied to press their demands for a pay raise and a Ugandan officer corps 8 They also detained their British officers several non commissioned officers and Minister of Interior Felix Onama who had arrived in Jinja to represent the government s views to the rank and file 8 Obote appealed for British military support hoping to prevent the mutiny from spreading to other parts of the country 8 About 450 British soldiers from the 2nd Battalion The Scots Guards and Staffordshire Regiment elements of the 24th Infantry Brigade responded 8 They surrounded the First Battalion barracks at Jinja seized the armory and quelled the mutiny 8 The government responded two days later by dismissing several hundred soldiers from the army several of whom were subsequently detained 8 Although the authorities later released many of the detained soldiers and reinstated some in the army the mutiny marked a turning point in civil military relations 8 The mutiny reinforced the army s political strength 8 Within weeks of the mutiny the president s cabinet also approved a military pay raise retroactive to 1 January 1964 more than doubling the salaries of those in private to staff sergeant ranks 8 Additionally the government raised defense allocations by 400 percent 8 The number of Ugandan officers increased from 18 to 55 8 Two northerners Shaban Opolot and Idi Amin assumed command positions in the Uganda Army and later received promotions to Brigadier and commander in chief and army chief of staff respectively 8 Following the 1964 mutiny the government remained fearful of internal opposition 8 Obote moved the army headquarters approximately 87 kilometres 54 mi from Jinja to Kampala 8 He also created a secret police force the General Service Unit GSU to bolster security 8 Most GSU employees guarded government offices in and around Kampala but some also served in overseas embassies and other locations throughout Uganda 8 When British training programs ended Israel started training Uganda s army air force and GSU personnel 8 Several other countries also provided military assistance to Uganda 8 Decalo writes 13 using classic divide and rule tactics he Obote appointed different foreign military missions to each battalion scrambled operational chains of command played the police off against the army encouraged personal infighting between his main military proteges and removed from operational command of troops officers who appeared unreliable or too authoritative When Congolese aircraft bombed the West Nile villages of Paidha and Goli on 13 February 1965 Obote again increased military recruitment and doubled the army s size to more than 4 500 8 Units established included a third battalion at Mubende a signals squadron at Jinja and an antiaircraft detachment 8 On 1 July 1965 six units were formed a brigade reconnaissance an army ordnance depot seemingly located at Magamaga 14 a brigade signals squadron training wing a records office a pay and pensions office and a Uganda army workshop 15 8 A Uganda Army OT 64 SKOT armoured personnel carrier during a military parade in Kampala in the late 1960s Tensions rose in the power struggle over control of the government and the army and over the relationship between the army and the Baganda people 8 During Obote s absence on February 4 1966 a motion opposing him was introduced to parliament by Grace Ibingira which called to suspend Amin and investigate Obote and three others including Amin for supposedly accepting gold and ivory from Congolese rebels 16 On February 22 Obote arrested Ibingira and four other ministers essentially dismantling opposition to himself in the Ugandan People s Congress 17 Later Amin was appointed Chief of the Army and Air Force Staff while Brigadier Opolot was demoted to the Ministry of Defence as Chief of the Defence Staff 18 19 On 24 May 1966 Obote ousted Mutesa assumed his offices of president and commander in chief suspended the 1962 constitution and consolidated his control over the military by eliminating several rivals 8 In October 1966 Opolot was dismissed from the army and detained under the emergency regulations then in force At about the same time Obote abrogated the constitution revoked Buganda s autonomous status and instructed the Army to attack the Kabaka s palace forcing the Kabaka to flee Elections were cancelled Political loyalties rather than military skill became critical amongst both officers and men 20 Many educated southern officers were court martialled or dismissed in 1966 and 1967 and ethnicity became the key factor in recruitment and promotions In 1970 the International Institute for Strategic Studies IISS assessed the Ugandan armed forces to consist of 6 700 personnel constituting an army of 6 250 with two brigade groups each of two battalions plus an independent infantry battalion with some Ferret armoured cars and BTR 40 and BTR 152 armoured personnel carriers plus an air arm of 450 with 12 Fouga Magister armed jet trainers and seven MiG 15s and MiG 17s 21 Uganda Army of Idi Amin 1971 1979 Edit Main article Uganda Army 1971 1980 Idi Amin left dressed in military fatigues visits the Zairian dictator Mobutu in 1977 In January 1971 Amin and his followers within the army seized power in a coup d etat 22 Shortly after the expulsion of Asians in 1972 Obote launched a small invasion across the Tanzanian border into south western Uganda 8 His small army contingent in 27 trucks set out to capture the southern Ugandan military post at Masaka but instead settled down to await a general uprising against Amin which did not occur 8 A planned seizure of the airport at Entebbe by soldiers in an allegedly hijacked East African Airways passenger aircraft was aborted when Obote s pilot blew out the aircraft s tires causing it to remain in Tanzania 8 Amin was able to mobilize his more reliable Malire Mechanised Regiment and expel the invaders 8 In 1976 during Operation Entebbe the Israeli military destroyed 12 MiG 21s and three MiG 17s based at Entebbe Airport to prevent pursuit 23 In 1977 before the Uganda Tanzania War the Ugandan armed forces were reported by IISS as consisting of 20 000 land forces personnel with two four battalion brigades and five other battalions of various types plus a training regiment 24 There were a total of 35 T 34 T 55 and M 4 Sherman medium tanks An air arm was 1 000 strong with 21 MiG 21 and 10 MiG 17 combat aircraft The IISS noted that the Uganda Army collapsed in the face of the Tanzanian onslaught and the serviceable aircraft were removed to Tanzania Its remnants fled into exile in Zaire and Sudan from where they launched an insurgency Meanwhile pro Tanzanian rebel groups were reorganized to become Uganda s new regular military UNLA 1979 1986 Edit Main article Uganda National Liberation Army After the Uganda Tanzania War fighters available to the new government included only the fewer than 1 000 troops who had fought alongside the Tanzanian People s Defence Force TPDF to expel Amin 8 The army was back to the size of the original army at independence in 1962 8 Titularly Colonel Tito Okello served as army commander and Colonel David Oyite Ojok as chief of staff 25 leading the Uganda National Liberation Army UNLA But in 1979 in an attempt to consolidate support for the future leaders such as Yoweri Museveni and Major General later Chief of Staff Ojok began to enroll thousands of recruits into what were rapidly becoming their private armies 8 Museveni s 80 original soldiers grew to 8 000 Ojok s original 600 became 24 000 8 When then President Godfrey Binaisa sought to curb the use of these militias which were harassing and detaining political opponents he was overthrown in a military coup on 10 May 1980 8 The coup was engineered by Ojok Museveni and others acting under the general direction of Paulo Muwanga Obote s right hand man and chair of the Military Commission 8 The TPDF was still providing necessary security while Uganda s police force which had been decimated by Amin was rebuilt but President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania refused to help Binaisa retain power 8 Many Ugandans claimed that although Nyerere did not impose his own choice on Uganda he indirectly facilitated the return to power of his old friend and ally Obote 8 In any case the Military Commission headed by Muwanga effectively governed Uganda during the six months leading up to the national elections of December 1980 8 After the Museveni government was formed in 1986 an NRA code of conduct originally formulated in the bush in 1982 was made public This was later formalized as Legal Notice No 1 of 1986 Amendment and served as a basis for relations among soldiers and between the NRA and the public 26 After the MRM victory steps were taken to institutionalize the NRA including the setting up of a bureaucracy uniforms regimental colours training programmes ranks and pay and privileges 27 A number of key Rwanda Patriotic Front personnel became part of the National Resistance Army that became Uganda s new national armed forces Fred Rwigyema was appointed deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander in chief second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for the nation Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence Other Tutsi refugees were highly placed Peter Baingana was head of NRA medical services and Chris Bunyenyezi was the commander of the 306th Brigade 28 Tutsi refugees formed a disproportionate number of NRA officers for the simple reason that they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience 28 Uganda Peoples Defence Force 1995 to present Edit The NRA had been successful in its war and its senior military officers held key political positions in the NRM It was reduced in size under pressure from donors unwilling to fund either an outsize army or civil service Between 1990 and 1996 the army was reduced from 100 000 to 40 000 and the civil service from 320 000 to 156 000 29 Yet the defence budget rose from 44 million in 1991 as far as 200 million in 2004 Somerville ascribes the budget rise to the rebellion in the north Uganda s military intervention in the Congo and massive corruption ghost soldiers who did not exist whose real salaries were claimed by senior officers 30 The National Resistance Army was renamed the Uganda People s Defence Force following the enactment of the 1995 Constitution of Uganda 31 UPDF s primary focus was the conflict with the Lord s Resistance Army LRA a rebel group operating in the country s northern region Since March 2002 UPDF has been granted permission to carry out operations against LRA bases across the border in South Sudan These raids collectively known as Operation Iron Fist have resulted in the repatriation of many abducted children being held by the rebels as child soldiers or sex slaves The LRA has fled Uganda and been pushed deep into the jungles of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC principally Orientale Province The UPDF has also been the subject of controversy for having a minimum age for service of 13 32 Many international organizations have condemned this as being military use of children This has created an image problem for the UPDF and may have impacted the international aid Uganda receives Western nations have sent a limited level of military aid to Uganda 33 Between 1990 and 2002 the army payroll had at least 18 000 ghost soldiers according to a report by General David Tinyefuza 34 The problem continued in 2003 when there was a severe problem of ghost soldiers within the UPDF 35 As of 2008 these personnel problems has been exacerbated by the surge of UPDF troops resigning to work with the Coalition Forces in Iraq 36 They mostly work as an additional guard force at control points and dining facilities for example Prior to 2000 the United States armed forces trained together with the UPDF as part of the African Crisis Response Initiative This cooperation was terminated in 2000 because of Uganda s incursion into the DRC Following the June 2003 UPDF withdrawal of troops from the DRC limited nonlethal military assistance has restarted The UPDF participates in the African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance programme with the United States After several interventions in the Congo the UPDF was involved in a further incursion there from December 2008 stretching into February 2009 against the LRA in the Garamba area UPDF special forces and artillery supported by aircraft were joined by the DRC s armed forces and elements of the Sudan People s Liberation Army Called Operation Lightning Thunder by the UPDF it was commanded by Brigadier Patrick Kankiriho commander of the 3rd Division 37 38 Recent operations EditAfrican Union Mission in Somalia Edit Artist s rendition of a Ugandan T 55 tank serving in AMISOM The UPDF has more than 6 200 soldiers serving with the African Union Mission in Somalia AMISOM 39 The AMISOM force commander is Ugandan Lieutenant General Jonathan Rono 40 The force commander in 2009 Ugandan Major General Nathan Mugisha was wounded in a car bomb attack on 17 September 2009 that left nine soldiers dead 41 including Burundian Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza the second in command 42 The United States has provided extensive training for UPDF contingents headed for Somalia In the first half of 2012 Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force 12 SPMAGTF 12 trained soldiers from the UPDF 43 In addition a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies Bancroft Global Development headquartered on Washington s Embassy Row employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with AMISOM s Ugandan and Burundian troops 44 Bancroft director Michael Stock told The EastAfrican that these mentors are embedded with AMISOM units in Mogadishu and southern and central Somalia They coach commanders on how to predict and defeat the tactics which foreign fighters bring from outside East Africa and teach to al Shabaab 45 On 12 August 2012 two Ugandan Mil Mi 24s flying from Entebbe across Kenya to Somalia crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya They were found two days later burned out with no likely survivors from the ten Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters Another aircraft from the same flight crashed on Mount Kenya and all seven Ugandan servicemen on board were rescued a day later The aircraft were supporting AMISOM in the ongoing Somali Civil War An accompanying Mil Mi 17 transport helicopter landed without problems in the eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop 46 In August 2014 AMISOM launched Operation Indian Ocean against al Shabaab in Lower Shabelle and other coastal areas of southcentral Somalia 47 On 1 September 2014 a U S drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr 48 According to Pentagon spokesperson Admiral John Kirby the Ugandan AMISOM forces had informed U S intelligence about where Godane and other Al Shabaab leaders were meeting and provided information on a convoy of vehicles in which he was traveling 49 Al Shabaab subsequently threatened an attack in Uganda for the UPDF contingent s role within AMISOM and the strike on Godane 50 51 The Ugandan security services with the assistance of the U S military and intelligence then identified and foiled a major Al Shabaab terrorist attack in the Ugandan capital Kampala They recovered suicide vests other explosives and small arms and detained Al Shabaab operatives 52 53 54 On 10 August 2021 Ugandan AMISOM soldiers were ambushed by Al Shabab near Golweyn in Lower Shabelle A gunfight ensued in which one UPDF soldier died But after the gunfight with the insurgents the Ugandan troops allegedly killed 7 Somali civilians AMISOM immediately launched an investigation that will report its findings on 6 September 2021 55 56 57 58 59 60 needs update African Union Regional Task Force Edit In November 2011 the Peace and Security Council of the African Union AU authorized a Regional Co operation Initiative RCI for eliminating the Lord s Resistance Army LRA The LRA had been forced out of Uganda and was roaming remote areas of what is now South Sudan the Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC and the Central African Republic CAR The RCI was planned to consist of three elements a Joint Co ordination Mechanism chaired by the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security and made up of the Ministers of Defence of the four affected countries Uganda South Sudan the DRC and the CAR a Regional Task Force Headquarters and the Regional Task Force RTF of up to 5 000 troops from the four countries 61 United States special forces were already assisting Ugandan forces in their operations against the LRA in the DRC and the CAR 62 63 In 2014 these forces were still assisting the RTF 64 The RTF started to take form in September 2012 By February 2013 the RTF had 3 350 soldiers and had finished deploying to the three sectors envisioned with bases at Dungu Obo and Nzara South Sudan 65 66 The RTF headquarters is at Yambio in South Sudan The first Force Commander was Ugandan Colonel Dick Olum and the Deputy Force Commander was Colonel Gabriel Ayok Akuok 67 RTF operations however were plagued with difficulties including the fact that Ugandan forces were restricted from operating in the DRC citation needed In October 2014 RTF Commander Brigadier Sam Kavuma was deployed to Somalia 68 and his place taken by Brigadier Lucky Kidega 69 By March 2016 the Ugandan RTF Commander was Colonel Richard Otto 70 During January 2016 UPDF 11 Battalion was based with the RTF in the CAR 71 In mid 2016 it was reported that Uganda would withdraw its contribution to the RTF by the end of the year 72 South Sudan Civil War Edit December 2013 Uganda reportedly deploys troops to Juba to evacuate Ugandan nationals following outbreak of fighting 13 January 2014 President Museveni speaks of battle 90 km south of Bor involving UPDF 16 January 2014 Colonel Kayanja Muhanga announced as UPDF force commander in South Sudan 73 January 2014 Ambush and battle reported at Tabakeka a few kilometres outside Bor with nine UPDF fatalities and 46 wounded 22 January 2014 Updated casualty report says nine UPDF dead and a dozen wounded including Captain Celistine Egau Sergeant Santos Ochen Private Richard Oyaka and Private Arthur Mbagira 9 February 2014 Colonel Kayanja Muhanga Officer Commanding Zulu Task Force promoted to Brigadier 21 October 2015 First re deployment of troops out of South Sudan from forward base in Bor about 190 km north of Juba 9 December 2015 Mention of c 3000 men from South Sudan in seven battalions registering late for upcoming Ugandan election 14 18 July 2016 Ugandan forces under Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga undertake Operation Okoa Wanaichi in South Sudan successfully evacuating up to 40 000 Ugandans and 100 other nationalities who were fleeing the fighting 74 UN Guard Unit Somalia Edit The UN Assistance Mission in Somalia UNSOM was established on 3 June 2013 by UN Security Council Resolution 2102 and works alongside AMISOM in Somalia In 2014 it was decided the mission needed a guard unit to secure and protect UN personnel and their installations in Somalia Uganda has provided this unit initially of 410 personnel since 2014 The United Nations Guard Unit or UNGU is based at Mogadishu Airport 75 76 77 78 79 UNGU I Lt Col Wycliffe Keita May 2014 to mid 2015 UNGU II Lt Col Richard Walekura mid 2015 to August 2016 UNGU III Lt Col Keith Katungi August 2016 to July 2017 UNGU IV Lt Col Mike Hyeroba July 2017 to mid 2018 UNGU V Lt Col Stuart Agaba 529 personnel mid 2018 to July 2019 80 81 UNGU VI Lt Col Nathan Bainomugisha July 2019 82 to August 2020 UNGU VII Lt Col Francis Odikiro 600 personnel August 2020 to present 83 Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team Equatorial Guinea Edit During February 2017 Uganda deployed a UPDF team to Equatorial Guinea to assist in the training of that country s armed forces 84 The second contingent of 248 personnel was welcomed back in Uganda in January 2019 when a third team was dispatched 85 The foreign mission is known as the Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team abbreviated as UMTMT UMTMT 1 100 150 personnel deployed February 2017 UMTMT 2 248 personnel until January 2019 UMTMT 3 Deployed January 2019 UMTMT 4 UMTMT 5 Col James Kato Kalyebara completed post mission ideological training course during January 2022 86 Command and organisation EditTraining schools Edit The UPDF has the following training schools 87 Senior Command and Staff College Kimaka Lt Gen Andrew Guti Junior Staff College Jinja Brig James Kinalwa Uganda Military Academy Kabamba Brig Emmanuel Musinguzi Uganda Military Engineering College University Military Science amp Technology Lugazi Brigadier Dennis Asiimwe College of Logistics and Engineering COLE Magamaga Mayuge District 91 km East of Kampala Brigadier Christopher Bbosa Oliver Tambo Leadership School Kawaweta Nakaseke District 88 89 Karama Armoured Warfare Training School Mubende Brigadier Francis Chemonges or Chemo Singo Peace Support Training Centre Brigadier Jack Bakasumba Kaweweta Recruits Training School National Leadership Institute Kyankwanzi Bihanga Military Training School Ibanda Colonel Semakula Hima Training School Kasese Anti terrorism Centre Major General Fred Mugisha Uganda Rapid Deployment Capability Centre Jinja Major General Nakibus Lakara Uganda Air Defence and Artillery School Nakasongola Nakasongola District Uganda Air Force Academy Nakasongola Nakasongola District 90 Uganda Urban Warfare Training School Singo Nakaseke District 91 Land Forces EditAs of June 2013 the land forces commander appeared to be Major General David Muhoozi 92 In 2012 Muhoozi was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed commander of the air defence unit in Nakasongola He previously served as the brigade commander for the mechanised brigade in Masaka Before his appointment as commander of the defence forces General Katumba Wamala served as the commander of land forces 93 Wamala was among the military cadets sent to the Monduli Military Academy in Tanzania in 1979 now the Tanzania Military Academy and served as inspector general of police until 2005 Wamala succeeded General Aronda Nyakairima as chief of the defence force In August 2012 Major General Fredrick Mugisha previously in charge of the African Union Mission in Somalia was appointed the new joint chief of staff 94 Brigadier Charles Angina formerly the General Court Martial chairperson was promoted to major general and appointed chief of staff of the land forces 94 The organisation of the land forces was reported in 2015 to be as follows 95 five division headquarters one armoured brigade one motorised infantry brigade one tank battalion Presidential Guard brigade one engineer brigade one commando battalion 5 infantry divisions total 16 infantry brigades one artillery brigade two air defence battalionsDivisions Edit The divisions are First Division Kakiri Wakiso District Second Division Makenke Barracks Mbarara Brigadier Peter Elewelu It is composed of three brigades and four auxiliary battalions according to the website of the Ministry of Defence Uganda This division according to afdevinfo com includes the divisional headquarters at Mbarara the 13th 17th 69th 73rd and 77th battalions the Rwenzori Mountain Alpine Brigade possibly another Alpine brigade and the 3rd Tank Battalion The division has been heavily involved with border operations since the Congo Civil War began in the 1990s Brigadier Peter Elwelu took command in a ceremony on 17 July 2013 He had been appointed in June 2013 92 Third Division Moroto Brigadier Dick Olum Before 2013 the Third Division headquarters was reported to be at Mbale 96 Fourth Division Gulu District Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga until December 2016 when he took command of the Ugandan contingent with AMISOM in Somalia 97 James Kazini served with this division in 1996 99 98 99 Fifth Division Lira Brigadier Sam Kavuma Created in August 2002 100 As of 2013 the division appears to include the 401 Brigade 101 Field Artillery Division Masindi Brigadier Sam Okiding who was Ugandan Contingent Commander with AMISOM 2015 16 102 Air Defence Division Nakasongala Brigadier Garvas Mugyenyi since May 2013 Brigades Edit Armoured Brigade Kasijjagirwa Barracks Masaka Brigadier Joseph M Ssemwanga 103 Motorised Infantry Brigade Nakasongola Brigadier Tumusiime Katsigazi Formed in September 2002 and is composed of three motorized infantry battalions 104 209 Brigade 301 Brigade 105 302 Brigade 106 303 Brigade 305 Brigade 107 307 Brigade Mburamizi Kihihi Kanungu District 108 109 Formed in June 2001 in Ntungamo District when it included the 69 Battalion 401 Brigade Lira Pader 110 403 Brigade Kitgum 111 later Matany Napak District as a component of 3 Division 112 405 Brigade Kotido 106 407 Brigade 106 409 Brigade West Nile 503 Brigade Gang Dyang Kitgum 113 505 Brigade Pajimu Kitgum District a component of 5 Division 112 507 Alpine Brigade Kasese 114 115 509 Brigade Pader 601 BrigadeArmy Equipment Edit Origin Type Acquired In service NotesT 90 Russia Main battle tank 100 116 44 116 T 90S variant 56 on order 116 Type 85 China Main battle tank In service as of 2017 117 T 54 55 Soviet Union Main battle tank 199 116 173 118 T 34 Soviet Union Medium tank 10 116 PT 76 Soviet Union Light tank 50 116 20 118 BMP 2 Ukraine Infantry fighting vehicle 31 116 Sourced from Ukraine 116 BTR 80 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 32 116 BTR 80A 116 BTR 60 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 20 118 12 119 BTR 152 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 74 116 OT 64 SKOT Czechoslovakia Armoured personnel carrier 36 116 4 118 Mamba South Africa MRAP 40 120 RG 31 Nyala South Africa MRAP 15 116 Katmerciler Hizir Turkey APC IFV MRAP 15Buffel South Africa MRAP 51 116 119 Casspir South Africa MRAP 42 116 For peacekeeping missions 121 Eland Mk7 South Africa Armoured car 40 119 Eland 90 122 Alvis Saladin United Kingdom Armoured car 36 123 Ferret United Kingdom Scout car 15 116 Some sources report up to 60 118 BRDM 1 Soviet Union Scout car 98 116 BRDM 2 Soviet Union Scout car 100 116 SAMIL South Africa Utility vehicle 450 124 Chubby South Africa Mine detection vehicle 1 118 D 30 Soviet Union Howitzer 9 116 M 30 Soviet Union Howitzer 18 116 Sourced from Libya 116 M 46 Soviet Union Field gun 8 116 Sourced from Bulgaria 116 Cardom Israel Heavy mortar 18 116 ATMOS 2000 Israel Self propelled howitzer 6 116 BM 21 Grad Soviet Union Multiple rocket launcher 20 116 RM 70 Czechoslovakia Multiple rocket launcher 6 116 Purchased 2001 2002 116 Previous equipment included the M4 Sherman tank SIPRI trade registers indicated transfer of at least 12 vehicles 116 and in 1999 another source listed 3 Shermans in service 125 Ugandan People s Defence Force Air Force EditMain article Ugandan Air Force Uganda People s Defence Air Force roundel The Uganda Army Air Force UAAF was established in 1964 with Israeli aid Its first aircraft was consequently of Israeli origin and its initial pilots trained in Israel As Uganda s government forged closer links with the Eastern Bloc the UAAF began to acquire more aircraft as well as support in training from the Soviet Union Czechoslovakia and Libya Israeli aid initially continued as well By late 1978 the UAAF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gore 126 and consisted of several dozen MiG 21MFs MiG 21UMs MiG 17s 127 and MiG 15UTIs Some of the available aircraft were not combat ready however and were abandoned during the Uganda Tanzania War without seeing action 128 The lack of spare parts especially affected the MiG 15s and MiG 17s 129 The UAAF was split into three fighter squadrons 129 However the force was effectively wiped out during the 1978 1979 air campaign of the Uganda Tanzania War There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Ugandan Air Force has in service as of 2019 2020 Lieutenant General Charles Lwanga Lutaaya is the commander 130 In 2011 Emmanuel Tumusiime Mutebile the central bank governor caused large volatility in the Ugandan shilling when he told the Financial Times that President Museveni had ignored technical advice against using Uganda s small foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su 30 fighter aircraft 131 Inventory Edit A Sukhoi Su 30MK2 taxiing A Bell 206 helicopter landing Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service NotesCombat AircraftMiG 21 Soviet Union fighter 5 132 Sukhoi Su 30 Russia multirole Su 30MK2 5 132 TransportCessna 208 United States utility surveillance 2 132 HelicoptersBell 206 United States utility 6 132 Bell UH 1 United States utility UH 1H 5 132 donated by the US 133 Mil Mi 17 Russia utility 10 132 Mil Mi 24 Russia attack Mi 35 5 132 Trainer AircraftAero L 39 Czech Republic jet trainer 8 132 SF 260 Italy basic trainer 4 132 Endnotes Edit Haggai Matsiko Muhoozi Archived 28 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Independent 2013 Stable Uganda is a Peace Exporter Mwesige Says as Ssempijja Takes Charge of Defence Ministry SoftPower 29 June 2021 Retrieved 4 July 2021 World Development Indicators Google Public Data Explorer Google ro 7 October 2016 Archived from the original on 9 January 2017 Retrieved 8 January 2017 World Development Indicators Military expenditure current LCU The World Bank Archived from the original on 8 July 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2017 World Development Indicators Military expenditure of GDP The World Bank Archived from the original on 8 July 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2017 IISS Military Balance 2007 297 IISS Military Balance 2011 447 Anony 1 July 2020 UPDF General Recruitment 2021 2022 Apply Now Admissions Retrieved 5 February 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Ofcansky Thomas P December 1990 Byrnes Rita M ed Uganda A Country Study Federal Research Division J M Lee 1969 40 Omara Otunnu 1987 52 Smith George Ivan Smith George Ivan 1980 Ghosts of Kampala 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Opiyo Black Hawks Rising The Story of AMISOM s Successful War Against Somali Insurgents 2007 2014 Helion amp Co Ltd Solihull England 2016 ISBN 978 1 910777 69 5 Mudoola Dan M 1991 Chapter 17 Institution Building The Case of the NRM and the military in Uganda 1986 89 In Hansen Holger Bernt ed Changing Uganda The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change James Currey pp 230 246 Prunier Gerard Africa s World War Congo The Rwandan Genocide and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe Oxford University Press London 2009 ISBN 978 0 19 975420 5Further reading EditOne way street Africa Confidential Volume 41 No 9 Deep rivalries in the Ugandan People s Defence Forces have been the main reason for the UPDF s failure to defeat the LRA since the late 1980s Conor Davis Border disorder Description of DRC entry 2022 in Operation Shujaa Jane s Defence Weekly Vol 59 No 16 20 April 2022 24 29 Max Delany and Jeremy Binnie Triple helicopter crash is major blow for Uganda AMISOM Jane s Defence Weekly 22 August 2013 10 Rune Hjalmar Espeland and Stina Petersen 2010 The Ugandan army and its war in the North Forum for Development Studies 37 2 193 215 Lee J M 1969 African Armies and Civil Order International Institute for Strategic Studies Chatto and Windus 1969 77 105 Ngoga Pascal Uganda The National Resistance Army African guerrillas 1998 91 106 Gerard Prunier From Genocide to Continental War the Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa Hurst amp Co London 2009 ISBN 978 1 85065 523 7 p 88 186 197 U S relies on contractors in Somalia conflict New York Times 10 August 2011 Rocky Williams National defence reform and the African Union SIPRI Yearbook 2004 231 249 https chimpreports com museveni why i elevated 1st commando battalion to brigade history of Commandos 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Uganda People 27s Defence Force amp oldid 1131670301, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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