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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States.[11] The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard.[12][13] All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States.[14]

United States Armed Forces

Emblems of the U.S. Armed Forces' service branches
Founded14 June 1775; 248 years ago (1775-06-14)[a]
Service branches
HeadquartersThe Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden
Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin
Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff GEN Mark A. Milley, USA
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ADM Christopher W. Grady, USN
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman SEAC Ramón Colón-López, USAF
Personnel
Military age17 with parental consent, 18 for voluntary service.[b]
ConscriptionNo, however, all males must register at age 18 for the Selective Service System. (conscription stopped in 1973)
Available for
military service
15 million (2021)[5], age 18–25
Active personnel1,328,000[6] (ranked 3rd)
Reserve personnel799,500[7]
Expenditures
Budget $816.7 billion (2023)[8] (ranked 1st)
Percent of GDP3.47% (2022)[9]
Industry
Domestic suppliersList
Foreign suppliers United Kingdom[10]
 Germany[10]
 Israel[10]
Annual importsUS$8.904 billion (2010–2021)[10]
Annual exportsUS$115.5 billion (2010–2021)[10]
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of the United States
RanksCommissioned officer

Warrant officer

Enlisted

Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The Army conducts land operations, while the Navy and Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The Air Force conducts air operations, while the Space Force conducts space operations. The Coast Guard is unique in that it specializes in maritime operations and is also a law enforcement agency.[15][16]

From their inception during the American Revolutionary War, the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in the country's history. They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the early-19th-century First and Second Barbary Wars. They played a critical role in the territorial evolution of the U.S., including the American Civil War. The National Security Act of 1947 created the modern U.S. military framework, establishing the National Military Establishment (later the Department of Defense or DoD) headed by the secretary of defense and creating both the U.S. Air Force and National Security Council; in 1949, an amendment to the act merged the cabinet-level departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force into the DoD.

The president of the U.S. is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the DoD and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments, altogether acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out.

The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest military forces in terms of personnel. They draw their personnel from a large pool of professional volunteers. The U.S. has used military conscription, but not since 1973. The Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, requiring the registration of all male citizens and residents living in the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 25.

The U.S. Armed Forces are considered the world's most powerful military.[17] The military expenditure of the U.S. was US$877 billion in 2022, the highest in the world, accounting for 39% of the world's defense expenditures.[18] The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies which enables a widespread deployment of the force around the world, including around 800 military bases outside the U.S.[19] The U.S. Air Force is the world's largest air force, followed by the U.S. Army Aviation Branch. The U.S. Naval Air Forces is the fourth-largest air arm in the world and is the largest naval aviation service, while U.S. Marine Corps Aviation is the world's seventh-largest air arm. The U.S. Navy is the world's largest navy by tonnage.[20] The U.S. Coast Guard is the world's 12th-largest maritime force.[21] The U.S. Space Force is the world's only active independent space force.[22]

History

The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the Continental Army, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States.[23] The Continental Navy, established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines, established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War.[24][25]

These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784.[23] The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798.[24][26] All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave Congress the power to "raise and support armies", to "provide and maintain a navy" and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces", as well as the power to declare war. The President of the United States is the U.S. Armed Forces' commander-in-chief.[27]

The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the formation of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790, which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard.[28][29] The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before being recognized as an independent service in the National Security Act of 1947.[30] The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until 3 July 1952, and is now one of the eight uniformed services of the United States[31]

The United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019. It is the sixth branch of the U.S. military and the first new branch in 72 years.[32] The origin of the Space Force can be traced back to the Air Force Space Command, which was formed 1 September 1982 and was a major command of the United States Air Force.[33]

Structure

Presidential command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in Article II in the Constitution whereby the president is named as the "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States."[34] The United States Armed Forces are split between two cabinet departments, with the Department of Defense serving as the primary cabinet department for military affairs and the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering the United States Coast Guard.[35]

The military chain of command flows from the President of the United States to the secretary of defense (for services under the Defense Department) or secretary of homeland security (for services under the Department of Homeland Security), ensuring civilian control of the military. Within the Department of Defense, the military departments (Department of the Army, United States Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force) are civilian led entities that oversee the coequal military service branches organized within each department. The military departments and services are responsible for organizing, training, and equipping forces, with the actual chain of command flowing through the unified combatant commands.[36]

 
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in December 2020

The Joint Chiefs of Staff, although outside the operational chain of command, is the senior-most military body in the United States Armed Forces. It is led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who is the military head of the armed forces and principal advisor to the president and secretary of defense on military matters. Their deputy is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Other members include the chief of staff of the Army, commandant of the Marine Corps, chief of naval operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, chief of space operations, and the chief of the National Guard Bureau.[37] The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an official member of the Joint Chiefs, but sometimes attends meetings as the one of the military service chiefs. The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman is the most senior enlisted member in the United States Armed Forces.[38]

Leadership of the Armed Forces, to include the president of the United States, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Homeland Security and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are members of the United States National Security Council, which advises the president on national security, military, and foreign policy matters.[39] The National Security Advisor, Homeland Security Advisor, and the Deputy National Security Advisor may also be members of the United States Armed Forces.[40][41] The National Security Council Deputies Committee also includes the Deputy Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[42] Military leadership, including the Secretary of Defense, United States Secretary of Homeland Security, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also sit on the National Space Council.[43]

Unified combatant commands

 
Unified combatant commands areas of responsibility

Unified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments, with their chain of command flowing from the president, to the secretary of defense, to the commanders of the combatant commands. Each service organizes, trains, and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands. Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters – cyber to other combatant commanders. Army components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force land component, Navy components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force maritime component, and Air Force components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force air component, with the theater special operations command dual-hatted as the joint force special operations component, and Space Force component typically dual-hatted as the joint force space component.[44]

Name Mission Headquarters Subunified commands
  U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in Africa. Kelley Barracks, Germany
  U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in the Middle East and Central Asia. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
  U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) Conduct U.S. military cyber operations. Fort Meade, Maryland   Cyber National Mission Force
  U.S. European Command (USEUCOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in Europe. Patch Barracks, Germany
  U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in the Indo-Pacific. Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii
  U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in North America and homeland defense operations. Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado
  U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Doral, Florida
  U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM) Conducts U.S. military operations in outer space. Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado
  U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Develops and employs special operations forces. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
  U.S. Strategic Command Conduct strategic deterrence, nuclear operations, nuclear command, control, and communications, joint electromagnetic spectrum operations, and global strike.[45] Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska
  U.S. Transportation Command Conduct globally integrated mobility operations. Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

Combat support agencies

Combat support agencies are Department of Defense agencies that have a combat support mission, involving providing support for operating forces engaged in planning for, or conducting, military operations, including support during conflict or in the conduct of other military activities related to countering threats to U.S. national security. This mission is focused on providing support to echelons at the CCMD level and below and may not encompass the full scope of the CSA's mission.[46]

Name Mission Headquarters
  Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) Provide contract administration services for the Department of Defense.[47] Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia
  Defense Health Agency (DHA) Provide and augment medical capabilities for combatant commands.[48] Falls Church, Virginia
  Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Provide, operate and assure command, control, information-sharing capabilities.[49] Fort Meade, Maryland
  Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Provide military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners in the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition.[50] Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters, Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling, Washington D.C.
  Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Manages the end-to-end global defense supply chain.[51] Fort Belvoir, Virginia
  Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Identify, develop, and field solutions to counter weapons of mass destruction and emerging threats.[52] Fort Belvoir, Virginia
  National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Delivers geospatial intelligence to policymakers, military service members, intelligence professionals and first responders.[53] Fort Belvoir, Virginia
    National Security Agency / Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) Provides timely and accurate cryptologic support, knowledge, and assistance to the military cryptologic community.[54] Provide actionable signals intelligence and cybersecurity support to the Armed Forces.[55] Fort Meade, Maryland

Service branches

The United States Armed Forces is composed of six coequal military service branches. Five of the branches, the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Air Force, and United States Space Force are organized under the Department of Defense's military departments. The United States Coast Guard is nominally under the Department of Homeland Security, but may be transferred to the Department of Defense's Department of the Navy (which is the civilian entity that oversees the coequal U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) at the direction of the president or congress. With the exception of the Coast Guard, the military services only organize, train, and equip forces. The unified combatant commands are responsible for operational control of non-service retained forces.

Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency.[15][16]

U.S. Army

 
1st Armored Division infantry, an M2 Bradley armored vehicle, and AH-64 Apache attack helicopters as part of Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve in Syria

The United States Army (USA) is the United States Armed Forces' land force and is the largest and oldest service. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Army, it consists of one million soldiers across the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard.[15] The Army serves as the Armed Forces principal land service, responsible for conducting land warfare operations.[56]

The U.S. Army is organized under the Department of the Army, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Army and under secretary of the Army. The U.S. Army itself is led by the chief of staff of the Army and vice chief of staff of the Army, both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Army.[57]

The Army's primary responsibility is to conduct prompt and sustained land combat as part of the joint force. Army landpower focuses on destroying an enemy's armed forces, occupying its territory, and breaking the will of an adversary.[58]

The five core competencies of the Army are:

  • Prompt and sustained land combat
  • Combined arms operations:
    • Combined arms maneuver and wide area security
    • Armored and mechanized operations
    • Airborne and air assault operations
  • Special operations
  • Set and sustain the theater for the joint force
  • Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land[58]
 
82nd Airborne Division paratroopers parachuting from a U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport plane

The thirteen specified functions of the Army are:

  1. Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain, to include complex urban environments, in order to defeat enemy ground forces, and seize, occupy, and defend land areas.[59]
  2. Conduct air and missile defense to support joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority. This is conducted by the Army's Air Defense Artillery Branch, specifically by the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 94th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, 263rd Army Air and Missile Defense Command, and Army Space and Missile Defense Command.[59]
  3. Conduct airborne and air assault, and amphibious operations. The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. Army airborne and air assault operations are conducted by the XVIII Airborne Corps, 11th Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and the 173rd Airborne Brigade.[59]
  4. Conduct civil affairs operations. Civil affairs operations are conducted by the United States Army Special Operations Command, predominantly under United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command and the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade.[59]
  5. Conduct riverine operaitons.[59]
  6. Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authorities.[59]
  7. Interdict enemy sea power, space power, air power, and communications through operations on and from the land.[59]
  8. Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns, including joint over-the-shore and intra-theater transport of time-sensitive, mission-critical personnel and materiel. This is primarily conducted through the Army Logistics Branch, including the Quartermaster Corps, Ordnance Corps, Transportation Corps, and through Army Materiel Command's Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command.[59]
  9. Provide support to space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. Army space operations are conducted by Army Space and Missile Defense Command.[59]
  10. Conduct authorized civil works programs, to include projects for the improvement of navigation, flood control, beach erosion control, and other water resource developments in the United States, its territories, and its possessions, and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law. These are conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers.[59]
  11. Provide intra-theater aeromedical evacuation. These missions are flown by the Army Medical Service Corps and Army Aviation Branch.[59]
  12. Conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
  13. Operate land lines of communication. This is primarily conducted through the Transportation Corps and Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command.[59]

Infantry

 
U.S. Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment prepare for extraction on a MH-47 Chinook

The Infantry Branch forms the core of the service's land combat power. U.S. Army infantry are generally equipped with the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun, which will be replaced by the XM7 rifle and XM250.[60]

Infantry is a core part of the Army's Brigade Combat Teams. The most numerous variant, the Infantry Brigade Combat Team, comprise light infantry battalions who fight on foot. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 82nd Airborne Division are air assault capable, with infantry soldiers being transported by U.S. Army Aviation UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopters.[61] Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 11th Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, and 173rd Airborne Brigade are capable of airborne operations, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force's transport aircraft.[62] Finally, Infantry Brigade Combat Teams assigned to the 10th Mountain Division specialized in mountain warfare.[63] Standard Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, which offers additional training in jungle warfare.[64]

Armored Brigade Combat Teams comprise mechanized infantry battalions mounted in the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle. Divisions with Armored Brigade Combat Teams include the 1st Infantry Division, 3rd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 1st Armored Division, and 1st Cavalry Division.[65] Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are centered around Stryker infantry battalions operating out of the Stryker. Divisions with Stryker Brigade Combat Teams include the 2nd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 11th Airborne Division, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, and 3rd Cavalry Regiment.[65]

United States Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment are an elite special operations infantry force in United States Army Special Operations Command, specializing in air assault and airborne infiltration methods. The three primary missions of the 75th Ranger Regiment are special operations raids, forcible entry operations, such as an airfield seizure to enable the Air Force to bring in more forces, and special reconnaissance.[66][67] As a special operations force, Army Rangers are generally better equipped than standard infantry, utilizing the FN SCAR rifle.[68]

Army Special Forces

 
Soldiers from the 5th Special Forces Group conduct sensitive site exploitation training

Army Special Forces, commonly known as Green Berets after their iconic headgear, are among the most elite soldiers in the Army. Special Forces conduct unconventional warfare, enabling a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground force in a denied area, foreign internal defense, training and equipping foreign allied military forces to defend against insurgency, subversion, terrorism, and other security threats, and security force assistance, training and developing the defense capabilities of friendly and developing nations. More direct missions include counterinsurgency, direct action, and special reconnaissance in hostile, denied, or diplomatically or politically sensitive environments, to collect or verify information of strategic significance.[69] Special Forces are trained military free-fall parachuting and combat diver skillsets.[70] Army Special Forces are considered the most versatile special operations force in the entire world, operating as a multi-purpose force since 1952.[71]

Armor and Cavalry

 
1st Cavalry Division M1 Abrams tanks during a training exercise in Germany

The Armor Branch traces its history back to the United States Cavalry, and are responsible for tank and cavalry reconnaissance operations.[72]

The U.S. Army fields the M1 Abrams main battle tank in Armored Battalions as part of Armored Brigade Combat Teams across the 1st Armored Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 1st Infantry Division, 3rd Infantry Division, and the 4th Infantry Division. Each Armored Brigade Combat Team also possesses a cavalry squadron equipped with M2 Bradleys for scouting and security. Styker Brigade Combat Teams from the 2nd Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 11th Airborne Division, 2nd Cavlary Regiment, and 3rd Cavalry Regiment have a cavalry squadron equipped with Strykers. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams from the 10th Mountain Division, 11th Airborne Division, 25th Infantry Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and 173rd Airborne Brigade have a cavalry squadron equipped with the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle.[73]

Field Artillery

 
M142 HIMARS from the 5th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment

The Field Artillery's mission is to destroy, suppress or neutralize the enemy by cannon, rocket or missile fire.[74] Rocket systems include the M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, which are corps-level asset found in field artillery brigades. Towed artillery includes the M119 howitzer in Infantry Brigade Combat Teams and the M777 howitzer found in both Infantry and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams. The M109 self-propelled howitzer is utilized in Armored Brigade Combat Teams.[75]

During the Cold War, Army field artillery was responsible for the service's ballistic missile programs, including the PGM-11 Redstone, which was the first large ballistic missile in the U.S. arsenal, the MGM-31 Pershing, and the Pershing II.[76] In 2023, the Army is intending to field the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon and has reestablished larger artillery formations like the 56th Artillery Command.[77][78][79]

Air Defense Artillery

 
An MIM-104 Patriot missile battery in Alaska operated by the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade

The Air Defense Artillery is responsible for defending geopolitical assets and providing maneuver forces with the freedom to move on the battlefield by deterring the enemy and destroying aerial threats, missile attacks, and surveillance platforms.[80] Weapons employed by Air Defense Artillery include the FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense system, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, for short range air defense, and the counter rocket, artillery, and mortar 20mm gun system. The Iron Dome provides air defense against rockets, artillery, mortars, missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles, while the MIM-104 Patriot is capable of defeating a wide range of threats including aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, ballistic and cruise missiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction.[80]

The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense protects strategic critical assets by conducting long-range endo-and-exo-atmospheric engagements of ballistic missiles using the world's largest air-transportable X-band radar. The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense is an anti-ballistic missile system operated by Army Space and Missile Defense Command to defend the United States homeland against an intercontinental ballistic missile attack.[80] Major Air Defense Artillery units include the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command's 100th Missile Defense Brigade.[81][82]

Air Defense Artillery has an extremely close relationship with the Air Force through its Air and Missile Defense Commands and the Space Force through Army Space and Missile Defense Command, given their shared missile defense and space roles. In 1962, Air Defense Artillery achieved the first intercept of a ballistic missile with a nuclear-tipped Nike Zeus and operated the Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon after completing a successful intercept in 1963.[83][84]

Army Aviation

 
Formation of UH-60 Blackhawks with the 1st Cavalry Division

Army Aviation, distinct from the U.S. Air Force and its predecessors, began as part of the field artillery in 1942. Small spotter planes were used to spot for artillery and naval bombardment, as well as to perform observation. These few aircraft formed the core of Army Aviation once the U.S. Air Force gained independence. In 1983, the Army created the Aviation Branch, for the first time since the Air Force's independence consolidating aviation under a single organization.[85]

The mission of Army Aviation is to find, fix and destroy any enemy through fire and maneuver and to provide combat support and combat service support in coordinated operations as an integral member of the combined arms team.[86] Major aircraft include the AH-64 Apache, which serves as the Army's attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk, and the CH-47 Chinook for troop and cargo transport. Army Aviation also flies the MQ-1C Gray Eagle drone.[87]

A specialized unit within Army Aviation, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) serves as a special operations unit and operates modified variants of the MH-60 Black Hawk, MH-47 Chinook, and the MH-6 Little Bird.[88]

Army commands

The U.S. Army is organized into four major Army Commands, nine Army Service Component Commands, which serve as the Army component and joint force land component commanders for the unified combatant commands, and thirteen direct reporting units.[89]

Name Mission Headquarters
  Headquarters Department of the Army (HQDA) Army service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Army. The Pentagon, Virginia
Army Commands and reserve components
  U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) Provides Army land forces to unified combatant commands.[90] Fort Liberty, North Carolina
  U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) Provides technology, acquisition support, and logistics for Army land forces.[91] Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
  U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Recruits, trains, and educates Army soldiers and develops Army doctrine.[92] Fort Eustis, Virginia
  U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC) Leads Army modernization efforts, including developing future force requirements, designing future force organizations, and delivering materiel capabilities.[93] Austin, Texas
  U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) Oversees and maintains Army reserve forces Fort Liberty, North Carolina
  Army National Guard (ARNG) Army component of the National Guard. The Pentagon, Virginia

U.S. Marine Corps

 
24th Marine Expeditionary Unit Marines during a simulated amphibious assault operation

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) serves as the U.S. Armed Forces' naval land force, responsible for executing amphibious warfare and operating in the maritime littorals in support of the U.S. Navy. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Marines, the Marine Corps consists of the Regular Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve.[94] The Marine Corps maintains a very close relationship with the U.S. Navy, its sister service in the Department of the Navy. Although the Marine Corps has previously operated as an independent land force alongside the Army, its primary purpose is to serve as part of a unified naval service alongside the Navy in the maritime domain.[95]

The U.S. Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps itself is led by the commandant of the Marine Corps and the assistant commandant of the Marine Corps, both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Marine Corps.[94]

The Marine Corps statutory mission is outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 5063 and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947, with its three primary areas of responsibility including:

  • Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns;
  • Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force; and
  • Such other duties as the President or Department of Defense may direct.
 
A 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit AH-1Z Viper flying over the USS Anchorage (LPD-23)

The seven specified functions of the Marine Corps are:

  1. Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facility subsequent joint operations.[59]
  2. Provide close air support for ground forces.[59]
  3. Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed.[59]
  4. Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments.[59]
  5. Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment.[59]
  6. Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of responsibility to other authorities.[59]
  7. Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated U.S. embassies and consulates, and perform other such duties as the president or secretary of defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primally organized. Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is responsible for supporting the Navy with Marine security operations, while the Marine Security Guard protects embassies and consulates of the United States Department of State.[59]

Fleet Marine Force

 
Four Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II stealth fighters flying over the USS America (LHA-6)

The combat power of the Marine Corps is centralized in the Fleet Marine Force (FMF), which itself is organized into Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, to support the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command, and Fleet Marine Force Pacific, which supports the U.S. Navy's U.S. Pacific Fleet.[95]

The basic Marine Corps unit for conducting operations is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), which combines Marine Corps and Navy land, air, sea, and cyberspace capabilities into a single command. There are three different sized variants of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force, but each consists of a command element, ground combat element, aviation combat element, and logistics combat element.[96]

A Marine ground combat element (GCE) is centered around Marine infantry, typically armed with a M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle.[97] Unlike the Army, the Marine Corps does not train their own combat medics, relying on the Navy to provide hospital corpsman.[98] These infantry units are supported by Marine Corps combat engineers, who conduct engineer reconnaissance, obstacle system emplacement, and breaching operations, and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance teams. While the Marine Corps no longer operates its own tanks, opting to request support from the Army if needed, it maintains Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions which operates the LAV-25 amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle. Assault Amphibian Battalions operate the Assault Amphibious Vehicle and Amphibious Combat Vehicle, which enable the ground combat element to conduct amphibious landing operations.[99] Marine Corps artillery operates the M777 howitzer and the M142 HIMARS, both supporting the ground combat element and the Navy at sea by striking enemy ships.[100][101]

 
MV-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft from VMX-22 taking off from the USS Wasp (LHD-1)

The Marine aviation combat element (ACE) is the operational arm of Marine Corps Aviation, working to support the ground combat element. The F-35B Lightning II and AV-8B Harrier II are flown by off of Navy amphibious assault ships, while the F-35C Lightning II and F/A-18 Hornet are flown off of Navy carriers by Marine Corps pilots. The Marine Corps also operates the KC-130J to serve as a tanker and tactical airlift platform. The UH-1Y Venom helicopter provides the Marine Corps with light transport and attack, while the AH-1Z Viper is a dedicated attack helicopter. Medium lift squadrons fly the MV-22 Osprey, while heavy lift squadrons use the CH-53K King Stallion. The Marine Corps has also begun flying unmanned aerial vehciles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and MQ-8 Fire Scout.[102] Notably, the aviation combat element also includes Low-Altitude Air Defense Battalions, which employ the FIM-92 Stinger surface to air missile.[103]

The smallest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), which are typically forward deployed on Navy ships. Commanded by a colonel, a Marine Expeditionary Unit consist of 2,200 marines split across a battalion landing team (ground combat element), composite helicopter squadron (aviation combat element), and a combat logistics element (logistics element). Marine Expeditionary Units are supplied for 15 days.[96] Forward deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are often embarked on Navy amphibious assault ships as part of an amphibious ready group.[104]

The next sized MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), which are organized for specific missions. Commanded by a brigadier general, Marine Expeditionary Brigades consist of 4,000 to 16,000 marines across a Regimental-sized ground combat element, a Marine Aircraft Group, and a Combat Logistics Regiment. Marine Expeditionary Brigades are supplied for 30 days and offer increased firepower and airpower over the Marine Expeditionary Unit.[96]

The largest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which are primary warfighting forces for larger operations. A Marine Expeditionary Force is commanded by a lieutenant general and consist of 46,000 to 90,000 marines. Currently there are only three Marine Expeditionary Forces, each with its own Marine Division, Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Logistics Group, and Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group. Marine Expeditionary Forces are supplied for 60 days.[96]Certain elements are held at the Marine Expeditionary Force level, such as Force Reconnaissance. The MEF Information Group (MIG) also provides a number of functions, such as the intelligence battalion, radio battalion which conduct signals intelligence, electronic warfare, and cyberspace operations, communications battalion, the MEF support battalion, and the Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company.[105][106]

 
Marine Raiders with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion conducting a visit, board, search, and seizure operation

While not a MAGTF, the Marine Corps has begun to reorganize some of its regiments into Marine Littoral Regiments (MRL), which are similar in size to a Marine Expeditionary Unit. A Marine Littoral Regiment is a self-deployable force, designed to be naval in nature and operate in the littoral region. A Marine Littoral Regiment consists of a littoral combat team, a littoral anti-air battalion, and a combat logistics battalion. Notably, the Marine Littoral Regiment has no aviation combat element, unlike a Marine Expeditionary Unit.[107]

Another Marine Corps element that does not function as part of the MAGTF are the Marine Raider Regiment, who function under United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command. Marine Raiders specialize in specialize in direct action, unconventional warfare, maritime interdiction, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency missions.[108]

Marine Corps commands

Under Headquarters Marine Corps, the Marine Corps is organized into the Fleet Marine Force, multiple commands, and Marine Corps service components to the unified combatant commands.

Name Mission Headquarters
  Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC) Marine Corps service headquarters led by the commandant of the Marine Corps. The Pentagon, Virginia
Fleet Marine Force
  Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLANT) / U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM) Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Fleet Forces Command. Also serves as United States Marine Corps Forces Command, commanding Marine Corps retained service forces and providing forces for joint, naval, and service requirements.[109] Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads, Virginia
  Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC) Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Pacific Fleet.[110] Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii
  Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) Acquisition command for all Marine Corps ground and information technology programs.[111] Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia
  U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve (MARFORRES) Oversees and maintains the U.S. Marine Corps reserve forces.[112] Marine Corps Support Facility New Orleans, Louisiana

U.S. Navy

 
USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74) and USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) conducting dual carrier strike group operations as part of the United States Seventh Fleet

The United States Navy (USN) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime force. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Navy, the U.S. Navy consists of the Regular Navy and the Navy Reserve. The Navy is the United States' principal maritime service, responsible for maritime warfare operations.[113]

The U.S. Navy is organized under the Department of the Navy, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy. The U.S. Navy itself is led by the chief of naval operations and the vice chief of naval operations, both admirals who are advised by the master chief petty officer of the Navy.[113]

The five enduring functions of the Navy are:[114]

 
The USS Vicksburg (CG-69), USS Roosevelt (DDG-80), USS Carney (DDG-64), and USS The Sullivans (DDG-68) launching a coordinated missile volley

The nine specified tasks of the Navy are:

  1. Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain including achieving and maintaining sea control, to include subsurface, surface, land, air, space, and cyberspace.[59]
  2. Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and conventional capabilities; interdiction and interception capabilities, maritime and/or littoral fires, to include naval surface fires; and close air support for ground forces.[59]
  3. Conduct ballistic missile defense. This is executed through the Navy's Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System.[59]
  4. Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction.[59]
  5. Conduct riverine operations. This is conducted by the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force and Naval Special Warfare Command.[59]
  6. Establish, maintain, and defense sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air, or other joint operations as directed.[59]
  7. Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment, sustainment, and redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain, to include joint sea bases, and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services, United States Special Operations Command, and United States Cyber Command. This is conducted by the Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group and Military Sealift Command.[59]
  8. Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. U.S. Navy space operations are conducted by Navy Space Command.[59]
  9. Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.[59]

Naval Surface Forces

 
The stealth destroyer USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) alongside the USS Independence (LCS-2)

The Naval Surface Forces (NAVSURFOR) is the backbone of the U.S. Navy's combat power, conducting surface warfare operations and operating its fleet of combat surface ships.[115]

The Naval Surface Forces operates eleven nuclear powered aircraft carriers (CVN), split between the Nimitz-class and the newer Gerald R. Ford-class. Aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the U.S. Navy's combat power, forming the nucleus of its eleven carrier strike groups (CSG). Each aircraft carrier has an embarked carrier air wing from the Naval Air Forces.[116]

The Naval Surface Forces also operate 116 surface combatants. These include the Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers, Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers (DDG) and Zumwalt-class stealth guided-missile destroyers. Cruisers and destroyers ofthen operate as part of a larger formations, where they serve as escorts for anti-aircraft and anti-submarine operations, but they also are able to conduct sea control and striker operations ashore with their tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also operates a complement smaller of Freedom-class and Independence-class littoral combat ships (LCS) that can be modularly reconfigured for specific mission sets.[117][118] Having lacked a frigate since the Oliver Hazard Perry-class was decommissioned, the Navy is in the process of acquiring the new Constellation-class guided-missile frigates (FFG).[119]

Finally, the Naval Surface Forces operate 31 amphibious warfare ships to support the Fleet Marine Force and its embarked Marine Air-Ground Task Forces as part of an amphibious ready group or expeditionary strike group. This includes the America-class landing helicopter assault (LHA) ships which can carry U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II fighters and helicopters, and Wasp-class landing helicopter dock (LHD) ships, which can carry both F-35B fighters, helicopters, and landing craft. These are in addition to the San Antonio-classs amphibious transport docks (LPD), and the Whidbey Island-class and Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ships.[120][121]

Naval Submarine Forces

 
The USS Albuquerque (SSN-706) attack submarine underway in the Atlantic Ocean

The Naval Submarine Forces (NAVSUBFOR) is often referred to as the "silent service", consisting of 68 commissioned submarines.[122]

Los Angeles-class, Seawolf-class, and Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarines are capable of performing sea control mission by destroying enemy submarines and surface ships, conducting surveillance and reconnaissance, performing irregular warfare, covert troop insertion, mine and anti-mine operations, and land attack missions with tomahawk cruise missiles.[123]

Ohio-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) have the sole mission of being launch platforms for nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Each carries 20 UGM-133 Trident II SLBMs. The Navy is currently in the process of procuring the Columbia-class SSBNs to replace the Ohio-class.[124] Some Ohio-class submarines have been converted to cruise-missile submarines (SSGN), capable of carrying 154 tomahawk cruise missiles and deploying 66 special operations forces personnel, such as Navy SEALs.[125]

Naval Air Forces

 
An F/A-18F Super Hornet from VX-23 flies over the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)

The Naval Air Forces (NAVAIRFOR) is the Navy's naval aviation arm, centered around the carrier air wing. The core of the carrier air wing are the Naval Air Forces strike fighter squadrons (VFA), which fly the F-35C Lightning II stealth fighter and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. A variant of the F/A-18, the EA-18G Growler is an electronic-warfare aircraft flown by electronic attack squadrons (VAQ) off of carriers or land bases. The E-2 Hawkeye provides carriers with airborne early warning and command and control, while the C-2A Greyhound keeps carriers supplied. The CMV-22B Osprey is currently in the process of replacing the C-2 Greyhound for carrier resupply.[126]

The Naval Air Forces also operate the MH-60 Seahawk for anti-submarine warfare, anti-ship warfare, and search and rescue operations. The MH-53E is primarily used for anti-mine warfare, but can also be used for assault support.[126]

Although primally centered on carriers, the Naval Air Forces do operate a small number of land-based aircraft. These include the P-3C Orion and P-8A Poseidon, which conduct anti-submarine warfare operations and serve as maritime patrol aircraft, alongside the unmanned MQ-4C Triton. The E-6 Mercury is also flown by the Navy to communicate instructions to U.S. strategic forces.[127][126]

Navy commands

The U.S. Navy is organized into eight navy component commands, which command operational forces and serve as joint force maritime component commands, fifteen shore commands, which support the fleets' operating forces, five systems commands, which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy, and nine type commands, which administratively manage units of a certain type.

Name Mission Headquarters
  Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) Navy service headquarters led by the chief of naval operations. The Pentagon, Virginia
Navy operating forces
  U.S. Fleet Forces Command (USFF) / U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command (NAVFORNORTH) Trains, certifies, and provides Navy forces for naval, joint, and combined operations. Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command.[128] Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads, Virginia
  U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Indo-Pacific Command. Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
  U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Central Command. Naval Support Activity Bahrain
    U.S. Fleet Cyber Command (FCC) / U.S. Navy Space Command (NAVSPACE) Navy service component to United States Cyber Command and United States Space Command Fort Meade, Maryland
  U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa (NAVEUR-NAVAF) Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States European Command and United States Africa Command. Naval Support Activity Naples, Italy
  U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command (NAVSO) Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Southern Command. Naval Station Mayport, Florida
  U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC) Navy service component to United States Special Operations Command. Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California
  Military Sealift Command (MSC) Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Transportation Command. Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia
  U.S. Navy Reserve (USNR) Oversees and maintains Navy reserve forces Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads, Virginia

U.S. Air Force

 
A B-2A Spirit stealth bomber from the 509th Bomb Wing escorted by two F-22A Raptor stealth fighters from the 3rd Wing

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the United States Armed Forces' air force. Originally established in 1947 when it gained independence from the U.S. Army, it traces its history back to through the United States Army Air Forces, United States Army Air Corps, United States Army Air Service, the Division of Military Aeronautics, Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, to the birth of Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 1 August 1907. The U.S. Air Force serves as the principal air service, responsible for aerial warfare operations. The U.S. Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard.[129]

The U.S. Air Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force. The U.S. Air Force itself is led by the chief of staff of the Air Force and vice chief of staff of the Air Force, both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Air Force.

The five core missions of the Air Force are:[130]

 
Air Mobility Command C-17 Globemasters performing low-level flight training

The eight specified functions of the Air Force are:[131]

  1. Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
  2. Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense, to gain and maintain air superiority and air supremacy as required, to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces.
  3. Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack, interdiction, close air support, and prompt global strike.
  4. Provide timely, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations.
  5. Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other military service and U. S. Special Operations Command forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations, air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation.
  6. Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services and U.S. Special Operations Command in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and U.S. Government departments and agencies.
  7. Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and DoD components.
  8. Conduct globally integrated command and control for air and space operations.

Combat Air Force

 
Two F-22A Raptors from the 90th Fighter Squadron

The Combat Air Force (CAF) comprises the majority of the Air Force's combat power, consisting of its fighter, bomber, intercontinental ballistic missile, and special operations forces.[132]

The Air Force's fighter forces are led by Air Combat Command's Fifteenth Air Force, with other fighter units under Pacific Air Forces and United States Air Forces in Europe. Air Force fighters are predominantly used to achieve air superiority and strike enemy ground and naval forces. The Air Force operates an expanding force of fifth-generation fighters. The F-22A Raptor stealth fighter is designed to replace the F-15C in air superiority operations carrying two AIM-9 Sidewinder and six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. It also has a significant air-to-ground mission, carrying two GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs, in addition to two AIM-9 and two AIM-120 missiles.[133] Ultimately, the F-22 is intended to be replaced by the sixth-generation fighter Next Generation Air Dominance program.[134] The F-22 is complemented by the more numerous F-35A Lightning II multi-role stealth fighter, which are in the process of replacing the F-16C fighters and A-10 attack aircraft in air superiority and ground attack roles, to include the nuclear strike mission.[135][136]

The Air Force still operates an extremely sizable force of fourth-generation fighters. The F-15C Eagle is a dedicated air superiority fighter, while the F-15E Strike Eagle was modified to be a duel-role strike fighter, carrying both conventional and nuclear weapons.[137][138] The F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle are both being replaced by the F-15EX Eagle II, which is significantly more advanced.[139] The F-16C Fighting Falcon is a multirole fighter that served as the primary Air Force fighter for decades, including as a dual-capable tactical nuclear strike fighter.[140][141] The A-10C Thunderbolt II attack aircraft was the first Air Force fighter specifically designed for the close air support mission, operating against enemy ground forces and light naval ships with its GAU-8 Avenger gatling cannon and array of air to ground munitions.[142]

 
A B-52 Stratofortress of the 2nd Bomb Wing and a B-2A Spirit of the 509th Bomb Wing flying in formation

The Air Force's bomber forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Eighth Air Force, executing long-range strike operations. The B-2A Spirit stealth bomber is capable of conducting both conventional and nuclear strike operations, flying through air defenses.[143] The B-1B Lancer, to contrast, is a supersonic bomber that carries only conventional munitions and serves as the backbone of the bomber force.[143] Both the B-2A Spirit and the B-1B Lancer are being replaced by the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, which can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear munitions.[144] The B-52H Stratofortress is a long-range, heavy bomber that the Air Force has flown since the 1950s and operates a variety of conventional and nuclear munitions, including the AGM-86 air-launched cruise missile.[145]

The Air Force's intercontinental ballistic missile forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Twentieth Air Force, serving as the land-component of the nuclear triad. The LGM-30G Minuteman III serves as the only ballistic missile operated by the Air Force, with 400 stationed in hardened silos.[146] The LGM-30G will be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile.[147]

 
A formation of CV-22 Ospreys from the 353rd Special Operations Group

The Air Force's special operations forces are organized under Air Force Special Operations Command, consisting of both special operations aviation and Air Force special tactics airmen on the ground. The AC-130J Ghostrider gunships have the primary mission of close air support and air interdiction, using cannons and precision guided munitions.[148] The MC-130J Commando II, also a variant of the C-130 Hercules, fly exfiltration and resupply operations for special operations forces, along with conducting air to air refueling for helicopters.[149] The CV-22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft used for the infiltration and exfiltration of special operations forces.[150] While not under Air Force Special Operations Command, rescue operations are supported by the HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60W Jolly Green II combat rescue aircraft.[151] The MQ-9 Reaper also serves as remotely piloted intelligence and strike aircraft, serving under Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command.[152]

 
Air Force Pararescue with a HH-60 helicopter in the background

Air Force Special Tactics are the ground special warfare force of the U.S. Air Force, integrating air-ground operations. Special Tactics conduct four core missions. Global access teams assess and open airfields, ranging from international airports to dirt strips, in permissive or hostile locations to facilitate the landing and operation of air forces. Precision strike teams are trained to direct aircraft and other forces to conduct kinetic and non-kinetic strikes, as well as humanitarian aid drops. Special Tactics teams also conduct personnel recovery missions, possessing significant medical and rescue experience. Finally, Special Operations Surgical Teams conduct surgery and medical operations in battlefield operations in support of special operations.[153]

The Air Force also operates a wide array of reconnaissance aircraft under Air Combat Command's Sixteenth Air Force, including the RQ-4 Global Hawk drone, U-2 Dragon Lady, and RC-135 Rivet Joint. Air Force operations are typically supported by command and control aircraft, such as the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system. The E-3 Sentry is in the process of being replaced by the E-7A Wedgetail.[154]

Mobility Air Force

 
A KC-46A Pegasus refueling a C-17A Globemaster III

The Mobility Air Force (MAF) are organized under Air Mobility Command and comprise the Air Force's airlift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation forces.[155]

The airlift forces operate three different major aircraft. The C-5M Super Galaxy is the largest aircraft in the Air Force, serving as a strategic transport aircraft.[156] The C-17A Globemaster III is the airlift forces most flexible aircraft, conducting both strategic and tactical airlift operations. It is also capable of conducting airborne operations for the Army and aerial resupply through airdropping cargo.[157] Finally, the C-130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter, conducting both cargo airlift and supporting Army airborne operations.[158] Other major airlift platforms include the VC-25, which serves as the personal plane of the president of the United States, better known as Air Force One.[159]

The Air Force also operates three major aerial refueling tankers. The KC-46A Pegasus is its most modern tanker, replacing the aging KC-10A Extenders.[160] The remaining tanker is the KC-135 Stratotanker, which has flown since the 1950s.[161] Tankers are also capable of conducting limited airlift operations.

Air Force commands

The U.S. Air Force is organized into nine major commands, which conduct the majority of the service's organize, train, and equip functions and command forces attached to the combatant commands as joint force air component commands.[162]

Name Mission Headquarters
  Headquarters Air Force (HAF) Air Force service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Air Force. The Pentagon, Virginia
Major Commands and Air National Guard
  Air Combat Command (ACC) Primary provider of combat air forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Combat Command operates fighter, reconnaissance, battle-management, and electronic-combat aircraft.[163] Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia
  Air Education and Training Command (AETC) Recruits, trains, and educates airmen and develops Air Force doctrine.[164] Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
  Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) Operates the Air Force strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile forces. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Strategic Command.[165] Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
  Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) Manages installation and mission support, discovery and development, test and evaluation, and life cycle management services and sustainment for every major Air Force weapon system.[166] Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
  Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) Manages Air Force reserve forces. Robins Air Force Base, Georgia
  Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) Organizes, trains, and equips air commandos. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Special Operations Command.[167] Hurlburt Field, Florida
  Air Mobility Command (AMC) Primary provider of air mobility forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Transportation Command.[168] Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
  Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command. Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii
    United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States European Command and United States Africa Command. Ramstein Air Base, Germany
  Air National Guard (ANG) Air Force component of the National Guard. The Pentagon, Virginia

U.S. Space Force

 
Boeing X-37B spaceplane after deorbiting and landing

The United States Space Force (USSF) is the United States Armed Forces' space force and is the newest military branch. Originally established in 2019, it traces its history through Air Force Space Command and the Western Development Division to 1954. The United States Space Force is the principal space service, responsible for space warfare operations.[169] The U.S. Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force, not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force.

The U.S. Space Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force, which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force. The U.S. Space Force itself is led by the chief of space operations and vice chief of space operations, both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Space Force.[170]

 
Delta IV Heavy launch for the NROL-44 mission

The five core competencies of the Space Force are:[171]

The five specified functions of the Space Force are:

  1. Provide freedom of operation for the United States in, from, and to space.[59]
  2. Provide prompt and sustained space operations.[59]
  3. Protect the interests of the United States in space.[59]
  4. Deter aggression in, from, and to space.[59]
  5. Conduct space operations.[59]

Orbital warfare and space electromagnetic warfare

 
The Starfire Optical Range, used for real-time high-fidelity tracking and imaging of satellites

The Space Force's combat power is centered around Space Delta 3, which conducts space electromagnetic warfare and Space Delta 9, which conducts orbital warfare.[172]

Combat power projection operations ensure freedom of action in space for the U.S. and its allies and denies an adversary freedom of action in space. These are divided into offensive and defensive space operations. Defensive operations preserve and protect U.S. and allied space capabilities, which are further sub-divided into active and passive actions. Offensive operations target a U.S. adversary's space and counterspace capabilities, achieving space superiority.[171]

Orbital warfare forces conduct protect and defend operations and providing U.S. national decision authorities with response options to deter and, when necessary, defeat orbital threats, while space electromagnetic warfare forces conduct offensive and defensive space control operations, and Space Force cyber forces conduct defensive cyber operations to protect space assets.[173][174]

Cyber operations and Satellite Control Network

 
Satellite Control Network antenna at Kaena Point Space Force Station

Although the U.S. Space Force is not a cyber force, it does conduct extensive cyber operations under Space Delta 6. The primary focus of Space Force cyber operations is defending U.S. Space Force networks and ensuring the operations of its spacecraft, which are controlled remotely from ground stations.[175] All space operations units have cyber squadrons assigned to defend them and is incorporating offensive cyber operations.[176][177][178]

Additionally, Space Delta 6 is responsible for managing the Satellite Control Network, a global network of antennas used to communicate with the service's spacecraft. The 22nd Space Operations Squadron is responsible for overall operations, with the 21st Space Operations Squadron and 23rd Space Operations Squadron managing the ground station sites at Vandenberg Space Force Base, New Boston Space Force Station, Kaena Point Space Force Station, Diego Garcia, Guam, Greenland, and the United Kingdom.[178]

Space domain awareness

 
15th Space Surveillance Squadron GEODSS telescope at White Sands Missile Range

The Space Force's Space Delta 2 operates the United States Space Surveillance Network, tracking 47,000 objects in space as of 2022.[179][180] Space domain awareness encompasses the identification, characterization, and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations.[171]

Space Delta 2 sensors include the AN/FPS-85 phased array radar at Eglin Air Force Base and the Space Fence radar at Kwajalein Atoll operated by the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron, and a global network of three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance telescopes operated by the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron.[181][182][183]

The 18th Space Defense Squadron, collocated with the Combined Space Operations Center, executes command and control of the Space Surveillance Network and manages the Space Catalog of all objects in Earth orbit. The 19th Space Defense Squadron focuses on objects further in cislunar space, beyond geosynchronous orbit, with a specific focus on supporting NASA's Artemis program and other human spaceflight operations.[184]

Missile warning

 
Deployment of a Defense Support Program missile warning spacecraft from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-44 mission

The Space Force's Space Delta 4 uses orbital spacecraft and ground-based radars to conduct theater and strategic missile warning for the United States and its international partners.[185] This includes the network of Upgraded Early Warning Radars at Beale Air Force Base, Clear Space Force Station, Cape Cod Space Force Station, Pituffik Space Base, and RAF Fylingdales, along with the AN/FPQ-16 PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station.[186][187] Currently the Space Force is working with the Missile Defense Agency to acquire the Long Range Discrimination Radar at Clear Space Force Station in Alaska. These ground-based radars also contribute to the Space Surveillance Network.[188]

Space-based missile warning systems include the Defense Support Program and Space-Based Infrared System (SIBRS) spacecraft, which use infrared sensors to conduct missile defense and missile warning. SIBRS also has a battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission.[189] The Defense Support Program spacecraft are also capable of detecting nuclear detonations, in addition to space and missile launches.[190]

Global Positioning System and military satellite communications

 
Members of the 4th Space Operations Squadron Mobile Operations Flight conducting armed convoy operations

The Space Force's Space Delta 8 is the operator of the Global Positioning System and the military's array of communications spacecraft.[191]

The Global Positioning System is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron, providing positioning, navigation, and timing information for civilian and military users across the entire world.[192] The Space Force's GPS system has become an integral element of the global information infrastructure, being used in virtually all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, aviation, marine transportation, surveying and mapping, and transit navigation. It's timing signal is used to synchronize global communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks.[193] The Global Positioning System also has a secondary mission of carrying nuclear detonation detection sensors.[194]

Military satellite communication systems include the Fleet Satellite Communications System, UHF Follow-On satellite, and Mobile User Objective System, operated by the 10th Space Operations Squadron and inherited from the U.S. Navy.[195] The payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are operated by the 53rd Space Operations Squadron, a role inherited from the U.S. Army.[196] Finally, spacecraft operations for the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are conducted by the 4th Space Operations Squadron, in addition to the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites, which both additionally support command and control of strategic nuclear forces.[197][198]

Space launch

 
Launch of the Falcon Heavy on the STP-2 mission

The Space Force's space launch enterprise is organized under Space Systems Command, with Space Launch Delta 30 managing the Western Range from Vandenberg Space Force Base and Space Launch Delta 45 managing the Eastern Range from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[199]

 
SpaceX's Starship, a contender for the Rocket Cargo program

The Space Force does not just manage military space launches, but also supports NASA and commercial space launches.[199] Major space launch vehicles flown or scheduled to fly off of Space Force launch ranges include NASA's Space Launch System, SpaceX's Starship, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9, and United Launch Alliance's Vulcan, which will replace the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy. Currently vehicles for the National Security Space Launch program include the Vulcan, Atlas V, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9 rockets.[200]

An experimental program Air Force Research Laboratory vanguard program that the Space Force leads, Rocket Cargo, is exploring using rockets to supplement naval and air transport to rapidly deliver supplies to forces across the Earth.[201] Current contenders include the SpaceX Starship rocket.[202]

Space Force commands

The Space Force is organized into three field commands and multiple component field commands, which serve as joint force space component commands for the unified combatant commands.[203]

Name Mission Headquarters
  Headquarters Space Force (HSF) Space Force service headquarters led by the chief of space operations. The Pentagon, Virginia
Field commands
  Space Operations Command (SpOC) The Space Force's operations field command, conducting space operations, cyberspace operations, and intelligence operations. Space Force component to United States Space Command.[204] Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado
  Space Systems Command (SSC) Conducts research, development, acquisitions, and sustainment of Space Force systems and conducts space launch operations. Los Angeles Air Force Base, California
  Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM) Conducts Space Force training, education, doctrine development, and test. Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado
  Space Force Element, National Reconnaissance Office (SFELM NRO) Space Force component for the National Reconnaissance Office.[205] Chantilly, Virginia
  U.S. Space Forces Indo-Pacific (USSPACEFOR-INDOPAC) Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command.[206] Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii
  U.S. Space Forces Central (USSPACEFOR-CENT) Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Central Command. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
  U.S. Space Forces Korea (USSPACEFOR-KOR) Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Forces Korea. Osan Air Base, South Korea

U.S. Coast Guard

 
USCGC Hamilton (WMSL-753) sailing alongside the USCGC William Flores (WPC-1103)

The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime security, maritime search and rescue, and maritime law enforcement force. It was first established in 1790 as the United States Revenue-Marine, and consists of the Regular Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve.

Although it is always one of the six military branches, the Coast Guard is organized under the Department of Homeland Security under the leadership of the secretary of Homeland Security and the deputy secretary of Homeland Security. During time of war, the U.S. Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of the Navy[207] The Coast Guard itself is led by the commandant of the Coast Guard and vice commandant of the Coast Guard, both admirals advised by the master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard.[208]

 
A Coast Guard Maritime Security Response team executing a boarding action from an MH-60 Jayhawk helicopter

The Coast Guard has six major operational mission programs, through which it executes its 11 statutory missions:[209]

  • Maritime law enforcement
  • Maritime response
  • Maritime prevention
  • Maritime transport system management
  • Maritime security operations
  • Defense operations

Maritime law enforcement operations focus on protecting the United States maritime borders and assuring its maritime sovereignty. The Coast Guard conduct operations to suppress violations of U.S. law at sea, including counter-illegal migration and transnational organized crime operations. Codified mission executed under the maritime law enforcement program include drug interdiction, migrant interdiction, living marine resources, and other law enforcement.[209]

Maritime response operations see the Coast Guard conducting search and rescue operations and rescuing mariners, responding to maritime disasters. Codified missions include search and rescue and marine environmental protection (response activities).[209]

 
Coast Guard aviation MH-60 Jayhawk helicopter with a rescue swimmer

Maritime prevention operations prevent marine casualties and property losses, minimize security risks, and protect the marine environment. The Coast Guard does so by developing and enforcing federal regulations, conducting safety and security inspections, and analyzing port security risk assessments. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security, marine safety, and marine environmental protection (protection activities).[209]

Maritime transport system management ensures a safe, secure, and environmentally sound waterways system. Codified missions include maintaining aides to navigation and ice operations.[209]

Maritime security operations includes activities to detect, deter, prevent, and disrupt terrorist attacks, and other criminal acts in the U.S. maritime domain. It includes the execution of antiterrorism, response, and select recovery operations. This mission performs the operational element of the Coast Guard's Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security mission and complements our Maritime Response and Prevention efforts. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security (response activities).[209]

Coast Guard Defense Operations deploys the Coast Guard globally under the Department of Defense's unified combatant commands, where they operate under the joint force maritime component commands. Codified missions include defense readiness.[209]

Coast Guard commands

The U.S. Coast Guard is organized into two area commands that cover the entire globe.[210]

Name Mission Headquarters
  Coast Guard Headquarters (USCG HQ) Coast Guard service headquarters led by the commandant of the Coast Guard. Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, Washington D.C.
Operating forces
  Coast Guard Atlantic Area (LANTAREA) Conducts Coast Guard operations east of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Coast Guard Station Portsmouth, Virginia
  Coast Guard Pacific Area (PACAREA) Conducts Coast Guard operations west of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Indo-Pacific region. Coast Guard Base Alameda, California
  Coast Guard Cyber Command (CGCYBER) Conduct Coast Guard cyber operations and collaborate with United States Cyber Command.[211] Washington D.C.
  U.S. Coast Guard Reserve (USCGR) Oversees and maintains Coast Guard reserve forces Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, Washington D.C.

Modernization and budget

Budget

The United States has the world's largest military budget, followed by People's Republic of China, India, United Kingdom, and Russia.[212]

The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 established the topline defense budget as $857.9 billion, with the Department of Defense receiving $816.7 billion and the Department of Energy's national security programs receiving $30.3 billion, an 8% increase from Fiscal Year 2022.[213][214]

The Department of the Air Force's budget, unlike the Department of the Army or Department of the Navy has a sizable portion of "pass-through." This is money that is not controlled or used by the Air Force, but is instead passed to other Department of Defense agencies and can be up to 17% of the department's budget, giving the impression that it is the most funded military department, but is actually the least funded.[215]

Defense budget by account (FY23)[216]
Accout U.S. dollars (billions)
Procurement
163
Research, Development, Test, & Evaluation
139
Operations & Maintenance
279
Military Personnel & Health
210
Military Construction
19
Defense-related Nuclear Programs
30
Defense budget by military service (FY24)
Service U.S. dollars (billions)
Army[217]
185.5
Marine Corps[218]
53.2
Navy[219]
202.6
Air Force[220]
185.1
Space Force[221]
30
Coast Guard[222]
13.45
Defense-wide[219]
141.3

Army modernization

 
Launch of Precision Strike Missile from a M142 HIMARS at Vandenberg Space Force Base

The Army's modernization efforts, led by Army Futures Command are centralized into six priorities. Each priority is led by a Cross Functional Team.

Long Range Precision Fires is the land service's top modernization priority, focusing on rebuilding its Field Artillery Branch in response to longer range Russian and Chinese artillery systems. The Extended Range Cannon Artillery program is developing a cannon artillery piece that can accurately fire at targets 70 kilometers away, an increase from the 30 kilometer distance of current cannon artillery. The Precision Strike Missile is a surface-to-surface guided missile intended to be fired from the current M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and M142 HIMARS, replacing their current missiles and doubling the rate of fire. The Army is also working with the Missile Defense Agency, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force to develop a common hypersonic glide body, which the Army will employ as part of the mobile ground launched Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon program. Finally, the Army is working to modify the U.S. Navy's RIM-174 Standard ERAM and UGM-109 Tomahawk land attack cruise missile for ground launch to provide the Army with mid-range artillery capability.[223]

The Next Generation Combat Vehicle program is developing a family of fighting vehicles for the Armor Branch to increase firepower, speed, and survivability. The Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle is intended to replace the M2 Bradley, while the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle will replace the M113 armored personnel carriers, which have been used since the Vietnam War. The three variants of the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle are the general purpose, mission command, and medical treatment. The Mobile Protected Firepower is designed to be a light tank for Infantry Brigade Combat Teams. Finally, the Robotic Combat Vehicles are intended to come in light, medium, and heavy variants that will serve as scouts and escorts for crewed combat vehicles.[223]

 
The V-280 Valor flying in tiltrotor configuration

The Future Vertical Lift program is intended to replace the current helicopter fleet flown by the Army Aviation Branch. The Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft is intended to replace the UH-60 Black Hawk and the Marine Corps UH-1Y Venom, with the Army selecting the Bell V-280 Valor tiltrotor aircraft as the winner.[224] The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft is intended to replace the AH-64 Apache in the attack and reconnaissance role.[223]

The Army is working to modernize its communication networks for the Army Signal Corps, including developing a Unified Network consisting of an integrated tactical network, an integrated enterprise network, and unified network enabling capabilities. Other sub-efforts include developing a common operating environment, ensuring the network is interoperable with the other services and allied countries, and increasing the mobility and reducing the signature of its command posts. Efforts also include modernizing Global Positioning System technology to provide assured positioning, navigation, and timing, and working with the United States Intelligence Community and commercial space companies to increase the Army's access to space based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities.[223]

 
Army Rangers armed with the XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun

Recognizing that that United States is unlikely to have uncontested air superiority, the Army is undergoing a mass revitalization of its air and missile defense enterprise through the Air Defense Artillery Branch. The first layer of defense is the Ballistic Low-Altitude Drone Engagement, which will be mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station and is designed to engage small unmanned aerial vehicle. The second layer is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, which will intercept small drones and munitions. The third and fourth layers comprise the Maneuver Air Defense Technology and Next-Generation Fires Radar, which will be integrated into short range air defense systems. The fifth layer puts a High-Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator onto a Medium Tactical Vehicle, while the sixth layer encompasses the Low-Cost Extended-Range Air Defense to supplement the MIM-104 Patriot missiles.[223]

Finally, the Army is looking to improve the equipment of its soldiers in the Infantry Branch, for the Next Generation Squad Weapon, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System, and the Synthetic Training Environment.[223] In 2022, the Army selected the SIG Sauer's XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun to replace the M4 carbine and the M249 light machine gun through the Next Generation Squad Weapon program.[225]

Marine Corps modernization

 
A Naval Strike Missile launcher on the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle

The Marine Corps modernization is being executed under the aegis of Force Design 2030, which is intended to return the service to its naval and amphibious roots and serve as a "stand-in" force, within contested areas of the maritime littorals.[226] As part of this effort, the Marine Corps has begun establishing naval-focused Marine Littoral Regiments, consisting of a Littoral Combat Team, Littoral Anti-Air Battalion, and a Combat Logistics Battalion. The Littoral Combat Team is organized around an infantry battalion with an anti-ship missile battery, focused on conducting sea denial operations in support of the Navy.[227]

The Marine Corps is in the process of acquiring the Amphibious Combat Vehicle, which is slated to replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle. The Amphibious Combat Vehicle is intended to support the Marines during amphibious assaults and once they have reached shore. The Marine Corps has also adopted the Naval Strike Missile which is fielded from modified Joint Light Tactical Vehicle as part of the Marines' artillery battalions. The concept is that small mobile units of marines would move around different islands and shorelines with these weapons to fire on adversary ships.[228]

Marine Corps aviation is also in the process of acquiring the CH-53K King Stallion helicopter for heavy lift, replacing the current CH-53E Super Stallion in the role. The Marine Corps is also looking to replace its UH-1Y Venom helicopters through the Future Vertical Lift program and is in the process of acquiring a significant number of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper.[228]

Navy modernization

 
Rendering of USS Constellation (FFG-62)

Like the Marine Corps, the Navy is in the process of overhauling and modernizing its fleet with a renewed focus. While the Navy is continuing to purchase Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, it is embarking on the DDG(X) program of guided missile destroyers to replace it and the Ticonderoga-class cruisers. The DDG(X) will include directed energy weapons and potentially hypersonic weapons.[229]

The Constellation-class frigate will be the first frigates in the U.S. Navy since the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates were retired. The Constellation-class frigates are based on the Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates and will replace the littoral combat ships.[230]

 
Rendering of a Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine

The Navy is starting development on the SSN(X) attack submarines, intended to replace the Virginia-class and Seawolf-class submarines. The Columbia-class submarines will begin replacing the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines. The acquisition of the Columbia-class submarines is the first priority of the Navy.[231][230]

With Naval Aviation, the service is continuing to procure additional Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers and F-35C Lightning II stealth fighters. Ultimately, the F/A-XX program is intended to produce a sixth-generation fighter to replace the legacy F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as part of the Carrier Air Wing and is using the Future Vertical Lift program to replace its fleet of SH-60 Seahawk helicopters.[231][230]

The service is also investing heavily in unmanned platforms, such as unmanned surface vehicles, using the Ghost Fleet Overlord to test the concept. It is also fielding unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the land-based MQ-4C Triton for maritime patrol and the carrier-based MQ-25A Stingray for aerial refueling, replacing the F/A-18F in the role.[230]

Air Force modernization

 
B-21 Raider at United States Air Force Plant 42
 
F-15EX Eagle II from the 40th Flight Test Squadron

The B-21 Raider stealth bomber is the first new Air Force bomber since the B-2A Spirit. The B-21 will replace the B-2 and the B-1B Lancer, flying alongside the B-52 Stratofortress.[232] The development of the B-21 Raider was led by the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office. The service is also along in developing the LGM-35 Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile to replace the LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs.[233]

The U.S. Air Force is also in the process of developing the Next Generation Air Dominance program, which will produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the F-22 Raptor. The service is also procuring the fourth generation F-15EX Eagle II to replace the aging F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle. It is also procuring the T-7A Red Hawk trainer jet to replace the 1950s-era T-38 Talon.[232]

While not an aircraft, the Air Force is investing in developing the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile to replace or supplement that AIM-120 AMRAAM for its fighter forces. It is also procuring the AGM-181 Long Range Stand Off Weapon to replace the AGM-86 ALCM as a nuclear air launched cruise missile for the B-21 Raider and the B-52 Stratofortress. The air service is also investing in hypersonic weapons, with the AGM-183 Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon, the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept, and the Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile in development.[232]

Space Force modernization

 
Concept for a Space Force Rocket Cargo program conducting humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations

While a new service, the U.S. Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts. The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites, one in the United States, one in the Indo-Pacific, and one in Europe.[234]

 
NASA's return to the Moon through the Artemis program is leading to a greater emphasis on cislunar domain awareness

Oracle, a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force, will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness – tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon. The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations, using a wide-field sensor and a more sensitive narrow field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region. Oracle will directly support NASA's Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations.[235]

Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force, Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project, which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space-based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base. Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation, radio frequency forming, and radio frequency beam beaming. Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power – space-based solar power would move these supply lines to space, where they are unable to be easily attacked. Much how GPS started as a military program and was opened to civilian use, Space Force provided space-based solar power could transition to common use as well.[236] Other space-based power beaming demonstrators include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime (SPIRRAL) and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment (SPINDLE) experiments.[237]

 
Concept for a space-based solar power spacecraft

The Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3), building on the Space Force's Global Positioning System constellation, is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military, civil, and commercial users. NTS-3 is a Vanguard program, which mark potentially game changing technologies.[238]

The Space Force's Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program, which is focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe. If proven viable, the Space Force's Space Systems Command is responsible for transitioning it to a program of record. United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability, rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world.[201]

Personnel

 
U.S. Armed Forces recruiting station at Times Square, New York City
 
Active duty military personnel numbers
  Air Force and Space Force
  Marine Corps
  Navy
  Army

The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military by active personnel, after the Chinese's People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces, consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019.[239]

While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service.[240] Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020.[241]

As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer, warrant officer or enlisted, to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans. Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade.[242] Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority, while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank.[243]

Personnel by service

Total number of authorized personnel in FY23.[244]

Component Total Active Reserve National Guard
  U.S. Army   954,000   452,000   177,000   325,000
  U.S. Marine Corps   210,000   177,000   33,000
  U.S. Navy   411,000   354,000   57,000
  U.S. Air Force   503,744   325,344   70,000   108,400
  U.S. Space Force   8,600   8,600
  U.S. Coast Guard 49,500 41,700 7,800
2,136,844 1,358,644 344,800 433,400

Rank structure

Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories: officers, warrant officers, and enlisted personnel. Officers are the leadership of the military, holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate. Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments, serving as specialist in certain military technologies and capabilities. Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2, they gain a commission from the president of the United States. Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical-level leaders until they become senior non-commissioned officers or senior petty officers. Military ranks across the services can be compared by U.S. Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code.[245]

Officer corps

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
Uniformed services pay grade Special grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 Officer candidate/Cadet
  United States Army[246]
                      Various
General of the Army General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet / Officer candidate


  United States Marine Corps[247]
                     
(Various insignia)
General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Midshipman / officer candidate


  United States Navy[248]
                       
(Various insignia)
Fleet admiral Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral
(lower half)
Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant
(junior grade)
Ensign Midshipman / officer candidate


  United States Air Force[248]
                      (Various insignia)
General of the Air Force General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet / Officer trainee


  United States Space Force[248]
                    (Various insignia)
General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet / Officer trainee


  United States Coast Guard[248]
                    Various
Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral
(lower half)
Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant
(junior grade)
Ensign Cadet / officer candidate


NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
Uniformed services pay grade Special grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 Officer candidate/Cadet

Officers represent the top 18% of the armed forces, serving in leadership and command roles.[249] Officers are divided into three categories:[245]

Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor's degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioning from civilian life into a specific specialty, such as a medical professional, lawyer, chaplain, or cyber specialist.[250][251]

Officers are commissioned through the United States service academies, Reserve Officer Training Corps programs, and the Officer Candidate and Officer Training Schools. During a time of war, officers may be promoted to five-star ranks, with general of the Army, fleet admiral, and general of the Air Force the only five-star ranks currently authorized.[252]

Warrant officer corps

NATO rank WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1
Uniformed services pay grade W-5 W-4 W-3 W-2 W-1
  United States Army
         
Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant officer 1


  United States Marine Corps
         
Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant Officer 1


  United States Navy
         
Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant officer 1


  U.S. Coast Guard
   
united, states, armed, forces, forces, redirects, here, midnight, song, forces, song, this, article, require, copy, editing, grammar, style, cohesion, tone, spelling, assist, editing, june, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, military, forces, . US Forces redirects here For the Midnight Oil song see US Forces song This article may require copy editing for grammar style cohesion tone or spelling You can assist by editing it June 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States 11 The armed forces consists of six service branches the Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force and Coast Guard 12 13 All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States 14 United States Armed ForcesEmblems of the U S Armed Forces service branchesFounded14 June 1775 248 years ago 1775 06 14 a Service branches U S Army U S Marine Corps U S Navy U S Air Force U S Space Force U S Coast GuardHeadquartersThe Pentagon Arlington County VirginiaLeadershipCommander in ChiefPresident Joe BidenSecretary of DefenseLloyd AustinSecretary of Homeland SecurityAlejandro MayorkasChairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffGEN Mark A Milley USAVice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffADM Christopher W Grady USNSenior Enlisted Advisor to the ChairmanSEAC Ramon Colon Lopez USAFPersonnelMilitary age17 with parental consent 18 for voluntary service b ConscriptionNo however all males must register at age 18 for the Selective Service System conscription stopped in 1973 Available formilitary service15 million 2021 5 age 18 25Active personnel1 328 000 6 ranked 3rd Reserve personnel799 500 7 ExpendituresBudget 816 7 billion 2023 8 ranked 1st Percent of GDP3 47 2022 9 IndustryDomestic suppliersListForeign suppliers United Kingdom 10 Germany 10 Israel 10 Annual importsUS 8 904 billion 2010 2021 10 Annual exportsUS 115 5 billion 2010 2021 10 Related articlesHistoryMilitary history of the United States List of engagementsAmerican Revolutionary WarWhiskey RebellionIndian WarsBarbary WarsWar of 1812Patriot WarMexican American WarUtah WarCortina TroublesReform WarAmerican Civil War New York City draft riotsLas Cuevas WarSpanish American WarBanana WarsPhilippine American WarBoxer RebellionBorder WarWorld War IRussian Civil WarWorld War IICold War Puerto Rican Nationalist Revolts Korean War Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 Lebanon crisis Dominican Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Korean DMZ Conflict Operation Eagle Claw Multinational Force Lebanon Invasion of Grenada Operation Golden Pheasant Invasion of PanamaPersian Gulf WarSomali Civil War Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of MogadishuBosnian War Operation Deliberate Force Operation Deny FlightKosovo War Operation Allied Force1999 East Timorese crisisGlobal War on Terrorism Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan Philippines Horn of Africa Trans Sahara Iraq War Intervention against ISIL War in North West PakistanMilitary deployment after Hurricane KatrinaPakistan United States skirmishesOtherRanksCommissioned officer Army officer Marine Corps officer Navy officer Air Force officer Space Force officer Coast Guard officerWarrant officer Army warrant officer Marine Corps warrant officer Navy warrant officer Coast Guard warrant officerEnlisted Army enlisted Marine Corps enlisted Navy enlisted Air Force enlisted Space Force enlisted Coast Guard enlistedEach of the different military services is assigned a role and domain The Army conducts land operations while the Navy and Marine Corps conduct maritime operations with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy The Air Force conducts air operations while the Space Force conducts space operations The Coast Guard is unique in that it specializes in maritime operations and is also a law enforcement agency 15 16 From their inception during the American Revolutionary War the U S Armed Forces have played a decisive role in the country s history They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the early 19th century First and Second Barbary Wars They played a critical role in the territorial evolution of the U S including the American Civil War The National Security Act of 1947 created the modern U S military framework establishing the National Military Establishment later the Department of Defense or DoD headed by the secretary of defense and creating both the U S Air Force and National Security Council in 1949 an amendment to the act merged the cabinet level departments of the Army Navy and Air Force into the DoD The president of the U S is the commander in chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the DoD and Department of Homeland Security DHS both federal executive departments altogether acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out The U S Armed Forces are one of the largest military forces in terms of personnel They draw their personnel from a large pool of professional volunteers The U S has used military conscription but not since 1973 The Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males requiring the registration of all male citizens and residents living in the U S between the ages of 18 and 25 The U S Armed Forces are considered the world s most powerful military 17 The military expenditure of the U S was US 877 billion in 2022 the highest in the world accounting for 39 of the world s defense expenditures 18 The U S Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget resulting in advanced and powerful technologies which enables a widespread deployment of the force around the world including around 800 military bases outside the U S 19 The U S Air Force is the world s largest air force followed by the U S Army Aviation Branch The U S Naval Air Forces is the fourth largest air arm in the world and is the largest naval aviation service while U S Marine Corps Aviation is the world s seventh largest air arm The U S Navy is the world s largest navy by tonnage 20 The U S Coast Guard is the world s 12th largest maritime force 21 The U S Space Force is the world s only active independent space force 22 Contents 1 History 2 Structure 2 1 Unified combatant commands 2 2 Combat support agencies 3 Service branches 3 1 U S Army 3 1 1 Infantry 3 1 2 Army Special Forces 3 1 3 Armor and Cavalry 3 1 4 Field Artillery 3 1 5 Air Defense Artillery 3 1 6 Army Aviation 3 1 7 Army commands 3 2 U S Marine Corps 3 2 1 Fleet Marine Force 3 2 2 Marine Corps commands 3 3 U S Navy 3 3 1 Naval Surface Forces 3 3 2 Naval Submarine Forces 3 3 3 Naval Air Forces 3 3 4 Navy commands 3 4 U S Air Force 3 4 1 Combat Air Force 3 4 2 Mobility Air Force 3 4 3 Air Force commands 3 5 U S Space Force 3 5 1 Orbital warfare and space electromagnetic warfare 3 5 2 Cyber operations and Satellite Control Network 3 5 3 Space domain awareness 3 5 4 Missile warning 3 5 5 Global Positioning System and military satellite communications 3 5 6 Space launch 3 5 7 Space Force commands 3 6 U S Coast Guard 3 6 1 Coast Guard commands 4 Modernization and budget 4 1 Budget 4 2 Army modernization 4 3 Marine Corps modernization 4 4 Navy modernization 4 5 Air Force modernization 4 6 Space Force modernization 5 Personnel 5 1 Personnel by service 5 2 Rank structure 5 2 1 Officer corps 5 2 2 Warrant officer corps 5 2 3 Enlisted corps 5 3 Women in the armed forces 6 Order of precedence 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 External linksHistoryMain articles Military history of the United States History of the Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force and Coast Guard The history of the U S Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775 with the creation of the Continental Army even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States 23 The Continental Navy established on 13 October 1775 and Continental Marines established on 10 November 1775 were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War 24 25 These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784 23 The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798 24 26 All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave Congress the power to raise and support armies to provide and maintain a navy and to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces as well as the power to declare war The President of the United States is the U S Armed Forces commander in chief 27 The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the formation of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790 which merged with the United States Life Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard 28 29 The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947 it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division U S Signal Corps which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before being recognized as an independent service in the National Security Act of 1947 30 The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until 3 July 1952 and is now one of the eight uniformed services of the United States 31 The United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019 It is the sixth branch of the U S military and the first new branch in 72 years 32 The origin of the Space Force can be traced back to the Air Force Space Command which was formed 1 September 1982 and was a major command of the United States Air Force 33 StructurePresidential command over the U S Armed Forces is established in Article II in the Constitution whereby the president is named as the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual Service of the United States 34 The United States Armed Forces are split between two cabinet departments with the Department of Defense serving as the primary cabinet department for military affairs and the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering the United States Coast Guard 35 The military chain of command flows from the President of the United States to the secretary of defense for services under the Defense Department or secretary of homeland security for services under the Department of Homeland Security ensuring civilian control of the military Within the Department of Defense the military departments Department of the Army United States Department of the Navy and Department of the Air Force are civilian led entities that oversee the coequal military service branches organized within each department The military departments and services are responsible for organizing training and equipping forces with the actual chain of command flowing through the unified combatant commands 36 The Joint Chiefs of Staff in December 2020The Joint Chiefs of Staff although outside the operational chain of command is the senior most military body in the United States Armed Forces It is led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who is the military head of the armed forces and principal advisor to the president and secretary of defense on military matters Their deputy is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Other members include the chief of staff of the Army commandant of the Marine Corps chief of naval operations chief of staff of the Air Force chief of space operations and the chief of the National Guard Bureau 37 The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an official member of the Joint Chiefs but sometimes attends meetings as the one of the military service chiefs The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman is the most senior enlisted member in the United States Armed Forces 38 Leadership of the Armed Forces to include the president of the United States Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are members of the United States National Security Council which advises the president on national security military and foreign policy matters 39 The National Security Advisor Homeland Security Advisor and the Deputy National Security Advisor may also be members of the United States Armed Forces 40 41 The National Security Council Deputies Committee also includes the Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 42 Military leadership including the Secretary of Defense United States Secretary of Homeland Security and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also sit on the National Space Council 43 Unified combatant commands Main article Unified combatant command Unified combatant commands areas of responsibilityUnified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments with their chain of command flowing from the president to the secretary of defense to the commanders of the combatant commands Each service organizes trains and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters cyber to other combatant commanders Army components are typically dual hatted as the joint force land component Navy components are typically dual hatted as the joint force maritime component and Air Force components are typically dual hatted as the joint force air component with the theater special operations command dual hatted as the joint force special operations component and Space Force component typically dual hatted as the joint force space component 44 Name Mission Headquarters Subunified commands U S Africa Command USAFRICOM Conducts U S military operations in Africa Kelley Barracks Germany U S Central Command USCENTCOM Conducts U S military operations in the Middle East and Central Asia MacDill Air Force Base Florida U S Cyber Command USCYBERCOM Conduct U S military cyber operations Fort Meade Maryland Cyber National Mission Force U S European Command USEUCOM Conducts U S military operations in Europe Patch Barracks Germany U S Indo Pacific Command USINDOPACOM Conducts U S military operations in the Indo Pacific Camp H M Smith Hawaii U S Forces Japan U S Forces Korea U S Northern Command USNORTHCOM Conducts U S military operations in North America and homeland defense operations Peterson Space Force Base Colorado Alaskan Command U S Southern Command USSOUTHCOM Conducts U S military operations in Central America South America and the Caribbean Doral Florida U S Space Command USSPACECOM Conducts U S military operations in outer space Peterson Space Force Base Colorado U S Special Operations Command USSOCOM Develops and employs special operations forces MacDill Air Force Base Florida Joint Special Operations Command Special Operations Command Africa Special Operations Command Central Special Operations Command Europe Special Operations Command Korea Special Operations Command North Special Operations Command Pacific Special Operations Command South U S Strategic Command Conduct strategic deterrence nuclear operations nuclear command control and communications joint electromagnetic spectrum operations and global strike 45 Offutt Air Force Base Nebraska U S Transportation Command Conduct globally integrated mobility operations Scott Air Force Base IllinoisCombat support agencies Main article combat support agency Combat support agencies are Department of Defense agencies that have a combat support mission involving providing support for operating forces engaged in planning for or conducting military operations including support during conflict or in the conduct of other military activities related to countering threats to U S national security This mission is focused on providing support to echelons at the CCMD level and below and may not encompass the full scope of the CSA s mission 46 Name Mission Headquarters Defense Contract Management Agency DCMA Provide contract administration services for the Department of Defense 47 Fort Gregg Adams Virginia Defense Health Agency DHA Provide and augment medical capabilities for combatant commands 48 Falls Church Virginia Defense Information Systems Agency DISA Provide operate and assure command control information sharing capabilities 49 Fort Meade Maryland Defense Intelligence Agency DIA Provide military intelligence to warfighters defense policymakers and force planners in the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community in support of U S military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition 50 Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters Joint Base Anacostia Bolling Washington D C Defense Logistics Agency DLA Manages the end to end global defense supply chain 51 Fort Belvoir Virginia Defense Threat Reduction Agency DTRA Identify develop and field solutions to counter weapons of mass destruction and emerging threats 52 Fort Belvoir Virginia National Geospatial Intelligence Agency NGA Delivers geospatial intelligence to policymakers military service members intelligence professionals and first responders 53 Fort Belvoir Virginia National Security Agency Central Security Service NSA CSS Provides timely and accurate cryptologic support knowledge and assistance to the military cryptologic community 54 Provide actionable signals intelligence and cybersecurity support to the Armed Forces 55 Fort Meade MarylandService branchesThe United States Armed Forces is composed of six coequal military service branches Five of the branches the United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force and United States Space Force are organized under the Department of Defense s military departments The United States Coast Guard is nominally under the Department of Homeland Security but may be transferred to the Department of Defense s Department of the Navy which is the civilian entity that oversees the coequal U S Marine Corps and U S Navy at the direction of the president or congress With the exception of the Coast Guard the military services only organize train and equip forces The unified combatant commands are responsible for operational control of non service retained forces Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain The U S Army conducts land operations while the U S Navy and U S Marine Corps conduct maritime operations with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy The U S Air Force conducts air operations while the U S Space Force conducts space operations The U S Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency 15 16 U S Army Main article United States Army 1st Armored Division infantry an M2 Bradley armored vehicle and AH 64 Apache attack helicopters as part of Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve in SyriaThe United States Army USA is the United States Armed Forces land force and is the largest and oldest service Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Army it consists of one million soldiers across the Regular Army Army Reserve and Army National Guard 15 The Army serves as the Armed Forces principal land service responsible for conducting land warfare operations 56 The U S Army is organized under the Department of the Army which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Army and under secretary of the Army The U S Army itself is led by the chief of staff of the Army and vice chief of staff of the Army both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Army 57 The Army s primary responsibility is to conduct prompt and sustained land combat as part of the joint force Army landpower focuses on destroying an enemy s armed forces occupying its territory and breaking the will of an adversary 58 The five core competencies of the Army are Prompt and sustained land combat Combined arms operations Combined arms maneuver and wide area security Armored and mechanized operations Airborne and air assault operations Special operations Set and sustain the theater for the joint force Integrate national multinational and joint power on land 58 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers parachuting from a U S Air Force C 17 Globemaster III transport planeThe thirteen specified functions of the Army are Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain to include complex urban environments in order to defeat enemy ground forces and seize occupy and defend land areas 59 Conduct air and missile defense to support joint campaigns and assist in achieving air superiority This is conducted by the Army s Air Defense Artillery Branch specifically by the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command 94th Army Air and Missile Defense Command 263rd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command 59 Conduct airborne and air assault and amphibious operations The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine tactics techniques and procedures Army airborne and air assault operations are conducted by the XVIII Airborne Corps 11th Airborne Division 82nd Airborne Division 101st Airborne Division and the 173rd Airborne Brigade 59 Conduct civil affairs operations Civil affairs operations are conducted by the United States Army Special Operations Command predominantly under United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command and the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade 59 Conduct riverine operaitons 59 Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authorities 59 Interdict enemy sea power space power air power and communications through operations on and from the land 59 Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns including joint over the shore and intra theater transport of time sensitive mission critical personnel and materiel This is primarily conducted through the Army Logistics Branch including the Quartermaster Corps Ordnance Corps Transportation Corps and through Army Materiel Command s Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command 59 Provide support to space operations to enhance joint campaigns in coordination with the other military services primarily the United States Space Force combatant commands primarily United States Space Command and other U S government departments and agencies Army space operations are conducted by Army Space and Missile Defense Command 59 Conduct authorized civil works programs to include projects for the improvement of navigation flood control beach erosion control and other water resource developments in the United States its territories and its possessions and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law These are conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers 59 Provide intra theater aeromedical evacuation These missions are flown by the Army Medical Service Corps and Army Aviation Branch 59 Conduct reconnaissance surveillance and target acquisition Operate land lines of communication This is primarily conducted through the Transportation Corps and Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command 59 Infantry Main article Infantry Branch United States U S Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment prepare for extraction on a MH 47 ChinookThe Infantry Branch forms the core of the service s land combat power U S Army infantry are generally equipped with the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun which will be replaced by the XM7 rifle and XM250 60 Infantry is a core part of the Army s Brigade Combat Teams The most numerous variant the Infantry Brigade Combat Team comprise light infantry battalions who fight on foot Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 82nd Airborne Division are air assault capable with infantry soldiers being transported by U S Army Aviation UH 60 Black Hawk and CH 47 Chinook helicopters 61 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 11th Airborne Division 82nd Airborne Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade are capable of airborne operations in cooperation with the U S Air Force s transport aircraft 62 Finally Infantry Brigade Combat Teams assigned to the 10th Mountain Division specialized in mountain warfare 63 Standard Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are assigned to the 25th Infantry Division which offers additional training in jungle warfare 64 Armored Brigade Combat Teams comprise mechanized infantry battalions mounted in the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle Divisions with Armored Brigade Combat Teams include the 1st Infantry Division 3rd Infantry Division 4th Infantry Division 1st Armored Division and 1st Cavalry Division 65 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are centered around Stryker infantry battalions operating out of the Stryker Divisions with Stryker Brigade Combat Teams include the 2nd Infantry Division 4th Infantry Division 11th Airborne Division 2nd Cavalry Regiment and 3rd Cavalry Regiment 65 United States Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment are an elite special operations infantry force in United States Army Special Operations Command specializing in air assault and airborne infiltration methods The three primary missions of the 75th Ranger Regiment are special operations raids forcible entry operations such as an airfield seizure to enable the Air Force to bring in more forces and special reconnaissance 66 67 As a special operations force Army Rangers are generally better equipped than standard infantry utilizing the FN SCAR rifle 68 Army Special Forces Main article United States Army Special Forces Soldiers from the 5th Special Forces Group conduct sensitive site exploitation trainingArmy Special Forces commonly known as Green Berets after their iconic headgear are among the most elite soldiers in the Army Special Forces conduct unconventional warfare enabling a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce disrupt or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground force in a denied area foreign internal defense training and equipping foreign allied military forces to defend against insurgency subversion terrorism and other security threats and security force assistance training and developing the defense capabilities of friendly and developing nations More direct missions include counterinsurgency direct action and special reconnaissance in hostile denied or diplomatically or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic significance 69 Special Forces are trained military free fall parachuting and combat diver skillsets 70 Army Special Forces are considered the most versatile special operations force in the entire world operating as a multi purpose force since 1952 71 Armor and Cavalry Main article Armor Branch 1st Cavalry Division M1 Abrams tanks during a training exercise in GermanyThe Armor Branch traces its history back to the United States Cavalry and are responsible for tank and cavalry reconnaissance operations 72 The U S Army fields the M1 Abrams main battle tank in Armored Battalions as part of Armored Brigade Combat Teams across the 1st Armored Division 1st Cavalry Division 1st Infantry Division 3rd Infantry Division and the 4th Infantry Division Each Armored Brigade Combat Team also possesses a cavalry squadron equipped with M2 Bradleys for scouting and security Styker Brigade Combat Teams from the 2nd Infantry Division 4th Infantry Division 11th Airborne Division 2nd Cavlary Regiment and 3rd Cavalry Regiment have a cavalry squadron equipped with Strykers Infantry Brigade Combat Teams from the 10th Mountain Division 11th Airborne Division 25th Infantry Division 82nd Airborne Division 101st Airborne Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade have a cavalry squadron equipped with the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle 73 Field Artillery Main article Field Artillery Branch United States M142 HIMARS from the 5th Battalion 3rd Field Artillery RegimentThe Field Artillery s mission is to destroy suppress or neutralize the enemy by cannon rocket or missile fire 74 Rocket systems include the M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System which are corps level asset found in field artillery brigades Towed artillery includes the M119 howitzer in Infantry Brigade Combat Teams and the M777 howitzer found in both Infantry and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams The M109 self propelled howitzer is utilized in Armored Brigade Combat Teams 75 During the Cold War Army field artillery was responsible for the service s ballistic missile programs including the PGM 11 Redstone which was the first large ballistic missile in the U S arsenal the MGM 31 Pershing and the Pershing II 76 In 2023 the Army is intending to field the Long Range Hypersonic Weapon and has reestablished larger artillery formations like the 56th Artillery Command 77 78 79 Air Defense Artillery Main article Air Defense Artillery Branch An MIM 104 Patriot missile battery in Alaska operated by the 11th Air Defense Artillery BrigadeThe Air Defense Artillery is responsible for defending geopolitical assets and providing maneuver forces with the freedom to move on the battlefield by deterring the enemy and destroying aerial threats missile attacks and surveillance platforms 80 Weapons employed by Air Defense Artillery include the FIM 92 Stinger man portable air defense system AN TWQ 1 Avenger for short range air defense and the counter rocket artillery and mortar 20mm gun system The Iron Dome provides air defense against rockets artillery mortars missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles while the MIM 104 Patriot is capable of defeating a wide range of threats including aircraft helicopters UAVs ballistic and cruise missiles and Weapons of Mass Destruction 80 The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense protects strategic critical assets by conducting long range endo and exo atmospheric engagements of ballistic missiles using the world s largest air transportable X band radar The Ground Based Midcourse Defense is an anti ballistic missile system operated by Army Space and Missile Defense Command to defend the United States homeland against an intercontinental ballistic missile attack 80 Major Air Defense Artillery units include the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command s 100th Missile Defense Brigade 81 82 Air Defense Artillery has an extremely close relationship with the Air Force through its Air and Missile Defense Commands and the Space Force through Army Space and Missile Defense Command given their shared missile defense and space roles In 1962 Air Defense Artillery achieved the first intercept of a ballistic missile with a nuclear tipped Nike Zeus and operated the Nike Zeus as an anti satellite weapon after completing a successful intercept in 1963 83 84 Army Aviation Main article United States Army Aviation Branch Formation of UH 60 Blackhawks with the 1st Cavalry DivisionArmy Aviation distinct from the U S Air Force and its predecessors began as part of the field artillery in 1942 Small spotter planes were used to spot for artillery and naval bombardment as well as to perform observation These few aircraft formed the core of Army Aviation once the U S Air Force gained independence In 1983 the Army created the Aviation Branch for the first time since the Air Force s independence consolidating aviation under a single organization 85 The mission of Army Aviation is to find fix and destroy any enemy through fire and maneuver and to provide combat support and combat service support in coordinated operations as an integral member of the combined arms team 86 Major aircraft include the AH 64 Apache which serves as the Army s attack helicopter the UH 60 Black Hawk and the CH 47 Chinook for troop and cargo transport Army Aviation also flies the MQ 1C Gray Eagle drone 87 A specialized unit within Army Aviation the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment Airborne serves as a special operations unit and operates modified variants of the MH 60 Black Hawk MH 47 Chinook and the MH 6 Little Bird 88 Army commands The U S Army is organized into four major Army Commands nine Army Service Component Commands which serve as the Army component and joint force land component commanders for the unified combatant commands and thirteen direct reporting units 89 Name Mission Headquarters Headquarters Department of the Army HQDA Army service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Army The Pentagon VirginiaArmy Commands and reserve components U S Army Forces Command FORSCOM Provides Army land forces to unified combatant commands 90 Fort Liberty North Carolina U S Army Materiel Command AMC Provides technology acquisition support and logistics for Army land forces 91 Redstone Arsenal Alabama U S Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC Recruits trains and educates Army soldiers and develops Army doctrine 92 Fort Eustis Virginia U S Army Futures Command AFC Leads Army modernization efforts including developing future force requirements designing future force organizations and delivering materiel capabilities 93 Austin Texas U S Army Reserve USAR Oversees and maintains Army reserve forces Fort Liberty North Carolina Army National Guard ARNG Army component of the National Guard The Pentagon VirginiaU S Marine Corps Main article United States Marine Corps 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit Marines during a simulated amphibious assault operationThe United States Marine Corps USMC serves as the U S Armed Forces naval land force responsible for executing amphibious warfare and operating in the maritime littorals in support of the U S Navy Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Marines the Marine Corps consists of the Regular Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve 94 The Marine Corps maintains a very close relationship with the U S Navy its sister service in the Department of the Navy Although the Marine Corps has previously operated as an independent land force alongside the Army its primary purpose is to serve as part of a unified naval service alongside the Navy in the maritime domain 95 The U S Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy The U S Marine Corps itself is led by the commandant of the Marine Corps and the assistant commandant of the Marine Corps both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Marine Corps 94 The Marine Corps statutory mission is outlined in 10 U S C 5063 and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947 with its three primary areas of responsibility including Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns Development of tactics technique and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force and Such other duties as the President or Department of Defense may direct A 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit AH 1Z Viper flying over the USS Anchorage LPD 23 The seven specified functions of the Marine Corps are Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facility subsequent joint operations 59 Provide close air support for ground forces 59 Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed 59 Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments 59 Conduct amphibious operations including engagement crisis response and power projection operations to assure access The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine tactics techniques and equipment 59 Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of responsibility to other authorities 59 Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases provide security at designated U S embassies and consulates and perform other such duties as the president or secretary of defense may direct These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primally organized Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is responsible for supporting the Navy with Marine security operations while the Marine Security Guard protects embassies and consulates of the United States Department of State 59 Fleet Marine Force Main article Fleet Marine Force Four Marine Corps F 35B Lightning II stealth fighters flying over the USS America LHA 6 The combat power of the Marine Corps is centralized in the Fleet Marine Force FMF which itself is organized into Fleet Marine Force Atlantic to support the U S Navy s Fleet Forces Command and Fleet Marine Force Pacific which supports the U S Navy s U S Pacific Fleet 95 The basic Marine Corps unit for conducting operations is the Marine Air Ground Task Force MAGTF which combines Marine Corps and Navy land air sea and cyberspace capabilities into a single command There are three different sized variants of a Marine Air Ground Task Force but each consists of a command element ground combat element aviation combat element and logistics combat element 96 A Marine ground combat element GCE is centered around Marine infantry typically armed with a M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle 97 Unlike the Army the Marine Corps does not train their own combat medics relying on the Navy to provide hospital corpsman 98 These infantry units are supported by Marine Corps combat engineers who conduct engineer reconnaissance obstacle system emplacement and breaching operations and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance teams While the Marine Corps no longer operates its own tanks opting to request support from the Army if needed it maintains Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions which operates the LAV 25 amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle Assault Amphibian Battalions operate the Assault Amphibious Vehicle and Amphibious Combat Vehicle which enable the ground combat element to conduct amphibious landing operations 99 Marine Corps artillery operates the M777 howitzer and the M142 HIMARS both supporting the ground combat element and the Navy at sea by striking enemy ships 100 101 MV 22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft from VMX 22 taking off from the USS Wasp LHD 1 The Marine aviation combat element ACE is the operational arm of Marine Corps Aviation working to support the ground combat element The F 35B Lightning II and AV 8B Harrier II are flown by off of Navy amphibious assault ships while the F 35C Lightning II and F A 18 Hornet are flown off of Navy carriers by Marine Corps pilots The Marine Corps also operates the KC 130J to serve as a tanker and tactical airlift platform The UH 1Y Venom helicopter provides the Marine Corps with light transport and attack while the AH 1Z Viper is a dedicated attack helicopter Medium lift squadrons fly the MV 22 Osprey while heavy lift squadrons use the CH 53K King Stallion The Marine Corps has also begun flying unmanned aerial vehciles such as the MQ 9 Reaper and MQ 8 Fire Scout 102 Notably the aviation combat element also includes Low Altitude Air Defense Battalions which employ the FIM 92 Stinger surface to air missile 103 The smallest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Unit MEU which are typically forward deployed on Navy ships Commanded by a colonel a Marine Expeditionary Unit consist of 2 200 marines split across a battalion landing team ground combat element composite helicopter squadron aviation combat element and a combat logistics element logistics element Marine Expeditionary Units are supplied for 15 days 96 Forward deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are often embarked on Navy amphibious assault ships as part of an amphibious ready group 104 The next sized MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Brigade MEB which are organized for specific missions Commanded by a brigadier general Marine Expeditionary Brigades consist of 4 000 to 16 000 marines across a Regimental sized ground combat element a Marine Aircraft Group and a Combat Logistics Regiment Marine Expeditionary Brigades are supplied for 30 days and offer increased firepower and airpower over the Marine Expeditionary Unit 96 The largest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Force MEF which are primary warfighting forces for larger operations A Marine Expeditionary Force is commanded by a lieutenant general and consist of 46 000 to 90 000 marines Currently there are only three Marine Expeditionary Forces each with its own Marine Division Marine Aircraft Wing Marine Logistics Group and Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group Marine Expeditionary Forces are supplied for 60 days 96 Certain elements are held at the Marine Expeditionary Force level such as Force Reconnaissance The MEF Information Group MIG also provides a number of functions such as the intelligence battalion radio battalion which conduct signals intelligence electronic warfare and cyberspace operations communications battalion the MEF support battalion and the Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company 105 106 Marine Raiders with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion conducting a visit board search and seizure operationWhile not a MAGTF the Marine Corps has begun to reorganize some of its regiments into Marine Littoral Regiments MRL which are similar in size to a Marine Expeditionary Unit A Marine Littoral Regiment is a self deployable force designed to be naval in nature and operate in the littoral region A Marine Littoral Regiment consists of a littoral combat team a littoral anti air battalion and a combat logistics battalion Notably the Marine Littoral Regiment has no aviation combat element unlike a Marine Expeditionary Unit 107 Another Marine Corps element that does not function as part of the MAGTF are the Marine Raider Regiment who function under United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command Marine Raiders specialize in specialize in direct action unconventional warfare maritime interdiction special reconnaissance foreign internal defense counterterrorism and counterinsurgency missions 108 Marine Corps commands Under Headquarters Marine Corps the Marine Corps is organized into the Fleet Marine Force multiple commands and Marine Corps service components to the unified combatant commands Name Mission Headquarters Headquarters Marine Corps HQMC Marine Corps service headquarters led by the commandant of the Marine Corps The Pentagon VirginiaFleet Marine Force Fleet Marine Force Atlantic FMFLANT U S Marine Corps Forces Command MARFORCOM Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U S Navy s United States Fleet Forces Command Also serves as United States Marine Corps Forces Command commanding Marine Corps retained service forces and providing forces for joint naval and service requirements 109 Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads Virginia Fleet Marine Force Pacific FMFPAC Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U S Navy s United States Pacific Fleet 110 Camp H M Smith Hawaii Marine Corps Systems Command MARCORSYSCOM Acquisition command for all Marine Corps ground and information technology programs 111 Marine Corps Base Quantico Virginia U S Marine Corps Forces Reserve MARFORRES Oversees and maintains the U S Marine Corps reserve forces 112 Marine Corps Support Facility New Orleans LouisianaU S Navy Main article United States Navy USS John C Stennis CVN 74 and USS Ronald Reagan CVN 76 conducting dual carrier strike group operations as part of the United States Seventh FleetThe United States Navy USN is the United States Armed Forces maritime force Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Navy the U S Navy consists of the Regular Navy and the Navy Reserve The Navy is the United States principal maritime service responsible for maritime warfare operations 113 The U S Navy is organized under the Department of the Navy which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy The U S Navy itself is led by the chief of naval operations and the vice chief of naval operations both admirals who are advised by the master chief petty officer of the Navy 113 The five enduring functions of the Navy are 114 Sea control Power projection Deterrence Maritime security Sealift The USS Vicksburg CG 69 USS Roosevelt DDG 80 USS Carney DDG 64 and USS The Sullivans DDG 68 launching a coordinated missile volleyThe nine specified tasks of the Navy are Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain including achieving and maintaining sea control to include subsurface surface land air space and cyberspace 59 Provide power projection through sea based global strike to include nuclear and conventional capabilities interdiction and interception capabilities maritime and or littoral fires to include naval surface fires and close air support for ground forces 59 Conduct ballistic missile defense This is executed through the Navy s Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System 59 Conduct ocean hydro and river survey and reconstruction 59 Conduct riverine operations This is conducted by the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force and Naval Special Warfare Command 59 Establish maintain and defense sea bases in support of naval amphibious land air or other joint operations as directed 59 Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment sustainment and redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain to include joint sea bases and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services United States Special Operations Command and United States Cyber Command This is conducted by the Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group and Military Sealift Command 59 Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations in coordination with the other military services primarily the United States Space Force combatant commands primarily United States Space Command and other U S government departments and agencies U S Navy space operations are conducted by Navy Space Command 59 Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities 59 Naval Surface Forces Main article Naval Surface Forces The stealth destroyer USS Zumwalt DDG 1000 alongside the USS Independence LCS 2 The Naval Surface Forces NAVSURFOR is the backbone of the U S Navy s combat power conducting surface warfare operations and operating its fleet of combat surface ships 115 The Naval Surface Forces operates eleven nuclear powered aircraft carriers CVN split between the Nimitz class and the newer Gerald R Ford class Aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the U S Navy s combat power forming the nucleus of its eleven carrier strike groups CSG Each aircraft carrier has an embarked carrier air wing from the Naval Air Forces 116 The Naval Surface Forces also operate 116 surface combatants These include the Ticonderoga class guided missile cruisers Arleigh Burke class guided missile destroyers DDG and Zumwalt class stealth guided missile destroyers Cruisers and destroyers ofthen operate as part of a larger formations where they serve as escorts for anti aircraft and anti submarine operations but they also are able to conduct sea control and striker operations ashore with their tomahawk cruise missiles The Navy also operates a complement smaller of Freedom class and Independence class littoral combat ships LCS that can be modularly reconfigured for specific mission sets 117 118 Having lacked a frigate since the Oliver Hazard Perry class was decommissioned the Navy is in the process of acquiring the new Constellation class guided missile frigates FFG 119 Finally the Naval Surface Forces operate 31 amphibious warfare ships to support the Fleet Marine Force and its embarked Marine Air Ground Task Forces as part of an amphibious ready group or expeditionary strike group This includes the America class landing helicopter assault LHA ships which can carry U S Marine Corps F 35B Lightning II fighters and helicopters and Wasp class landing helicopter dock LHD ships which can carry both F 35B fighters helicopters and landing craft These are in addition to the San Antonio classs amphibious transport docks LPD and the Whidbey Island class and Harpers Ferry class dock landing ships 120 121 Naval Submarine Forces Main article Naval Submarine Forces The USS Albuquerque SSN 706 attack submarine underway in the Atlantic OceanThe Naval Submarine Forces NAVSUBFOR is often referred to as the silent service consisting of 68 commissioned submarines 122 Los Angeles class Seawolf class and Virginia class nuclear powered attack submarines are capable of performing sea control mission by destroying enemy submarines and surface ships conducting surveillance and reconnaissance performing irregular warfare covert troop insertion mine and anti mine operations and land attack missions with tomahawk cruise missiles 123 Ohio class nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines SSBN have the sole mission of being launch platforms for nuclear submarine launched ballistic missile SLBM Each carries 20 UGM 133 Trident II SLBMs The Navy is currently in the process of procuring the Columbia class SSBNs to replace the Ohio class 124 Some Ohio class submarines have been converted to cruise missile submarines SSGN capable of carrying 154 tomahawk cruise missiles and deploying 66 special operations forces personnel such as Navy SEALs 125 Naval Air Forces Main article Naval Air Forces An F A 18F Super Hornet from VX 23 flies over the USS Gerald R Ford CVN 78 The Naval Air Forces NAVAIRFOR is the Navy s naval aviation arm centered around the carrier air wing The core of the carrier air wing are the Naval Air Forces strike fighter squadrons VFA which fly the F 35C Lightning II stealth fighter and the F A 18E F Super Hornet A variant of the F A 18 the EA 18G Growler is an electronic warfare aircraft flown by electronic attack squadrons VAQ off of carriers or land bases The E 2 Hawkeye provides carriers with airborne early warning and command and control while the C 2A Greyhound keeps carriers supplied The CMV 22B Osprey is currently in the process of replacing the C 2 Greyhound for carrier resupply 126 The Naval Air Forces also operate the MH 60 Seahawk for anti submarine warfare anti ship warfare and search and rescue operations The MH 53E is primarily used for anti mine warfare but can also be used for assault support 126 Although primally centered on carriers the Naval Air Forces do operate a small number of land based aircraft These include the P 3C Orion and P 8A Poseidon which conduct anti submarine warfare operations and serve as maritime patrol aircraft alongside the unmanned MQ 4C Triton The E 6 Mercury is also flown by the Navy to communicate instructions to U S strategic forces 127 126 Navy commands The U S Navy is organized into eight navy component commands which command operational forces and serve as joint force maritime component commands fifteen shore commands which support the fleets operating forces five systems commands which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy and nine type commands which administratively manage units of a certain type Name Mission Headquarters Office of the Chief of Naval Operations OPNAV Navy service headquarters led by the chief of naval operations The Pentagon VirginiaNavy operating forces U S Fleet Forces Command USFF U S Naval Forces Northern Command NAVFORNORTH Trains certifies and provides Navy forces for naval joint and combined operations Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command 128 Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads Virginia U S Pacific Fleet PACFLT Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Indo Pacific Command Naval Station Pearl Harbor Hawaii U S Naval Forces Central Command NAVCENT Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Central Command Naval Support Activity Bahrain U S Fleet Cyber Command FCC U S Navy Space Command NAVSPACE Navy service component to United States Cyber Command and United States Space Command Fort Meade Maryland U S Naval Forces Europe and Africa NAVEUR NAVAF Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States European Command and United States Africa Command Naval Support Activity Naples Italy U S Naval Forces Southern Command NAVSO Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Southern Command Naval Station Mayport Florida U S Naval Special Warfare Command USNSWC Navy service component to United States Special Operations Command Naval Amphibious Base Coronado California Military Sealift Command MSC Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Transportation Command Naval Station Norfolk Virginia U S Navy Reserve USNR Oversees and maintains Navy reserve forces Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads VirginiaU S Air Force Main article United States Air Force A B 2A Spirit stealth bomber from the 509th Bomb Wing escorted by two F 22A Raptor stealth fighters from the 3rd WingThe United States Air Force USAF is the United States Armed Forces air force Originally established in 1947 when it gained independence from the U S Army it traces its history back to through the United States Army Air Forces United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Service the Division of Military Aeronautics Aviation Section U S Signal Corps to the birth of Aeronautical Division U S Signal Corps on 1 August 1907 The U S Air Force serves as the principal air service responsible for aerial warfare operations The U S Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard 129 The U S Air Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force The U S Air Force itself is led by the chief of staff of the Air Force and vice chief of staff of the Air Force both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Air Force The five core missions of the Air Force are 130 Air superiority Global integrated intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance Rapid global mobility Global strike Command and control Air Mobility Command C 17 Globemasters performing low level flight trainingThe eight specified functions of the Air Force are 131 Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities Conduct offensive and defensive operations to include appropriate air and missile defense to gain and maintain air superiority and air supremacy as required to enable the conduct of operations by U S and allied land sea air space and special operations forces Conduct global precision attack to include strategic attack interdiction close air support and prompt global strike Provide timely globally integrated intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world wide operations Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other military service and U S Special Operations Command forces as directed to include airlift forces for airborne operations air logistical support tanker forces for in flight refueling and assets for aeromedical evacuation Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment employment sustainment and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains to include joint air and space bases and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services and U S Special Operations Command in coordination with the other military services combatant commands and U S Government departments and agencies Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater wide combat and civil search and rescue in coordination with the other military services combatant commands and DoD components Conduct globally integrated command and control for air and space operations Combat Air Force Main articles Air Combat Command Air Force Global Strike Command and Air Force Special Operations Command Two F 22A Raptors from the 90th Fighter SquadronThe Combat Air Force CAF comprises the majority of the Air Force s combat power consisting of its fighter bomber intercontinental ballistic missile and special operations forces 132 The Air Force s fighter forces are led by Air Combat Command s Fifteenth Air Force with other fighter units under Pacific Air Forces and United States Air Forces in Europe Air Force fighters are predominantly used to achieve air superiority and strike enemy ground and naval forces The Air Force operates an expanding force of fifth generation fighters The F 22A Raptor stealth fighter is designed to replace the F 15C in air superiority operations carrying two AIM 9 Sidewinder and six AIM 120 AMRAAM missiles It also has a significant air to ground mission carrying two GBU 32 Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs in addition to two AIM 9 and two AIM 120 missiles 133 Ultimately the F 22 is intended to be replaced by the sixth generation fighter Next Generation Air Dominance program 134 The F 22 is complemented by the more numerous F 35A Lightning II multi role stealth fighter which are in the process of replacing the F 16C fighters and A 10 attack aircraft in air superiority and ground attack roles to include the nuclear strike mission 135 136 The Air Force still operates an extremely sizable force of fourth generation fighters The F 15C Eagle is a dedicated air superiority fighter while the F 15E Strike Eagle was modified to be a duel role strike fighter carrying both conventional and nuclear weapons 137 138 The F 15C Eagle and F 15E Strike Eagle are both being replaced by the F 15EX Eagle II which is significantly more advanced 139 The F 16C Fighting Falcon is a multirole fighter that served as the primary Air Force fighter for decades including as a dual capable tactical nuclear strike fighter 140 141 The A 10C Thunderbolt II attack aircraft was the first Air Force fighter specifically designed for the close air support mission operating against enemy ground forces and light naval ships with its GAU 8 Avenger gatling cannon and array of air to ground munitions 142 A B 52 Stratofortress of the 2nd Bomb Wing and a B 2A Spirit of the 509th Bomb Wing flying in formationThe Air Force s bomber forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command s Eighth Air Force executing long range strike operations The B 2A Spirit stealth bomber is capable of conducting both conventional and nuclear strike operations flying through air defenses 143 The B 1B Lancer to contrast is a supersonic bomber that carries only conventional munitions and serves as the backbone of the bomber force 143 Both the B 2A Spirit and the B 1B Lancer are being replaced by the B 21 Raider stealth bomber which can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear munitions 144 The B 52H Stratofortress is a long range heavy bomber that the Air Force has flown since the 1950s and operates a variety of conventional and nuclear munitions including the AGM 86 air launched cruise missile 145 The Air Force s intercontinental ballistic missile forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command s Twentieth Air Force serving as the land component of the nuclear triad The LGM 30G Minuteman III serves as the only ballistic missile operated by the Air Force with 400 stationed in hardened silos 146 The LGM 30G will be replaced by the LGM 35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile 147 A formation of CV 22 Ospreys from the 353rd Special Operations GroupThe Air Force s special operations forces are organized under Air Force Special Operations Command consisting of both special operations aviation and Air Force special tactics airmen on the ground The AC 130J Ghostrider gunships have the primary mission of close air support and air interdiction using cannons and precision guided munitions 148 The MC 130J Commando II also a variant of the C 130 Hercules fly exfiltration and resupply operations for special operations forces along with conducting air to air refueling for helicopters 149 The CV 22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft used for the infiltration and exfiltration of special operations forces 150 While not under Air Force Special Operations Command rescue operations are supported by the HC 130J Combat King II and HH 60W Jolly Green II combat rescue aircraft 151 The MQ 9 Reaper also serves as remotely piloted intelligence and strike aircraft serving under Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command 152 Air Force Pararescue with a HH 60 helicopter in the backgroundAir Force Special Tactics are the ground special warfare force of the U S Air Force integrating air ground operations Special Tactics conduct four core missions Global access teams assess and open airfields ranging from international airports to dirt strips in permissive or hostile locations to facilitate the landing and operation of air forces Precision strike teams are trained to direct aircraft and other forces to conduct kinetic and non kinetic strikes as well as humanitarian aid drops Special Tactics teams also conduct personnel recovery missions possessing significant medical and rescue experience Finally Special Operations Surgical Teams conduct surgery and medical operations in battlefield operations in support of special operations 153 The Air Force also operates a wide array of reconnaissance aircraft under Air Combat Command s Sixteenth Air Force including the RQ 4 Global Hawk drone U 2 Dragon Lady and RC 135 Rivet Joint Air Force operations are typically supported by command and control aircraft such as the E 3 Sentry airborne warning and control system The E 3 Sentry is in the process of being replaced by the E 7A Wedgetail 154 Mobility Air Force Main article Air Mobility Command A KC 46A Pegasus refueling a C 17A Globemaster IIIThe Mobility Air Force MAF are organized under Air Mobility Command and comprise the Air Force s airlift air refueling and aeromedical evacuation forces 155 The airlift forces operate three different major aircraft The C 5M Super Galaxy is the largest aircraft in the Air Force serving as a strategic transport aircraft 156 The C 17A Globemaster III is the airlift forces most flexible aircraft conducting both strategic and tactical airlift operations It is also capable of conducting airborne operations for the Army and aerial resupply through airdropping cargo 157 Finally the C 130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter conducting both cargo airlift and supporting Army airborne operations 158 Other major airlift platforms include the VC 25 which serves as the personal plane of the president of the United States better known as Air Force One 159 The Air Force also operates three major aerial refueling tankers The KC 46A Pegasus is its most modern tanker replacing the aging KC 10A Extenders 160 The remaining tanker is the KC 135 Stratotanker which has flown since the 1950s 161 Tankers are also capable of conducting limited airlift operations Air Force commands The U S Air Force is organized into nine major commands which conduct the majority of the service s organize train and equip functions and command forces attached to the combatant commands as joint force air component commands 162 Name Mission Headquarters Headquarters Air Force HAF Air Force service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Air Force The Pentagon VirginiaMajor Commands and Air National Guard Air Combat Command ACC Primary provider of combat air forces to the unified combatant commands Air Combat Command operates fighter reconnaissance battle management and electronic combat aircraft 163 Joint Base Langley Eustis Virginia Air Education and Training Command AETC Recruits trains and educates airmen and develops Air Force doctrine 164 Joint Base San Antonio Texas Air Force Global Strike Command AFGSC Operates the Air Force strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile forces Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Strategic Command 165 Barksdale Air Force Base Louisiana Air Force Materiel Command AFMC Manages installation and mission support discovery and development test and evaluation and life cycle management services and sustainment for every major Air Force weapon system 166 Wright Patterson Air Force Base Ohio Air Force Reserve Command AFRC Manages Air Force reserve forces Robins Air Force Base Georgia Air Force Special Operations Command AFSOC Organizes trains and equips air commandos Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Special Operations Command 167 Hurlburt Field Florida Air Mobility Command AMC Primary provider of air mobility forces to the unified combatant commands Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Transportation Command 168 Scott Air Force Base Illinois Pacific Air Forces PACAF Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Indo Pacific Command Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Hawaii United States Air Forces in Europe Air Forces Africa USAFE AFAFRICA Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States European Command and United States Africa Command Ramstein Air Base Germany Air National Guard ANG Air Force component of the National Guard The Pentagon VirginiaU S Space Force Main article United States Space Force Boeing X 37B spaceplane after deorbiting and landingThe United States Space Force USSF is the United States Armed Forces space force and is the newest military branch Originally established in 2019 it traces its history through Air Force Space Command and the Western Development Division to 1954 The United States Space Force is the principal space service responsible for space warfare operations 169 The U S Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force The U S Space Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force The U S Space Force itself is led by the chief of space operations and vice chief of space operations both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Space Force 170 Delta IV Heavy launch for the NROL 44 missionThe five core competencies of the Space Force are 171 Space security Combat power projection Space mobility and logistics Information mobility Space domain awarenessThe five specified functions of the Space Force are Provide freedom of operation for the United States in from and to space 59 Provide prompt and sustained space operations 59 Protect the interests of the United States in space 59 Deter aggression in from and to space 59 Conduct space operations 59 Orbital warfare and space electromagnetic warfare Main articles Space Delta 3 and Space Delta 9 The Starfire Optical Range used for real time high fidelity tracking and imaging of satellitesThe Space Force s combat power is centered around Space Delta 3 which conducts space electromagnetic warfare and Space Delta 9 which conducts orbital warfare 172 Combat power projection operations ensure freedom of action in space for the U S and its allies and denies an adversary freedom of action in space These are divided into offensive and defensive space operations Defensive operations preserve and protect U S and allied space capabilities which are further sub divided into active and passive actions Offensive operations target a U S adversary s space and counterspace capabilities achieving space superiority 171 Orbital warfare forces conduct protect and defend operations and providing U S national decision authorities with response options to deter and when necessary defeat orbital threats while space electromagnetic warfare forces conduct offensive and defensive space control operations and Space Force cyber forces conduct defensive cyber operations to protect space assets 173 174 Cyber operations and Satellite Control Network Main article Space Delta 6 Satellite Control Network antenna at Kaena Point Space Force StationAlthough the U S Space Force is not a cyber force it does conduct extensive cyber operations under Space Delta 6 The primary focus of Space Force cyber operations is defending U S Space Force networks and ensuring the operations of its spacecraft which are controlled remotely from ground stations 175 All space operations units have cyber squadrons assigned to defend them and is incorporating offensive cyber operations 176 177 178 Additionally Space Delta 6 is responsible for managing the Satellite Control Network a global network of antennas used to communicate with the service s spacecraft The 22nd Space Operations Squadron is responsible for overall operations with the 21st Space Operations Squadron and 23rd Space Operations Squadron managing the ground station sites at Vandenberg Space Force Base New Boston Space Force Station Kaena Point Space Force Station Diego Garcia Guam Greenland and the United Kingdom 178 Space domain awareness Main article Space Delta 2 15th Space Surveillance Squadron GEODSS telescope at White Sands Missile RangeThe Space Force s Space Delta 2 operates the United States Space Surveillance Network tracking 47 000 objects in space as of 2022 179 180 Space domain awareness encompasses the identification characterization and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations 171 Space Delta 2 sensors include the AN FPS 85 phased array radar at Eglin Air Force Base and the Space Fence radar at Kwajalein Atoll operated by the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron and a global network of three Ground based Electro Optical Deep Space Surveillance telescopes operated by the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron 181 182 183 The 18th Space Defense Squadron collocated with the Combined Space Operations Center executes command and control of the Space Surveillance Network and manages the Space Catalog of all objects in Earth orbit The 19th Space Defense Squadron focuses on objects further in cislunar space beyond geosynchronous orbit with a specific focus on supporting NASA s Artemis program and other human spaceflight operations 184 Missile warning Main article Space Delta 4 Deployment of a Defense Support Program missile warning spacecraft from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS 44 missionThe Space Force s Space Delta 4 uses orbital spacecraft and ground based radars to conduct theater and strategic missile warning for the United States and its international partners 185 This includes the network of Upgraded Early Warning Radars at Beale Air Force Base Clear Space Force Station Cape Cod Space Force Station Pituffik Space Base and RAF Fylingdales along with the AN FPQ 16 PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station 186 187 Currently the Space Force is working with the Missile Defense Agency to acquire the Long Range Discrimination Radar at Clear Space Force Station in Alaska These ground based radars also contribute to the Space Surveillance Network 188 Space based missile warning systems include the Defense Support Program and Space Based Infrared System SIBRS spacecraft which use infrared sensors to conduct missile defense and missile warning SIBRS also has a battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission 189 The Defense Support Program spacecraft are also capable of detecting nuclear detonations in addition to space and missile launches 190 Global Positioning System and military satellite communications Main article Space Delta 8 Members of the 4th Space Operations Squadron Mobile Operations Flight conducting armed convoy operationsThe Space Force s Space Delta 8 is the operator of the Global Positioning System and the military s array of communications spacecraft 191 The Global Positioning System is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron providing positioning navigation and timing information for civilian and military users across the entire world 192 The Space Force s GPS system has become an integral element of the global information infrastructure being used in virtually all sectors of the economy including agriculture aviation marine transportation surveying and mapping and transit navigation It s timing signal is used to synchronize global communication systems electrical power grids and financial networks 193 The Global Positioning System also has a secondary mission of carrying nuclear detonation detection sensors 194 Military satellite communication systems include the Fleet Satellite Communications System UHF Follow On satellite and Mobile User Objective System operated by the 10th Space Operations Squadron and inherited from the U S Navy 195 The payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are operated by the 53rd Space Operations Squadron a role inherited from the U S Army 196 Finally spacecraft operations for the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are conducted by the 4th Space Operations Squadron in addition to the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites which both additionally support command and control of strategic nuclear forces 197 198 Space launch Main articles Space Launch Delta 30 and Space Launch Delta 45 Launch of the Falcon Heavy on the STP 2 missionThe Space Force s space launch enterprise is organized under Space Systems Command with Space Launch Delta 30 managing the Western Range from Vandenberg Space Force Base and Space Launch Delta 45 managing the Eastern Range from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 199 SpaceX s Starship a contender for the Rocket Cargo programThe Space Force does not just manage military space launches but also supports NASA and commercial space launches 199 Major space launch vehicles flown or scheduled to fly off of Space Force launch ranges include NASA s Space Launch System SpaceX s Starship Falcon Heavy and Falcon 9 and United Launch Alliance s Vulcan which will replace the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy Currently vehicles for the National Security Space Launch program include the Vulcan Atlas V Falcon Heavy and Falcon 9 rockets 200 An experimental program Air Force Research Laboratory vanguard program that the Space Force leads Rocket Cargo is exploring using rockets to supplement naval and air transport to rapidly deliver supplies to forces across the Earth 201 Current contenders include the SpaceX Starship rocket 202 Space Force commands The Space Force is organized into three field commands and multiple component field commands which serve as joint force space component commands for the unified combatant commands 203 Name Mission Headquarters Headquarters Space Force HSF Space Force service headquarters led by the chief of space operations The Pentagon VirginiaField commands Space Operations Command SpOC The Space Force s operations field command conducting space operations cyberspace operations and intelligence operations Space Force component to United States Space Command 204 Peterson Space Force Base Colorado Space Systems Command SSC Conducts research development acquisitions and sustainment of Space Force systems and conducts space launch operations Los Angeles Air Force Base California Space Training and Readiness Command STARCOM Conducts Space Force training education doctrine development and test Peterson Space Force Base Colorado Space Force Element National Reconnaissance Office SFELM NRO Space Force component for the National Reconnaissance Office 205 Chantilly Virginia U S Space Forces Indo Pacific USSPACEFOR INDOPAC Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Indo Pacific Command 206 Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Hawaii U S Space Forces Central USSPACEFOR CENT Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Central Command MacDill Air Force Base Florida U S Space Forces Korea USSPACEFOR KOR Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Forces Korea Osan Air Base South KoreaU S Coast Guard Main article United States Coast Guard USCGC Hamilton WMSL 753 sailing alongside the USCGC William Flores WPC 1103 The United States Coast Guard USCG is the United States Armed Forces maritime security maritime search and rescue and maritime law enforcement force It was first established in 1790 as the United States Revenue Marine and consists of the Regular Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve Although it is always one of the six military branches the Coast Guard is organized under the Department of Homeland Security under the leadership of the secretary of Homeland Security and the deputy secretary of Homeland Security During time of war the U S Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of the Navy 207 The Coast Guard itself is led by the commandant of the Coast Guard and vice commandant of the Coast Guard both admirals advised by the master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard 208 A Coast Guard Maritime Security Response team executing a boarding action from an MH 60 Jayhawk helicopterThe Coast Guard has six major operational mission programs through which it executes its 11 statutory missions 209 Maritime law enforcement Maritime response Maritime prevention Maritime transport system management Maritime security operations Defense operationsMaritime law enforcement operations focus on protecting the United States maritime borders and assuring its maritime sovereignty The Coast Guard conduct operations to suppress violations of U S law at sea including counter illegal migration and transnational organized crime operations Codified mission executed under the maritime law enforcement program include drug interdiction migrant interdiction living marine resources and other law enforcement 209 Maritime response operations see the Coast Guard conducting search and rescue operations and rescuing mariners responding to maritime disasters Codified missions include search and rescue and marine environmental protection response activities 209 Coast Guard aviation MH 60 Jayhawk helicopter with a rescue swimmerMaritime prevention operations prevent marine casualties and property losses minimize security risks and protect the marine environment The Coast Guard does so by developing and enforcing federal regulations conducting safety and security inspections and analyzing port security risk assessments Codified missions include ports waterways and coastal security marine safety and marine environmental protection protection activities 209 Maritime transport system management ensures a safe secure and environmentally sound waterways system Codified missions include maintaining aides to navigation and ice operations 209 Maritime security operations includes activities to detect deter prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks and other criminal acts in the U S maritime domain It includes the execution of antiterrorism response and select recovery operations This mission performs the operational element of the Coast Guard s Ports Waterways and Coastal Security mission and complements our Maritime Response and Prevention efforts Codified missions include ports waterways and coastal security response activities 209 Coast Guard Defense Operations deploys the Coast Guard globally under the Department of Defense s unified combatant commands where they operate under the joint force maritime component commands Codified missions include defense readiness 209 Coast Guard commands The U S Coast Guard is organized into two area commands that cover the entire globe 210 Name Mission Headquarters Coast Guard Headquarters USCG HQ Coast Guard service headquarters led by the commandant of the Coast Guard Douglas A Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building Washington D C Operating forces Coast Guard Atlantic Area LANTAREA Conducts Coast Guard operations east of the Rocky Mountains to include the Atlantic Ocean Caribbean Europe Africa and the Middle East Coast Guard Station Portsmouth Virginia Coast Guard Pacific Area PACAREA Conducts Coast Guard operations west of the Rocky Mountains to include the Indo Pacific region Coast Guard Base Alameda California Coast Guard Cyber Command CGCYBER Conduct Coast Guard cyber operations and collaborate with United States Cyber Command 211 Washington D C U S Coast Guard Reserve USCGR Oversees and maintains Coast Guard reserve forces Douglas A Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building Washington D C Modernization and budgetBudget Main article Military budget of the United States The United States has the world s largest military budget followed by People s Republic of China India United Kingdom and Russia 212 The James M Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 established the topline defense budget as 857 9 billion with the Department of Defense receiving 816 7 billion and the Department of Energy s national security programs receiving 30 3 billion an 8 increase from Fiscal Year 2022 213 214 The Department of the Air Force s budget unlike the Department of the Army or Department of the Navy has a sizable portion of pass through This is money that is not controlled or used by the Air Force but is instead passed to other Department of Defense agencies and can be up to 17 of the department s budget giving the impression that it is the most funded military department but is actually the least funded 215 Defense budget by account FY23 216 Accout U S dollars billions Procurement 163Research Development Test amp Evaluation 139Operations amp Maintenance 279Military Personnel amp Health 210Military Construction 19Defense related Nuclear Programs 30Defense budget by military service FY24 Service U S dollars billions Army 217 185 5Marine Corps 218 53 2Navy 219 202 6Air Force 220 185 1Space Force 221 30Coast Guard 222 13 45Defense wide 219 141 3Army modernization Main article Army Futures Command Launch of Precision Strike Missile from a M142 HIMARS at Vandenberg Space Force BaseThe Army s modernization efforts led by Army Futures Command are centralized into six priorities Each priority is led by a Cross Functional Team Long Range Precision Fires is the land service s top modernization priority focusing on rebuilding its Field Artillery Branch in response to longer range Russian and Chinese artillery systems The Extended Range Cannon Artillery program is developing a cannon artillery piece that can accurately fire at targets 70 kilometers away an increase from the 30 kilometer distance of current cannon artillery The Precision Strike Missile is a surface to surface guided missile intended to be fired from the current M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and M142 HIMARS replacing their current missiles and doubling the rate of fire The Army is also working with the Missile Defense Agency U S Navy and U S Air Force to develop a common hypersonic glide body which the Army will employ as part of the mobile ground launched Long Range Hypersonic Weapon program Finally the Army is working to modify the U S Navy s RIM 174 Standard ERAM and UGM 109 Tomahawk land attack cruise missile for ground launch to provide the Army with mid range artillery capability 223 The Next Generation Combat Vehicle program is developing a family of fighting vehicles for the Armor Branch to increase firepower speed and survivability The Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle is intended to replace the M2 Bradley while the Armored Multi Purpose Vehicle will replace the M113 armored personnel carriers which have been used since the Vietnam War The three variants of the Armored Multi Purpose Vehicle are the general purpose mission command and medical treatment The Mobile Protected Firepower is designed to be a light tank for Infantry Brigade Combat Teams Finally the Robotic Combat Vehicles are intended to come in light medium and heavy variants that will serve as scouts and escorts for crewed combat vehicles 223 The V 280 Valor flying in tiltrotor configurationThe Future Vertical Lift program is intended to replace the current helicopter fleet flown by the Army Aviation Branch The Future Long Range Assault Aircraft is intended to replace the UH 60 Black Hawk and the Marine Corps UH 1Y Venom with the Army selecting the Bell V 280 Valor tiltrotor aircraft as the winner 224 The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft is intended to replace the AH 64 Apache in the attack and reconnaissance role 223 The Army is working to modernize its communication networks for the Army Signal Corps including developing a Unified Network consisting of an integrated tactical network an integrated enterprise network and unified network enabling capabilities Other sub efforts include developing a common operating environment ensuring the network is interoperable with the other services and allied countries and increasing the mobility and reducing the signature of its command posts Efforts also include modernizing Global Positioning System technology to provide assured positioning navigation and timing and working with the United States Intelligence Community and commercial space companies to increase the Army s access to space based intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities 223 Army Rangers armed with the XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gunRecognizing that that United States is unlikely to have uncontested air superiority the Army is undergoing a mass revitalization of its air and missile defense enterprise through the Air Defense Artillery Branch The first layer of defense is the Ballistic Low Altitude Drone Engagement which will be mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station and is designed to engage small unmanned aerial vehicle The second layer is the Multi Mission High Energy Laser which will intercept small drones and munitions The third and fourth layers comprise the Maneuver Air Defense Technology and Next Generation Fires Radar which will be integrated into short range air defense systems The fifth layer puts a High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator onto a Medium Tactical Vehicle while the sixth layer encompasses the Low Cost Extended Range Air Defense to supplement the MIM 104 Patriot missiles 223 Finally the Army is looking to improve the equipment of its soldiers in the Infantry Branch for the Next Generation Squad Weapon the Integrated Visual Augmentation System and the Synthetic Training Environment 223 In 2022 the Army selected the SIG Sauer s XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun to replace the M4 carbine and the M249 light machine gun through the Next Generation Squad Weapon program 225 Marine Corps modernization Main article Force Design 2030 A Naval Strike Missile launcher on the Joint Light Tactical VehicleThe Marine Corps modernization is being executed under the aegis of Force Design 2030 which is intended to return the service to its naval and amphibious roots and serve as a stand in force within contested areas of the maritime littorals 226 As part of this effort the Marine Corps has begun establishing naval focused Marine Littoral Regiments consisting of a Littoral Combat Team Littoral Anti Air Battalion and a Combat Logistics Battalion The Littoral Combat Team is organized around an infantry battalion with an anti ship missile battery focused on conducting sea denial operations in support of the Navy 227 The Marine Corps is in the process of acquiring the Amphibious Combat Vehicle which is slated to replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle The Amphibious Combat Vehicle is intended to support the Marines during amphibious assaults and once they have reached shore The Marine Corps has also adopted the Naval Strike Missile which is fielded from modified Joint Light Tactical Vehicle as part of the Marines artillery battalions The concept is that small mobile units of marines would move around different islands and shorelines with these weapons to fire on adversary ships 228 Marine Corps aviation is also in the process of acquiring the CH 53K King Stallion helicopter for heavy lift replacing the current CH 53E Super Stallion in the role The Marine Corps is also looking to replace its UH 1Y Venom helicopters through the Future Vertical Lift program and is in the process of acquiring a significant number of unmanned aerial vehicles such as the MQ 9 Reaper 228 Navy modernization Rendering of USS Constellation FFG 62 Like the Marine Corps the Navy is in the process of overhauling and modernizing its fleet with a renewed focus While the Navy is continuing to purchase Arleigh Burke class destroyers it is embarking on the DDG X program of guided missile destroyers to replace it and the Ticonderoga class cruisers The DDG X will include directed energy weapons and potentially hypersonic weapons 229 The Constellation class frigate will be the first frigates in the U S Navy since the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates were retired The Constellation class frigates are based on the Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates and will replace the littoral combat ships 230 Rendering of a Columbia class ballistic missile submarineThe Navy is starting development on the SSN X attack submarines intended to replace the Virginia class and Seawolf class submarines The Columbia class submarines will begin replacing the Ohio class ballistic missile submarines The acquisition of the Columbia class submarines is the first priority of the Navy 231 230 With Naval Aviation the service is continuing to procure additional Gerald R Ford class aircraft carriers and F 35C Lightning II stealth fighters Ultimately the F A XX program is intended to produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the legacy F A 18E F Super Hornets as part of the Carrier Air Wing and is using the Future Vertical Lift program to replace its fleet of SH 60 Seahawk helicopters 231 230 The service is also investing heavily in unmanned platforms such as unmanned surface vehicles using the Ghost Fleet Overlord to test the concept It is also fielding unmanned aerial vehicles such as the land based MQ 4C Triton for maritime patrol and the carrier based MQ 25A Stingray for aerial refueling replacing the F A 18F in the role 230 Air Force modernization B 21 Raider at United States Air Force Plant 42 F 15EX Eagle II from the 40th Flight Test SquadronThe B 21 Raider stealth bomber is the first new Air Force bomber since the B 2A Spirit The B 21 will replace the B 2 and the B 1B Lancer flying alongside the B 52 Stratofortress 232 The development of the B 21 Raider was led by the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office The service is also along in developing the LGM 35 Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile to replace the LGM 30G Minuteman IIIs 233 The U S Air Force is also in the process of developing the Next Generation Air Dominance program which will produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the F 22 Raptor The service is also procuring the fourth generation F 15EX Eagle II to replace the aging F 15C Eagle and F 15E Strike Eagle It is also procuring the T 7A Red Hawk trainer jet to replace the 1950s era T 38 Talon 232 While not an aircraft the Air Force is investing in developing the AIM 260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile to replace or supplement that AIM 120 AMRAAM for its fighter forces It is also procuring the AGM 181 Long Range Stand Off Weapon to replace the AGM 86 ALCM as a nuclear air launched cruise missile for the B 21 Raider and the B 52 Stratofortress The air service is also investing in hypersonic weapons with the AGM 183 Air Launched Rapid Response Weapon the Hypersonic Air breathing Weapon Concept and the Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile in development 232 Space Force modernization Main article Space Warfighting Analysis Center Concept for a Space Force Rocket Cargo program conducting humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operationsWhile a new service the U S Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability DARC is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites one in the United States one in the Indo Pacific and one in Europe 234 NASA s return to the Moon through the Artemis program is leading to a greater emphasis on cislunar domain awarenessOracle a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations using a wide field sensor and a more sensitive narrow field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region Oracle will directly support NASA s Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations 235 Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation radio frequency forming and radio frequency beam beaming Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power space based solar power would move these supply lines to space where they are unable to be easily attacked Much how GPS started as a military program and was opened to civilian use Space Force provided space based solar power could transition to common use as well 236 Other space based power beaming demonstrators include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime SPIRRAL and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment SPINDLE experiments 237 Concept for a space based solar power spacecraftThe Navigation Technology Satellite 3 NTS 3 building on the Space Force s Global Positioning System constellation is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning navigation and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military civil and commercial users NTS 3 is a Vanguard program which mark potentially game changing technologies 238 The Space Force s Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program which is focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe If proven viable the Space Force s Space Systems Command is responsible for transitioning it to a program of record United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world 201 Personnel U S Armed Forces recruiting station at Times Square New York City Active duty military personnel numbers Air Force and Space Force Marine Corps Navy ArmyThe U S Armed Forces is the world s third largest military by active personnel after the Chinese s People s Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces consisting of 1 359 685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799 845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019 239 While the United States Armed Forces is an all volunteer military conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president s request and Congress approval with all males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service 240 Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019 its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020 241 As in most militaries members of the U S Armed Forces hold a rank either that of officer warrant officer or enlisted to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion Those who have served are known as veterans Rank names may be different between services but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade 242 Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade regardless of their date of rank 243 Personnel by service Total number of authorized personnel in FY23 244 Component Total Active Reserve National Guard U S Army 954 000 452 000 177 000 325 000 U S Marine Corps 210 000 177 000 33 000 U S Navy 411 000 354 000 57 000 U S Air Force 503 744 325 344 70 000 108 400 U S Space Force 8 600 8 600 U S Coast Guard 49 500 41 700 7 8002 136 844 1 358 644 344 800 433 400Rank structure Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories officers warrant officers and enlisted personnel Officers are the leadership of the military holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments serving as specialist in certain military technologies and capabilities Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2 they gain a commission from the president of the United States Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces serving as specialists and tactical level leaders until they become senior non commissioned officers or senior petty officers Military ranks across the services can be compared by U S Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code 245 Officer corps NATO code OF 10 OF 9 OF 8 OF 7 OF 6 OF 5 OF 4 OF 3 OF 2 OF 1 OF D Student officerUniformed services pay grade Special grade O 10 O 9 O 8 O 7 O 6 O 5 O 4 O 3 O 2 O 1 Officer candidate Cadet United States Army 246 vte VariousGeneral of the Army General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet Officer candidate United States Marine Corps 247 vte Various insignia General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Midshipman officer candidate United States Navy 248 vte Various insignia Fleet admiral Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral lower half Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade Ensign Midshipman officer candidate United States Air Force 248 vte Various insignia General of the Air Force General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet Officer trainee United States Space Force 248 vte Various insignia General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Cadet Officer trainee United States Coast Guard 248 vte VariousAdmiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral lower half Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade Ensign Cadet officer candidateNATO code OF 10 OF 9 OF 8 OF 7 OF 6 OF 5 OF 4 OF 3 OF 2 OF 1 OF D Student officerUniformed services pay grade Special grade O 10 O 9 O 8 O 7 O 6 O 5 O 4 O 3 O 2 O 1 Officer candidate Cadet Officers represent the top 18 of the armed forces serving in leadership and command roles 249 Officers are divided into three categories 245 O 1 to O 3 Company grade officers in the Army Marine Corps Air Force and Space Force or junior officers in the Navy and the Coast Guard O 4 to O 6 Field grade officers in the Army Marine Corps Air Force and Space Force or mid grade officers in the Navy and Coast Guard O 7 to O 10 General officers in the Army Marine Corps Air Force and Space Force or flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor s degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioning from civilian life into a specific specialty such as a medical professional lawyer chaplain or cyber specialist 250 251 The United States Military Academy commissions officers into the United States Army The United States Naval Academy commissions officers into the United States Marine Corps and United States Navy The United States Air Force Academy commissions officers into the United States Air Force and United States Space Force The United States Coast Guard Academy commissions officers into the United States Coast Guard Officers are commissioned through the United States service academies Reserve Officer Training Corps programs and the Officer Candidate and Officer Training Schools During a time of war officers may be promoted to five star ranks with general of the Army fleet admiral and general of the Air Force the only five star ranks currently authorized 252 Warrant officer corps NATO rank WO 5 WO 4 WO 3 WO 2 WO 1Uniformed services pay grade W 5 W 4 W 3 W 2 W 1 United States Armyvte Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant officer 1 United States Marine Corpsvte Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant Officer 1 United States Navyvte Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant officer 1 U S Coast Guardvte span data src, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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