Lianjiang County
Lianjiang (simplified Chinese: 连江; traditional Chinese: 連江; pinyin: Liánjiāng; Wade–Giles: Lien²-chiang¹; BUC: Lièng-gŏng) is a county on the eastern coast in Fuzhou prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian Province, China. Most of the county is administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC), while a number of outlying islands, collectively referred to as the Matsu Islands, are administered as Lienchiang County (same Chinese character name in traditional Chinese characters and referred to using Wade–Giles romanization) by the Republic of China (ROC) (now based in Taiwan) ever since their return to ROC control after Japanese occupation in World War II.
Lianjiang 连江县 Lienkong, Lienkiang, Lienchiang | |
|---|---|
Lianjiang Location in Fujian | |
| Coordinates: 26°12′N 119°32′E / 26.200°N 119.533°ECoordinates: 26°12′N 119°32′E / 26.200°N 119.533°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Fujian |
| Prefecture-level city | Fuzhou |
| Seat | Fengcheng |
| Township-level divisions | 16 towns, 6 townships |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,168 km2 (451 sq mi) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • Total | 561,490 |
| • Density | 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 350500 |
| Website | ljx |
History
Lianjiang, in 282, during the Jin dynasty, was Wenma, named after a shipyard there, Wensha Ship-hamlet (溫麻船屯). It was incorporated into Min Prefecture (閩縣) in 607, during the Sui dynasty.
Wenma was changed to the present name and made its own county in 623, during the Tang dynasty, when Baisha (白沙) or Fusha (伏沙) of Aojiang was the capital of Lianjiang County. The capital was changed to Fengcheng as today in 742.
After the Republic of China was established, Lianjiang switched back and forth numerous times between two special regions:
- Minhou Special Region (閩侯專區): 18 years in total
- Fu'an (Ningde) Special Region (福安（寧德）專區): 16 years in total
During the Second Sino-Japanese War on September 10, 1937, Japan seized the two Lianjiang islands of Beigan and Nangan via the Collaborationist Chinese Army, making the islands the first in Fujian to fall to Japan.[3][4] This led the county government to relocate to Danyang Township on April 19, 1941, before returning at the end of the war.
In 1949, the county was split in two due to the Chinese Civil War, as it remains today.
On March 4, 1964, a Chinese Nationalist commando raid on the Chinese Communist Party headquarters of the county captured and returned a commune file to Taipei.[5][6][7][8]
Beginning on 1 July 1983, the PRC side reverted control to Fuzhou Municipality. In the late 1980s, people living in Lianjiang County began a massive emigration wave to western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States.[9]
Geography
Gaodeng Island in Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), ROC (Taiwan), is located 9.25 kilometres (5.75 mi) away from the Beijiao Peninsula (北茭半岛) in Lianjiang County, China (PRC).[2][10][11][12][13]
- Geographic coordinates: 26°03'-26°27' N, 119°17'-120°31' E
- Coastline length: 209 km (130 mi)
Climate
| Climate data for Lianjiang (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.5 (79.7) | 29.1 (84.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.9 (91.2) | 34.7 (94.5) | 37.2 (99.0) | 38.7 (101.7) | 38.0 (100.4) | 36.0 (96.8) | 33.2 (91.8) | 31.6 (88.9) | 27.9 (82.2) | 38.7 (101.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.8 (71.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.6 (85.3) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 29.2 (84.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 21.9 (71.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 23.5 (74.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.0 (55.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 28.6 (83.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 25.4 (77.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 19.4 (67.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.1 (50.2) | 14.5 (58.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.9 (76.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 16.3 (61.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | −0.9 (30.4) | 5.5 (41.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 20.1 (68.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 7.7 (45.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | −3.6 (25.5) | −3.6 (25.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56.1 (2.21) | 92.5 (3.64) | 150.2 (5.91) | 160.9 (6.33) | 192.0 (7.56) | 220.7 (8.69) | 140.7 (5.54) | 204.1 (8.04) | 186.4 (7.34) | 63.3 (2.49) | 58.2 (2.29) | 44.8 (1.76) | 1,569.9 (61.8) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 82 |
| Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center[14] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
The PRC (China) administers 16 towns and 6 townships:[1][15][16]
Towns (镇, zhen):
- Fengcheng (凤城镇) ("Phoenix City Town")
- Mabi (Ma-pi; 马鼻镇) ("Horse Snout Town")
- Danyang (丹阳镇)
- Dongdai (Tungtai; 东岱镇)
- Donghu (东湖镇) ("East Lake Town")
- Guanban (官坂镇) (Traditional: 官阪镇)
- Tailu (T’ai-lu; 苔菉镇)
- Aojiang (敖江镇) ("Ao River Township")
- Pukou (P’u-k’ou; 浦口镇) ("River Mouth Township")
- Toubao (T’ou-pao; 透堡镇)
- Huangqi (Huang-ch’i, Huangchi;[17] 黄岐镇)
- Xiao'ao (Hsiao-ao; 晓澳镇)
- Guantou (Kwantow, Kuan-t’ou; 琯头镇 – Guǎntóu)
- Xiaocheng (Hsiao-ch’eng; 筱埕镇 – Xiǎochéng)
- Changlong (长龙镇, formerly 长龙乡) ("Long Dragon")
- Kengyuan (K’eng-yüan; 坑园镇, formerly 坑园乡)
Townships (乡, xiang):
- Xiagong (Hsia-kung; 下宫乡)
- Xiaocang She Ethnic Township (小沧畲族乡; Traditional: 小滄畲族鄉)
- Ankai (安凯乡)
- Liaoyan (蓼沿乡)
- Pandu (潘渡乡)
- Jiangnan (江南乡)
- Mazu (马祖乡)*
- *The People's Republic of China ("Mainland China") claims the Matsu Islands (Mazu in Hanyu Pinyin) as Mazu township of Lianjiang county but has never controlled them; they are de facto administered under Lienchiang County of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
These townships are divided into 266 villages.
Culture
Residents of Lianjiang – both on the Mainland and Matsu – speak the Lianjiang dialect, a subdialect of the Fuzhou dialect, a branch of Eastern Min. The dialect is also known as Bàng-uâ (平話).
Language
The Lianjiang dialect is a subdialect of Fuzhou dialect (the most prestigious dialect of Min Dong or Eastern Min). The Lianjiang dialect is mutually intelligible with Fuzhou dialect. It differs from Fuzhou dialect in its tonal sandhi pattern and vowel sandhi system. Small lexical differences also exist on object names, e.g. waxmelon is called "卷瓜" /kuoŋ˨ŋua˦/ in Fuzhou but "冬瓜" /tøyŋ˦ŋua˦/ in Lianjiang.
Generally speaking, the tonal sandhi system of Lianjiang is more conservative than that of Fuzhou, in that the Lianjiang tonal sandhi is still largely controlled by the Middle Chinese tonal registers,[18] while the Fuzhou tonal sandhi shows more deviation and irregularity.
Lianjiang vowel sandhi is more complicated than that of Fuzhou. Both Lianjiang and Fuzhou have systematic vowel variations between citation forms and non-final forms of the same morpheme, e.g. "地" /tei/ "land" – "地主" /ti-tsuo/ "landlord". However, not all morphemes have such variations. Only the morphemes with low-starting tones show such variation. The morphemes with high-starting tones instead only have the more close variant, e.g. "迟" /ti/ "late"- "迟早" /ti tsia/ "early or late".[19][20] However, some cognates are produced with different vowels in Lianjiang and Fuzhou, e.g. "江 river" is produced as /kyeŋ/ in Lianjiang, but /kouŋ/ in Fuzhou. Also, the rimes in Lianjiang are generally more close and front than that in Fuzhou, which is especially salient in the open vowels, e.g. "下 down" is [ɑ] in Fuzhou, but [a] in Lianjiang.[19]
Surrounded by mountains, Lianjiang used to be a relatively isolated from the inland part of China for centuries. This explains why the Lianjiang phonological system is relatively more conservative. However, with the construction of the high-speed railway system[21] and the improvement of tunnel system, northern migrants are flooding into Lianjiang in the past decade, which may bring language contact into perspective. Just like in Fuzhou, most young or middle-aged Lianjiang speakers speak Mandarin Chinese fluently, but usually with a local accent influenced by the local dialect. However, due to the misleading language policy (Not speaking Mandarin Chinese is taken as "immoral".)[22] and disadvantageous status of the dialect, both Fuzhou and Lianjiang dialects are losing speakers in the youngest generation. More and more young people and children are only receptive bilinguals in Lianjiang.[19]
Economy
Food products:
- Farm: loquats, rice, sweet potato, bean, cotton, sugar cane, tea plant, jasmine, watermelon, mushroom, grapes, dragon fruit, rhubarb.
- Sea: hairtail, shad, pomfret, cuttlefish, garoupa, prawn, crab, clam, mudskippers.
- Other: Yuanhong wine ("元紅")
Transportation
Luochang Expressway runs through the county's section of National Highway 104 in 500.3 kilometres (310.9 mi). 42.6-kilometre (26.5 mi) navigable river length.
Guantou and Kemen (可門) are the largest seaports in Lianjiang with national access.
Tourism
There are hot springs in Gui'an (貴安) and Tanghui (湯尾) of Pandu. There is a Dragon King Palace-Temple (龍宮廟) in the Xiaocang She Ethnic Township.
Notable persons
- Chen Di, Ming philologist, strategist, and traveler
- Huang Rulun
- Zheng Sixiao (Cheng Suu-hsiao; 鄭思肖)
Notes
- ^ Area figure excludes the Matsu Islands (north).
References
- ^ a b c 连江县历史沿革 [Lianjiang County Historical Evolution]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 16 June 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
2000年第五次人口普查，连江县常住总人口599962人，{...}2000年末，连江县面积1168平方千米，人口61.75万人。{...}2007年末，连江县总面积1190.7平方千米（含马祖列岛23.5平方千米）。总人口为613354人（不含马祖列岛），其中城镇人口128298人。{...}2010年第六次人口普查，连江县常住总人口561490人，其中：凤城镇75553人，敖江镇52636人，东岱镇18791人，琯头镇60055人，晓澳镇29520人，东湖镇15272人，丹阳镇24284人，长龙镇9143人，透堡镇13455人，马鼻镇26516人，官坂镇24948人，筱埕镇25825人，黄岐镇23368人，苔箓镇25629人，浦口镇27955人，坑园镇16163人，潘渡乡16755人，江南乡22984人，蓼沿乡24216人，安凯乡14296人，下宫乡11180人，小沧畲族乡2946人。
- ^ a b c 辞海第六版. Cihai (Sixth Edition) (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. September 2009. pp. 1365, 1516. ISBN 9787532628599.
连江{...}2 县名。{...}面积1191平方千米。{...}农产有稻、甘薯、甘蔗、茶叶、蜜橘等。水产丰富，以鳀鳁鱼、毛虾、海蜇、蛏、蛤、牡蛎等著名。工业有水产加工、机械、水泥、化学、造纸等。{...}马祖列岛 中国闽江口外25~40千米的岛群。{...}属福建省连江县，现由台湾当局管辖。{...}高登岛又称北沙岛，距黄岐半岛9.2千米，面积1.25平方千米，地形南宽北窄，地势南高北低，南部下目山177米为全岛制高点。
- ^ 北竿鄉志 大事記（民國十七年至四十九年） [History of Beigan Major Events (1928-1960)]. 馬祖資訊網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2 September 2019.
二十六年
九月十日
北竿、南竿被日軍侵占，成為福建最早淪陷的島嶼。 - ^ 林金炎 (15 September 2014). 馬祖歲月印記 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). p. 46. ISBN 978-986-90943-0-6.
0910 日軍透過偽軍侵佔馬祖列島的南、北竿島，成為福建最早淪陷的島嶼。《連江縣志，大事紀P.34，連江縣地方志編纂委員會，2000.6，方志出版社。》
- ^ Tai-chün Kuo, Ramon H. Myers (1986). Understanding Communist China. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
Another group of materials, acquired during the night of March 4, 1964 by a Nationalist commando raid, contained official policies pertaining to fourteen rural communes of Lien-chiang county in Fukien.
- ^ Ralph N. Clough (22 May 1964). "Letter From the Charge to the Republic of China (Clough) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Bundy)". Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.
The Chinese Communist shelling of Matsu on May 16, which clearly seems to have been a reaction to GRC artillery fire from Matsu covering a raiding party launched from Matsu against Lienchiang (FCT 8622), caused me to give consideration to repeating to the GRC the warning we gave them last spring that they should not assume the US would assist the GRC should the Chicoms attack the smaller offshore islands in retaliation for raids mounted by the GRC from such islands.
- ^ John Wilson Lewis (1971). "Reviewed Work: Rural People's Communes in Lien-chiang". The China Quarterly: 170. JSTOR 651892 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Richard Baum (1975). Prelude to Revolution. Columbia University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-231-03900-X.
Clearly, China's aging leader was deeply concerned about the course of economic, political, and ideological developments in his country. That there was indeed a great deal for him to be concerned about has been confirmed in a unique set of official CCP documents captured by the Chinese Nationalists during a 1964 commando raid on the Party headquarters of Lienchiang county, Fukien province.
- ^ Zhao, Xiaojian. The New Chinese America : Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy. p. 2010.
- ^ DeWitt Copp, Marshall Peck (1962). The Odd Day. New York City: William Morrow & Company. pp. 58, 67, 71, 206 – via Internet Archive.
Kueffer indicated two islands bunched near Peikan, "Tachiu and Kaoteng. The latter is five miles off the mainland, the closest to the enemy."
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "FAQ". Matsu National Scenic Area. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
The area closest to the mainland is Gaodeng Island, 9.25 km off the Beijia [sic] Peninsula.
- ^ "Chinese Reds Shell Islands; Fight Feared". Times-News. Twin Falls, Idaho. 30 December 1955 – via Internet Archive.
Sporadic Communist shelling was directed against Kaoteng in the Matsu island group 150 miles up the coast. Kaoteng is five miles from the nearest Communist position and serves as an outpost for the main Matsu island.
- ^ 境域面积. 福州市连江县政府 (in Simplified Chinese). 22 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
东南为马祖列岛，距大陆最近点9.25公里；
- ^ 中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Data Service Center. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ 2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：连江县 [2019 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Lianjiang County] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
统计用区划代码 名称 350122100000 凤城镇 350122101000 敖江镇 350122102000 东岱镇 350122103000 琯头镇 350122104000 晓澳镇 350122105000 东湖镇 350122106000 丹阳镇 350122107000 长龙镇 350122108000 透堡镇 350122109000 马鼻镇 350122110000 官坂镇 350122111000 筱埕镇 350122112000 黄岐镇 350122113000 苔菉镇 350122114000 浦口镇 350122115000 坑园镇 350122200000 潘渡乡 350122201000 江南乡 350122202000 蓼沿乡 350122203000 安凯乡 350122204000 下宫乡 350122205000 小沧畲族乡 350122400000 马祖乡
- ^ 连江县大数据管理局 (22 January 2020). 行政区划 [Administrative Divisions]. 福州市连江县政府 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 12 March 2020.
至2019年底，全县除马祖列岛尚待统一外，共设22个乡镇、269个村（居）民委员会。乡镇分别为：凤城镇、敖江镇、江南乡、东湖镇、浦口镇、东岱镇、晓澳镇、琯头镇、潘渡乡、小沧畲族乡、丹阳镇、蓼沿乡、长龙镇、透堡镇、马鼻镇、官坂镇、坑园镇、下宫乡、筱埕镇、安凯乡、黄岐镇、苔菉镇。
- ^ "CURRENT INTELLIFENCE BULLETIN". Office of Current Intelligence, CIA. 5 May 1955. p. 9.
HUANGCHI
- ^ Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). The Effect of Historical Tone Categories on Tone Sandhi in Lianjiang. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the IACL, Hongkong.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849974_The_Effect_of_Historical_Tone_Categories_on_Tone_Sandhi_in_Lianjiang
- ^ a b c Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (in prep.) Lianjiang.
- ^ 冯爱珍, & 李荣. (Eds.). (1998) 福州方言词典. 江苏教育出版社. ISBN 7534334217
- ^ "连江站高铁列车查询_【高铁网】_连江站时刻表票价_【连江站】_地址公交电话_网上订票". www.gaotie.cn. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
External links
- Food culture – mudskippers (in Chinese)