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Siddhartha Mukherjee

January 01, 1970

Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; born 21 July 1970)[1] is an Indian-American physician, biologist, and author. He is best known for his 2010 book, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, that won notable literary prizes including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction,[2] and Guardian First Book Award,[3] among others. The book was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century) by Time magazine in 2011.[4] His 2016 book The Gene: An Intimate History made it to #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list,[5] and was among The New York Times 100 best books of 2016,[6] and a finalist for the Wellcome Trust Prize and the Royal Society Prize for Science Books.

Siddhartha Mukherjee
Mukherjee in 2017
Born (1970-07-21) 21 July 1970 (age 53)
New Delhi, India
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
Known for
SpouseSarah Sze
Children2
AwardsRhodes Scholarship
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (2011)
Guardian First Book Award (2011)
Padma Shri (2014)
Scientific career
FieldsImmunology
Cancer epidemiology
Genetic epidemiology
InstitutionsColumbia University
ThesisThe processing and presentation of viral antigens (1997)
Websitesiddharthamukherjee.com

After completing secondary school education in India, Mukherjee studied biology at Stanford University, obtained a D.Phil. from University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, and an M.D. from Harvard University. He joined New York–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center in New York City in 2009. As of 2018, he is an Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology.[7]

Featured in the Time 100 list of most influential people, Mukherjee writes for The New Yorker and is a columnist in The New York Times. He is described as part of a select group of doctor-writers (such as Oliver Sacks and Atul Gawande) who have "transformed the public discourse on human health",[8] and allowed a generation of readers a rare and intimate glimpse into the life of science and medicine.[9] His research concerns the physiology of cancer cells, immunological therapy for blood cancers, and the discovery of bone- and cartilage-forming stem cells in the vertebrate skeleton.[10]

The Government of India conferred on him its fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri, in 2014.[11]

Early life and education edit

Siddhartha Mukherjee was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in New Delhi, India. His father, Sibeswar Mukherjee, was an executive with Mitsubishi, and his mother Chandana Mukherjee, was a former school teacher from Calcutta (now Kolkata). He attended St. Columba's School in Delhi, where he won the school's highest award, the 'Sword of Honour', in 1989. As a biology major at Stanford University, he worked in Nobel Laureate Paul Berg's laboratory, defining cellular genes that change the behaviours of cancer cells. He earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa[12] in 1992, and completed his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in 1993.[1]

Mukherjee won a Rhodes Scholarship for doctoral research at Magdalen College, University of Oxford. He worked on the mechanism of activation of the immune system by viral antigens. He was awarded a D.Phil. in 1997 for his thesis titled The processing and presentation of viral antigens.[13] After graduation, he attended Harvard Medical School, where he earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 2000.[14] Between 2000 and 2003 he worked as a resident in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital. From 2003 to 2006 he trained in hematology-oncology as a Fellow at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (under Harvard Medical School) in Boston, Massachusetts.[15][16]

Career edit

In 2009, Mukherjee joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the Columbia University Medical Center as an assistant professor.[1][17] The medical center is attached to the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.[18]

He was previously affiliated with the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and with Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He has worked as the Plummer Visiting Professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, the Joseph Garland lecturer at the Massachusetts Medical Society, and an honorary visiting professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[19] His laboratory is based at Columbia University's Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.[20]

Contributions edit

Cancer research edit

Mukherjee is a trained haematologist and oncologist whose research focuses on the links between normal stem cells and cancer cells. Through his findings, he had shown the roles of cells in cancer therapy.[21] He has been investigating the microenvironment ("niche") of stem cells, particularly on blood-forming (haematopoietic) stem cells. Blood-forming stem cells are present in the bone marrow in very specific microenvironments. Osteoblasts, cells that form bone, are one of the principal components in this environment. These cells regulate the process of blood cell formation and development by providing them with signals to divide, remain quiescent, or maintain their stem cell properties.[22] Distortion in the development of these cells results in severe blood cancers, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia.[23] Mukherjee's research has been recognised through many grants from the National Institutes of Health and from private foundations.[10][24][25]

Mukherjee and his co-workers have identified several genes and chemicals that can alter the microenvironment, or niche, and thereby alter the behavior of normal stem cells, as well as cancer cells.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Two such chemicals – proteasome inhibitors[26] and activin inhibitors[32] – are under clinical trials.[33][34] Mukherjee's lab has also identified novel genetic mutations in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukaemia and has played a leading role in finding therapies for these diseases.[35][36]

Bone formation edit

Mukherjee's team is also known for defining and characterizing skeletal stem/progenitor cells (also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells). In 2015, they prospectively identified these progenitor cells from bone, and showed, using lineage tracing, that these cells can give rise to bone, cartilage, and reticular cells (hence the term "OCR" cells). They established that these cells form a part of the adult skeleton in vertebrates, and that they maintain and repair the skeleton.[37]

OCR cells are among the newest progenitor cells to be defined in vertebrates.[38] The work generated wide interest and was described in journals as a major breakthrough for understanding biology and for understanding diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.[39][40] Mukherjee's team have shown that OCR cells can be transplanted into animals, and they can regenerate cartilage and bone after fractures.[37] With Daniel L. Worthley's team at the University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute they have been working on the translational cell-based research on osteoarthritis and cancer.[37][41]

Metabolic therapies for cancer edit

Mukherjee's lab has also been investigating the interaction between cancer genetics and the microenvironment, including the metabolic environment. It has been well established that metabolism in cancer is fundamentally altered,[42] Mukherjee's team has found the role of a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) in cancer therapy. They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body, and this in turn enhances pharmaceutical inhibition of PIK3CA, a gene which is mutated and commonly overactive in cancers.[43]

Immune therapies for acute leukemia edit

Mukherjee's lab, with the help of PureTech Health plc, has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR-T) therapy in a joint venture called Vor BioPharma since 2016.[44] They have combined CAR-T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells to specifically target malignant hematopoietic lineages, while transplanted stem cells replenish the lineage but remain antigenically concealed. This technology has been developed so that, in addition to B cell malignancies, other lineage specific cancers could be targeted.[45] This provides an important new approach to managing acute myeloid leukemia.[46]

Books edit

In 2010, Simon & Schuster published his book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer[47] detailing the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to the latest developments in chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[48] On 18 April 2011, the book won the annual Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction; the citation called it "an elegant inquiry, at once clinical and personal, into the long history of an insidious disease that, despite treatment breakthroughs, still bedevils medical science."[49] It was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century)[4] and the "Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010" by Time in 2011.[50] It was also listed in "The 10 Best Books of 2010" by The New York Times[51] and "Top 10 Books of 2010" by O, The Oprah Magazine.[52] In 2011, it was nominated as a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist.[53]

Based on the book, Ken Burns made a PBS Television documentary film Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies in 2015,[54] which was nominated for an Emmy Award.[55]

Mukherjee's 2016 book The Gene: An Intimate History provides a history of genetic research, but also delves into the personal genetic history of the author's family, including mental illness. The book discusses the power of genetics in determining people's health and attributes, but it also has a cautionary tone to not let genetic predispositions define fate, a mentality that led to the rise of eugenics in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required to understand something as complex as human beings. Harriet Hall describes Cancer and The Gene as "the story of science itself".[56] The Gene was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016, "the Nobel Prize of science writing".[57] The book was also the recipient of the 2017 Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science.[58]

Ken Burns made a two-part PBS Television documentary film The Gene: An Intimate History in 2020.[59]

In his book The Song of the Cell, published in 2022, Mukherjee describes the history and medical mystery from the discovery of cell. Narrated in metaphors, many of which he created, such as "gunslinging sheriff" for antibody and "gumshoe detective" to T cell, he tells the development of cell biology and how it became vital to modern medicine, from genetic engineering to immunotherapies.[60] Suzanne O'Sullivan, reviewing in The Guardian, explains the book as a tool for "the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating the cell as if it is an unknown spacecraft".[61]

Criticism and response edit

In his 2016 article "Same but different" in The New Yorker, Mukherjee attributed the most important genetic functions to epigenetic factors (such as histone modification and DNA methylation). Giving an analogy of his mother and her twin sister, he explains:

Chance events—injuries, infections, infatuations; the haunting trill of that particular nocturne—impinge on one twin and not on the other. Genes are turned on and off in response to these events, as epigenetic marks are gradually layered above genes, etching the genome with its own scars, calluses, and freckles.[62]

Mukherjee also claimed that understanding of epigenetics "would overturn fundamental principles of biology, including our understanding of evolution," as he said:

Conceptually, a key element of classical Darwinian evolution is that genes do not retain an organism's experiences in a permanently heritable manner. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in the early nineteenth century, had supposed that when an antelope strained its neck to reach a tree its efforts were somehow passed down and its progeny evolved into giraffes. Darwin discredited that model. Giraffes, he proposed, arose through heritable variation and natural selection—a tall-necked specimen appears in an ancestral tree-grazing animal, and, perhaps during a period of famine, this mutant survives and is naturally selected. But, if epigenetic information can be transmitted through sperm and eggs, an organism would seem to have a direct conduit to the heritable features of its progeny. Such a system would act as a wormhole for evolution—a shortcut through the glum cycles of mutation and natural selection... Lamarck is being rehabilitated into the new Darwin.[62]

The article, an excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" of his book The Gene: An Intimate History,[63] "unleashed a torrent of criticism" from geneticists, as The Guardian book review wrote.[64] As David Hornby of the University of Sheffield put it: "all (scientific) hell broke loose! It seemed to some that the slumbering giant of Lamarck was about to gain a new audience."[65] Mukherjee foresaw the reaction, as he noted: "These fantasies should invite skepticism."[62]

The article was critiqued by geneticists such as Mark Ptashne, at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and John Greally, at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation. They commented that these two processes have only minor influences in overall gene function. Steven Henikoff, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information," and said, "histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery."[66] Omission of transcription factors was viewed as an "overarching" mistake,[67] as Richard Mann at the Columbia University Medical Center remarked: "Only a talmudic-like reading can reveal a hint that something other than histone modifications are at play."[66]

It is now generally believed that histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions, aging and certain diseases,[68] and with an ability to influence transcription factors.[69] However, they contribute little to development.[70][71] In response, Mukherjee did admit that omission of transcription factors "was an error" on his part.[66] However, The New Yorker defended the article that: "None of it negates the fundamental importance of transcription factors."[67]

Jerry Coyne of the University of Chicago remarked: "Until there is evidence for this kind of evolutionary transformation—ANY evidence, people should stop yammering about this kind of 'Lamarckian' evolution."[72] Phillip Ball, British science writer and editor of the journal Nature, also agreed that Mukherjee certainly "got some things wrong". Writing in the Prospect, he said, "Such claims [that some epigenetic changes can be inherited] are controversial—but even if they prove to be true, it seems highly unlikely that the effect will persist for many generations of will have long-term consequences for human evolution."[72] According to Ute Deichmann of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, even if there are evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance, they would not be counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive.[73]

Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism, as he noted in his article that "epigenetic scratch marks are rarely, if ever, carried forward across generations."[62] In an interview on NPR, he said, "[Lamarckian inheritance is] very rarely true and I would say almost never true".[74]

Mukherjee also criticises the IQ test as a measure of intelligence, and endorses the theory of multiple intelligences (introduced by Howard Gardner) over general intelligence. He argues that the results of IQ tests for determining general intelligence do not represent intelligence in the real world. Reviewing the book in The Spectator, Stuart Ritchie, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh, remarked that Gardner's theory is "debunked" and that "general intelligence is probably the most well-replicated phenomenon in all of psychological science."[75]

Bibliography edit

Books edit

  • The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (2010) (ISBN 978-0-00-725092-9).[a]
  • The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science (2015) (ISBN 978-1-4711-4185-0).[b]
  • The Gene: An Intimate History (2016) (ISBN 978-1476733500).[c]
  • The Song of the Cell: An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human (2022) (ISBN 9781982117351).[d]

Essays and reporting edit

  • Mukherjee, Siddhartha (1 March 2021). "The COVID conundrum : why does the pandemic seem far deadlier in some countries than in others?". Coronavirus Chronicles. The New Yorker. 97 (2): 18–24.[e]

———————

Bibliography notes
  1. ^ Suh, Dong Hoon (October 2012). "Book Review: The emperor of all maladies: a biography of cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee". J Gynecol Oncol. 23 (4): 291–292. doi:10.3802/jgo.2012.23.4.291. PMC 3469866.
  2. ^ Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science, Simon & Schuster, 2015 (page visited on 10 December 2015).
  3. ^ James Gleick, "The Gene, by Siddhartha Mukherjee, New York Times May 15, 2016 review
  4. ^ Nolen, Stephanie (9 September 2022). "Siddhartha Mukherjee Weaves History and Biology to Tell the Story of Us". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  5. ^ Online version is titled "Why does the pandemic seem to be hitting some countries harder than others?".

Awards and honours edit

 
Siddhartha Mukherjee receiving Padma Shri Award from Pranab Mukherjee, President of India, at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on 26 April 2014.

Mukherjee has won many awards including:

Personal life edit

Mukherjee lives in New York and is married to artist Sarah Sze, winner of a MacArthur "Genius" grant and representative of the United States to the 2013 Venice Biennale. They have two daughters, Leela and Aria.[92]

See also edit

References edit

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  32. ^ Vallet, S.; Mukherjee, S.; Vaghela, N.; Hideshima, T.; Fulciniti, M.; Pozzi, S.; Santo, L.; Cirstea, D.; et al. (2010). "Activin A promotes multiple myeloma-induced osteolysis and is a promising target for myeloma bone disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): 5124–5129. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5124V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911929107. PMC 2841922. PMID 20194748.
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External links edit

  • . Columbia University Medical Center. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011.
  • Patrolling Cancer's Borderlands, The New York Times, 16 July 2011.
  • Lives – The Letting Go, The New York Times, 26 August 2011
  • Do Cellphones Cause Brain Cancer?, The New York Times, 13 April 2011.
  • The Science and History of Treating Depression, The New York Times, 19 April 2012.
  • The Riddle of Cancer Relapse, The Cancer Sleeper Cell, The New York Times, 29 October 2010
  • Post-Prozac Nation, By Siddhartha Mukherjee, The New York Times, 22 April 2012.
  • Siddhartha Mukherjee at Library of Congress, with 3 library catalog records
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • The Gene nominated for Royal Society Prize

January 01, 1970
siddhartha, mukherjee, bengali, born, july, 1970, indian, american, physician, biologist, author, best, known, 2010, book, emperor, maladies, biography, cancer, that, notable, literary, prizes, including, 2011, pulitzer, prize, general, fiction, guardian, firs. Siddhartha Mukherjee Bengali স দ ধ র থ ম খ র জ born 21 July 1970 1 is an Indian American physician biologist and author He is best known for his 2010 book The Emperor of All Maladies A Biography of Cancer that won notable literary prizes including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non Fiction 2 and Guardian First Book Award 3 among others The book was listed in the All Time 100 Nonfiction Books the 100 most influential books of the last century by Time magazine in 2011 4 His 2016 book The Gene An Intimate History made it to 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list 5 and was among The New York Times 100 best books of 2016 6 and a finalist for the Wellcome Trust Prize and the Royal Society Prize for Science Books Siddhartha MukherjeeMukherjee in 2017Born 1970 07 21 21 July 1970 age 53 New Delhi IndiaNationalityAmericanAlma materStanford University BS Magdalen College Oxford DPhil Harvard University MD Known forThe Emperor of All Maladies A Biography of Cancer The Gene An Intimate History Cancer researchSpouseSarah SzeChildren2AwardsRhodes ScholarshipPulitzer Prize for General Non Fiction 2011 Guardian First Book Award 2011 Padma Shri 2014 Scientific careerFieldsImmunologyCancer epidemiologyGenetic epidemiologyInstitutionsColumbia UniversityThesisThe processing and presentation of viral antigens 1997 Websitesiddharthamukherjee wbr com After completing secondary school education in India Mukherjee studied biology at Stanford University obtained a D Phil from University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and an M D from Harvard University He joined New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center in New York City in 2009 As of 2018 he is an Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology 7 Featured in the Time 100 list of most influential people Mukherjee writes for The New Yorker and is a columnist in The New York Times He is described as part of a select group of doctor writers such as Oliver Sacks and Atul Gawande who have transformed the public discourse on human health 8 and allowed a generation of readers a rare and intimate glimpse into the life of science and medicine 9 His research concerns the physiology of cancer cells immunological therapy for blood cancers and the discovery of bone and cartilage forming stem cells in the vertebrate skeleton 10 The Government of India conferred on him its fourth highest civilian award the Padma Shri in 2014 11 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Contributions 3 1 Cancer research 3 2 Bone formation 3 3 Metabolic therapies for cancer 3 4 Immune therapies for acute leukemia 4 Books 4 1 Criticism and response 5 Bibliography 5 1 Books 5 2 Essays and reporting 6 Awards and honours 7 Personal life 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEarly life and education editSiddhartha Mukherjee was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in New Delhi India His father Sibeswar Mukherjee was an executive with Mitsubishi and his mother Chandana Mukherjee was a former school teacher from Calcutta now Kolkata He attended St Columba s School in Delhi where he won the school s highest award the Sword of Honour in 1989 As a biology major at Stanford University he worked in Nobel Laureate Paul Berg s laboratory defining cellular genes that change the behaviours of cancer cells He earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa 12 in 1992 and completed his Bachelor of Science B S degree in 1993 1 Mukherjee won a Rhodes Scholarship for doctoral research at Magdalen College University of Oxford He worked on the mechanism of activation of the immune system by viral antigens He was awarded a D Phil in 1997 for his thesis titled The processing and presentation of viral antigens 13 After graduation he attended Harvard Medical School where he earned his Doctor of Medicine M D degree in 2000 14 Between 2000 and 2003 he worked as a resident in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital From 2003 to 2006 he trained in hematology oncology as a Fellow at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute under Harvard Medical School in Boston Massachusetts 15 16 Career editIn 2009 Mukherjee joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine in the Division of Hematology Oncology at the Columbia University Medical Center as an assistant professor 1 17 The medical center is attached to the NewYork Presbyterian Hospital in New York City 18 He was previously affiliated with the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and with Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston He has worked as the Plummer Visiting Professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minnesota the Joseph Garland lecturer at the Massachusetts Medical Society and an honorary visiting professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 19 His laboratory is based at Columbia University s Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center 20 Contributions editCancer research edit Mukherjee is a trained haematologist and oncologist whose research focuses on the links between normal stem cells and cancer cells Through his findings he had shown the roles of cells in cancer therapy 21 He has been investigating the microenvironment niche of stem cells particularly on blood forming haematopoietic stem cells Blood forming stem cells are present in the bone marrow in very specific microenvironments Osteoblasts cells that form bone are one of the principal components in this environment These cells regulate the process of blood cell formation and development by providing them with signals to divide remain quiescent or maintain their stem cell properties 22 Distortion in the development of these cells results in severe blood cancers such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia 23 Mukherjee s research has been recognised through many grants from the National Institutes of Health and from private foundations 10 24 25 Mukherjee and his co workers have identified several genes and chemicals that can alter the microenvironment or niche and thereby alter the behavior of normal stem cells as well as cancer cells 26 27 28 29 30 31 Two such chemicals proteasome inhibitors 26 and activin inhibitors 32 are under clinical trials 33 34 Mukherjee s lab has also identified novel genetic mutations in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukaemia and has played a leading role in finding therapies for these diseases 35 36 Bone formation edit Mukherjee s team is also known for defining and characterizing skeletal stem progenitor cells also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells In 2015 they prospectively identified these progenitor cells from bone and showed using lineage tracing that these cells can give rise to bone cartilage and reticular cells hence the term OCR cells They established that these cells form a part of the adult skeleton in vertebrates and that they maintain and repair the skeleton 37 OCR cells are among the newest progenitor cells to be defined in vertebrates 38 The work generated wide interest and was described in journals as a major breakthrough for understanding biology and for understanding diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis 39 40 Mukherjee s team have shown that OCR cells can be transplanted into animals and they can regenerate cartilage and bone after fractures 37 With Daniel L Worthley s team at the University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute they have been working on the translational cell based research on osteoarthritis and cancer 37 41 Metabolic therapies for cancer edit Mukherjee s lab has also been investigating the interaction between cancer genetics and the microenvironment including the metabolic environment It has been well established that metabolism in cancer is fundamentally altered 42 Mukherjee s team has found the role of a high fat adequate protein low carbohydrate diet ketogenic diet in cancer therapy They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body and this in turn enhances pharmaceutical inhibition of PIK3CA a gene which is mutated and commonly overactive in cancers 43 Immune therapies for acute leukemia edit Mukherjee s lab with the help of PureTech Health plc has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells CAR T therapy in a joint venture called Vor BioPharma since 2016 44 They have combined CAR T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells to specifically target malignant hematopoietic lineages while transplanted stem cells replenish the lineage but remain antigenically concealed This technology has been developed so that in addition to B cell malignancies other lineage specific cancers could be targeted 45 This provides an important new approach to managing acute myeloid leukemia 46 Books editIn 2010 Simon amp Schuster published his book The Emperor of All Maladies A Biography of Cancer 47 detailing the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to the latest developments in chemotherapy and targeted therapy 48 On 18 April 2011 the book won the annual Pulitzer Prize for General Non Fiction the citation called it an elegant inquiry at once clinical and personal into the long history of an insidious disease that despite treatment breakthroughs still bedevils medical science 49 It was listed in the All Time 100 Nonfiction Books the 100 most influential books of the last century 4 and the Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010 by Time in 2011 50 It was also listed in The 10 Best Books of 2010 by The New York Times 51 and Top 10 Books of 2010 by O The Oprah Magazine 52 In 2011 it was nominated as a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist 53 Based on the book Ken Burns made a PBS Television documentary film Cancer The Emperor of All Maladies in 2015 54 which was nominated for an Emmy Award 55 Mukherjee s 2016 book The Gene An Intimate History provides a history of genetic research but also delves into the personal genetic history of the author s family including mental illness The book discusses the power of genetics in determining people s health and attributes but it also has a cautionary tone to not let genetic predispositions define fate a mentality that led to the rise of eugenics in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required to understand something as complex as human beings Harriet Hall describes Cancer and The Gene as the story of science itself 56 The Gene was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 the Nobel Prize of science writing 57 The book was also the recipient of the 2017 Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science 58 Ken Burns made a two part PBS Television documentary film The Gene An Intimate History in 2020 59 In his book The Song of the Cell published in 2022 Mukherjee describes the history and medical mystery from the discovery of cell Narrated in metaphors many of which he created such as gunslinging sheriff for antibody and gumshoe detective to T cell he tells the development of cell biology and how it became vital to modern medicine from genetic engineering to immunotherapies 60 Suzanne O Sullivan reviewing in The Guardian explains the book as a tool for the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating the cell as if it is an unknown spacecraft 61 Criticism and response editIn his 2016 article Same but different in The New Yorker Mukherjee attributed the most important genetic functions to epigenetic factors such as histone modification and DNA methylation Giving an analogy of his mother and her twin sister he explains Chance events injuries infections infatuations the haunting trill of that particular nocturne impinge on one twin and not on the other Genes are turned on and off in response to these events as epigenetic marks are gradually layered above genes etching the genome with its own scars calluses and freckles 62 Mukherjee also claimed that understanding of epigenetics would overturn fundamental principles of biology including our understanding of evolution as he said Conceptually a key element of classical Darwinian evolution is that genes do not retain an organism s experiences in a permanently heritable manner Jean Baptiste Lamarck in the early nineteenth century had supposed that when an antelope strained its neck to reach a tree its efforts were somehow passed down and its progeny evolved into giraffes Darwin discredited that model Giraffes he proposed arose through heritable variation and natural selection a tall necked specimen appears in an ancestral tree grazing animal and perhaps during a period of famine this mutant survives and is naturally selected But if epigenetic information can be transmitted through sperm and eggs an organism would seem to have a direct conduit to the heritable features of its progeny Such a system would act as a wormhole for evolution a shortcut through the glum cycles of mutation and natural selection Lamarck is being rehabilitated into the new Darwin 62 The article an excerpt from the chapter The First Derivative of Identity of his book The Gene An Intimate History 63 unleashed a torrent of criticism from geneticists as The Guardian book review wrote 64 As David Hornby of the University of Sheffield put it all scientific hell broke loose It seemed to some that the slumbering giant of Lamarck was about to gain a new audience 65 Mukherjee foresaw the reaction as he noted These fantasies should invite skepticism 62 The article was critiqued by geneticists such as Mark Ptashne at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and John Greally at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation They commented that these two processes have only minor influences in overall gene function Steven Henikoff at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center opined that Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information and said histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery 66 Omission of transcription factors was viewed as an overarching mistake 67 as Richard Mann at the Columbia University Medical Center remarked Only a talmudic like reading can reveal a hint that something other than histone modifications are at play 66 It is now generally believed that histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions aging and certain diseases 68 and with an ability to influence transcription factors 69 However they contribute little to development 70 71 In response Mukherjee did admit that omission of transcription factors was an error on his part 66 However The New Yorker defended the article that None of it negates the fundamental importance of transcription factors 67 Jerry Coyne of the University of Chicago remarked Until there is evidence for this kind of evolutionary transformation ANY evidence people should stop yammering about this kind of Lamarckian evolution 72 Phillip Ball British science writer and editor of the journal Nature also agreed that Mukherjee certainly got some things wrong Writing in the Prospect he said Such claims that some epigenetic changes can be inherited are controversial but even if they prove to be true it seems highly unlikely that the effect will persist for many generations of will have long term consequences for human evolution 72 According to Ute Deichmann of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev even if there are evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance they would not be counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive 73 Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism as he noted in his article that epigenetic scratch marks are rarely if ever carried forward across generations 62 In an interview on NPR he said Lamarckian inheritance is very rarely true and I would say almost never true 74 Mukherjee also criticises the IQ test as a measure of intelligence and endorses the theory of multiple intelligences introduced by Howard Gardner over general intelligence He argues that the results of IQ tests for determining general intelligence do not represent intelligence in the real world Reviewing the book in The Spectator Stuart Ritchie a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh remarked that Gardner s theory is debunked and that general intelligence is probably the most well replicated phenomenon in all of psychological science 75 Bibliography editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items March 2024 Books edit The Emperor of All Maladies A Biography of Cancer 2010 ISBN 978 0 00 725092 9 a The Laws of Medicine Field Notes from an Uncertain Science 2015 ISBN 978 1 4711 4185 0 b The Gene An Intimate History 2016 ISBN 978 1476733500 c The Song of the Cell An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human 2022 ISBN 9781982117351 d Essays and reporting edit Mukherjee Siddhartha 1 March 2021 The COVID conundrum why does the pandemic seem far deadlier in some countries than in others Coronavirus Chronicles The New Yorker 97 2 18 24 e Bibliography notes Suh Dong Hoon October 2012 Book Review The emperor of all maladies a biography of cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee J Gynecol Oncol 23 4 291 292 doi 10 3802 jgo 2012 23 4 291 PMC 3469866 Siddhartha Mukherjee The Laws of Medicine Field Notes from an Uncertain Science Simon amp Schuster 2015 page visited on 10 December 2015 James Gleick The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee New York Times May 15 2016 review Nolen Stephanie 9 September 2022 Siddhartha Mukherjee Weaves History and Biology to Tell the Story of Us The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 17 September 2022 Online version is titled Why does the pandemic seem to be hitting some countries harder than others Awards and honours edit nbsp Siddhartha Mukherjee receiving Padma Shri Award from Pranab Mukherjee President of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on 26 April 2014 Mukherjee has won many awards including 1993 Rhodes Scholarship 1993 1996 2010 Gabrielle Angel s Leukemia Foundation Award 2010 2010 New York Times Magazine 100 Notable Books of 2010 for The Emperor of All Maladies 6 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Award Finalist in the category of Science amp Technology for The Emperor of All Maladies 76 2011 Pulitzer Prize for The Emperor of All Maladies 49 2011 PEN E O Wilson Literary Science Writing Award for The Emperor of All Maladies 77 2011 Cancer Leadership Award shared with Kathleen Sebelius and Orrin Hatch 78 2011 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist for The Emperor of All Maladies 53 2011 Time magazine 100 best non fiction books of all time for The Emperor of All Maladies 4 2011 Time 100 most influential people 79 2011 Wellcome Trust Book Prize shortlist for The Emperor of All Maladies 80 2011 Guardian First Book Award for The Emperor of All Maladies 3 2012 Boston Public Library Literary Lights 2012 81 2014 Padma Shri the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India 11 82 2016 The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 shortlisted for The Gene 83 2016 Baillie Gifford Prize for Non Fiction longlist for The Gene 84 2016 Washington Post s 10 Best Books of 2016 for The Gene 85 2017 Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science for The Gene 58 2017 Wellcome Book Prize shortlisted for The Gene 86 2018 Honorary doctorate degrees in medicine from the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland 87 and from the University of Southern California 88 2023 The Song of the Cell An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human Notable Book American Library Association Reference and User Services Association 89 2023 Elected to the National Academy of Medicine 90 2024 Will receive an honorary Doctor of Sciences from University of Pennsylvania 91 Personal life editMukherjee lives in New York and is married to artist Sarah Sze winner of a MacArthur Genius grant and representative of the United States to the 2013 Venice Biennale They have two daughters Leela and Aria 92 See also editIndians in the New York City metropolitan area List of Indian AmericansReferences edit a b c Rogers Kara Siddhartha Mukherjee Indian born American physician scientist and writer www britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 8 May 2017 Pulitzer for US Indian Siddhartha Mukherjee s book BBC 19 April 2011 Retrieved 25 June 2018 a b Flood A 1 December 2011 Biography of cancer wins Guardian First Book award The Guardian Retrieved 25 June 2018 a b c Cruz Gilbert 17 August 2011 All TIME 100 Nonfiction Books Time Retrieved 28 September 2014 The New York Times Best Sellers The New York Times 12 June 2016 Retrieved 25 June 2018 a b New York Times Sunday Book Review Editorial Staff 24 November 2010 100 Notable Books of 2010 New York Times Magazine Retrieved 28 September 2014 Siddhartha Mukherjee author doctor is guest at Express Adda today The Indian Express 27 March 2018 Retrieved 25 June 2018 Mackovich Ron 8 March 2018 Renowned oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee named USC s 2018 commencement speaker USC News Retrieved 25 June 2018 Solomon Andrew 22 February 2018 Literature about medicine may be all that can save us The Guardian Retrieved 25 June 2018 a b Siddhartha Mukherjee MD DPhil Columbia Stem Cell Initiative CSCI Retrieved 25 June 2018 a b Indo American Siddhartha Mukherjee calls Padma Shri a great Honor IANS Biharprabha News Retrieved 27 January 2014 The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee Mukherjee Siddhartha 1997 The processing and presentation of viral antigens DPhil thesis University of Oxford OCLC 43182774 Medical Alumnus Wins Pulitzer Prize for Nonfiction Harvard Magazine 18 April 2011 Retrieved 7 January 2017 Levin Ann Cancer s Biographer The Record Columbia University Retrieved 6 September 2011 Siddhartha Mukherjee MD DPhil www columbiadoctors org Columbia University Retrieved 8 May 2017 McGrath Charles 8 November 2010 How Cancer Acquired Its Own Biographer The New York Times Retrieved 6 September 2011 Siddhartha Mukherjee MD DPhil NewYork Presbyterian Retrieved 10 May 2017 Siddhartha Mukherjee M D Ph D ACT for NIH Retrieved 25 June 2018 Physician s Profile Siddhartha Mukherjee MD DPhil Columbia University Medical Center Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Retrieved 27 June 2018 Mukherjee Siddhartha 2015 Soon we ll cure diseases with a cell not a pill Ted Talks Retrieved 26 June 2018 Morrison Sean J Scadden David T 2014 The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells Nature 505 7483 327 334 Bibcode 2014Natur 505 327M doi 10 1038 nature12984 PMC 4514480 PMID 24429631 Raaijmakers Marc H G P Mukherjee Siddhartha Guo Shangqin Zhang Siyi Kobayashi Tatsuya Schoonmaker Jesse A Ebert Benjamin L Al Shahrour Fatima et al 2010 Bone progenitor dysfunction induces myelodysplasia and secondary leukaemia Nature 464 7290 852 857 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 852R doi 10 1038 nature08851 PMC 3422863 PMID 20305640 Insight The Rockefeller University Retrieved 8 May 2017 Siddhartha Mukherjee MD DPhil ColumbiaDoctors Columbia University Medical Center Retrieved 27 June 2018 a b Mukherjee Siddhartha Raje Noopur Schoonmaker Jesse A Liu Julie C Hideshima Teru Wein Marc N Jones Dallas C Vallet Sonia et al 2008 Pharmacologic targeting of a stem progenitor population in vivo is associated with enhanced bone regeneration in mice Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 2 491 504 doi 10 1172 JCI33102 PMC 2213372 PMID 18219387 Raje N Hideshima T Mukherjee S Raab M Vallet S Chhetri S Cirstea D Pozzi S et al 2009 Preclinical activity of P276 00 a novel small molecule cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor in the therapy of multiple myeloma Leukemia 23 5 961 970 doi 10 1038 leu 2008 378 PMID 19151776 S2CID 26436611 Jones M D Liu J C Barthel T K Hussain S Lovria E Cheng D Schoonmaker J A Mulay S et al 2010 A Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Reduces Osteolysis by Downregulating Metastatic Genes Clinical Cancer Research 16 20 4978 4989 doi 10 1158 1078 0432 CCR 09 3293 PMC 2955762 PMID 20843837 Sykes David B Kfoury Youmna S Mercier Francois E Wawer Mathias J Law Jason M Haynes Mark K Lewis Timothy A Schajnovitz Amir et al 2016 Inhibition of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Overcomes Differentiation Blockade in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell 167 1 171 186 e15 doi 10 1016 j cell 2016 08 057 PMC 7360335 PMID 27641501 Bhagat Tushar D Chen Si Bartenstein Matthias Barlowe A Trevor Von Ahrens Dagny Choudhary Gaurav S Tivnan Patrick Amin Elianna et al 2017 Epigenetically Aberrant Stroma in MDS Propagates Disease via Wnt b Catenin Activation Cancer Research 77 18 4846 4857 doi 10 1158 0008 5472 CAN 17 0282 PMC 5600853 PMID 28684528 Chen X Takemoto Y Deng H Middelhoff M Friedman R A Chu T H Churchill M J Ma Y et al 2017 Histidine decarboxylase HDC expressing granulocytic myeloid cells induce and recruit Foxp3 regulatory T cells in murine colon cancer OncoImmunology 6 3 e1290034 doi 10 1080 2162402X 2017 1290034 PMC 5384347 PMID 28405523 Vallet S Mukherjee S Vaghela N Hideshima T Fulciniti M Pozzi S Santo L Cirstea D et al 2010 Activin A promotes multiple myeloma induced osteolysis and is a promising target for myeloma bone disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 11 5124 5129 Bibcode 2010PNAS 107 5124V doi 10 1073 pnas 0911929107 PMC 2841922 PMID 20194748 Dimopoulos Meletios A Goldschmidt Hartmut Niesvizky Ruben Joshua Douglas Chng Wee Joo Oriol Albert Orlowski Robert Z Ludwig Heinz et al 2017 Carfilzomib or bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma ENDEAVOR an interim overall survival analysis of an open label randomised phase 3 trial The Lancet Oncology 18 10 1327 1337 doi 10 1016 S1470 2045 17 30578 8 PMID 28843768 Komrokji Rami Garcia Manero Guillermo Ades Lionel Prebet Thomas Steensma David P Jurcic Joseph G Sekeres Mikkael A Berdeja Jesus et al 2018 Sotatercept with long term extension for the treatment of anaemia in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes a phase 2 dose ranging trial The Lancet Haematology 5 2 e63 e72 doi 10 1016 S2352 3026 18 30002 4 PMID 29331635 Raaijmakers Marc H G P Mukherjee Siddhartha Guo Shangqin Zhang Siyi Kobayashi Tatsuya Schoonmaker 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degrees in RCSI Dublin May 2018 National University of Ireland Retrieved 27 June 2018 Mackovich Ron 6 April 2018 USC announces five honorary degree recipients for 2018 commencement USC News Retrieved 27 June 2018 2023 American Library Association Reference and User Services Association 2023 Notable Books List Announced Year s Best in Fiction Nonfiction and Poetry National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members National Academy of Medicine 9 October 2023 Retrieved 9 October 2023 Penn s 2024 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients Announced almanac upenn edu Retrieved 26 March 2024 Kazanjian Dodie 11 May 2016 Meet the Most Brilliant Couple in Town Vogue External links edit Introducing the Biographer of Cancer Columbia University Medical Center Archived from the original on 16 January 2011 Patrolling Cancer s Borderlands The New York Times 16 July 2011 Lives The Letting Go The New York Times 26 August 2011 Do Cellphones Cause Brain Cancer The New York Times 13 April 2011 The Science and History of Treating Depression The New York Times 19 April 2012 The Riddle of Cancer Relapse The Cancer Sleeper Cell The New York Times 29 October 2010 Post Prozac Nation By Siddhartha Mukherjee The New York Times 22 April 2012 Siddhartha Mukherjee at Library of Congress with 3 library catalog records Appearances on C SPAN The Gene nominated for Royal Society Prize Portals nbsp Medicine nbsp Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Siddhartha Mukherjee amp oldid 1216569523, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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