fbpx
Wikipedia

Women in Turkey

November 23, 2023

Turkey gave full political rights to women, including the right to elect and be elected locally in 1930 (nationwide in 1934). Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution bans any discrimination, state or private, on the grounds of sex. It is the first country to have a woman as the President of its Constitutional Court. Article 41 of the Turkish Constitution reads that the family is "based on equality between spouses".

Women in Turkey
Women protesting in Turkey
General Statistics
Maternal mortality (per 100,000)20 (2010)
Women in parliament20.1% (2023)
Women over 25 with secondary education26.7% (2010)
Women in labour force29.7% (employment rate
OECD definition, 2020)[1]
Gender Inequality Index[2]
Value0.272 (2021)
Rank65th out of 191
Global Gender Gap Index[3]
Value0.639 (2022)
Rank124th out of 146

The Turkish feminist movement began in the 19th century during the decline of the Ottoman Empire when the Ottoman Welfare Organisation of Women was founded in 1908. The ideal of gender equality was embraced after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey by the administration of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, whose modernising reforms included a ban on polygamy and the provision of full political rights to Turkish women by 1930.

Turkish women continue to be the victims of rape and honour killings, especially in Turkish Kurdistan, where most crimes against women take place.[4] Research by scholars[5][6] and government agencies[7] indicate widespread domestic violence among the people of Turkey, as well as in the Turkish diaspora. Despite Turkey being a patriarchal society, there are many historical examples of Turkish women involved in public life and activism.

Women in Turkey face significant discrimination in employment, and, in some regions, education. The participation of Turkish women in the labor force is less than half of that of the European Union average and while several campaigns have been successfully undertaken to promote female literacy, there is still a gender gap in secondary education. There is also widespread occurrence of child marriage in Turkey, the practice being especially widespread in the eastern and central parts of the country.

In 2018, Turkey ranked 130th in the World Economic Forum gender gap index, out of 149 countries.[8]

History edit

 
Latife Uşşaki (Atatürk's wife)
 
Safiye Ali, the first Turkish female doctor. She studied medicine in Germany in 1916, and opened her office in Istanbul in 1922.
 
Sabiha Gökçen was a Turkish aviator. She was the world's first female fighter pilot.

In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries during the Sultanate of Women, women of the Imperial Harem had extraordinary influence on politics of Ottoman Empire. Many of the Sultans during this time were minors and it was their mothers, like Kösem Sultan, or sometimes daughters of the sultan as Mihrimah Sultan, leaders of the Harem, who effectively ruled the Empire. Most of these women were of slave origin. The period started in 1520 during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent until 1656, the reign of Mehmed IV.

During the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, educated women within the elites of Istanbul began to organise themselves as feminists. The first women's magazine, Terakki-i Muhadderat, appeared on 27 June 1869 as a weekly supplement to Terakki (Progress) newspaper.[9] With the Tanzimat reforms, improving women's conditions was considered as part of a wider modernisation effort. Ottoman women's movement began to demand rights.[10] They fought to increase women's access to education and paid work, to abolish polygamy, and the peçe, an Islamic veil. Early feminists published woman magazines in different languages and established different organizations dedicated to the advancement of women.[11] The first women's association in Turkey, the Ottoman Welfare Organization of Women, was founded in 1908 and became partially involved in the Young Turks Movement. Writers and politicians such as Fatma Aliye Topuz, Nezihe Muhiddin and Halide Edib Adıvar also joined the movement.[11] In her novels, Halide Edib Adıvar criticised the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation.

During the Turkish War of Independence, Kara Fatma a widow proved herself as a successful militia leader.

After the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the feminist movement gradually became part of the Kemalist modernization efforts. Polygamy was banned, divorce and inheritance rights were made equal.[11]Mustafa Kemal had the ambition to make Turkey a new modern Secular nation. In 1925, he removed Islam from the constitution and introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law, and in the same year, he banned the traditional hat for men, the fez.[12] Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new Secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion, but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men, he never introduced a ban against the hijab. However, he appeared in public with his wife Latife Uşaki unveiled and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance were men and women could mingle, to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing, and in the mid 1920s, upper- and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public. In the 1930s, Turkey gave full political rights to women, including the right to elect and be elected locally (in 1930) and nationwide (in 1934).[13] Granted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkish women gained women's suffrage before women in many European countries such as France, Italy and Greece. There still remained, however, a large discrepancy between formal rights and the social position of women.[11]

In the 1980s, women's movements became more independent of the efforts to modify the state. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, women from both urban and academic milieus began to meet in reading groups and discuss feminist literature together. In these "awareness-raising groups", which were established notably in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, they criticized the standard construction of the family as well as the gender-specific role behavior that was forced on women. Independent feminist women's magazines were founded to expose the frequency of sexual harassment and violence against women.[11] In 1987 feminists organized the first public protest against male violence, followed by campaigns against sexual harassment, "purple needle", and campaigns seeking the right of self-determination over the female body. These campaigns arose due to women's wish to reject the traditional patriarchal code of ethics, honor, and religion which left men to decide the fate of the female body. The second wave of the women's movement in Turkey reached a wider and more diverse group of women than the first women's movement.[11]

The acceptance of women's issues as an independent political and planning problem was discussed for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Development Plan (1985–1990), and "the General Directorate for the Status and Problems of Women" was established as a national mechanism in 1990. The General Directorate, which was connected to the Prime Ministry in 1991, has been carrying out its activities under the responsibility of a State Ministry. It conducts a large variety of activities with the objective of protecting women's rights, of strengthening the position of women in social, economic, cultural and political life, and of providing the equal utilization of rights, opportunities and capacities. Since the 1990s, feminist discourse has become institutionalized, with the foundation of women's studies centers and university programs at universities such as Marmara University or as Istanbul University.[11] In 1993, Tansu Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

In 2002 the Turkish government reformed Turkish criminal and civil law, and since then, the rights of women and men during marriage, divorce, and any subsequent property rights have all been equalized.[11] A criminal law has been established that deals with the female sexuality as a matter of individual rights, rather than as a matter of family honor. Additions to the Turkish constitution oblige the state to use all the necessary means to promote the equality of the sexes. Family courts were also created, labour laws were instituted to prohibit sexism, and programs were created to educate against domestic violence and to improve access to education for girls.[11]

Legal rights edit

Main article: Women in Turkish politics
 
Hatı Çırpan, 1935
One of the first female muhtars and MPs of Turkey
 
Canadian political cartoon of a woman in Quebec reading a sign that reads: "News bulletin: for the first time in Turkish history women will vote and be eligible to the public office in the general election which takes place this week." Women were granted the right to vote in Turkey in 1930, but the right to vote was not extended to women in provincial elections in Quebec until 1940.

Turkey is a party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women since 1985, as well as to its Optional Protocol since 2002.[14]

Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution bans any discrimination, state or private, on the grounds of sex. It is the first country which had a woman as the President of its Constitutional Court, Tülay Tuğcu. In addition, Turkish Council of State, the supreme court for administrative cases, also has a woman judge Sumru Çörtoğlu as its president.

The article 41 of the Turkish Constitution was revised to read that the family is "based on equality between spouses".[15] The new code also granted women equal rights to property acquired during marriage, which was supposedly meant to give economic value to women’s labor within the family household.[15]

The minimum age for marriage was also raised to 18 (17 with parental consent).[15] In cases of forced marriage, women have right to ask an annulment within the first five years of marriage.[15] In 2004, an update to article 10 of the constitution placed the responsibility for establishing gender equality on the state: "men and women have equal rights. The state shall have the obligation to ensure that this equality exists in practice".[15]

In 2005, the Turkish penal code was changed to criminalize marital rape and harshen the sentences for those convicted of honor killings, which previously carried reduced sentenced because of "provocation".[16] The Human Rights Directorate reported that the number of honor killings committed in Turkey rose to 220 in 2007, with most of the killings occurring in major cities.[16]

The Islamic headscarf, worn by 60% of Turkish women,[17][18][19] is allowed to women working in public offices during the practice of their functions. Girl students in primary and secondary education also are allowed to use headscarf.

Politics edit

Main article: Women in Turkish politics

Feminism edit

 
Halide Edib Adıvar
Turkish novelist and feminist political leader.
 
Woman voting in Turkey in 2007

The first wave of Turkish feminism occurred in the early 20th century, when women's organizations began to demand equality in civic and political rights. An important women's organization was the Osmanlı Műdafaa-ı Hukûk-ı Nisvan Cemiyeti, which was and its organ, the journal Kadınlar Dünyası (Women's World) was established in 1913.[20]

After the establishment of the Republic, the women's movement organized in the Women's People Party, which was transformed in to the Türk Kadınlar Birliği in 1924, which worked for women's suffrage in the new modern state. During this early period, the women's rights claims overlapped with the Kemalist reform process in the aftermath of the Republic.[21]

On 17 November 1972, National Women's Party of Turkey founded by Mübeccel Göktuna Törüner in İstanbul. Although Turkish women gained universal suffrage in 1934, in the 1970s women's participation in Turkish politics was very low.

Second wave feminism reached Turkey in the 1980s, bringing up issues common to the movement which had emerged in the West in the 1960s, such as the elimination of violence against women, the oppression experienced in the family and the challenge against virginity tests, then a common practice for women who were about to get married or who had been subjected to sexual assault.[21]

The rise of a global civil society and the internationalization of women’s organizations and the accession of Turkey to the European Union have given women’s organizations the possibility of accessing foreign funds. The number of women’s organizations as well as the projects that these organizations conduct have increased.[21] On the 23 July 1995, it was allowed for political parties to form women's branches, which beforehand was banned in the Turkish constitution of 1982.[22]

Political representation edit

 
Tansu Çiller is first and only female Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996.
Main article: Women in Turkish politics

In 1930s for the first time Turkish women entered politics. The first elected female mayor was Sadiye Hanım (1930). In the elections held on 8 February 1935 18 women entered the parliament. One of them, Hatı Çırpan was a muhtar (village head) of a village prior to entrance to parliament. The first female city mayor was Müfide İlhan in 1950. Although representation of women in political and decision-making bodies is relatively low, Tansu Çiller has been Prime Minister between 1993 and 1996. The number of women in the Turkish parliament has increased to 14.3% after the 2011 Turkish general election (79 individuals in the parliament), most of them are affiliated with the Justice and Development Party.[23] In 1975 the percentage was 10.9 and in 2006 it was 16.3.[24] Only 5.58 percent of mayors are women and in the whole of Turkey there is one governor (among 81) and 14 local governors.[13]

Crime against women edit

See also: Crime in Turkey, Pippa Bacca, and Murder of Özgecan Aslan
 
The first female MPs Republic of Turkey (1935).
Top row (left to right): Mebrure Gönenç (Afyon), Hatı Çırpan (Ankara), Türkan Örs Baştuğ (Antalya), Sabiha Gökçül Erbay (Balıkesir), Şekibe İnsel (Bursa), Hatice Özgener (Çankırı)
Middle row (left to right): Huriye Baha Öniz (Diyarbakır), Fatma Şakir Memik (Edirne), Nakiye Elgün (Erzurum), Fakihe Öymen (Ankara), Benal Nevzat İstar Arıman (İzmir), Ferruh Güpgüp (Kayseri)
Bottom row (left to right): Bahire Bediş Morova Aydilek (Konya), Mihri Pektaş (Malatya), Meliha Ulaş (Samsun), Fatma Esma Nayman (Seyhan), Hatice Sabiha Görkey (Sivas), Seniha Nafız Hızal (Trabzon)

Because Turkey does not keep official statistics on femicide[25][26] and does not release any regular data about murders of women, most of the statistics comes from human rights NGOs which jointly try to collect the data.[27]

 
International Women's Day Protests in Turkey.

In March 2018, Turkish police launched the "Women Emergency Assistance Notification System" (KADES) app for women to report cases of domestic violence and seek assistance faster.[28] In November 2018, the Turkish Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu said that the app has been downloaded by over 353,000 people.[29] The murders of women in Turkey increased from 66 in 2002 to 953 in the first seven months of 2009.[30] In the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions in particular, women face domestic violence, forced marriages, and honor killings.[31] Şefkat-Der, a Turkish non-governmental organization, has suggested granting licensed, tax-free guns to women as a way to combat domestic violence.[32] On 8 March 2017, a mob illegally entered the Istanbul Bilgi University campus and attacked students celebrating International Women’s Day,[33] also, students mentioned that they had been threatened on Twitter before the incident.[34] Between 2002 and 2009, the murder rate of women skyrocketed by 1,400 percent.[35] On 2010, the Turkish anti-violence group Mor Cati created a video attempted to raise awareness of violence toward women in a public way. The group placed large posters of women jumping for joy, their arms and legs splayed out beyond the frame's borders, all around Istanbul. The text next to the women reads, "I want to live in freedom." The organization then set up hidden video cameras, which purport to show male passersby kicking and ripping off the cutouts' arms and legs.[36][37] On 2013 about 28,000 women were assaulted, according to official figures. Of those, more than 214 were murdered, monitors say, normally by husbands or lovers.[35]

In November 2015, Izmir Bar Association’s Women’s Rights and Legal Support Office said that the last decade has not only seen the increase in the numbers of women subject to violence, but that the violence itself has become more intense and barbaric, "bordering on torture.". They also stated that the number of femicides in the last few years has ranged between 5,000 and 6,000, adding that the State either cannot or do not disclose exact records, so different platforms try to fill in this gap in terms of adequate data through media monitoring,". The journalist Ceyda Ulukaya, made an interactive ""Femicide Map" of Turkey. The project, supported by the Platform for Independent Journalism, contains detailed data about 1,134 femicide victims between 2010 and 2015, including the victims, the identity of the accused/murderer, the reason and links to newspaper stories about their murders. Both qualitative and quantitative data showed that the majority of the victims were killed by husbands/ex-husbands (608 cases) and boyfriends/ex-boyfriends (161). The most often-cited reason of the murder is that the woman wanted a divorce or refused reconciliation.[38]

On 15 March 2017, Turkish Interior Ministry has announced that a total of 20 women were killed while under temporary state protection between 2015 and 2017. An average of 358 women a day applied to law enforcement officers after suffering violence in 2016. Around five women every hour, or 115 a day, were faced with the threat of murder. The Umut Foundation, released statistics regarding violence against women in Turkey on International Women’s Day, showing that 397 women were killed in Turkey in 2016. A total of 317 women were killed with weapons in 2016, an increase over the 309 women killed with weapons – out of a total of 413 – in 2015.[39] On 6 July 2017, a pregnant Syrian woman was raped and killed with her 10-month-old baby in the Sakarya Province, Turkey.[40]

In the monthly report of the group "We Will Stop Femicide", in May 2017, it mention that 328 women were killed in 2016 while in the first five months of 2017, 173 women were killed across Turkey compared with 137 in the same period of 2016. Also, 210 Turkish women killed or forced to commit suicide in 2012 in misogynist attacks by men. Women’s activists told that the rise in killings had come as more women sought to exercise their rights, including divorcing abusive partners.[41] 294 women killed in 2014 and 237 in 2013.[42] From 2010 till May 2017, 118 women have been killed in İzmir alone.[41] In December 2016, a man attacked a pregnant woman, in Manisa for jogging at a park.[43][44] According to reports monitoring the number of women killed at the hands of abusive men, 41 women were killed in August 2018 in Turkey.[45] Unofficial data compiled by a Turkish advocacy group reported that in 2018, 440 women in Turkey murdered by men.[25][26] In 2019, the eight women lawmakers from the main opposition staged a protest in Turkey's general assembly. They were banging their desks and singing the "A Rapist in Your Path", while some other lawmakers stood up and held around 20 pictures of victims of femicide in Turkey.[26] According to the We Will Stop Femicides Platform (Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu), more than 157 women were murdered by men in Turkey from January 2020 - July 2020.[46]

On the 14 March 2012, Turkey was the first country to ratify the Istanbul Convention.[47] The convention entered into force on the 1 August 2014 as on this date enough member states ratified the Istanbul convention.[47] In July 2020, the deputy chair Numan Kurtulmuş of the Turkish ruling party (Justice and Development Party (AKP)) said that Turkey’s 2012 decision of ratifying the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (also known as Istanbul Convention) was wrong, adding that Turkey might consider withdrawing from the convention.[48] In addition, the same month the leader of the main opposition party in Turkey (CHP) said that there is a rise in violence against women in the country.[49] World famous celebrities have joined Turkish women’s social media campaign with the hashtag #ChallengeAccepted, in order to put an end to domestic violence in Turkey.[46] Despite resistance from the opposition, the Turkish Government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan decided to withdraw from the Istanbul Convention in March 2021.[50]

Domestic violence edit

Main article: Domestic violence in Turkey

A 2002 study by Ayranci, et al. observed that in Turkey, 36.4% of women complained about physical violence and 71% mentioned physical, psychological or sexual assault during pregnancy.[51]

According to report by the Turkish government dating from 2009, 42% of the surveyed women said they had been physically or sexually abused by their husband or partner.[52] Almost half of them never speaking to anyone about this, and only 8% approach government institutions for support.[53] When they do approach them, police and gendarmerie sometimes prefer to attempt to "reconcile" the families rather than protecting them.[53] While the rates of violence are particularly high among poor, rural women, one third of the women in the highest economic brackets have also been subject to domestic violence.[53]

A 2009 survey conducted by a leading Turkish university stated that some 42 percent of women over age 15 in Turkey and 47 percent of rural women have experienced physical or sexual violence at the hands of a husband or partner at some point in their lives.[54]

According to a United Nations report published in July 2011, 39% of women in Turkey had suffered physical violence at some time in their lives, compared with 22% in the United States.[30] Even though every municipality with more than 50,000 inhabitants is required by law to have at least one women’s shelter, there are just 79 in the whole country.[30] In May 2011, the Human Rights Watch said in a report that Turkey's flawed family violence protection system leaves women and girls across the country unprotected against domestic abuse. The 58-page report, "'He Loves You, He Beats You': Family Violence in Turkey and Access to Protection," documents brutal and long-lasting violence against women and girls by husbands, partners, and family members and the survivors' struggle to seek protection.[54]

Over 37% of Turkish women said they had experienced physical or sexual violence – or both – according to an exhaustive 2014 survey of 15,000 households by the country’s family ministry.[41] According to the We Will Stop Women Homicides Platform, 294 women were killed in 2014, and 60% of them perished at the hands of husbands and boyfriends.[55] On 3 October 2017, a woman who took refuge in a women’s shelter due to being subjected to violence from her husband was killed by him at Kastamonu.[56]

On 9 October 2017, Habertürk reported that the number of electronic bracelets given for domestic violence incidents throughout Turkey is only 30, although some 120,000 women are subjected to violence by men every year in the Turkey.[57] In November 2017, according to a study conducted by a student at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, mentioned that 28.5 percent of the respondents said they have witnessed domestic abuse. In the same study 52.9 percent of those who were involved in a relationship said they were subjected to "dating abuse," described in the report as "psychological harassment or physical aggression." The report also revealed that 6.25 percent of victims said they were touched without their consent and 4.54 said they were raped. The study also showed that abusers are overwhelmingly men.[58]

A total of 365 women were killed by men in the first 11 months of 2017, according to data compiled by the "We Will Stop Femicide" activist platform based on news reported in the media. The report also stressed that women who are victims of sexual abuse tend to be neglected by their families, which pushes them to undertake independent measures for their self-protection. Among many victimized women, some end up committing suicide. The report stated that 2017, as of November, 15 percent of the women killed were victims of murder for "wanting to get a divorce," 11 percent were killed for "taking decisions about their lives independently," 7 percent were killed for "financial reasons," 4 percent were killed for "turning down [the man’s] reconciliation efforts," and another 4 percent were killed over "debates about their children." Most of the women killed in Turkey in November were aged between 25 and 35, with 75 percent of the women in this age range becoming victims after wanting to get divorce.[59] In 2017, a total of 409 women were killed and 387 children sexually abused in Turkey, according to data compiled by the group "We Will Stop Femicide".[60] A report about October 2017 reveals that during that month 40 women have lost their lives due to femicide, while 25 women have been subject to sexual violence and 32 children have been sexually abused. Also, 20% of women who have been murdered, range between 19 and 24. In addition the report mention that 70% of victims have been murdered by their close relatives (partner, father, son, brother, etc.), and that 40% of victims have been shot dead, whereas 28% have been stabbed to death.[61]

According to a report released by the group "We Will Stop Femicide", 28 women were killed and 25 others were subjected to sexual violence in January 2018, added that also 147 children had been sexually abused during January. Twenty one percent of the women killed were murdered for making decisions regarding their own lives, while four percent of women were murdered for refusing to reunite with their former partners. 43 percent were between 36 and 65 years old, 14 percent were older than 66, and 11 percent were between 25 and 35 years old. The majority of the women were killed at home. The platform said the total number of femicides fell slightly compared to the final months of 2017.[60]

A 2020 study investigated the relationship between femicides and economic development in Turkey. Using data from the 2010-2017 period, it found that "whether economic development reduces femicide depends on other factors: in poorer provinces, there is a strong positive correlation between women’s murders and equality in education and divorce rates, but in richer provinces, these associations are significantly weaker." It concluded that "These results are consistent with the idea that economic development may not reduce women’s murders by itself, but it can mitigate the effects of male backlash against women who challenge the status quo."[62]

Monument Counter edit

The Monument Counter is an online Internet monument commemorating women who have lost their lives to domestic and male violence. It is updated every day. It was conceived in 2012 as a device to generate public awareness concerning the rising number of deaths due to domestic violence[63] and to keep track of this data that is often suppressed, and largely unknown. The website, clearly setting out on its homepage all the names of the women who were murdered, also features a large active counter. Not only is it an awareness raising mechanism for society around domestic violence, but it is also a space for commemoration and mourning. The Monument Counter demonstrates a worrying increase, as well as inviting an urgent countdown. Each name is backed by a news article, with a focus on increasing knowledge and ensuring verifiability. At the time of writing (26.05.2021), the counter is at 162 women thus far for the year of 2021.

Violence for choice of clothing edit

 
Protest against violence
 
Protest against violence

In September 2016, Ayşegül Terzi, was called a "devil" and kicked by a man in face on a public bus, for wearing shorts. Footage showed the man telling her that those who wear shorts "should die."[64] In protest at the attack, the hashtag #AyşegülTerzininSesiOlalim, which translates into English as "let’s be the voice of Aysegul Terzi", was used thousands of times. Women in Turkey also posted images to social media of themselves wearing shorts in solidarity. On 18 September 2016, campaigners gathered in Istanbul to protest the attack and put pressure on authorities to focus on ending violence against women.[65]

In June 2017, a female university student, Asena Melisa Sağlam, was attacked verbally and physically by a man on a bus in Istanbul for wearing shorts during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. The incident was caught on security cameras.[64][66] Also, later on the same month a woman was harassed on the street in Istanbul when a man accused her of wearing provocative clothing, saying she should be careful because she was "turning people on."[64][67]

In July 2017, hundreds of women marched in Istanbul on to protest against violence and animosity they face from men demanding they dress more conservatively. Protesters say there has been an increase in the number of verbal and physical attacks against women for their choice of clothing in Turkey in recent years.[64] Also, later on the same month the security chief of the Maçka Democracy Park in the Şişli district of Istanbul verbally abused a young woman for the way she was dressed and he also called the police. On 30 July 2017, Women’s rights associations protested in the Park against such actions.[68]

On 10 August 2017, two men on motorbikes sexually harassed two women, at İzmir. Then the women asked for help from two police officers in the street, but one of them started beating one of the women, according to the woman's testimony the "officer said the harassers were right because we were 'dressed inappropriately,’". Security footage showed one of the police officers starting to beat one of the women.[69][70] In September 2017, at Ankara, neighbors complained to the manager of an apartment building about a woman for wearing shorts at her home, demanding that she must keep her curtains closed. The manager warned the woman to keep her curtains closed for her own sake.[71] In March 2018, a teacher at a religious vocational high school in Konya was dismissed from his post over comments he made about female students wearing gym clothes. He also wrote that physical education classes should be an optional class for students, as it "prepared girls for the devil".[72]

Rape edit

According to a study, some commonly-expressed views on rape were given to individuals from various professions, who were asked to agree or disagree; results recorded that 33% of the police officers agreed that "some women deserve rape", 66% of police officers, as well as nearly 50% of other professional groups except the psychologists about 18% and 27% of psychiatrists, suggested that "the physical appearance and behaviors of women tempt men to rape."[73]

Turkey outlawed marital rape in 2005.[74]

In 2015, Turkish university student Özgecan Aslan was murdered as she resisted a rape attempt[75] on a minibus in Mersin. Her burnt body was discovered on 13 February. The murder was committed by Turkish minibus driver Ahmet Suphi Altındöken, his father Necmettin Altındöken and his friend Fatih Gökçe.[76] According to Turkish Daily Sabah, Özgcan Aslan became a symbol for Turkish women who are the victims of violence.[77] In 2013, The Guardian reported that 'the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace'. According to a report from Amnesty International in 2003, Hamdiye Aslan, who was accused of supporting the Kurdish separatist group, the PKK, had been detained in Mardin Prison, south-east Turkey, for almost three months in which she was reportedly blindfolded, anally raped with a truncheon, threatened and mocked by officers.[78]

Reporting on cases of sexual abuse in Turkey is often difficult; the issue is still taboo in Turkish culture, as well as the fact that much of Turkish media don't report on such cases as they tarnish the country's modern and secular image. The result of this is that many injustices within Turkey, including systematic rapes carried out in prisons to maintain power over communities, go unheard by the rest of the world.[78]

Honor killings edit

Main article: Honor killings
 
Southeastern Anatolia Region, a region of Turkey strongly associated with honor killings

According to researchers one of the important reasons for the high number of honor killings is that punishments are not harsh and laws and legal applications protect the perpetrators.[79] Between 2003 and 2007, 432 (58.5%) of 739 honor killings were committed in İstanbul (167 persons), Ankara (144 persons) and İzmir (121 persons).[79]

A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey, has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. The team interviewed 180 perpetrators of honor killings and it also commented that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed perpetrators, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate".[80][81] In 2010 a 16-year-old girl was buried alive by relatives for befriending boys in Southeast Turkey; her corpse was found 40 days after she went missing.[82] There are well documented cases, where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing. Such a case was on 13 January 2009, where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas, a 16-year-old Kurdish girl who got pregnant as a result of rape.[83]

A June 2008 report by the Turkish Prime Ministry's Human Rights Directorate said that in Istanbul alone there was one honor killing every week, and reported over 1,000 during the previous five years. It added that metropolitan cities were the location of many of these, whilst the perpetrators of these crimes in such cities mostly originated from Eastern Turkey.[84][85][86] The mass migration during the past decades of rural population from Southeastern Turkey to big cities in Western Turkey has resulted in cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Bursa having the highest numbers of reported honor killings.[87][88][unreliable source?] Most honour-related crimes happen in the rural Kurdish region, where a feudal, patriarchal system survives, but as Kurds have fled these regions, the crime is also spreading into cities across Turkey.[86][89] Honor killings continue have some support in the conservative parts of Turkey, especially in southeastern Turkey, where most of the crimes take place.[4] A survey where 500 men were interviewed in Diyarbakir found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off.[89][90][91]

Human trafficking edit

Main article: Human trafficking in Turkey

In 2008, critics have pointed out that Turkey has become a major market for foreign women who are coaxed and forcibly brought to the country by international mafia to work as sex slaves, especially in big and touristic cities.[92][93][94]

Sexual harassment edit

On 15 February 2015, a social media campaign started in order to let women share their own sexual harassment stories under the hashtag #sendeanlat (you tell your story too), after a 20-year-old woman was brutally killed in Turkey.[95] As of 25 February 2015, there were more than 800,000 tweets.[96]

In 2015, the Turkish model, Didem Soydan, tweeted that she had received abusive text messages, after testifying and giving her cell phone number to police in the case of a woman who was forced into a car after being beaten. In addition, the actress Beren Saat, tweeted her own experiences about the sexual harassment and abuses.[95] In June 2018, the Turkish actress Hande Ataizi and a Turkish costume assistant accused the actor Talat Bulut of sexual harassment. A total of 56 producers and directors in Turkey supported the victims with a written statement. In the statement it mention that: "We know it is hard for a woman to expose harassment and abuse incidents in Turkey". The male actor had rejected the allegations and threatened to launch a countersuit.[97]

Women’s shelters edit

As of September 2018, there are a total of 132 Women's shelters in Turkey. Only the province of Bitlis does not have a shelter for women. Most of those facilities are run by the Family, Labor and Social Services Ministry while others are operated by municipalities, the Immigration Authority (Göç İdaresi) and the Purple Roof (Mor Çatı), an NGO. According to data from 2016, 102 shelters under the Family Ministry accommodated 29,612 women and 17,956 children. Thirty-three facilities operated by municipalities sheltered 2,088 women and 1,433 children. And 66 women and 23 children were hosted at the shelter run by the NGO.[45]

Aslı Elif Sakallı, from the Purple Roof Women’s Shelter Foundation, said that only one or two social workers are employed at shelters that host 25 to 30 women. She also added that some employees at the shelters who are not conscious about gender equality could make statements such as: "But clearly you deserved this".[45]

Religious officials and women edit

In 2017, the mufti of the Kocaeli's Gölcük district had likened women without headscarves to products sold at half price.[98] In 2018, the mufti of the Zonguldak said that "Women should enter the sea in a way that other women cannot see them. Even women should hide their bodies from other women."[98]

Education edit

 
A scene from a female-majority class at the Psychology Department of Uludağ University in Bursa, Turkey. In Turkey, 47.5% of staff at the top five universities are female, a higher proportion than for their equivalents in the United States (35.9%), Denmark (31%) and Japan (12.7%).[99]
 
Girls' school in Trebizond (modern Trabzon), early 20th century
Main article: Education in Turkey

While still trailing male literacy rates, female literacy rates in Turkey have grown substantially to 93.6% in 2016.[100] Illiteracy is particularly prevalent among rural women, who are often not sent to school as girls.[101] Half of girls aged between 15 and 19 are neither in the education system nor in the workforce.[102] The government and various other foundations are engaged in education campaigns in Southeastern Anatolia to improve the rate of literacy and education levels of women.[103] In 2008, 4 million women were illiterate, as opposed to 990 thousand men.[104] A 2008 poll by the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey showed that almost half of urban Turkish women believe economic independence for women is unnecessary reflecting, in the view of psychologist Leyla Navaro, a heritage of patriarchy.[105]

In the 2012–2013, the schooling ratio of girls (at 99.61%[106] as of 2014 according to the Turkish Statistical Institute) exceeded that of the boys for the first time in Turkish history. The gender gap in secondary education (5.3% lower than boys) remained, albeit at much lower levels in comparison to the 2002–2003 educational year (25.8%). However, the gender gap in higher education increased between 2002 and 2012 to 9.5%.[107] Significant regional differences still persist, with only 15.9% of girls attending secondary school in the Muş Province as of 2010, as opposed to 82.4% in the Bilecik Province, the province with the highest percentage.[108] In 2009, the provinces with the lowest schooling ratios for girls were Bitlis, Van and Hakkari, all in southeastern Turkey, while those with the highest ratios were Ankara, İzmir and Mersin, all in western Turkey. Dropout rates for girls at primary level are higher than boys, especially concentrating at the fifth and sixth years.[104]

Daily Habertürk reported on 9 January 2018, that only three state universities in Turkey have women rectors, despite women making up 43.58 percent of all academics in the country. According to education specialist Alaaddin Dinçer, the absence of women among universities' boards of directors is the result of a "consciously made decision."[109]

Employment edit

 
Sertab Erener, 2004, Turkish singer and the winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2003
 
Janet Akyüz Mattei, 2009, Astronomer
 
Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, 2009, Sumerologist

The employment rate (for ages 15–64), as of 2017, was 32.2% for women, much lower than that of men which was 70.7%.[110] In 2011, out of 26 million employable women, only 5.9 million were in the labor force.[111] 23.4% of women have either been forced by men to quit their jobs or prevented from working.[112] The rate of women not covered by social security is 84% in the East and 87% in the Southeast.[102]

According to World Bank, women made up 32.7% of the labor force in 2018 (roughly unchanged from 1990 when they made up 30.8%).[113]

On the other hand, it is possible that the involvement of women in the labour force is very underestimated, due to women working in the informal economy.[114]

Despite the relatively low involvement of women in the workforce compared to other countries, women in Turkey are quite well represented in the business world; for instance the proportion of women in business leadership roles in Turkey is almost twice higher than that of Germany.[115]

On 19 October 2017, Turkish Enterprise and Business Confederation (TÜRKONFED) Chairman said that half of the women in Turkey’s labor force are unregistered and that the ratio of unregistered women workers in the country is much higher than that of men.[116] He also, said that Turkey must raise women’s participation in the workforce to ensure sustainable development, adding that Turkey is the only country in Europe with an employment rate among women lower than 40 percent.[116]

As of 2018, just 34% of women in Turkey work, by far the lowest of the 35 industrialised countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) where the average is 63%.[117]

On 19 June 2018, the European Court of Human Rights has fined Turkey 11,000 euros over the government-owned electricity distribution company’s refusal to appoint a woman as a security officer on account of her gender. In October 1999 the female applicant, Hülya Ebru Demirel, passed a civil service exam and was informed that she would be appointed as a security officer at the Kilis branch of the Turkish Electricity Distribution company (TEDAŞ). However, the company refused to appoint her, citing her failure to fulfil the condition for the position to be "a man who has completed military service". The applicant initially won a discrimination court case against the company in 2001 but that decision was overturned on appeal by the Supreme Administrative Court in December 2002. Demirel’s subsequent appeals were all reported to be unsuccessful, which ultimately led her to lodge an appeal at the ECHR on 17 June 2008.[118]

Censorship edit

In March 2018, Parliament Speaker İsmail Kahraman forbid the women of a troupe from being onstage, at a tribute to the anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign at the Turkish Parliament. He was offended that actresses playing the mothers of soldiers would be giving men public hugs.[119]

In September 2020, a female politician of Kurdish origin Sebahat Tuncel was sentenced to 11 months in prison for calling Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan an enemy of women in a speech in 2016. She had made this statement after two controversial statements of Erdogan where in 2014 he said "publicly women are not equal to men" and in 2016 he said "women who reject motherhood are deficient and incomplete".[120]

Family life edit

See also: Child marriage in Turkey

On average, 28% of Turkish women were married before the age of 18. Because of the large regional differences in the incidence of underage marriages, as many as 40~50% are married as minors in some areas, particularly in eastern and Central Anatolia.[121] A report by the Commission on Equality of Opportunity for Women and Men states that childhood marriages are "widely accepted" by Turkish society.[121] A bride price is still paid in parts of Turkey.[121]

In 2016, the governing Islamist conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) sought to introduce legislation which would have made a child rape no longer punishable if the perpetrator would offer to marry his victim; this was withdrawn after a public outcry against what was widely seen as an attempt of "legitimising rape and encouraging child marriage".[122]

In February 2018, daily Habertürk reported that the number of Turkish women illegally seeking surrogate mothers abroad, especially in countries where the practice is common and legal, such as in Cyprus, Georgia and the United States, or women offering to become surrogates for money has been on the rise. This practice is forbidden by Turkish law.[123]

Underage pregnancy edit

General Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs, mentioned that 2,730 girls younger than 15 years old and 50,848 girls aged between 15 and 17 gave birth in 2001.[124]

Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜIK) mentioned that 16,396 girls aged between 15 and 17 gave birth across Turkey in 2016, as well as 234 girls younger than 15.[124]

In 2017, officials in Turkey recorded the number of underage pregnancies at 15,216. Istanbul and the province of Gaziantep topped the list with 1,106.[125]

In January 2018, media reports revealed that a single Istanbul hospital had covered up over 100 underage pregnancies in just six months.[124]

In the first half of 2018, there were 625 underage conceptions in Istanbul and 499 in Gaziantep.[125]

During 2017 and the first half of 2018, there were 1,348 underage pregnancies in the province of Adana, 1,005 in the province of Diyarbakır and 1,313 in the province of Hatay. During this period, in only four provinces of Turkey the number of underage pregnancies fell below 10.[125]

Clothing edit

 
Kurdish women in hijab headscarves, Dogubayazit, Turkey
See also: Headscarf controversy in Turkey
Do you cover when going outside?[126]
1999 2012
No, I do not 47.3% 70.5%
Yes, I wear a headscarf 33.4% 18.8%
Yes, I wear a türban 15.7% 11.4%
Yes, I wear a çarşaf 3.4% 0.1%
NI/NA 0.3% 2.2%

Mustafa Kemal had the ambition to make Turkey a new modern Secular nation. In 1925, he removed Islam from the constitution and introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law, and in the same year, he banned the traditional hat for men, the fez. Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new Secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion, but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men, he never introduced a ban against the hijab. However, he appeared in public with his wife Latife Uşaki unveiled and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance were men and women could mingle, to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing, and in the mid 1920s, upper- and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public.

A 2006 survey by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation estimated the prevalence of hair covering among Turkish women at 30%.[127] There are regional variations: in 2005, 30% of women in Istanbul covered their hair, while in central and eastern Turkey, women are rarely seen on the streets, and wear headscarves in public.[128]

The 2006 survey found that, compared to a previous study carried out in 1999, the number of women who employ headcoverings had increased in rural areas, but decreased in cities.[129] It also found that the Çarşaf, Turkish version of Arabic niqab, was almost never worn by women in the 18–39 age group.[129]

From 1999 to 2006, women not wearing head coverings in the 25–39 age group rose from 28% to 41.5%, and in the 18–24 group increased from 40.5% to 50.7%.[129] The prevalence also differs by income: in 2006, 37.2% of women in the medium income group were uncovered, compared to 71.2% in the higher income group.[129]

The same survey asked single men whether they would want prospective wives to go covered: 56% responded no, 44% yes.[129] Only 1.1% of covered women said they cover because of their spouses, fiancees or family.

Women's health edit

 
Çağla Kubat, 2006, Turkish model and windsurfer
 
Güler Sabancı, 2008, Turkish industrialist. As of 2014, she is listed as the 60th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes
 
Ayşe Kulin, 2008, Turkish author
 
Nevin Yanıt, 2012, Turkish sprinter, winner of 2010 European Athletics Championships in 100 m.hurdles
See also: Abortion in Turkey

Since 1985, Turkish women have the right to freely exercise abortions in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and the right to contraceptive medicine paid for by the Social Security. Modifications to the Civil Code in 1926 gave the right to women to initiate and obtain a divorce; only recognized in Malta (an EU country) for both men and women in 2011. Turkish prime minister Erdoğan argued that women should have at least three children.[53]

No gender discrimination exists regarding the laws as well as their practice in the health sector in Turkey.[clarification needed] With the 1994 World Population and Development Conference, the Ministry of Health adopted a policy change which included the emotional, social and physical health of women and young girls with an integrated approach, rather than only reproductive health and family planning as it did in the past. Another initiative brought onto the agenda by the Ministry of Health after the Beijing Conference, is to ensure the participation of men in reproductive health and family planning.

Bibliography on feminism in Turkey edit

History of feminism in Turkey edit

Feminism during the Ottoman Empire edit

  • Berktay, Fatmagul. (2000). "Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e Feminizm". Tarihin Cinsiyeti, 2006, Istanbul: Metis Yayınları. pages 88–111
  • Çakıf, Serpil. (1996). Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi. Istanbul, Metis Kadin Araştırmaları Dizisi, Metis Yayınları.
  • Adıvar, Halide Edib. (1913). "Yirminci Asırda Kadınlar" Mektep Müzesi Dergisi.
  • Karakışla, Yavuz Selim. (1999). "Osmanlı Hanımları ve Hizmetçi Kadınlar", Toplumsal Tarih, Mart 1999, issiue 63, p. 15–24.
  • Melissa Bilal ve Lerna Ekmekçioğlu, Bir Adalet Feryadı: Osmanlı'dan Türkiye'ye Beş Ermeni Feminist Yazar, "Hayganuş Mark" (İstanbul: Aras Yayınları), p. 242–263.
  • Mojab, Shahrzad. (?). "Part 1: Historical Perspectives". Women of a Non-State Nation: The Kurds. Mazda Publication. s. 25–94.
  • Toprak, Zafer. (1992). "II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Devlet, Aile ve Feminizm", Sosyo-Kültürel Degişme İçinde Türk Ailesi, cilt 1, Başbakanlık Aile Araştırrma Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, pages 237.
  • Zihnioğku, Yaprak. (2003). Kadınsız İnkılap. Metis. (especially pp. 54–115, chap. 5–7.)
  • Safarian Alexander. (2007). On the History of Turkish Feminism, "Iran and the Caucasus", vol.11.1, Brill, Leiden – Boston, pp. 141–152.

The Republic and feminism edit

  • Aksit, Elif Ekin (2005). Kizlarin Sessizligi: Kiz Enstitulerinin Uzun Tarihi. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Arat, Zehra F. (1998). "Kemalizm ve Turk Kadini", (der) Ayse Berktay Hacimirzaoglu, 75 Yilda Kadin ve Erkekler. Istanbul: Turkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi Yayini, 51–58.
  • Arat, Zehra. Turkiye'de Kadin Olmak (der). Istanbul: Say Yayinlari.
  • Arat, Zehra F. (Fall 1994). "Kemalism and Turkish women". Women and Politics. 14 (4): 57–80. doi:10.1080/1554477x.1994.9970716.
  • Berktay, Fatmagul. (1993). "Turkiye Solunun Kadina Bakisi: Degisen Bir Sey Var mi?" (der) Sirin Tekeli, 1980'ler Turkiye'sinde Kadin Bakis Acisindan Kadinlar. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Çağlayan, Handan (2007). Analar Yoldaslar Tanricalar: Kurt Hareketinde Kadinlar ve Kadin Kimliginin Olusumu. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari. ISBN 9789750504921.
  • Durakbasa, Ayse (1989). "Cumhuriyet Doneminde Kemalist Kadin Kimliginin Olusumu" Tarih ve Toplum". Tarih ve Toplum. Iletisim Yayinlari. 9 (51).
  • Ergün, Emek (February 2013). "Feminist translation and feminist sociolinguistics in dialogue: A multi-layered analysis of linguistic gender constructions in and across English and Turkish". Gender and Language. 7 (1): 13–33. doi:10.1558/genl.v7i1.13.
  • Edip, Halide (2000). Turk Modernlesmesi ve Feminizm. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Koçak, Mine. 80'li Yıllar Kadın Hareketi Link to the original document.
  • Mojab, Shahrzad (2001), "Introduction: The solitude of the stateless-Kurdish women at the margins of feminist knowledge", in Mojab, Shahrzad (ed.), Women of a non-state nation: the Kurds, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, pp. 1–10, ISBN 9781568590936. Pdf of book contents.
  • Tekeli, Sirin. (1998). "Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırılmalı İncelemesi Üzerine bir Deneme." 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, İş Bankası ve Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, s. 337–346.
  • Stella, Ovadia ve Gülnur Savran; Bozan & Ekin, & Ramazanoglu & Tuksal pieces in Özgürlüğü Ararken, Amargi, s. 37–57, 81–101, 203–221, s. 221–239 (roza ve jujin dergileri), 239–257.
  • Nukhet, Sirman (1993). "Feminism in Turkey: A Short History". New Perspectives on Turkey. Contemporary Turkish Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. 3 (1): 1–34.
  • Selections from Amargi no. 3, Projen Var Mı? (tarih??)

On women and gender edit

Islam, nationalism and the nation-state edit

  • Acikel, Fethi. (1996). "Kutsal Mazlumlugun Psikopatolojisi", Toplum ve Bilim. (70): 153–199.
  • Akin Feride. (1998). "Turban Sorunu: En Buyuk Dusman", Birikim 114.

Media and women edit

  • Aktanber, Ayse. (1993). "Turkiye'de Medya'da Kadin: Serbest, Musait Kadin veya Iyi Es, Fedakar Anne", (der) Sirin Tekeli, 1980'ler Turkiyesinde Kadin Bakis Acisindan Kadinlar. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Asuman, Süner. Hayalet Ev: Yeni Türk Sinemasında Aidiyet, Kimlik ve Bellek, "Vasfiye'nin Kız Kardeşleri" (İstanbul: Metis Yayınları), s. 291–305.

Women's bodies, sexuality, and violence edit

  • Ayse Gul Altınay and Yesim Arat, 2007. Türkiye'de Kadına Yonelik Siddet. [Click on for the original document: http://www.kadinayoneliksiddet.org/TurkiyedeKadinaYoneliksiddet.pdf ]
  • Kadioglu Ayse (1998) "Cinselligin Inkari: Buyuk Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Turk Kadinlari", 75 Yilda Kadinlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yayinlari.
  • Sümer, Sevil; Eslen-Ziya, Hande (February 2017). "New waves for old rights? Women's mobilization and bodily rights in Turkey and Norway". European Journal of Women's Studies. 24 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1177/1350506815619878. S2CID 148220666.

Gender-related division of labor edit

  • Hattatoglu-Ozbek Dilek. (2002). "Ev Eksenli Calisma Stratejileri" (der) Aynur Ilyasoglu, Necla Akgokce, Yerli Bir Feminizme Dogru. Istanbul: Sel Yayincilik.
  • Ozbay Ferhunde (1998) "Turkiye'de Aile ve Hane Yapisi: Dun, Bugun, Yarin", (der) Ayse Berktay Hacimirzaoglu, 75 Yilda Kadin ve Erkekler. Istanbul: Turkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi Yayini.
  • (2002) "Evlerde El Kizlari: Cariyeler, Evlatliklar, Gelinler", (yay. Haz. Ayse Durakbasa) Tarih Yaziminda Sinif ve Cinsiyet. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Ozyegin Gul (2003) "Kapicilar, Gundelikciler ve Ev Sahipleri: Turk Kent Yasaminda Sorunlu Karsilasmalar", (der) Deniz Kandiyoti, Ayse Saktanber, Kultur Fragmanlari/ Turkiye'de Gundelik Hayat. Istanbul: Metis.
  • (2004) Baskalarinin Kiri/Kapicilar, Gundelikciler ve Kadinlik Halleri (Cev. Sugra Oncu) Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.
  • Yasin, Yael Navaro. (2000). "Cumhuriyetin Ilk Yillarinda Ev Isinin Rasyonellesmesi", Toplum ve Bilim (84).
  • Sirman, Nukhet. (2002). "Kadinlarin Milliyeti", Modern Turkiye'de Siyasi Dusunce (Cilt 4), Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari.

Women and property rights edit

  • Toktas, Sule; O’Neil, Mary Lou (December 2013). "How do women receive inheritance? The processes of Turkish women's inclusion and exclusion from property". Asian Women. 29 (4): 25–50. doi:10.14431/aw.2013.12.29.4.25. S2CID 142938497.

Women and work edit

  • Erdogan Necmi (2002) "Yok-Sanma: Yoksulluk, Maduniyet ve Fark Yaralari", (der) Necmi Erdogan, Yoksulluk Halleri. Istanbul: Demokrasi Kitapligi.
  • Savran Gulnur (2004) Beden, Emek, Tarih: Diyalektik Bir Feminizm Icin. Istanbul: Kanat Yayincilik.
  • Bora, Aksu (2005). Kadınların Sınıfı. İletişim. pp. 59–182 (the theoretical overview from pp. 21–59 is highly recommended by Ayse Parla for her gernder class in Sabanci)

Women and gender (overall) edit

  • Agduk-Gevrek, Meltem. (2000). "Cumhuriyet'in Asil Kizlarindan 90'larin Turk Kizlarina" Vatan, Millet, Kadinlar, Iletisim.
  • Alakom Rohat 1998. "Araştırmalarda Adı Fazla Geçmeyen Bir Kuruluş: Kürt Kadınları Teali Cemiyeti." Tarih Toplum 171 (March): 36–40.
  • Amargi. (2009). Kadinlar Arasinda: Deneyimlerimiz hangi kapilari aciyor: II. (der).
  • Amargi (Aralik 2008). Oda: Virginia Woolf'un odasindayiz: Deneyimlerimiz hangi kapilari aciyor –I.
  • Arat, Zehra. (1997). Kadinlarin Gundemi. (der). Istanbul, Say Yayinlari.
  • Arat, Zehra. (1996). Kadin Gerceklikleri. (der). Istanbul, Say Yayinlari.
  • Bora Aksu, Asena Gunal, and Gulnur Savran (na), "Yuvarlak Masa." Birikim.
  • Edip Halide (1987) Zeyno. Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Gürbilek Nurdan. (2004). "Kadınsılaşma Endişesi: Efemine Erkekler, Hadım Oğullar, Kadın-Adamlar," In Kör Ayna, Kayıp Şark. Metis.
  • Mutluer, Nil (2008) (der). Cinsiyet Halleri: Turkiye'de toplumsal cinsiyetin kesisim sinirlari. Istanbul, Varlik Yayinlari.
  • Glüpker-Kesebir, Gitta (August 2016). "Women's Rights in Turkey and the European Union Accession Process: German Media Perspectives". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 37 (4): 514–537. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2016.1192422. S2CID 147777072.
  • Demet Lüküslü (2023) Becoming a young woman through a feminist lens: young feminist women in Turkey, Journal of Gender Studies, DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2023.2172556

See also edit

References edit

  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. (Data as of January 1995.)

  1. ^ "LFS by sex and age - indicators". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). Human Development Reports. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  3. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2022" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Turkish girl was 'buried alive'". 5 February 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  5. ^ Sallan Gül, Songül (May–June 2013). "The role of the State in protecting women against domestic violence and women's shelters in Turkey". Women's Studies International Forum. 38: 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.018.
  6. ^ Henneke, J. (2008). "Combating domestic violence in Turkey" (PDF). Sweden: Goeteborgs University. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Kadin ve kizlara yönelik şiddetten kaçmanin üç adimi" (PDF). United Kingdom: Home Office. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); this document is in Turkish, use a translator such as Google, if you cannot read Turkish.
  8. ^ Turkey ranks 130th in gender gap index
  9. ^ Badegül Eren Aydınlık; Seyfi Kenan (2021). "Between men, time and the state: education of girls during the Late Ottoman Empire (1859–1908)". Paedagogica Historica. 57 (4): 405–406. doi:10.1080/00309230.2019.1660386. S2CID 203437211.
  10. ^ The Women's Movement in Turkey: From Tanzimat towards European Union Membership 1. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Binder, Charlotte; Richman, Natalie (15 January 2011). "Feminist Movements in Turkey".
  12. ^ M. Kavakci Islam, Merve Kavakci: Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading
  13. ^ a b Questions and Answers on Women's Right Turkish, prepared by the Human Rights Agenda Association; accessed on 14 October 2009
  14. ^ "The Right of Women, Gender Equality and Struggle with Violence Against Women". Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  15. ^ a b c d e . stopvaw.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  16. ^ a b "In Turkey, Degrees of Change in Women's Rights – 6 November 2008 – Online NewsHour – PBS". pbs.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Turkey's fraught history with headscarves". The World from PRX. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Almost 60 percent of Turkish women cover their heads". Ahval. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  19. ^ Özkök, Ertuğrul (4 October 2018). "Kadınların yüzde kaçı başını örtüyor, türbanlı kadın oranı artıyor mu". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  20. ^ Çakır, Serpil (2006). Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi. Metis Yayınları. p. 407.
  21. ^ a b c Cagla Diner And Sule Toktas. . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  22. ^ Ansay, Tuğrul; Wallace, Don Jr. (7 April 2011). Introduction to Turkish Law. Kluwer Law International B.V. p. 27. ISBN 978-90-411-3957-3.
  23. ^ "Women deputies constitute 14.3 pct of Turkish parliament | Politics | Worldbulletin News". Worldbulletin.net. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  24. ^ UN Joint Program for the Development of Women and Children's Rights, Turkish: Türkiye'de Kadın Olmak; accessed on 14 October 2009
  25. ^ a b Altayli, Daren Butler, Birsen (21 October 2019). "Turkey under pressure to tackle sharp rise in murders of women". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b c "Turkey's women lawmakers stage Las Tesis 'rapist is you' protest". dw.com. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  27. ^ Women Face Rising Violence in Male-Dominated Turkey
  28. ^ sabah, daily (25 March 2018). "New app allows victims of domestic violence to notify Turkish police with single button". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  29. ^ "Women across Turkey demand safety, prevention of violence - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  30. ^ a b c "Women See Worrisome Shift in Turkey". The New York Times. 25 April 2012.
  31. ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (9 January 2007). "Taking the 'honor' out of killing women". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  32. ^ "Fight fire with fire, NGO tells women". Hürriyet Daily News. 28 December 2011.
  33. ^ "Group attacks Women's Day demo at Istanbul Bilgi University". Hürriyet Daily News. 8 March 2017.
  34. ^ "Knife-wielding group attacks women's day event at Turkish university". middleeasteye. 8 March 2017.
  35. ^ a b Johnson, Glen. "Turkey: The life of a battered woman". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  36. ^ Khazan, Olga (25 March 2015). "In Turkey, Not Even Posters of Women Are Safe From Violence". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  37. ^ "Mor Cati – Domestic violence made visible on the streets". paper-plane.fr. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ "Violence against women in Turkey increases both in number and brutality". Hürriyet Daily News. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  39. ^ "20 women killed despite state protection: Turkish Interior Ministry". Hürriyet Daily News. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  40. ^ "Pregnant Syrian woman raped, killed with baby in Turkey's northwest". hurriyetdailynews. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  41. ^ a b c "Turkey's deepening tragedy of murdered women". hurriyetdailynews. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  42. ^ Jones, Sophia; Tung, Nicole (27 April 2017). "Women Are Dying in Turkey". foreignaffairs. Retrieved 27 April 2017. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  43. ^ "Pregnant woman attacked for exercising in public". sol. December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  44. ^ "Assailant who attacked woman in Turkey for jogging at a park released". birgun. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  45. ^ a b c "Turkey needs more and better shelters for women: Charity - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  46. ^ a b "Hollywood actresses join Turkish women's calls for end to domestic violence - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  47. ^ a b "Full list". Treaty Office. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Turkey may consider withdrawing from Istanbul Convention: AKP official - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  49. ^ "CHP leader warns of rise in violence against women - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  50. ^ "Turkey Withdraws From Treaty on Violence Against Women". Bloomberg.com. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  51. ^ Gul, Pelin. "Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey: Policy Suggestions to Prevent It". academia.edu. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  52. ^ "Marchers demand better protection for women in Turkey". CNN. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  53. ^ a b c d "Women in Turkey: The Numbers Are Stacked Against Them". amnestyusa.org. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  54. ^ a b "Turkey: Women Left Unprotected From Violence". hrw.org. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  55. ^ "No justice for Turkish women who kill in self-defense". al-monitor.com. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Turkey fails to protect women for yet another day". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  57. ^ "30 electronic tags given for domestic violence cases in Turkey". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  58. ^ "Half of Turkish students who date are subjected to abuse: Study". Hürriyet Daily News. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  59. ^ "365 women killed in Turkey in first 11 months of 2017: Report". Hürriyet Daily News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  60. ^ a b "28 women killed, 25 sexually harassed in Turkey in January: NGO". Hürriyet Daily News. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  61. ^ "'End Femicide Platform' launched October Report". dokuz8HABER (in Turkish). 22 November 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  62. ^ Kavakli, Kerim Can (21 October 2020). "Women's Murders and the Interaction Between Gender (In)equality and Economic Development: A Subnational Analysis in Turkey". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 37 (9–10): NP6535–NP6556. doi:10.1177/0886260520967164. PMID 33084468. S2CID 224822282.
  63. ^ "Anıt Sayaç Kadın Cinayetleri Üzerine Ne Anlatıyor? | Veri Bülteni" (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  64. ^ a b c d "Turkish women march against rising intolerance in Istanbul". hurriyetdailynews. 30 July 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  65. ^ "Man who 'kicked woman in face for wearing shorts' told police he would be 'less aroused' if she had worn trousers". The Independent. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  66. ^ "Woman attacked on bus in Turkey for wearing shorts during Ramadan". globalnews. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  67. ^ "Eminönü'de sözlü saldırıya uğrayan Kaymakçı'dan kadınlara çağrı: Lütfen susmayın, biz et parçası değil insanız!". cumhuriyet. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  68. ^ "Women in Istanbul protest, chant 'Don't mess with my outfit'". hurriyetdailynews. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  69. ^ "Probe launched after police beat women asking for help on harassment in Turkey's İzmir". hurriyetdailynews. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  70. ^ "Young women 'beaten by police' at tourist hotspot as they 'tried to report sex assault'". Daily Mirror. 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  71. ^ "Neighbors complain about woman for 'wearing shorts at her home' in Turkish capital". hurriyetdailynews. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  72. ^ "Teacher in Konya dismissed after remarks about female students wearing gym clothes". hurriyet. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  73. ^ . 1 December 2003. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  74. ^ Anti-Discrimination Committee Takes Up Situation of Women in Turkey, UN Information Service, 21 January 2005.
  75. ^ "Brutal slaying leads to protests over violence against women in Turkey". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  76. ^ "Türkiye'yi sarsan Özgecan Aslan davasında karar: 3 sanığa da ağırlaştırılmış müebbet". Hurriyet. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  77. ^ . DailySabah. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  78. ^ a b Meral Duzgun (10 June 2013). "Turkey: a history of sexual violence | Global Development Professionals Network | Guardian Professional". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  79. ^ a b Seher Cesur Kilicaslan (2013). "Honor Killings in Turkey". www.academia.edu. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies.
  80. ^ Murat Gezer. . Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  81. ^ Aysan Sev'er. "Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 2 January 2015.[dead link]
  82. ^ . AFP. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  83. ^ Daughter pregnant by rape, killed by family – World. BrisbaneTimes (13 January 2009). Retrieved on 1 October 2011.
  84. ^ "Turkish Press Scanner". hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  85. ^ . Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  86. ^ a b "Women told: 'You have dishonoured your family, please kill yourself'". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  87. ^ Ince, Hilal Onur, Aysun Yarali, and Dogancan Ozsel. "Customary killings in Turkey and Turkish modernization." Middle Eastern Studies 45, no. 4 (2009): 537–551.
  88. ^ Rubin, Clara (2010). "Between Traditional Practice and Secular Law:Examining Honor Killings in Modern Turkey" (PDF). Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  89. ^ a b "Robert Fisk: The crimewave that shames the world". independent.co.uk. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  90. ^ Rainsford, Sarah (19 October 2005). "'Honour' crime defiance in Turkey". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  91. ^ "They Killed Her For Going Out With Boys: Honor Killings in Turkey in Light of Turkey's Accession to the European Union and Lessons for Iraq" (PDF). Hofstra Law Review. 35 (815). 2006.
  92. ^ "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Turkey". gvnet.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  93. ^ Finnegan, William (5 May 2008). "The Countertraffickers: Rescuing the victims of the global sex trade". New Yorker. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  94. ^ Smith, Craig S (28 June 2005). "Turkey's sex trade entraps Slavic women". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  95. ^ a b "Turkish women relate sexual harassment stories via social media - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  96. ^ Alfred, Charlotte (17 February 2015). "Women In Turkey Share Devastating Stories Of Sexual Harassment On Twitter". HuffPost. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  97. ^ "Turkish TV series producers boycott actor over sexual abuse allegations - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  98. ^ a b "Turkish mufti says 'women should not see each other naked while swimming' - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  99. ^ Grove, Jack (2 May 2013). "Global Gender Index, 2013". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  100. ^ . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  101. ^ Learning, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong (8 September 2017). "Effective Literacy Programmes". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  102. ^ a b "Hürriyet Daily News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  103. ^ Dymond, Jonny (18 October 2004). "Turkish girls in literacy battle". BBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
  104. ^ a b (in Turkish). Civil Society Academy. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  105. ^ "Half of women say they do not need economic independence". Turkish Daily News. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.[dead link]
  106. ^ . Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  107. ^ "Kızların okullaşma oranı erkekleri geçti". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  108. ^ (PDF) (in Turkish). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  109. ^ "Only three out of 111 state university rectors are women in Turkey". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  110. ^ . stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
  111. ^ "Hürriyet Daily News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  112. ^ "Hürriyet Daily News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  113. ^ "Labor force, female (% of total labor force) – Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  114. ^ Akyol, Riada Asimovic. "Turkish women's informal work – a complex story". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  115. ^ "Women in business 2015 results". Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  116. ^ a b "Half of women in Turkish labor force unregistered". Hürriyet Daily News. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  117. ^ "Women challenge Turkey traditions for right to work". BBC News. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  118. ^ "Euro court fines Turkey over refusal to appoint woman as security guard - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  119. ^ Nicholson, Amy (30 April 2018). "Turkey's Government Is Censoring the Movies, But the Istanbul Film Festival Is Soldiering On". IndieWire. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  120. ^ Judd, Emily (22 September 2020). "Turkey sentences female politician to prison for calling Erdogan 'enemy of women'". Al Arabiya.
  121. ^ a b c "Turkish Television Takes on Topic of Child Brides". The New York Times. 17 November 2011.
  122. ^ "Women and vulnerable people are paying for Turkey's authoritarianism". The Guardian. 24 November 2006.
  123. ^ "Number of Turkish women illegally seeking surrogate mothers online, abroad on rise: Report". Hürriyet Daily News. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  124. ^ a b c "186 underage pregnant girls treated in Turkey's western province of Edirne in 2017". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  125. ^ a b c 22,000 teenage pregnancies recorded in 18 months: Report
  126. ^ Fromm, Ali Çarkoğlu, Binnaz Toprak; translated from Turkish by Çiğdem Aksoy (2007). (PDF). Karaköy, İstanbul: TESEV publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-975-8112-90-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  127. ^ "Turkish beauty mag ties Muslim veil to glamour". AFP (hosted on Google). 2 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  128. ^ Jane Kamerling; Fred Gustafson (May 2012). Lifting the Veil. Fisher King Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-926715-75-9. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  129. ^ a b c d e Fromm, Ali Çarkoğlu, Binnaz Toprak ; translated from Turkish by Çiğdem Aksoy (2007). (PDF). Karaköy, İstanbul: TESEV publications. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-975-8112-90-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links edit

External videos
  Honour Killings: Turkey
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women of Turkey.
  • Kadının İnsan Hakları — Women for Women's Human Rights (English website)
  • KAGIDER — Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey
  • KA.DER – Kadın Adayları Destekleme Derneği — Association for the Support of Women Candidates (English website) 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Uçan Süpürge – Kadın Haber Sitesi — Flying Broom – Women News Site (English website) 2 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Foundation for the Support of Women’s Work

November 23, 2023
women, turkey, turkey, gave, full, political, rights, women, including, right, elect, elected, locally, 1930, nationwide, 1934, article, turkish, constitution, bans, discrimination, state, private, grounds, first, country, have, woman, president, constitutiona. Turkey gave full political rights to women including the right to elect and be elected locally in 1930 nationwide in 1934 Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution bans any discrimination state or private on the grounds of sex It is the first country to have a woman as the President of its Constitutional Court Article 41 of the Turkish Constitution reads that the family is based on equality between spouses Women in TurkeyWomen protesting in TurkeyGeneral StatisticsMaternal mortality per 100 000 20 2010 Women in parliament20 1 2023 Women over 25 with secondary education26 7 2010 Women in labour force29 7 employment rate OECD definition 2020 1 Gender Inequality Index 2 Value0 272 2021 Rank65th out of 191Global Gender Gap Index 3 Value0 639 2022 Rank124th out of 146The Turkish feminist movement began in the 19th century during the decline of the Ottoman Empire when the Ottoman Welfare Organisation of Women was founded in 1908 The ideal of gender equality was embraced after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey by the administration of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk whose modernising reforms included a ban on polygamy and the provision of full political rights to Turkish women by 1930 Turkish women continue to be the victims of rape and honour killings especially in Turkish Kurdistan where most crimes against women take place 4 Research by scholars 5 6 and government agencies 7 indicate widespread domestic violence among the people of Turkey as well as in the Turkish diaspora Despite Turkey being a patriarchal society there are many historical examples of Turkish women involved in public life and activism Women in Turkey face significant discrimination in employment and in some regions education The participation of Turkish women in the labor force is less than half of that of the European Union average and while several campaigns have been successfully undertaken to promote female literacy there is still a gender gap in secondary education There is also widespread occurrence of child marriage in Turkey the practice being especially widespread in the eastern and central parts of the country In 2018 Turkey ranked 130th in the World Economic Forum gender gap index out of 149 countries 8 Contents 1 History 2 Legal rights 3 Politics 3 1 Feminism 3 2 Political representation 4 Crime against women 4 1 Domestic violence 4 2 Monument Counter 4 3 Violence for choice of clothing 4 4 Rape 4 5 Honor killings 4 6 Human trafficking 4 7 Sexual harassment 4 8 Women s shelters 5 Religious officials and women 6 Education 7 Employment 8 Censorship 9 Family life 9 1 Underage pregnancy 10 Clothing 11 Women s health 12 Bibliography on feminism in Turkey 12 1 History of feminism in Turkey 12 1 1 Feminism during the Ottoman Empire 12 1 2 The Republic and feminism 12 2 On women and gender 12 2 1 Islam nationalism and the nation state 12 2 2 Media and women 12 2 3 Women s bodies sexuality and violence 12 2 4 Gender related division of labor 12 2 5 Women and property rights 12 2 6 Women and work 12 2 7 Women and gender overall 13 See also 14 References 15 External linksHistory edit nbsp Latife Ussaki Ataturk s wife nbsp Safiye Ali the first Turkish female doctor She studied medicine in Germany in 1916 and opened her office in Istanbul in 1922 nbsp Sabiha Gokcen was a Turkish aviator She was the world s first female fighter pilot In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries during the Sultanate of Women women of the Imperial Harem had extraordinary influence on politics of Ottoman Empire Many of the Sultans during this time were minors and it was their mothers like Kosem Sultan or sometimes daughters of the sultan as Mihrimah Sultan leaders of the Harem who effectively ruled the Empire Most of these women were of slave origin The period started in 1520 during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent until 1656 the reign of Mehmed IV During the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century educated women within the elites of Istanbul began to organise themselves as feminists The first women s magazine Terakki i Muhadderat appeared on 27 June 1869 as a weekly supplement to Terakki Progress newspaper 9 With the Tanzimat reforms improving women s conditions was considered as part of a wider modernisation effort Ottoman women s movement began to demand rights 10 They fought to increase women s access to education and paid work to abolish polygamy and the pece an Islamic veil Early feminists published woman magazines in different languages and established different organizations dedicated to the advancement of women 11 The first women s association in Turkey the Ottoman Welfare Organization of Women was founded in 1908 and became partially involved in the Young Turks Movement Writers and politicians such as Fatma Aliye Topuz Nezihe Muhiddin and Halide Edib Adivar also joined the movement 11 In her novels Halide Edib Adivar criticised the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation During the Turkish War of Independence Kara Fatma a widow proved herself as a successful militia leader After the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 the feminist movement gradually became part of the Kemalist modernization efforts Polygamy was banned divorce and inheritance rights were made equal 11 Mustafa Kemal had the ambition to make Turkey a new modern Secular nation In 1925 he removed Islam from the constitution and introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law and in the same year he banned the traditional hat for men the fez 12 Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new Secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men he never introduced a ban against the hijab However he appeared in public with his wife Latife Usaki unveiled and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance were men and women could mingle to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing and in the mid 1920s upper and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public In the 1930s Turkey gave full political rights to women including the right to elect and be elected locally in 1930 and nationwide in 1934 13 Granted by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Turkish women gained women s suffrage before women in many European countries such as France Italy and Greece There still remained however a large discrepancy between formal rights and the social position of women 11 In the 1980s women s movements became more independent of the efforts to modify the state After the 1980 Turkish coup d etat women from both urban and academic milieus began to meet in reading groups and discuss feminist literature together In these awareness raising groups which were established notably in Istanbul Ankara and Izmir they criticized the standard construction of the family as well as the gender specific role behavior that was forced on women Independent feminist women s magazines were founded to expose the frequency of sexual harassment and violence against women 11 In 1987 feminists organized the first public protest against male violence followed by campaigns against sexual harassment purple needle and campaigns seeking the right of self determination over the female body These campaigns arose due to women s wish to reject the traditional patriarchal code of ethics honor and religion which left men to decide the fate of the female body The second wave of the women s movement in Turkey reached a wider and more diverse group of women than the first women s movement 11 The acceptance of women s issues as an independent political and planning problem was discussed for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Development Plan 1985 1990 and the General Directorate for the Status and Problems of Women was established as a national mechanism in 1990 The General Directorate which was connected to the Prime Ministry in 1991 has been carrying out its activities under the responsibility of a State Ministry It conducts a large variety of activities with the objective of protecting women s rights of strengthening the position of women in social economic cultural and political life and of providing the equal utilization of rights opportunities and capacities Since the 1990s feminist discourse has become institutionalized with the foundation of women s studies centers and university programs at universities such as Marmara University or as Istanbul University 11 In 1993 Tansu Ciller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey In 2002 the Turkish government reformed Turkish criminal and civil law and since then the rights of women and men during marriage divorce and any subsequent property rights have all been equalized 11 A criminal law has been established that deals with the female sexuality as a matter of individual rights rather than as a matter of family honor Additions to the Turkish constitution oblige the state to use all the necessary means to promote the equality of the sexes Family courts were also created labour laws were instituted to prohibit sexism and programs were created to educate against domestic violence and to improve access to education for girls 11 Legal rights editMain article Women in Turkish politics nbsp Hati Cirpan 1935 One of the first female muhtars and MPs of Turkey nbsp Canadian political cartoon of a woman in Quebec reading a sign that reads News bulletin for the first time in Turkish history women will vote and be eligible to the public office in the general election which takes place this week Women were granted the right to vote in Turkey in 1930 but the right to vote was not extended to women in provincial elections in Quebec until 1940 Turkey is a party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women since 1985 as well as to its Optional Protocol since 2002 14 Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution bans any discrimination state or private on the grounds of sex It is the first country which had a woman as the President of its Constitutional Court Tulay Tugcu In addition Turkish Council of State the supreme court for administrative cases also has a woman judge Sumru Cortoglu as its president The article 41 of the Turkish Constitution was revised to read that the family is based on equality between spouses 15 The new code also granted women equal rights to property acquired during marriage which was supposedly meant to give economic value to women s labor within the family household 15 The minimum age for marriage was also raised to 18 17 with parental consent 15 In cases of forced marriage women have right to ask an annulment within the first five years of marriage 15 In 2004 an update to article 10 of the constitution placed the responsibility for establishing gender equality on the state men and women have equal rights The state shall have the obligation to ensure that this equality exists in practice 15 In 2005 the Turkish penal code was changed to criminalize marital rape and harshen the sentences for those convicted of honor killings which previously carried reduced sentenced because of provocation 16 The Human Rights Directorate reported that the number of honor killings committed in Turkey rose to 220 in 2007 with most of the killings occurring in major cities 16 The Islamic headscarf worn by 60 of Turkish women 17 18 19 is allowed to women working in public offices during the practice of their functions Girl students in primary and secondary education also are allowed to use headscarf Politics editMain article Women in Turkish politics Feminism edit nbsp Halide Edib Adivar Turkish novelist and feminist political leader nbsp Woman voting in Turkey in 2007The first wave of Turkish feminism occurred in the early 20th century when women s organizations began to demand equality in civic and political rights An important women s organization was the Osmanli Mudafaa i Hukuk i Nisvan Cemiyeti which was and its organ the journal Kadinlar Dunyasi Women s World was established in 1913 20 After the establishment of the Republic the women s movement organized in the Women s People Party which was transformed in to the Turk Kadinlar Birligi in 1924 which worked for women s suffrage in the new modern state During this early period the women s rights claims overlapped with the Kemalist reform process in the aftermath of the Republic 21 On 17 November 1972 National Women s Party of Turkey founded by Mubeccel Goktuna Toruner in Istanbul Although Turkish women gained universal suffrage in 1934 in the 1970s women s participation in Turkish politics was very low Second wave feminism reached Turkey in the 1980s bringing up issues common to the movement which had emerged in the West in the 1960s such as the elimination of violence against women the oppression experienced in the family and the challenge against virginity tests then a common practice for women who were about to get married or who had been subjected to sexual assault 21 The rise of a global civil society and the internationalization of women s organizations and the accession of Turkey to the European Union have given women s organizations the possibility of accessing foreign funds The number of women s organizations as well as the projects that these organizations conduct have increased 21 On the 23 July 1995 it was allowed for political parties to form women s branches which beforehand was banned in the Turkish constitution of 1982 22 Political representation edit nbsp Tansu Ciller is first and only female Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996 Main article Women in Turkish politics In 1930s for the first time Turkish women entered politics The first elected female mayor was Sadiye Hanim 1930 In the elections held on 8 February 1935 18 women entered the parliament One of them Hati Cirpan was a muhtar village head of a village prior to entrance to parliament The first female city mayor was Mufide Ilhan in 1950 Although representation of women in political and decision making bodies is relatively low Tansu Ciller has been Prime Minister between 1993 and 1996 The number of women in the Turkish parliament has increased to 14 3 after the 2011 Turkish general election 79 individuals in the parliament most of them are affiliated with the Justice and Development Party 23 In 1975 the percentage was 10 9 and in 2006 it was 16 3 24 Only 5 58 percent of mayors are women and in the whole of Turkey there is one governor among 81 and 14 local governors 13 Crime against women editSee also Crime in Turkey Pippa Bacca and Murder of Ozgecan Aslan nbsp The first female MPs Republic of Turkey 1935 Top row left to right Mebrure Gonenc Afyon Hati Cirpan Ankara Turkan Ors Bastug Antalya Sabiha Gokcul Erbay Balikesir Sekibe Insel Bursa Hatice Ozgener Cankiri Middle row left to right Huriye Baha Oniz Diyarbakir Fatma Sakir Memik Edirne Nakiye Elgun Erzurum Fakihe Oymen Ankara Benal Nevzat Istar Ariman Izmir Ferruh Gupgup Kayseri Bottom row left to right Bahire Bedis Morova Aydilek Konya Mihri Pektas Malatya Meliha Ulas Samsun Fatma Esma Nayman Seyhan Hatice Sabiha Gorkey Sivas Seniha Nafiz Hizal Trabzon Because Turkey does not keep official statistics on femicide 25 26 and does not release any regular data about murders of women most of the statistics comes from human rights NGOs which jointly try to collect the data 27 nbsp International Women s Day Protests in Turkey In March 2018 Turkish police launched the Women Emergency Assistance Notification System KADES app for women to report cases of domestic violence and seek assistance faster 28 In November 2018 the Turkish Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu said that the app has been downloaded by over 353 000 people 29 The murders of women in Turkey increased from 66 in 2002 to 953 in the first seven months of 2009 30 In the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions in particular women face domestic violence forced marriages and honor killings 31 Sefkat Der a Turkish non governmental organization has suggested granting licensed tax free guns to women as a way to combat domestic violence 32 On 8 March 2017 a mob illegally entered the Istanbul Bilgi University campus and attacked students celebrating International Women s Day 33 also students mentioned that they had been threatened on Twitter before the incident 34 Between 2002 and 2009 the murder rate of women skyrocketed by 1 400 percent 35 On 2010 the Turkish anti violence group Mor Cati created a video attempted to raise awareness of violence toward women in a public way The group placed large posters of women jumping for joy their arms and legs splayed out beyond the frame s borders all around Istanbul The text next to the women reads I want to live in freedom The organization then set up hidden video cameras which purport to show male passersby kicking and ripping off the cutouts arms and legs 36 37 On 2013 about 28 000 women were assaulted according to official figures Of those more than 214 were murdered monitors say normally by husbands or lovers 35 In November 2015 Izmir Bar Association s Women s Rights and Legal Support Office said that the last decade has not only seen the increase in the numbers of women subject to violence but that the violence itself has become more intense and barbaric bordering on torture They also stated that the number of femicides in the last few years has ranged between 5 000 and 6 000 adding that the State either cannot or do not disclose exact records so different platforms try to fill in this gap in terms of adequate data through media monitoring The journalist Ceyda Ulukaya made an interactive Femicide Map of Turkey The project supported by the Platform for Independent Journalism contains detailed data about 1 134 femicide victims between 2010 and 2015 including the victims the identity of the accused murderer the reason and links to newspaper stories about their murders Both qualitative and quantitative data showed that the majority of the victims were killed by husbands ex husbands 608 cases and boyfriends ex boyfriends 161 The most often cited reason of the murder is that the woman wanted a divorce or refused reconciliation 38 On 15 March 2017 Turkish Interior Ministry has announced that a total of 20 women were killed while under temporary state protection between 2015 and 2017 An average of 358 women a day applied to law enforcement officers after suffering violence in 2016 Around five women every hour or 115 a day were faced with the threat of murder The Umut Foundation released statistics regarding violence against women in Turkey on International Women s Day showing that 397 women were killed in Turkey in 2016 A total of 317 women were killed with weapons in 2016 an increase over the 309 women killed with weapons out of a total of 413 in 2015 39 On 6 July 2017 a pregnant Syrian woman was raped and killed with her 10 month old baby in the Sakarya Province Turkey 40 In the monthly report of the group We Will Stop Femicide in May 2017 it mention that 328 women were killed in 2016 while in the first five months of 2017 173 women were killed across Turkey compared with 137 in the same period of 2016 Also 210 Turkish women killed or forced to commit suicide in 2012 in misogynist attacks by men Women s activists told that the rise in killings had come as more women sought to exercise their rights including divorcing abusive partners 41 294 women killed in 2014 and 237 in 2013 42 From 2010 till May 2017 118 women have been killed in Izmir alone 41 In December 2016 a man attacked a pregnant woman in Manisa for jogging at a park 43 44 According to reports monitoring the number of women killed at the hands of abusive men 41 women were killed in August 2018 in Turkey 45 Unofficial data compiled by a Turkish advocacy group reported that in 2018 440 women in Turkey murdered by men 25 26 In 2019 the eight women lawmakers from the main opposition staged a protest in Turkey s general assembly They were banging their desks and singing the A Rapist in Your Path while some other lawmakers stood up and held around 20 pictures of victims of femicide in Turkey 26 According to the We Will Stop Femicides Platform Kadin Cinayetlerini Durduracagiz Platformu more than 157 women were murdered by men in Turkey from January 2020 July 2020 46 On the 14 March 2012 Turkey was the first country to ratify the Istanbul Convention 47 The convention entered into force on the 1 August 2014 as on this date enough member states ratified the Istanbul convention 47 In July 2020 the deputy chair Numan Kurtulmus of the Turkish ruling party Justice and Development Party AKP said that Turkey s 2012 decision of ratifying the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence also known as Istanbul Convention was wrong adding that Turkey might consider withdrawing from the convention 48 In addition the same month the leader of the main opposition party in Turkey CHP said that there is a rise in violence against women in the country 49 World famous celebrities have joined Turkish women s social media campaign with the hashtag ChallengeAccepted in order to put an end to domestic violence in Turkey 46 Despite resistance from the opposition the Turkish Government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan decided to withdraw from the Istanbul Convention in March 2021 50 Domestic violence edit Main article Domestic violence in Turkey A 2002 study by Ayranci et al observed that in Turkey 36 4 of women complained about physical violence and 71 mentioned physical psychological or sexual assault during pregnancy 51 According to report by the Turkish government dating from 2009 42 of the surveyed women said they had been physically or sexually abused by their husband or partner 52 Almost half of them never speaking to anyone about this and only 8 approach government institutions for support 53 When they do approach them police and gendarmerie sometimes prefer to attempt to reconcile the families rather than protecting them 53 While the rates of violence are particularly high among poor rural women one third of the women in the highest economic brackets have also been subject to domestic violence 53 A 2009 survey conducted by a leading Turkish university stated that some 42 percent of women over age 15 in Turkey and 47 percent of rural women have experienced physical or sexual violence at the hands of a husband or partner at some point in their lives 54 According to a United Nations report published in July 2011 39 of women in Turkey had suffered physical violence at some time in their lives compared with 22 in the United States 30 Even though every municipality with more than 50 000 inhabitants is required by law to have at least one women s shelter there are just 79 in the whole country 30 In May 2011 the Human Rights Watch said in a report that Turkey s flawed family violence protection system leaves women and girls across the country unprotected against domestic abuse The 58 page report He Loves You He Beats You Family Violence in Turkey and Access to Protection documents brutal and long lasting violence against women and girls by husbands partners and family members and the survivors struggle to seek protection 54 Over 37 of Turkish women said they had experienced physical or sexual violence or both according to an exhaustive 2014 survey of 15 000 households by the country s family ministry 41 According to the We Will Stop Women Homicides Platform 294 women were killed in 2014 and 60 of them perished at the hands of husbands and boyfriends 55 On 3 October 2017 a woman who took refuge in a women s shelter due to being subjected to violence from her husband was killed by him at Kastamonu 56 On 9 October 2017 Haberturk reported that the number of electronic bracelets given for domestic violence incidents throughout Turkey is only 30 although some 120 000 women are subjected to violence by men every year in the Turkey 57 In November 2017 according to a study conducted by a student at Mugla Sitki Kocman University mentioned that 28 5 percent of the respondents said they have witnessed domestic abuse In the same study 52 9 percent of those who were involved in a relationship said they were subjected to dating abuse described in the report as psychological harassment or physical aggression The report also revealed that 6 25 percent of victims said they were touched without their consent and 4 54 said they were raped The study also showed that abusers are overwhelmingly men 58 A total of 365 women were killed by men in the first 11 months of 2017 according to data compiled by the We Will Stop Femicide activist platform based on news reported in the media The report also stressed that women who are victims of sexual abuse tend to be neglected by their families which pushes them to undertake independent measures for their self protection Among many victimized women some end up committing suicide The report stated that 2017 as of November 15 percent of the women killed were victims of murder for wanting to get a divorce 11 percent were killed for taking decisions about their lives independently 7 percent were killed for financial reasons 4 percent were killed for turning down the man s reconciliation efforts and another 4 percent were killed over debates about their children Most of the women killed in Turkey in November were aged between 25 and 35 with 75 percent of the women in this age range becoming victims after wanting to get divorce 59 In 2017 a total of 409 women were killed and 387 children sexually abused in Turkey according to data compiled by the group We Will Stop Femicide 60 A report about October 2017 reveals that during that month 40 women have lost their lives due to femicide while 25 women have been subject to sexual violence and 32 children have been sexually abused Also 20 of women who have been murdered range between 19 and 24 In addition the report mention that 70 of victims have been murdered by their close relatives partner father son brother etc and that 40 of victims have been shot dead whereas 28 have been stabbed to death 61 According to a report released by the group We Will Stop Femicide 28 women were killed and 25 others were subjected to sexual violence in January 2018 added that also 147 children had been sexually abused during January Twenty one percent of the women killed were murdered for making decisions regarding their own lives while four percent of women were murdered for refusing to reunite with their former partners 43 percent were between 36 and 65 years old 14 percent were older than 66 and 11 percent were between 25 and 35 years old The majority of the women were killed at home The platform said the total number of femicides fell slightly compared to the final months of 2017 60 A 2020 study investigated the relationship between femicides and economic development in Turkey Using data from the 2010 2017 period it found that whether economic development reduces femicide depends on other factors in poorer provinces there is a strong positive correlation between women s murders and equality in education and divorce rates but in richer provinces these associations are significantly weaker It concluded that These results are consistent with the idea that economic development may not reduce women s murders by itself but it can mitigate the effects of male backlash against women who challenge the status quo 62 Monument Counter edit The Monument Counter is an online Internet monument commemorating women who have lost their lives to domestic and male violence It is updated every day It was conceived in 2012 as a device to generate public awareness concerning the rising number of deaths due to domestic violence 63 and to keep track of this data that is often suppressed and largely unknown The website clearly setting out on its homepage all the names of the women who were murdered also features a large active counter Not only is it an awareness raising mechanism for society around domestic violence but it is also a space for commemoration and mourning The Monument Counter demonstrates a worrying increase as well as inviting an urgent countdown Each name is backed by a news article with a focus on increasing knowledge and ensuring verifiability At the time of writing 26 05 2021 the counter is at 162 women thus far for the year of 2021 Violence for choice of clothing edit nbsp Protest against violence nbsp Protest against violenceIn September 2016 Aysegul Terzi was called a devil and kicked by a man in face on a public bus for wearing shorts Footage showed the man telling her that those who wear shorts should die 64 In protest at the attack the hashtag AysegulTerzininSesiOlalim which translates into English as let s be the voice of Aysegul Terzi was used thousands of times Women in Turkey also posted images to social media of themselves wearing shorts in solidarity On 18 September 2016 campaigners gathered in Istanbul to protest the attack and put pressure on authorities to focus on ending violence against women 65 In June 2017 a female university student Asena Melisa Saglam was attacked verbally and physically by a man on a bus in Istanbul for wearing shorts during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan The incident was caught on security cameras 64 66 Also later on the same month a woman was harassed on the street in Istanbul when a man accused her of wearing provocative clothing saying she should be careful because she was turning people on 64 67 In July 2017 hundreds of women marched in Istanbul on to protest against violence and animosity they face from men demanding they dress more conservatively Protesters say there has been an increase in the number of verbal and physical attacks against women for their choice of clothing in Turkey in recent years 64 Also later on the same month the security chief of the Macka Democracy Park in the Sisli district of Istanbul verbally abused a young woman for the way she was dressed and he also called the police On 30 July 2017 Women s rights associations protested in the Park against such actions 68 On 10 August 2017 two men on motorbikes sexually harassed two women at Izmir Then the women asked for help from two police officers in the street but one of them started beating one of the women according to the woman s testimony the officer said the harassers were right because we were dressed inappropriately Security footage showed one of the police officers starting to beat one of the women 69 70 In September 2017 at Ankara neighbors complained to the manager of an apartment building about a woman for wearing shorts at her home demanding that she must keep her curtains closed The manager warned the woman to keep her curtains closed for her own sake 71 In March 2018 a teacher at a religious vocational high school in Konya was dismissed from his post over comments he made about female students wearing gym clothes He also wrote that physical education classes should be an optional class for students as it prepared girls for the devil 72 Rape edit According to a study some commonly expressed views on rape were given to individuals from various professions who were asked to agree or disagree results recorded that 33 of the police officers agreed that some women deserve rape 66 of police officers as well as nearly 50 of other professional groups except the psychologists about 18 and 27 of psychiatrists suggested that the physical appearance and behaviors of women tempt men to rape 73 Turkey outlawed marital rape in 2005 74 In 2015 Turkish university student Ozgecan Aslan was murdered as she resisted a rape attempt 75 on a minibus in Mersin Her burnt body was discovered on 13 February The murder was committed by Turkish minibus driver Ahmet Suphi Altindoken his father Necmettin Altindoken and his friend Fatih Gokce 76 According to Turkish Daily Sabah Ozgcan Aslan became a symbol for Turkish women who are the victims of violence 77 In 2013 The Guardian reported that the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace According to a report from Amnesty International in 2003 Hamdiye Aslan who was accused of supporting the Kurdish separatist group the PKK had been detained in Mardin Prison south east Turkey for almost three months in which she was reportedly blindfolded anally raped with a truncheon threatened and mocked by officers 78 Reporting on cases of sexual abuse in Turkey is often difficult the issue is still taboo in Turkish culture as well as the fact that much of Turkish media don t report on such cases as they tarnish the country s modern and secular image The result of this is that many injustices within Turkey including systematic rapes carried out in prisons to maintain power over communities go unheard by the rest of the world 78 Honor killings edit Main article Honor killings nbsp Southeastern Anatolia Region a region of Turkey strongly associated with honor killingsAccording to researchers one of the important reasons for the high number of honor killings is that punishments are not harsh and laws and legal applications protect the perpetrators 79 Between 2003 and 2007 432 58 5 of 739 honor killings were committed in Istanbul 167 persons Ankara 144 persons and Izmir 121 persons 79 A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing The team interviewed 180 perpetrators of honor killings and it also commented that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure there are also perpetrators who are well educated university graduates Of all those surveyed perpetrators 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least literate 80 81 In 2010 a 16 year old girl was buried alive by relatives for befriending boys in Southeast Turkey her corpse was found 40 days after she went missing 82 There are well documented cases where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing Such a case was on 13 January 2009 where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas a 16 year old Kurdish girl who got pregnant as a result of rape 83 A June 2008 report by the Turkish Prime Ministry s Human Rights Directorate said that in Istanbul alone there was one honor killing every week and reported over 1 000 during the previous five years It added that metropolitan cities were the location of many of these whilst the perpetrators of these crimes in such cities mostly originated from Eastern Turkey 84 85 86 The mass migration during the past decades of rural population from Southeastern Turkey to big cities in Western Turkey has resulted in cities such as Istanbul Ankara Izmir and Bursa having the highest numbers of reported honor killings 87 88 unreliable source Most honour related crimes happen in the rural Kurdish region where a feudal patriarchal system survives but as Kurds have fled these regions the crime is also spreading into cities across Turkey 86 89 Honor killings continue have some support in the conservative parts of Turkey especially in southeastern Turkey where most of the crimes take place 4 A survey where 500 men were interviewed in Diyarbakir found that when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery 37 of respondents said she should be killed while 21 said her nose or ears should be cut off 89 90 91 Human trafficking edit Main article Human trafficking in Turkey In 2008 critics have pointed out that Turkey has become a major market for foreign women who are coaxed and forcibly brought to the country by international mafia to work as sex slaves especially in big and touristic cities 92 93 94 Sexual harassment edit On 15 February 2015 a social media campaign started in order to let women share their own sexual harassment stories under the hashtag sendeanlat you tell your story too after a 20 year old woman was brutally killed in Turkey 95 As of 25 February 2015 there were more than 800 000 tweets 96 In 2015 the Turkish model Didem Soydan tweeted that she had received abusive text messages after testifying and giving her cell phone number to police in the case of a woman who was forced into a car after being beaten In addition the actress Beren Saat tweeted her own experiences about the sexual harassment and abuses 95 In June 2018 the Turkish actress Hande Ataizi and a Turkish costume assistant accused the actor Talat Bulut of sexual harassment A total of 56 producers and directors in Turkey supported the victims with a written statement In the statement it mention that We know it is hard for a woman to expose harassment and abuse incidents in Turkey The male actor had rejected the allegations and threatened to launch a countersuit 97 Women s shelters edit As of September 2018 there are a total of 132 Women s shelters in Turkey Only the province of Bitlis does not have a shelter for women Most of those facilities are run by the Family Labor and Social Services Ministry while others are operated by municipalities the Immigration Authority Goc Idaresi and the Purple Roof Mor Cati an NGO According to data from 2016 102 shelters under the Family Ministry accommodated 29 612 women and 17 956 children Thirty three facilities operated by municipalities sheltered 2 088 women and 1 433 children And 66 women and 23 children were hosted at the shelter run by the NGO 45 Asli Elif Sakalli from the Purple Roof Women s Shelter Foundation said that only one or two social workers are employed at shelters that host 25 to 30 women She also added that some employees at the shelters who are not conscious about gender equality could make statements such as But clearly you deserved this 45 Religious officials and women editIn 2017 the mufti of the Kocaeli s Golcuk district had likened women without headscarves to products sold at half price 98 In 2018 the mufti of the Zonguldak said that Women should enter the sea in a way that other women cannot see them Even women should hide their bodies from other women 98 Education edit nbsp A scene from a female majority class at the Psychology Department of Uludag University in Bursa Turkey In Turkey 47 5 of staff at the top five universities are female a higher proportion than for their equivalents in the United States 35 9 Denmark 31 and Japan 12 7 99 nbsp Girls school in Trebizond modern Trabzon early 20th centuryMain article Education in Turkey While still trailing male literacy rates female literacy rates in Turkey have grown substantially to 93 6 in 2016 100 Illiteracy is particularly prevalent among rural women who are often not sent to school as girls 101 Half of girls aged between 15 and 19 are neither in the education system nor in the workforce 102 The government and various other foundations are engaged in education campaigns in Southeastern Anatolia to improve the rate of literacy and education levels of women 103 In 2008 4 million women were illiterate as opposed to 990 thousand men 104 A 2008 poll by the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey showed that almost half of urban Turkish women believe economic independence for women is unnecessary reflecting in the view of psychologist Leyla Navaro a heritage of patriarchy 105 In the 2012 2013 the schooling ratio of girls at 99 61 106 as of 2014 according to the Turkish Statistical Institute exceeded that of the boys for the first time in Turkish history The gender gap in secondary education 5 3 lower than boys remained albeit at much lower levels in comparison to the 2002 2003 educational year 25 8 However the gender gap in higher education increased between 2002 and 2012 to 9 5 107 Significant regional differences still persist with only 15 9 of girls attending secondary school in the Mus Province as of 2010 as opposed to 82 4 in the Bilecik Province the province with the highest percentage 108 In 2009 the provinces with the lowest schooling ratios for girls were Bitlis Van and Hakkari all in southeastern Turkey while those with the highest ratios were Ankara Izmir and Mersin all in western Turkey Dropout rates for girls at primary level are higher than boys especially concentrating at the fifth and sixth years 104 Daily Haberturk reported on 9 January 2018 that only three state universities in Turkey have women rectors despite women making up 43 58 percent of all academics in the country According to education specialist Alaaddin Dincer the absence of women among universities boards of directors is the result of a consciously made decision 109 Employment edit nbsp Sertab Erener 2004 Turkish singer and the winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2003 nbsp Janet Akyuz Mattei 2009 Astronomer nbsp Muazzez Ilmiye Cig 2009 SumerologistThe employment rate for ages 15 64 as of 2017 was 32 2 for women much lower than that of men which was 70 7 110 In 2011 out of 26 million employable women only 5 9 million were in the labor force 111 23 4 of women have either been forced by men to quit their jobs or prevented from working 112 The rate of women not covered by social security is 84 in the East and 87 in the Southeast 102 According to World Bank women made up 32 7 of the labor force in 2018 roughly unchanged from 1990 when they made up 30 8 113 On the other hand it is possible that the involvement of women in the labour force is very underestimated due to women working in the informal economy 114 Despite the relatively low involvement of women in the workforce compared to other countries women in Turkey are quite well represented in the business world for instance the proportion of women in business leadership roles in Turkey is almost twice higher than that of Germany 115 On 19 October 2017 Turkish Enterprise and Business Confederation TURKONFED Chairman said that half of the women in Turkey s labor force are unregistered and that the ratio of unregistered women workers in the country is much higher than that of men 116 He also said that Turkey must raise women s participation in the workforce to ensure sustainable development adding that Turkey is the only country in Europe with an employment rate among women lower than 40 percent 116 As of 2018 just 34 of women in Turkey work by far the lowest of the 35 industrialised countries of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD where the average is 63 117 On 19 June 2018 the European Court of Human Rights has fined Turkey 11 000 euros over the government owned electricity distribution company s refusal to appoint a woman as a security officer on account of her gender In October 1999 the female applicant Hulya Ebru Demirel passed a civil service exam and was informed that she would be appointed as a security officer at the Kilis branch of the Turkish Electricity Distribution company TEDAS However the company refused to appoint her citing her failure to fulfil the condition for the position to be a man who has completed military service The applicant initially won a discrimination court case against the company in 2001 but that decision was overturned on appeal by the Supreme Administrative Court in December 2002 Demirel s subsequent appeals were all reported to be unsuccessful which ultimately led her to lodge an appeal at the ECHR on 17 June 2008 118 Censorship editIn March 2018 Parliament Speaker Ismail Kahraman forbid the women of a troupe from being onstage at a tribute to the anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign at the Turkish Parliament He was offended that actresses playing the mothers of soldiers would be giving men public hugs 119 In September 2020 a female politician of Kurdish origin Sebahat Tuncel was sentenced to 11 months in prison for calling Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan an enemy of women in a speech in 2016 She had made this statement after two controversial statements of Erdogan where in 2014 he said publicly women are not equal to men and in 2016 he said women who reject motherhood are deficient and incomplete 120 Family life editSee also Child marriage in Turkey On average 28 of Turkish women were married before the age of 18 Because of the large regional differences in the incidence of underage marriages as many as 40 50 are married as minors in some areas particularly in eastern and Central Anatolia 121 A report by the Commission on Equality of Opportunity for Women and Men states that childhood marriages are widely accepted by Turkish society 121 A bride price is still paid in parts of Turkey 121 In 2016 the governing Islamist conservative Justice and Development Party AKP sought to introduce legislation which would have made a child rape no longer punishable if the perpetrator would offer to marry his victim this was withdrawn after a public outcry against what was widely seen as an attempt of legitimising rape and encouraging child marriage 122 In February 2018 daily Haberturk reported that the number of Turkish women illegally seeking surrogate mothers abroad especially in countries where the practice is common and legal such as in Cyprus Georgia and the United States or women offering to become surrogates for money has been on the rise This practice is forbidden by Turkish law 123 Underage pregnancy edit General Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs mentioned that 2 730 girls younger than 15 years old and 50 848 girls aged between 15 and 17 gave birth in 2001 124 Turkish Statistical Institute TUIK mentioned that 16 396 girls aged between 15 and 17 gave birth across Turkey in 2016 as well as 234 girls younger than 15 124 In 2017 officials in Turkey recorded the number of underage pregnancies at 15 216 Istanbul and the province of Gaziantep topped the list with 1 106 125 In January 2018 media reports revealed that a single Istanbul hospital had covered up over 100 underage pregnancies in just six months 124 In the first half of 2018 there were 625 underage conceptions in Istanbul and 499 in Gaziantep 125 During 2017 and the first half of 2018 there were 1 348 underage pregnancies in the province of Adana 1 005 in the province of Diyarbakir and 1 313 in the province of Hatay During this period in only four provinces of Turkey the number of underage pregnancies fell below 10 125 Clothing edit nbsp Kurdish women in hijab headscarves Dogubayazit TurkeySee also Headscarf controversy in Turkey Do you cover when going outside 126 1999 2012No I do not 47 3 70 5 Yes I wear a headscarf 33 4 18 8 Yes I wear a turban 15 7 11 4 Yes I wear a carsaf 3 4 0 1 NI NA 0 3 2 2 Mustafa Kemal had the ambition to make Turkey a new modern Secular nation In 1925 he removed Islam from the constitution and introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law and in the same year he banned the traditional hat for men the fez Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new Secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men he never introduced a ban against the hijab However he appeared in public with his wife Latife Usaki unveiled and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance were men and women could mingle to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing and in the mid 1920s upper and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public A 2006 survey by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation estimated the prevalence of hair covering among Turkish women at 30 127 There are regional variations in 2005 30 of women in Istanbul covered their hair while in central and eastern Turkey women are rarely seen on the streets and wear headscarves in public 128 The 2006 survey found that compared to a previous study carried out in 1999 the number of women who employ headcoverings had increased in rural areas but decreased in cities 129 It also found that the Carsaf Turkish version of Arabic niqab was almost never worn by women in the 18 39 age group 129 From 1999 to 2006 women not wearing head coverings in the 25 39 age group rose from 28 to 41 5 and in the 18 24 group increased from 40 5 to 50 7 129 The prevalence also differs by income in 2006 37 2 of women in the medium income group were uncovered compared to 71 2 in the higher income group 129 The same survey asked single men whether they would want prospective wives to go covered 56 responded no 44 yes 129 Only 1 1 of covered women said they cover because of their spouses fiancees or family Women s health edit nbsp Cagla Kubat 2006 Turkish model and windsurfer nbsp Guler Sabanci 2008 Turkish industrialist As of 2014 she is listed as the 60th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes nbsp Ayse Kulin 2008 Turkish author nbsp Nevin Yanit 2012 Turkish sprinter winner of 2010 European Athletics Championships in 100 m hurdlesSee also Abortion in Turkey Since 1985 Turkish women have the right to freely exercise abortions in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and the right to contraceptive medicine paid for by the Social Security Modifications to the Civil Code in 1926 gave the right to women to initiate and obtain a divorce only recognized in Malta an EU country for both men and women in 2011 Turkish prime minister Erdogan argued that women should have at least three children 53 No gender discrimination exists regarding the laws as well as their practice in the health sector in Turkey clarification needed With the 1994 World Population and Development Conference the Ministry of Health adopted a policy change which included the emotional social and physical health of women and young girls with an integrated approach rather than only reproductive health and family planning as it did in the past Another initiative brought onto the agenda by the Ministry of Health after the Beijing Conference is to ensure the participation of men in reproductive health and family planning Bibliography on feminism in Turkey editHistory of feminism in Turkey edit Feminism during the Ottoman Empire edit Berktay Fatmagul 2000 Osmanli dan Cumhuriyet e Feminizm Tarihin Cinsiyeti 2006 Istanbul Metis Yayinlari pages 88 111 Cakif Serpil 1996 Osmanli Kadin Hareketi Istanbul Metis Kadin Arastirmalari Dizisi Metis Yayinlari Adivar Halide Edib 1913 Yirminci Asirda Kadinlar Mektep Muzesi Dergisi Karakisla Yavuz Selim 1999 Osmanli Hanimlari ve Hizmetci Kadinlar Toplumsal Tarih Mart 1999 issiue 63 p 15 24 Melissa Bilal ve Lerna Ekmekcioglu Bir Adalet Feryadi Osmanli dan Turkiye ye Bes Ermeni Feminist Yazar Hayganus Mark Istanbul Aras Yayinlari p 242 263 Mojab Shahrzad Part 1 Historical Perspectives Women of a Non State Nation The Kurds Mazda Publication s 25 94 Toprak Zafer 1992 II Mesrutiyet Doneminde Devlet Aile ve Feminizm Sosyo Kulturel Degisme Icinde Turk Ailesi cilt 1 Basbakanlik Aile Arastirrma Kurumu Yayinlari Ankara pages 237 Zihniogku Yaprak 2003 Kadinsiz Inkilap Metis especially pp 54 115 chap 5 7 Safarian Alexander 2007 On the History of Turkish Feminism Iran and the Caucasus vol 11 1 Brill Leiden Boston pp 141 152 The Republic and feminism edit Aksit Elif Ekin 2005 Kizlarin Sessizligi Kiz Enstitulerinin Uzun Tarihi Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Arat Zehra F 1998 Kemalizm ve Turk Kadini der Ayse Berktay Hacimirzaoglu 75 Yilda Kadin ve Erkekler Istanbul Turkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi Yayini 51 58 Arat Zehra Turkiye de Kadin Olmak der Istanbul Say Yayinlari Arat Zehra F Fall 1994 Kemalism and Turkish women Women and Politics 14 4 57 80 doi 10 1080 1554477x 1994 9970716 Berktay Fatmagul 1993 Turkiye Solunun Kadina Bakisi Degisen Bir Sey Var mi der Sirin Tekeli 1980 ler Turkiye sinde Kadin Bakis Acisindan Kadinlar Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Caglayan Handan 2007 Analar Yoldaslar Tanricalar Kurt Hareketinde Kadinlar ve Kadin Kimliginin Olusumu Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari ISBN 9789750504921 Durakbasa Ayse 1989 Cumhuriyet Doneminde Kemalist Kadin Kimliginin Olusumu Tarih ve Toplum Tarih ve Toplum Iletisim Yayinlari 9 51 Ergun Emek February 2013 Feminist translation and feminist sociolinguistics in dialogue A multi layered analysis of linguistic gender constructions in and across English and Turkish Gender and Language 7 1 13 33 doi 10 1558 genl v7i1 13 Edip Halide 2000 Turk Modernlesmesi ve Feminizm Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Kocak Mine 80 li Yillar Kadin Hareketi Link to the original document Mojab Shahrzad 2001 Introduction The solitude of the stateless Kurdish women at the margins of feminist knowledge in Mojab Shahrzad ed Women of a non state nation the Kurds Costa Mesa California Mazda Publishers pp 1 10 ISBN 9781568590936 Pdf of book contents Tekeli Sirin 1998 Birinci ve Ikinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karsilastirilmali Incelemesi Uzerine bir Deneme 75 Yilda Kadinlar ve Erkekler Is Bankasi ve Tarih Vakfi Yayinlari s 337 346 Stella Ovadia ve Gulnur Savran Bozan amp Ekin amp Ramazanoglu amp Tuksal pieces in Ozgurlugu Ararken Amargi s 37 57 81 101 203 221 s 221 239 roza ve jujin dergileri 239 257 Nukhet Sirman 1993 Feminism in Turkey A Short History New Perspectives on Turkey Contemporary Turkish Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science 3 1 1 34 Selections from Amargi no 3 Projen Var Mi tarih On women and gender edit Islam nationalism and the nation state edit Acikel Fethi 1996 Kutsal Mazlumlugun Psikopatolojisi Toplum ve Bilim 70 153 199 Akin Feride 1998 Turban Sorunu En Buyuk Dusman Birikim 114 Media and women edit Aktanber Ayse 1993 Turkiye de Medya da Kadin Serbest Musait Kadin veya Iyi Es Fedakar Anne der Sirin Tekeli 1980 ler Turkiyesinde Kadin Bakis Acisindan Kadinlar Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Asuman Suner Hayalet Ev Yeni Turk Sinemasinda Aidiyet Kimlik ve Bellek Vasfiye nin Kiz Kardesleri Istanbul Metis Yayinlari s 291 305 Women s bodies sexuality and violence edit Ayse Gul Altinay and Yesim Arat 2007 Turkiye de Kadina Yonelik Siddet Click on for the original document http www kadinayoneliksiddet org TurkiyedeKadinaYoneliksiddet pdf Kadioglu Ayse 1998 Cinselligin Inkari Buyuk Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Turk Kadinlari 75 Yilda Kadinlar ve Erkekler Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yayinlari Sumer Sevil Eslen Ziya Hande February 2017 New waves for old rights Women s mobilization and bodily rights in Turkey and Norway European Journal of Women s Studies 24 1 23 38 doi 10 1177 1350506815619878 S2CID 148220666 Gender related division of labor edit Hattatoglu Ozbek Dilek 2002 Ev Eksenli Calisma Stratejileri der Aynur Ilyasoglu Necla Akgokce Yerli Bir Feminizme Dogru Istanbul Sel Yayincilik Ozbay Ferhunde 1998 Turkiye de Aile ve Hane Yapisi Dun Bugun Yarin der Ayse Berktay Hacimirzaoglu 75 Yilda Kadin ve Erkekler Istanbul Turkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi Yayini 2002 Evlerde El Kizlari Cariyeler Evlatliklar Gelinler yay Haz Ayse Durakbasa Tarih Yaziminda Sinif ve Cinsiyet Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Ozyegin Gul 2003 Kapicilar Gundelikciler ve Ev Sahipleri Turk Kent Yasaminda Sorunlu Karsilasmalar der Deniz Kandiyoti Ayse Saktanber Kultur Fragmanlari Turkiye de Gundelik Hayat Istanbul Metis 2004 Baskalarinin Kiri Kapicilar Gundelikciler ve Kadinlik Halleri Cev Sugra Oncu Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Yasin Yael Navaro 2000 Cumhuriyetin Ilk Yillarinda Ev Isinin Rasyonellesmesi Toplum ve Bilim 84 Sirman Nukhet 2002 Kadinlarin Milliyeti Modern Turkiye de Siyasi Dusunce Cilt 4 Istanbul Iletisim Yayinlari Women and property rights edit Toktas Sule O Neil Mary Lou December 2013 How do women receive inheritance The processes of Turkish women s inclusion and exclusion from property Asian Women 29 4 25 50 doi 10 14431 aw 2013 12 29 4 25 S2CID 142938497 Women and work edit Erdogan Necmi 2002 Yok Sanma Yoksulluk Maduniyet ve Fark Yaralari der Necmi Erdogan Yoksulluk Halleri Istanbul Demokrasi Kitapligi Savran Gulnur 2004 Beden Emek Tarih Diyalektik Bir Feminizm Icin Istanbul Kanat Yayincilik Bora Aksu 2005 Kadinlarin Sinifi Iletisim pp 59 182 the theoretical overview from pp 21 59 is highly recommended by Ayse Parla for her gernder class in Sabanci Women and gender overall edit Agduk Gevrek Meltem 2000 Cumhuriyet in Asil Kizlarindan 90 larin Turk Kizlarina Vatan Millet Kadinlar Iletisim Alakom Rohat 1998 Arastirmalarda Adi Fazla Gecmeyen Bir Kurulus Kurt Kadinlari Teali Cemiyeti Tarih Toplum 171 March 36 40 Amargi 2009 Kadinlar Arasinda Deneyimlerimiz hangi kapilari aciyor II der Amargi Aralik 2008 Oda Virginia Woolf un odasindayiz Deneyimlerimiz hangi kapilari aciyor I Arat Zehra 1997 Kadinlarin Gundemi der Istanbul Say Yayinlari Arat Zehra 1996 Kadin Gerceklikleri der Istanbul Say Yayinlari Bora Aksu Asena Gunal and Gulnur Savran na Yuvarlak Masa Birikim Edip Halide 1987 Zeyno Istanbul Remzi Kitabevi Gurbilek Nurdan 2004 Kadinsilasma Endisesi Efemine Erkekler Hadim Ogullar Kadin Adamlar In Kor Ayna Kayip Sark Metis Mutluer Nil 2008 der Cinsiyet Halleri Turkiye de toplumsal cinsiyetin kesisim sinirlari Istanbul Varlik Yayinlari Glupker Kesebir Gitta August 2016 Women s Rights in Turkey and the European Union Accession Process German Media Perspectives Journal of Women Politics amp Policy 37 4 514 537 doi 10 1080 1554477X 2016 1192422 S2CID 147777072 Demet Lukuslu 2023 Becoming a young woman through a feminist lens young feminist women in Turkey Journal of Gender Studies DOI 10 1080 09589236 2023 2172556See also editDomestic violence in Turkey Secularism in Turkey Turkish women in politics Turkish women in academics Turkish women in literature Turkish women in sports Child marriage in Turkey List of Turkish women who won international beauty pageantsReferences edit nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Country Studies Federal Research Division Data as of January 1995 LFS by sex and age indicators stats oecd org Retrieved 4 September 2022 Human Development Report 2021 2022 PDF Human Development Reports Retrieved 18 November 2022 Global Gender Gap Report 2022 PDF World Economic Forum Retrieved 4 September 2022 a b Turkish girl was buried alive 5 February 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2018 via news bbc co uk Sallan Gul Songul May June 2013 The role of the State in protecting women against domestic violence and women s shelters in Turkey Women s Studies International Forum 38 107 116 doi 10 1016 j wsif 2013 01 018 Henneke J 2008 Combating domestic violence in Turkey PDF Sweden Goeteborgs University a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Kadin ve kizlara yonelik siddetten kacmanin uc adimi PDF United Kingdom Home Office a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help this document is in Turkish use a translator such as Google if you cannot read Turkish Turkey ranks 130th in gender gap index Badegul Eren Aydinlik Seyfi Kenan 2021 Between men time and the state education of girls during the Late Ottoman Empire 1859 1908 Paedagogica Historica 57 4 405 406 doi 10 1080 00309230 2019 1660386 S2CID 203437211 The Women s Movement in Turkey From Tanzimat towards European Union Membership 1 The Women s Movement in Turkey From Tanzimat towards European Union Membership 1 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 June 2016 Retrieved 9 September 2012 a b c d e f g h i Binder Charlotte Richman Natalie 15 January 2011 Feminist Movements in Turkey M Kavakci Islam Merve Kavakci Headscarf Politics in Turkey A Postcolonial Reading a b Questions and Answers on Women s Right Turkish prepared by the Human Rights Agenda Association accessed on 14 October 2009 The Right of Women Gender Equality and Struggle with Violence Against Women Rep of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs a b c d e Turkey stopvaw org Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b In Turkey Degrees of Change in Women s Rights 6 November 2008 Online NewsHour PBS pbs org Retrieved 3 April 2018 Turkey s fraught history with headscarves The World from PRX Retrieved 4 September 2022 Almost 60 percent of Turkish women cover their heads Ahval 4 October 2018 Retrieved 4 September 2022 Ozkok Ertugrul 4 October 2018 Kadinlarin yuzde kaci basini ortuyor turbanli kadin orani artiyor mu www hurriyet com tr in Turkish Retrieved 4 September 2022 Cakir Serpil 2006 Osmanli Kadin Hareketi Metis Yayinlari p 407 a b c Cagla Diner And Sule Toktas Waves of feminism in Turkey Kemalist Islamist andKurdish women s movements in an era of globalization Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 Retrieved 31 October 2017 Ansay Tugrul Wallace Don Jr 7 April 2011 Introduction to Turkish Law Kluwer Law International B V p 27 ISBN 978 90 411 3957 3 Women deputies constitute 14 3 pct of Turkish parliament Politics Worldbulletin News Worldbulletin net 27 July 2011 Retrieved 22 June 2014 UN Joint Program for the Development of Women and Children s Rights Turkish Turkiye de Kadin Olmak accessed on 14 October 2009 a b Altayli Daren Butler Birsen 21 October 2019 Turkey under pressure to tackle sharp rise in murders of women Reuters Retrieved 15 December 2020 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Turkey s women lawmakers stage Las Tesis rapist is you protest dw com 15 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Women Face Rising Violence in Male Dominated Turkey sabah daily 25 March 2018 New app allows victims of domestic violence to notify Turkish police with single button Daily Sabah Retrieved 15 December 2020 Women across Turkey demand safety prevention of violence Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 26 November 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2020 a b c Women See Worrisome Shift in Turkey The New York Times 25 April 2012 Wilkinson Tracy 9 January 2007 Taking the honor out of killing women Los Angeles Times Retrieved 6 August 2008 Fight fire with fire NGO tells women Hurriyet Daily News 28 December 2011 Group attacks Women s Day demo at Istanbul Bilgi University Hurriyet Daily News 8 March 2017 Knife wielding group attacks women s day event at Turkish university middleeasteye 8 March 2017 a b Johnson Glen Turkey The life of a battered woman www aljazeera com Retrieved 3 April 2018 Khazan Olga 25 March 2015 In Turkey Not Even Posters of Women Are Safe From Violence theatlantic com Retrieved 3 April 2018 Mor Cati Domestic violence made visible on the streets paper plane fr 5 May 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2018 via YouTube Violence against women in Turkey increases both in number and brutality Hurriyet Daily News 30 November 2015 Retrieved 3 April 2018 20 women killed despite state protection Turkish Interior Ministry Hurriyet Daily News 15 March 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Pregnant Syrian woman raped killed with baby in Turkey s northwest hurriyetdailynews 6 July 2017 Retrieved 6 July 2017 a b c Turkey s deepening tragedy of murdered women hurriyetdailynews 12 July 2017 Retrieved 12 July 2017 Jones Sophia Tung Nicole 27 April 2017 Women Are Dying in Turkey foreignaffairs Retrieved 27 April 2017 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a Cite magazine requires magazine help Pregnant woman attacked for exercising in public sol December 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Assailant who attacked woman in Turkey for jogging at a park released birgun 12 December 2016 Retrieved 12 December 2016 a b c Turkey needs more and better shelters for women Charity Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 6 September 2018 Retrieved 15 December 2020 a b Hollywood actresses join Turkish women s calls for end to domestic violence Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 31 July 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2020 a b Full list Treaty Office Retrieved 27 March 2021 Turkey may consider withdrawing from Istanbul Convention AKP official Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 3 July 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2020 CHP leader warns of rise in violence against women Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 21 July 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Turkey Withdraws From Treaty on Violence Against Women Bloomberg com 19 March 2021 Retrieved 20 March 2021 Gul Pelin Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey Policy Suggestions to Prevent It academia edu Retrieved 3 April 2018 Marchers demand better protection for women in Turkey CNN Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b c d Women in Turkey The Numbers Are Stacked Against Them amnestyusa org 20 June 2011 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b Turkey Women Left Unprotected From Violence hrw org 4 May 2011 Retrieved 3 April 2018 No justice for Turkish women who kill in self defense al monitor com 25 February 2015 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Turkey fails to protect women for yet another day Hurriyet Daily News 4 October 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 30 electronic tags given for domestic violence cases in Turkey Hurriyet Daily News 9 October 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Half of Turkish students who date are subjected to abuse Study Hurriyet Daily News 14 November 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 365 women killed in Turkey in first 11 months of 2017 Report Hurriyet Daily News 15 December 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b 28 women killed 25 sexually harassed in Turkey in January NGO Hurriyet Daily News 5 February 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 End Femicide Platform launched October Report dokuz8HABER in Turkish 22 November 2017 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Kavakli Kerim Can 21 October 2020 Women s Murders and the Interaction Between Gender In equality and Economic Development A Subnational Analysis in Turkey Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37 9 10 NP6535 NP6556 doi 10 1177 0886260520967164 PMID 33084468 S2CID 224822282 Anit Sayac Kadin Cinayetleri Uzerine Ne Anlatiyor Veri Bulteni in Turkish Retrieved 26 May 2021 a b c d Turkish women march against rising intolerance in Istanbul hurriyetdailynews 30 July 2017 Retrieved 30 July 2017 Man who kicked woman in face for wearing shorts told police he would be less aroused if she had worn trousers The Independent 22 September 2016 Retrieved 22 September 2016 Woman attacked on bus in Turkey for wearing shorts during Ramadan globalnews 21 June 2017 Retrieved 21 June 2017 Eminonu de sozlu saldiriya ugrayan Kaymakci dan kadinlara cagri Lutfen susmayin biz et parcasi degil insaniz cumhuriyet 30 June 2017 Retrieved 30 June 2017 Women in Istanbul protest chant Don t mess with my outfit hurriyetdailynews 31 July 2017 Retrieved 31 July 2017 Probe launched after police beat women asking for help on harassment in Turkey s Izmir hurriyetdailynews 12 August 2017 Retrieved 12 August 2017 Young women beaten by police at tourist hotspot as they tried to report sex assault Daily Mirror 14 August 2017 Retrieved 14 August 2017 Neighbors complain about woman for wearing shorts at her home in Turkish capital hurriyetdailynews 7 September 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2017 Teacher in Konya dismissed after remarks about female students wearing gym clothes hurriyet 9 March 2018 Retrieved 9 March 2018 Turkish university students attitudes toward rape 1 December 2003 Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 3 December 2013 Anti Discrimination Committee Takes Up Situation of Women in Turkey UN Information Service 21 January 2005 Brutal slaying leads to protests over violence against women in Turkey Los Angeles Times Retrieved 15 February 2015 Turkiye yi sarsan Ozgecan Aslan davasinda karar 3 saniga da agirlastirilmis muebbet Hurriyet Retrieved 3 December 2015 Convicted killer of Ozgecan Aslan shot dead in prison DailySabah Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 Retrieved 8 May 2016 a b Meral Duzgun 10 June 2013 Turkey a history of sexual violence Global Development Professionals Network Guardian Professional The Guardian Retrieved 3 December 2013 a b Seher Cesur Kilicaslan 2013 Honor Killings in Turkey www academia edu The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies Murat Gezer Honor killing perpetrators welcomed by society study reveals Today s Zaman Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Aysan Sev er Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey PDF University of Toronto Retrieved 2 January 2015 dead link Girl buried alive in honour killing in Turkey Report AFP 4 February 2010 Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 Retrieved 25 June 2010 Daughter pregnant by rape killed by family World BrisbaneTimes 13 January 2009 Retrieved on 1 October 2011 Turkish Press Scanner hurriyetdailynews com Retrieved 23 April 2016 Honor killings claim 1 000 lives in five years Turkish Daily News Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2008 a b Women told You have dishonoured your family please kill yourself The Independent 23 October 2011 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Ince Hilal Onur Aysun Yarali and Dogancan Ozsel Customary killings in Turkey and Turkish modernization Middle Eastern Studies 45 no 4 2009 537 551 Rubin Clara 2010 Between Traditional Practice and Secular Law Examining Honor Killings in Modern Turkey PDF Retrieved 15 December 2020 a b Robert Fisk The crimewave that shames the world independent co uk 7 September 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Rainsford Sarah 19 October 2005 Honour crime defiance in Turkey BBC News Retrieved 23 December 2013 They Killed Her For Going Out With Boys Honor Killings in Turkey in Light of Turkey s Accession to the European Union and Lessons for Iraq PDF Hofstra Law Review 35 815 2006 Human Trafficking amp Modern day Slavery Turkey gvnet com Retrieved 3 April 2018 Finnegan William 5 May 2008 The Countertraffickers Rescuing the victims of the global sex trade New Yorker Retrieved 6 August 2008 Smith Craig S 28 June 2005 Turkey s sex trade entraps Slavic women International Herald Tribune Retrieved 6 August 2008 a b Turkish women relate sexual harassment stories via social media Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 16 February 2015 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Alfred Charlotte 17 February 2015 Women In Turkey Share Devastating Stories Of Sexual Harassment On Twitter HuffPost Retrieved 15 December 2020 Turkish TV series producers boycott actor over sexual abuse allegations Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 14 June 2018 Retrieved 15 December 2020 a b Turkish mufti says women should not see each other naked while swimming Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 29 June 2018 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Grove Jack 2 May 2013 Global Gender Index 2013 Times Higher Education Retrieved 2 June 2017 The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Learning UNESCO Institute for Lifelong 8 September 2017 Effective Literacy Programmes www unesco org Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b Hurriyet Daily News Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 3 April 2018 Dymond Jonny 18 October 2004 Turkish girls in literacy battle BBC News Retrieved 11 December 2006 a b Kadinlarin okuryazarligi erkeklerden dort kat az in Turkish Civil Society Academy Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 Retrieved 14 February 2015 Half of women say they do not need economic independence Turkish Daily News 24 September 2008 Retrieved 24 September 2008 dead link Schooling Ratio by Educational Year and Level of Education Turkish Statistical Institute Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 Retrieved 14 February 2015 Kizlarin okullasma orani erkekleri gecti Hurriyet in Turkish Retrieved 14 February 2015 Taslak Ulke Programi Dokumani Turkiye PDF in Turkish UNICEF Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 14 February 2015 Only three out of 111 state university rectors are women in Turkey Hurriyet Daily News 9 January 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 LFS by sex and age indicators stats oecd org Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 Hurriyet Daily News Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 3 April 2018 Hurriyet Daily News Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 3 April 2018 Labor force female of total labor force Data data worldbank org Retrieved 3 April 2018 Akyol Riada Asimovic Turkish women s informal work a complex story www aljazeera com Retrieved 3 April 2018 Women in business 2015 results Grant Thornton International Ltd Home Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b Half of women in Turkish labor force unregistered Hurriyet Daily News 19 October 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Women challenge Turkey traditions for right to work BBC News 1 March 2018 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Euro court fines Turkey over refusal to appoint woman as security guard Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News 19 June 2018 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Nicholson Amy 30 April 2018 Turkey s Government Is Censoring the Movies But the Istanbul Film Festival Is Soldiering On IndieWire Retrieved 15 December 2020 Judd Emily 22 September 2020 Turkey sentences female politician to prison for calling Erdogan enemy of women Al Arabiya a b c Turkish Television Takes on Topic of Child Brides The New York Times 17 November 2011 Women and vulnerable people are paying for Turkey s authoritarianism The Guardian 24 November 2006 Number of Turkish women illegally seeking surrogate mothers online abroad on rise Report Hurriyet Daily News 5 February 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b c 186 underage pregnant girls treated in Turkey s western province of Edirne in 2017 Hurriyet Daily News 9 March 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b c 22 000 teenage pregnancies recorded in 18 months Report Fromm Ali Carkoglu Binnaz Toprak translated from Turkish by Cigdem Aksoy 2007 Religion Society and Politics in a Changing Turkey PDF Karakoy Istanbul TESEV publications p 64 ISBN 978 975 8112 90 6 Archived from the original PDF on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 5 June 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Turkish beauty mag ties Muslim veil to glamour AFP hosted on Google 2 May 2012 Retrieved 5 June 2013 Jane Kamerling Fred Gustafson May 2012 Lifting the Veil Fisher King Press p 109 ISBN 978 1 926715 75 9 Retrieved 5 June 2013 a b c d e Fromm Ali Carkoglu Binnaz Toprak translated from Turkish by Cigdem Aksoy 2007 Religion society and politics in a changing Turkey PDF Karakoy Istanbul TESEV publications pp 27 29 ISBN 978 975 8112 90 6 Archived from the original PDF on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 5 June 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links editExternal videos nbsp Honour Killings Turkey nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women of Turkey Kadinin Insan Haklari Women for Women s Human Rights English website KAGIDER Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey KA DER Kadin Adaylari Destekleme Dernegi Association for the Support of Women Candidates English website Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ucan Supurge Kadin Haber Sitesi Flying Broom Women News Site English website Archived 2 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine Foundation for the Support of Women s Work Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women in Turkey amp oldid 1185553850, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.