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Rumelia

January 01, 1970

This article is about the entire historical region. For the Ottoman province of Rumelia, see Rumelia Eyalet. For the Ottoman autonomous province, see Eastern Rumelia. For the Greek region of Roúmeli, see Central Greece.
"Turkey in Europe" redirects here. For the part of modern Turkey geographically part of Europe, see East Thrace.

Rumelia (Ottoman Turkish: روم ايلى, romanized: Rum İli, transl. Land of the Romans;[a] Turkish: Rumeli; Greek: Ρωμυλία) was the name of a historical region in Southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, roughly corresponding to the Balkans. In its wider sense, it was used to refer to all Ottoman possessions and vassals in Europe. These would later be geopolitically classified as "the Balkans", although Hungary, Moldova, Romania and Slovakia are generally excluded.[1][2][3][4] During the period of its existence, Rumelia was more often known in English as Turkey in Europe.

Map of Rumelia in 1801

Etymology edit

 
Map of Rumelia in 1795

Rûm in this context means "Roman", and ėli means "land" and Rumelia (Ottoman Turkish: روم ايلى, Rūm-ėli; Turkish: Rumeli) means "Land of the Romans" in Ottoman Turkish. It refers to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, which formerly belonged to the Byzantine Empire, known by its contemporaries as the Roman Empire. Although the term Byzantine Empire is used by modern historians, the empire's citizens and emperors called themselves Romans, meaning Greek-speaking Eastern Romans, and embraced a Christian identity. Various languages in the Balkans have long used the descriptor "Roman" to refer to the lands of the former Eastern Roman Empire. Indeed, today the term survives in the region as Albanian: Rumelia; Bulgarian: Румелия, Rumeliya; Greek: Ρωμυλία, Romylía, or Ρούμελη, Roúmeli; Macedonian; and Serbo-Croatian: Румелија, Rumelija; as well Romanian: Rumelia. The old Latin documents in Genoa use the term Romania, the common name for the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages.[5]

Originally, the Seljuks used the name "Land of the Rûm" (Romans) to define Anatolia, which the armies of the Seljuk Empire gradually conquered from the Byzantine Empire after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate was called the Sultanate of Rum by its contemporaries, meaning the "Sultanate of the Roman Empire" or "Roman Sultanate", which mostly covered central Anatolia until the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243. Anatolia was referred to as Land of the Christians, hence Rum. Afterwards, it was replaced by the Anatolian beyliks, among which the Ottoman Beylik rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries and eventually became the Ottoman Empire.

However, following the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Anatolia and the Balkans in the second half of the 14th century and after the conquest of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1453 by Mehmed II, the term Rumeli came to apply exclusively to the Balkan region of the Ottoman Empire. The region remained primarily populated by Christians; though gradually, the Albanians, Bosniaks and Pomaks, as well as many Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians and Vlachs converted to Islam.

Many grand viziers, viziers, pashas and beylerbeyis were originally from Rumelia.

Geography edit

 
Rumeli Hisarı (Rumelian Fortress, 1452) on the European shore of the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul.

Rumelia included the provinces of Thrace, Macedonia and Moesia, which are now Bulgaria and Turkish Thrace, bounded to the north by the rivers Sava and Danube, west by the Adriatic coast and south by the Morea. In the beginning the main town was the city of Plovdiv, then Sofia.[6] The name "Rumelia" was ultimately applied to a province composed of central Albania and northwestern Macedonia, with Bitola being the main town.

Following the administrative reorganization made by the Ottoman government between 1870 and 1875, the name Rumelia ceased to correspond to any political division. Eastern Rumelia was constituted as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin (1878),[6] but on September 6, 1885, after a bloodless revolution, it was united with Bulgaria.[7] The Kosovo Vilayet was created in 1877.[8]

In Turkey, the word Trakya (Thrace) has now mostly replaced Rumeli (Rumelia) to refer to the part of Turkey that is in Europe (the provinces of Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, the northern part of Çanakkale Province and the western part of Istanbul Province). However, "Rumelia" remains in use in historical contexts and is still used in the context of the culture of the current Turkish populations of the Balkans and the descendants of Turkish immigrants from the Balkans. The region in Turkey is also referred to as Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace. In Greece, the term Ρούμελη (Rumeli) has been used since Ottoman times to refer to Central Greece, especially when it is juxtaposed with the Peloponnese or Morea. The word Rumeli is also used in some cases, mostly in Istanbul, to refer exclusively to the part of Istanbul Province that is west of the Bosphorus strait.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ At the time meaning Eastern Orthodox Christians and more specifically Christians from the Byzantine rite

References edit

  1. ^ Juhász, József (2015). "Hungary and the Balkans in the 20th Century — From the Hungarian Perspective". Prague Papers on the History of International Relations: 115 – via CEJSH. After 1918, with the massive reduction of Hungary's territory and influence, many Western observers held Hungary to be one of the nations of the Balkans. But Hungary never regarded itself as part of that region, especially since the term 'Balkans' carried negative connotations.
  2. ^ Graubard, Stephen Richards, ed. (1999). A new Europe for the old?. New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.: Transaction Publishers. pp. 70–73. ISBN 978-0-7658-0465-5.
  3. ^ Pirický, Gabriel (2023-03-03), "The Legacy of the Ottoman (Turkish) Age in Slovakia in the 21st Century", Europe’s Islamic Legacy: 1900 to the Present, Brill, pp. 29–47, doi:10.1163/9789004510722_004, ISBN 978-90-04-51072-2, retrieved 2024-04-21
  4. ^ Kolstø, Pål (2016-08-08). "'Western Balkans' as the New Balkans: Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion". Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (7): 1246–1248. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979. ISSN 0966-8136.
  5. ^ Fossier, Robert; Sondheimer, Janet (1997). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26644-4.
  6. ^ a b Reclus, Onésime; Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco; Reclus, Élisée; Doré, Gustave (1907). Novísima Geografía Universal (in Spanish). Madrid La Edit. Española-Americana. p. 636. OCLC 432767489.
  7. ^ Frucht, Richard (2004). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 807. ISBN 1576078000.
  8. ^ Verena Knaus; Gail Warrander (2010). Kosovo. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. ISBN 978-1841623313.

Sources edit

  • Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788". Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. ISBN 9783643106117.

External links edit

41°00′00″N 21°20′00″E / 41.0000°N 21.3333°E / 41.0000; 21.3333

January 01, 1970
rumelia, this, article, about, entire, historical, region, ottoman, province, eyalet, ottoman, autonomous, province, eastern, greek, region, roúmeli, central, greece, turkey, europe, redirects, here, part, modern, turkey, geographically, part, europe, east, th. This article is about the entire historical region For the Ottoman province of Rumelia see Rumelia Eyalet For the Ottoman autonomous province see Eastern Rumelia For the Greek region of Roumeli see Central Greece Turkey in Europe redirects here For the part of modern Turkey geographically part of Europe see East Thrace This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Rumelia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Rumelia Ottoman Turkish روم ايلى romanized Rum Ili transl Land of the Romans a Turkish Rumeli Greek Rwmylia was the name of a historical region in Southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire roughly corresponding to the Balkans In its wider sense it was used to refer to all Ottoman possessions and vassals in Europe These would later be geopolitically classified as the Balkans although Hungary Moldova Romania and Slovakia are generally excluded 1 2 3 4 During the period of its existence Rumelia was more often known in English as Turkey in Europe Map of Rumelia in 1801 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksEtymology edit nbsp Map of Rumelia in 1795 Rum in this context means Roman and eli means land and Rumelia Ottoman Turkish روم ايلى Rum eli Turkish Rumeli means Land of the Romans in Ottoman Turkish It refers to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans which formerly belonged to the Byzantine Empire known by its contemporaries as the Roman Empire Although the term Byzantine Empire is used by modern historians the empire s citizens and emperors called themselves Romans meaning Greek speaking Eastern Romans and embraced a Christian identity Various languages in the Balkans have long used the descriptor Roman to refer to the lands of the former Eastern Roman Empire Indeed today the term survives in the region as Albanian Rumelia Bulgarian Rumeliya Rumeliya Greek Rwmylia Romylia or Roymelh Roumeli Macedonian and Serbo Croatian Rumeliјa Rumelija as well Romanian Rumelia The old Latin documents in Genoa use the term Romania the common name for the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages 5 Originally the Seljuks used the name Land of the Rum Romans to define Anatolia which the armies of the Seljuk Empire gradually conquered from the Byzantine Empire after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate was called the Sultanate of Rum by its contemporaries meaning the Sultanate of the Roman Empire or Roman Sultanate which mostly covered central Anatolia until the Battle of Kose Dag in 1243 Anatolia was referred to as Land of the Christians hence Rum Afterwards it was replaced by the Anatolian beyliks among which the Ottoman Beylik rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries and eventually became the Ottoman Empire However following the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Anatolia and the Balkans in the second half of the 14th century and after the conquest of Constantinople now Istanbul in 1453 by Mehmed II the term Rumeli came to apply exclusively to the Balkan region of the Ottoman Empire The region remained primarily populated by Christians though gradually the Albanians Bosniaks and Pomaks as well as many Greeks Serbs Bulgarians and Vlachs converted to Islam Many grand viziers viziers pashas and beylerbeyis were originally from Rumelia Geography edit nbsp Rumeli Hisari Rumelian Fortress 1452 on the European shore of the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul Rumelia included the provinces of Thrace Macedonia and Moesia which are now Bulgaria and Turkish Thrace bounded to the north by the rivers Sava and Danube west by the Adriatic coast and south by the Morea In the beginning the main town was the city of Plovdiv then Sofia 6 The name Rumelia was ultimately applied to a province composed of central Albania and northwestern Macedonia with Bitola being the main town Following the administrative reorganization made by the Ottoman government between 1870 and 1875 the name Rumelia ceased to correspond to any political division Eastern Rumelia was constituted as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin 1878 6 but on September 6 1885 after a bloodless revolution it was united with Bulgaria 7 The Kosovo Vilayet was created in 1877 8 In Turkey the word Trakya Thrace has now mostly replaced Rumeli Rumelia to refer to the part of Turkey that is in Europe the provinces of Edirne Kirklareli Tekirdag the northern part of Canakkale Province and the western part of Istanbul Province However Rumelia remains in use in historical contexts and is still used in the context of the culture of the current Turkish populations of the Balkans and the descendants of Turkish immigrants from the Balkans The region in Turkey is also referred to as Eastern Thrace or Turkish Thrace In Greece the term Roymelh Rumeli has been used since Ottoman times to refer to Central Greece especially when it is juxtaposed with the Peloponnese or Morea The word Rumeli is also used in some cases mostly in Istanbul to refer exclusively to the part of Istanbul Province that is west of the Bosphorus strait See also editTurks in the Balkans Sultanate of Rum Millet Ottoman Empire Rum Millet Ottoman wars in Europe Ada Kaleh Ottoman Greece Ottoman Bulgaria Ottoman Vardar Macedonia Ottoman Serbia Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina Ottoman Albania Ottoman KosovoNotes edit At the time meaning Eastern Orthodox Christians and more specifically Christians from the Byzantine riteReferences edit Juhasz Jozsef 2015 Hungary and the Balkans in the 20th Century From the Hungarian Perspective Prague Papers on the History of International Relations 115 via CEJSH After 1918 with the massive reduction of Hungary s territory and influence many Western observers held Hungary to be one of the nations of the Balkans But Hungary never regarded itself as part of that region especially since the term Balkans carried negative connotations Graubard Stephen Richards ed 1999 A new Europe for the old New Brunswick N J U S Transaction Publishers pp 70 73 ISBN 978 0 7658 0465 5 Piricky Gabriel 2023 03 03 The Legacy of the Ottoman Turkish Age in Slovakia in the 21st Century Europe s Islamic Legacy 1900 to the Present Brill pp 29 47 doi 10 1163 9789004510722 004 ISBN 978 90 04 51072 2 retrieved 2024 04 21 Kolsto Pal 2016 08 08 Western Balkans as the New Balkans Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion Europe Asia Studies 68 7 1246 1248 doi 10 1080 09668136 2016 1219979 ISSN 0966 8136 Fossier Robert Sondheimer Janet 1997 The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages Cambridge England Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 26644 4 a b Reclus Onesime Ibanez Vicente Blasco Reclus Elisee Dore Gustave 1907 Novisima Geografia Universal in Spanish Madrid La Edit Espanola Americana p 636 OCLC 432767489 Frucht Richard 2004 Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People Lands and Culture ABC CLIO p 807 ISBN 1576078000 Verena Knaus Gail Warrander 2010 Kosovo Bradt Travel Guides p 11 ISBN 978 1841623313 Sources editBronza Boro 2010 The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans 1771 1788 Empires and Peninsulas Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople 1699 1829 Berlin LIT Verlag pp 51 62 ISBN 9783643106117 External links edit Rumelia Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 Portals nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Greece 41 00 00 N 21 20 00 E 41 0000 N 21 3333 E 41 0000 21 3333 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rumelia amp oldid 1223162006 Western Rumelia, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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