Welcome to Country

A Welcome to Country is a ritual or formal ceremony performed as a land acknowledgement at many events held in Australia. It is an event intended to highlight the cultural significance of the surrounding area to the descendants of a particular Aboriginal clan or language group who were recognised as the original human inhabitants of the area. For the Welcome to be recognised as official, it must be performed by a recognised elder of the group. Welcomes to Country are sometimes accompanied by traditional smoking ceremonies, music or dance. Where an elder is not available to perform the welcome, or there is not a recognised traditional owner, an Acknowledgement of Country may be offered instead.

Wiradjuri elder Isobel Reid giving the Welcome to Country

The term "country" has a particular meaning and significance to many Aboriginal peoples, encompassing an interdependent relationship between an individual or a people and their ancestral or traditional lands and seas. The connection to land involves culture, spirituality, language, law/lore, kin relationships and identity. The Welcome to Country has been a long tradition among Aboriginal Australian groups to welcome peoples from other areas.^{[citation needed]} Today it serves also as a symbol which signifies the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' presence in Australia before colonisation and an end to their past exclusion from Australian history and society, aiding to reconciliation with Australia's First Nations.

Since 2008, a Welcome to Country has been incorporated into the ceremonial opening of the Parliament of Australia, occurring after each federal election.

History

Aboriginal history and relationship with land

In Aboriginal culture prior to European settlement, each clan's survival was dependent upon its understanding of food, water and other resources within its own country – a discrete area of land to which it had more or less exclusive claim.^[1] Traditional ownership has been legally recognised under native title in Australia since the Native Title Act 1993.

Connection to country (often spelt with a capital C) means more than just the land or waters in Aboriginal culture. There is no equivalent in the English language to describe that which permeates all aspects of existence: culture, spirituality, language, law, family and identity. Aboriginal people did not own land as property in the past, but their relationship to an area of land provides a deep sense of "identity, purpose and belonging" and is a relationship of reciprocity and respect.^[2] "Country includes all living things ... It embraces the seasons, stories and creation spirits."^[3] The history of a people with an area ("country") can go back for thousands of years and the relationship with the land is nurtured and sustained by cultural knowledge and by the environment. Disconnection from the land can impact health and wellbeing.^[4] This connection is also reflected in such phrases as "caring for country" or "living on country" and related to the importance of land rights and native title.^[5]

Evolution of the two greetings

Welcomes to Country are a form of Aboriginal ceremony used to welcome other peoples from other areas^[6] and as a cultural exchange. It is seen as a way of making newcomers feel comfortable and connected, and may be the basis for forging important future relationships.^[7]

The 1973 Aquarius Festival held in Nimbin, New South Wales, by the Australian Union of Students (AUS) has been documented as Australia's first publicly observed Welcome to Country, although it was not called this at the time. Organisers of the alternative lifestyle festival, considered Australia's "Woodstock", were challenged by Indigenous activist Gary Foley to seek permission from traditional owners to hold the festival on their land. San people from the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, including artist Bauxhau Stone, were sent out by AUS representatives to invite Aboriginal people to the festival and funding from the Whitlam government paid for many busloads to travel to the festival. An estimated 200 to 800 Indigenous Australians attended the two-week festival, marking a significant kindling of relationships with Australia's counterculture. A ceremony was conducted by Uncle Lyle Roberts and song man Uncle Dickee Donnelly, the last known initiated men of the area.^[8]

The second recorded Welcome to Country occurred in 1976, when entertainers Ernie Dingo and Richard Walley developed a ceremony to welcome a group of Māori artists who were participating in the Perth International Arts Festival. The welcome, extended on behalf of the Noongar people, was intended to mirror the visitors' own traditions, while incorporating elements of Aboriginal culture.^[9] Walley recalled that^[10] Māori performers were uncomfortable performing their cultural act without having been acknowledged or welcomed by the people of the land.

I asked the good spirits of my ancestors and the good spirits of the ancestors of the land to watch over us and keep our guests safe while they’re in our Country. And then I talked to the spirits of their ancestors, saying that we’re looking after them here and we will send them back to their Country.

— Richard Walley

Arts administrator Rhoda Roberts says that the Aboriginal National Theatre Trust was instrumental in developing both welcomes and acknowledgements to country during the 1980s.^[11]

Acknowledgements of country are a more recent development, associated with the Keating government of the 1990s, the reconciliation movement and the creation of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (CAR) with Yawuru man Pat Dodson as chair. After the Mabo case, in which the historical fiction of terra nullius was overturned and native title was recognised in Australia. According to Yorta Yorta and Dja Dja Wurrung man Tiriki Onus, head of the Wilin Centre for Indigenous Arts and Cultural Development at the University of Melbourne, it was after Mabo that Acknowledgement of Country grew among "grassroots communities concerned with issues of reconciliation".^{[citation needed]} Wiradjuri woman Linda Burney, a member of CAR in those days, has said that there was no formal strategy to bring the Acknowledgement of Country into Australian life, but it just grew organically and became accepted as part of many types of gatherings. It is seen as a good way to engage people with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and culture and the wider Australian community sees the relationship feels that its important to have a good relationship with Australia's Indigenous peoples.^[12]

Welcomes and acknowledgements have since been incorporated into openings of meetings and other events across Australia, by all levels of government, universities, community groups, arts other organisations.^{[6][13][14][15]}

Since 2008, when it was made on the day before Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made the Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples,^[7] a Welcome to Country has been incorporated into the ceremonial opening of the Parliament of Australia, an event which occurs after each federal election. The welcome includes a speech as well as traditional music and dance. Given that parliament sits in Canberra, traditionally part of Ngambri country, a Ngambri elder officiates.^[16]

Significance

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were largely excluded from Australian history books and from the democratic process in Australia for the first two centuries of white settlement, since the colonisation of Australia from 1788. Including recognition of Indigenous peoples in events, meetings and national symbols is seen as one part of repairing the damage caused by exclusion from settler society. Incorporating Welcome or Acknowledgement protocols into official meetings and events "recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of land" and shows respect for traditional owners.^[17]

Description

Both Welcomes and Acknowledgements recognise the continuing connection of Aboriginal traditional owners to their country, and offer appropriate respect as part of the process of reconciliation and healing.^[18] As they have become more commonplace and people have become used to hearing them, efforts are being made by many to keep the words alive and make them meaningful. They may be used to inform and educate as well as being entertaining at the same time.^[7]

Welcome to Country

The Victorian Government advised that Welcomes are advised for major public events, forums and functions in locations where traditional owners have been formally recognised. A Welcome to Country can only be undertaken by an elder, formally recognised traditional owner^[13] or custodian to welcome visitors to their traditional country.^[6] The format varies; it may include a welcome speech, a traditional dance, and/or smoking ceremony.

Acknowledgement of Country

See also: Land acknowledgement

If a local elder is not available, or if the traditional owners have not been formally recognised for the area, an Acknowledgement of Country,^[6] also known as Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners, performed by the host of the event, is appropriate. If there is no formal recognition of traditional ownership, it is advised to limit recognition to an Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners generally, without making a reference to the name of any specific traditional owners.^[13]

The Victorian Government's wording for recognised traditional owners:^[19]

Our meeting/conference/workshop is being held on the lands of the [Traditional Owner's name] people and I wish to acknowledge them as Traditional Owners. I would also like to pay my respects to their Elders, past and present, and Aboriginal Elders of other communities who may be here today.

And for unknown traditional owners:^[19]

I acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land [or country] on which we are meeting. I pay my respects to their Elders, past and present, and the Elders from other communities who may be here today.

The City of Adelaide's wording is (specifically tailored for the local Kaurna people):^[14]

City of Adelaide acknowledges that we are meeting on the traditional country of the Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains and pays respect to Elders past and present.

We recognise and respect their cultural heritage, beliefs and relationship with the land. We acknowledge that they are of continuing importance to the Kaurna people living today.

And we also extend that respect to other Aboriginal Language Groups and other First Nations.

The words "always was, always will be Aboriginal land" are sometimes included in Acknowledgement of Country, as acknowledgement that the land of Australia was never ceded.^[20][21]

Other countries

Similar acknowledgements, e.g. land acknowledgements, have become common at public events in Canada and have begun to be adopted by Native American groups in the United States.^[22][23][24]

Observance and criticism

The Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country have become core Australian customs.^[25] Some jurisdictions, such as New South Wales, make a welcome (or, failing that, acknowledgement) mandatory^{[dubious ]} at all government-run events.^[26] The Victorian Government supports Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country.^[27]

Welcomes to Country have attracted criticism from conservative politicians, historians and commentators, some of whom suggest that such ceremonies are a form of tokenism and do not reflect traditional Aboriginal culture. Critics have included historian Keith Windschuttle^[28] and politicians Tony Abbott (as Opposition Leader, 2012);^[29] Jacinta Price;^[30][31] and Pauline Hanson.^[32]

In 2023, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia ruled that acknowledgements of country were inappropriate at church services, on the basis that, among other things, their wording "almost invariably carries overtones of an Indigenous spirituality inconsistent with Christian belief" and that "final ownership of land" is vested in the Creator rather than people.^[33]

In popular culture

The Australian band Midnight Oil released a single in August 2020 entitled "Gadigal Land", whose lyrics include a play on the traditional Welcome to Country as a critical review of Aboriginal history. Starting with the line "Welcome to Gadigal land", it goes on to mention other things brought by foreign settlers, like poison and grog (alcohol), and smallpox (whose origins in Australia remain a topic of debate). The song urges reconciliation.^[34]

References

1. Flood, Josephine (2006). The original Australians: story of the Aboriginal people. Allen and Unwin. p. 194. ISBN 9781741148725.
2. "The importance of land". Australians Together. 21 January 2020. from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
3. "Our Country". Aboriginal Australian Art & Culture. from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
4. . Common Ground. 22 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
5. Ganesharajah, Cynthia (April 2009). Indigenous Health and Wellbeing: The Importance of Country (PDF). Native Title Research Report Report No. 1/2009. AIATSIS. Native Title Research Unit. ISBN 9780855756697. (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020. AIATSIS summary 4 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
6. "Welcome to Country". Attorney-General's Department. Government of South Australia. 28 March 2019. from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
7. Bolger, Rosemary (12 November 2020). "How Welcome to Country rituals are changing to make all Australians take note". SBS News. from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
8. Scantlebury, Alethea (13 October 2014). "Black Fellas and Rainbow Fellas: Convergence of Cultures at the Aquarius Arts and Lifestyle Festival, Nimbin, 1973". M/C Journal. 17 (6). doi:10.5204/mcj.923. from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
9. Westwood, Matthew (15 February 2016). "Perth International Arts Festival gives welcome to west country". The Australian. from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
10. Penberthy, Natsumi (3 March 2016). "40 years of the 'modern' Welcome to Country". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
11. Taylor, Andrew (15 October 2012). "Welcome to country ceremony 'lacks heart'". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
12. Watson, Joey (18 March 2020). "How the Acknowledgment of Country became a core national custom – and why it matters". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
13. "Welcome to Country". Aboriginal Victoria. Victoria Government. 27 October 2019. from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence. (Shown here 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.)
14. "Welcome and Acknowledgement of Country". City of Adelaide. 29 April 2020. from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
15. "Welcome to Country". City of Sydney. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
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17. "Welcome and Acknowledgement of Country". Reconciliation SA. from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
18. "Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners". Aboriginal Victoria. 10 October 2019. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence. (Shown here 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.)
19. "Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners". Aboriginal Victoria. 10 October 2019. from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine licence. (Shown here 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.)
20. "Acknowledgement of Country". Australian Centre for International Justice. 24 January 2023. from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
21. "Acknowledgement of Country". Common Ground. 22 December 2022. from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
22. Shazad, Ramna (15 July 2017). "What is the significance of acknowledging the Indigenous land we stand on?". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
23. Marche, Stephen (7 September 2017). "Canada's Impossible Acknowledgement". The New Yorker. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
24. Evans, Hannah Graf (15 October 2015). "We Begin with Acknowledgement". Friends Committee on National Legislation. from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
25. Watson, Joey (18 March 2020). "How the Acknowledgment of Country became a core national custom — and why it matters". ABC News Australia. from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
26. "C2004-39 Recognising Aboriginal Cultural Protocols and Practices". NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet. 1 November 2004. from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
27. "Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country". Victorian Government. 2021. from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
28. Windschuttle, Keith (1 December 2012). "Welcomes to country are being foisted on us in error". The Australian. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
29. Taylor, Andrew (14 October 2012). "Welcome to country ceremony 'lacks heart'". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
30. "Why senator sympathises with Pauline". The West Australian. 29 July 2022. from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
31. "My Maiden Speech as Your Senator for The Northern Territory". Jacinta Price. from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
32. "'Ignorant and racist': Pauline Hanson slammed for walking out on Acknowledgement of Country". NITV. 27 July 2022. from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
33. Noack, Georgina (16 September 2023). "Presbyterian Church of Australia rules Indigenous Acknowledgement of Country 'not appropriate' for service". news.com.au. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
34. Hocking, Rachael (7 August 2020). "The story behind the Gadigal poetry on Midnight Oil's latest track". NITV. from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.