fbpx
Wikipedia

Valdivian temperate forests

January 01, 1970

The Valdivian temperate forests (NT0404) is an ecoregion on the west coast of southern South America, in Chile and Argentina. It is part of the Neotropical realm. The forests are named after the city of Valdivia. The Valdivian temperate rainforests are characterized by their dense understories of bamboos, ferns, and for being mostly dominated by evergreen angiosperm trees with some deciduous specimens, though conifer trees are also common.

Valdivian temperate forests (NT0404)
Trees and understory at Oncol Park
Location in the south of South America
Ecology
RealmNeotropical
BiomeTemperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Borders
Geography
Area248,100 km2 (95,800 sq mi)
Countries
Conservation
Protected24.16%[1]

Setting edit

Temperate rain forests comprise a relatively narrow Chilean coastal strip, between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the southern Andes Mountains to the east, from roughly 37° to 48° south latitude. North of 42°, the Chilean Coast Range stretches on, with just the north–south running Chilean Central Valley between it and the Andes. South of 42°, the coast range continues as a chain of offshore islands (including Chiloé Island and the Chonos Archipelago), while the "Central Valley" is submerged and continues as the Gulf of Corcovado. Much of the ecoregion was once covered by the Patagonian Ice Sheet and other glaciers during the peak of the last ice age, with ice descending from the Andes mountains; numerous bodies of water within the Chilean Lake District (in the central part of the ecoregion) are the remnants of ancient glacial valleys. The southern part of the region features many glacier-carved fjords.

 
Vegetation around Termas Geométricas near Coñaripe. The Andes of Zona Sur host numerous hotsprings.
 
An old-grown pure stand of Aextoxicon in Punta Curiñanco at the Pacific coast.

To the north, the Valdivian forests give way to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub of the Chilean Matorral ecoregion. A few coastal enclaves of Valdivian forest grow in north-central Chile (such as Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park) as remains of the last glacial maximum. To the south lies the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion. The temperate Valdivian, matorral, and Magellanic ecoregions are isolated from the subtropical/tropical forests that dominate northern South America by such landscapes as the Atacama desert (north of the matorral), the Andes Mountains, and the dry, rain-shadow Patagonian steppe east of the Andes. As a result, the temperate forest regions have evolved in relative isolation, with a high degree of endemic species.

Due to a similar location geographically and geologically (along the Pacific Plate), the coast-hugging temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest (from Northern California to Southern Alaska, roughly 40°-60° north latitude) exist in similar settings, with the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. East of the Rocky Mountains, the North American prairie grassland stretches from south-central Canada to Texas, not unlike the Argentine grasslands to the east of the Andes. Similar to the Atacama region of Chile, the Baja California and Sonoran deserts in the US/Mexican states of California and Baja California act as climatic borders for the northwest’s rainforests.

Climate edit

Since the forest is located at around 40 degrees south, it is strongly influenced by the westerlies. The water vapour held by the westerlies condenses as they encounter the windward slope of the Chilean Coast Range and the Andes, creating orographic rainfall. Average annual precipitation varies from 1,000 mm at the northern edge of the ecoregion to more than 6,000 mm per year in the south.[2] The northern portion of the ecoregion has a Submediterranean climate, with rainfall concentrated in the winter months. This seasonality decreases towards the south.[2]

Average annual temperatures are fairly uniform within the area, especially at coastal locations where annual temperature differences between localities never exceed 7 °C.[3] The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. In the summer the temperature can climb to 16.5 °C (62 °F), while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 °C (45 °F).[4] Winter temperatures are lower at higher elevations. The tree line is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35° S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the Valdivian region.[2]

Flora edit

 
Valdivian cloud forest Bosque de Fray Jorge in semi-arid Norte Chico.

The Valdivian temperate rain forests are temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rain forests in South America and one of a small number of temperate rain forests in the world. Together they are the second largest in the world, after the Pacific temperate rain forests of North America (which stretches from Alaska to northern California). The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the Antarctic flora, and share many plant families with the temperate rainforests of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia. Fully half the species of woody plants are endemic to this ecoregion.

Chusquea quila is a bamboo that grows in humid areas below 500 m, where Chusquea culeou becomes more dominant above. Chusquea quila can form pure stands called quilantales. Very few plants can grow under this species. Other notable species are the nalca or Chilean rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) and the ferns Lophosoria quadripinnata and Parablechnum cordatum. Chile's national flower, the copihue (Lapageria rosea) is a pioneer species that grows in disturbed areas of the Valdivian rain forest.

The maximum plant species richness is found at latitudes 40 to 43° S.[3]

Forest ecosystems edit

 
Alerce

There are four main types of forest ecosystems in the Valdivian ecoregion.

Deciduous forests. At the northern end of the ecoregion are deciduous forests, dominated by deciduous species of southern beech, including rauli (Nothofagus alpina) and roble (N. obliqua). This is a transitional zone to the Mediterranean-climate region to the north. It grows from 35 to 36º S latitude along Chilean Coast Range, where it is known as Maulino forest. Nothofagus glauca and N. Alessandrii are predominant trees in Maulino forest.[5] Deciduous Nothofagus forests also grow along the Andes of central Chile as far north as 33º S latitude, from approximately 1,200 meters elevation up to the tree line at 2,400 meters elevation.[2] A krummholz of Nothofagus antarctica and N. pumilio grows near the tree line. The southern limit of these forests is 38º S latitude. Tall coniferous pehuén monkey-puzzle trees (Araucaria araucana) grow at the southern edge of the deciduous forests, from the coast at Nahuelbuta National Park to the Andes.[5]

Valdivian laurel-leaved forests. Valdivian laurel-leaved forests, characterized by a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, including Laureliopsis philippiana, Aextoxicon punctatum, Eucryphia cordifolia, Caldcluvia paniculata, and Weinmannia trichosperma, with an understory of Myrceugenia planipes, the arrayán (Luma apiculata) and other plants. Old-growth Valdivian evergreen forest (siempreverde) tend to form stratified canopy made up of two or three layers.[6]

Patagonian Andean forests. The third forest type is the Patagonian Andean forests, which are distributed at higher elevations along the Andes mountain front, and are dominated by evergreen conifers, including pehuén (Araucaria araucana) and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). The alerce looks like a giant sequoia, and is a rival in longevity to the bristlecone pine, some with growth rings recording 3,625 years of local weather cycles. Closer to the treeline, the conifers give way to Andean scrublands of deciduous Nothofagus antarctica.

Northern Patagonian forests. The fourth and last type is the Northern Patagonian forests, which dominate the southern half of the ecoregion, with evergreen species such as the broadleaf Nothofagus dombeyi, Nothofagus betuloides and Drimys winteri and the coniferous podocarps, including Podocarpus nubigenus.

Distribution of plants follow Rapoport's rule with plant species distribution increasing at higher latitudes and decreasing at those closer to the equator, incidents of endemism becoming more frequent as one moves equatorward.[3]

Lowland soils near the coast contain more available nutrients than more inland soils.[7]

Origin and evolution edit

The flora of the forests has inherited and developed its characteristics due to a variety of causes. Its Neotropical affinities reflect its current geographic connection to the remaining South America.[3] Its "Gondwanan" species are a legacy of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, a landmass formerly composed of South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia. The high degree of endemic species and monospecific genera is thought to be linked to the geographic isolation came into being as result of the uplift of the Andes.[3] There are a few "boreal" components in the Valdivian temperate rain forest which arrived by long-distance transport.[3] Yet another component are the species from nearby South American ecosystems that adapted to the temperate rainforest.[3]

During the Llanquihue glaciation much of the area west of Llanquihue Lake remained ice-free during the Last Glacial Maximum and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by Nothofagus species. Valdivian temperate rain forest proper was reduced to scattered remnants in to the west of the Andes.[8] More specifically the refugia of the Valdivian temperate rain forest between latitudes 41 and 37° S were; the coastal region, the lower slopes of the Chilean Coast Range and the westernmost Chilean Central Valley all of which remained free of disturbance by the glacial, glacifluvial and periglacial disturbance through the glaciation.[9][10]

Fauna edit

 
Pudú

Some of the threatened mammals of the Valdivian forests include the monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides), an arboreal marsupial, the southern pudú (Pudu puda) the world's smallest deer, and the kodkod (Leopardus guigna), South America's smallest cat. Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have also been nonnative wild boars living in the Valdivian forests.[citation needed] The Chilean climbing mouse (Irenomys tarsalis) and Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus) are endemic to the ecoregion.[11]

Most mammal genera in Valdivian forests are also found in semi-arid parts of Patagonia.[12] Relative to similar forest in North America there is a low diversity of mammals in Chilean temperate forests.[12]

The slender-billed parakeet (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) is endemic.[11] Near-endemic and limited-range birds include the Chilean pigeon (Patagioenas araucana), Black-throated huet-huet (Pteroptochos tarnii), Chucao tapaculo (Scelorchilus rubecula), and Ochre-flanked tapaculo (Eugralla paradoxa).[13] Hummingbirds are common in the Valdivian forests because of the presence of plants like the maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and the copihue.

Conservation edit

 
Teachers and students of UACh in the Valdivian forests of San Pablo de Tregua, Chile
See also: Native Forest Law and Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest

The Valdivian forests include stands of huge trees, especially Nothofagus and Fitzroya, which can live to a great age. These magnificent rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing pines and eucalyptus, which are more sought-after by the pulp and paper industry. The native trees that are cleared to make way for these monocultures are often exported as woodchips to Japan. A start at conservation was made in November 2003 when a consortium of conservation groups, both local and international, bought at auction of a bankrupt logging firm 147,500 acres (600 km2) of biologically rich rainforest in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Gianni Lopez, Executive Director of CONAMA, Chile's national environmental agency remarked, "Ten years ago the existence of protected areas not owned by the government was unthinkable." Among the efforts supporting conservation, has been a growing ecotourism industry.

Protected areas edit

24.16% of the Valdivian temperate forests ecoregion is in protected areas.[1]

List of protected areas edit

Argentina edit

Chile edit

Public:
Private:
 
Nalcas at Cuesta Queulat in Queulat National Park

See also edit

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ a b "Valdivian temperate forests". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 7 March 2022. [1]
  2. ^ a b c d "Valdivian temperate forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Arroyo, Mary Kalin; Cavieres, Lohengrin; Peñaloza, Alejandro; Riveros, Magal; Faggi, Ana María (1995). "Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica" [Floristic structure and human impact on the Maulino forest of Chile]. In Armesto, Juan J.; Villagrán, Carolina; Arroyo, Mary Kalin (eds.). Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 71–99. ISBN 9561112841.
  4. ^ Di Castri F di & E. Hajek 1976. "Bioclimatología de Chile" 163 pages with english summary 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b Moreira-Munoz, Andres (2011). Plant Geography of Chile. Springer Dordrecht, January 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5
  6. ^ Oyarzún, Alejandro; Donoso, Pablo J.; Gutiérrez, Álvaro (2019). "Patrones de distribución de alturas de bosques antiguos siempreverde del centro-sur de Chile" [Tree height distributions in the canopy of old-growth temperate rainforests of south-central Chile]. Bosque (in Spanish). 40 (3). Austral University of Chile. doi:10.4067/S0717-92002019000300355.
  7. ^ Pérez, Cecilia (1995). "Los procesos de descomposición de la materia orgánica de bosques templados costeros: Interacción entre suelo, clima y vegetación" [Litter decomposition processes in coastal temperate forest: Interactions between plants, soils and vegetation]. In Armesto, Juan J.; Villagrán, Carolina; Arroyo, Mary Kalin (eds.). Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 301–315. ISBN 9561112841.
  8. ^ Adams, Jonathan. . Archived from the original on 2010-01-30.
  9. ^ Villagrán, Carolina; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe (2005). "Esquema biogeográfico de Chile". In Llorente Bousquests, Jorge; Morrone, Juan J. (eds.). Regionalización Biogeográfica en Iberoámeríca y tópicos afines (in Spanish). Mexico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jiménez Editores.
  10. ^ Veit, Heinz; Garleff, Karsten (1995). "Evolución del paisaje cuaternario y los suelos de Chile Central-Sur". In Armesto, Juan J.; Villagrán, Carolina; Arroyo, Mary Kalin (eds.). Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 29–49. ISBN 9561112841.
  11. ^ a b "Valdivian temperate forests". Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed 3 March 2023.
  12. ^ a b Murúa, Roberto (1995). "Comunidades de mamíferos del bosque templado de Chile" [Mammalian communities of Chilean temperate forests]. In Armesto, Juan J.; Villagrán, Carolina; Arroyo, Mary Kalin (eds.). Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 113–134. ISBN 9561112841.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2023). Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Chilean temperate forests. Accessed 4 March 2023.

External links edit

  • Explore the Valdivian Coastal Reserve
  • "Valdivian temperate forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  • Valdivian temperate rain forests/Juan Fernandez Islands (World Wildlife Fund)
  • Flora species from Valdivian rain forests
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valdivian temperate rain forest.

41°19′48.39″S 73°39′40.96″W / 41.3301083°S 73.6613778°W / -41.3301083; -73.6613778 (CHECKME)

January 01, 1970
valdivian, temperate, forests, nt0404, ecoregion, west, coast, southern, south, america, chile, argentina, part, neotropical, realm, forests, named, after, city, valdivia, valdivian, temperate, rainforests, characterized, their, dense, understories, bamboos, f. The Valdivian temperate forests NT0404 is an ecoregion on the west coast of southern South America in Chile and Argentina It is part of the Neotropical realm The forests are named after the city of Valdivia The Valdivian temperate rainforests are characterized by their dense understories of bamboos ferns and for being mostly dominated by evergreen angiosperm trees with some deciduous specimens though conifer trees are also common Valdivian temperate forests NT0404 Trees and understory at Oncol ParkLocation in the south of South AmericaEcologyRealmNeotropicalBiomeTemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsBordersChilean matorralMagellanic subpolar forestsPatagonian steppeSouthern Andean steppeGeographyArea248 100 km2 95 800 sq mi CountriesChileArgentinaConservationProtected24 16 1 Contents 1 Setting 1 1 Climate 2 Flora 2 1 Forest ecosystems 2 2 Origin and evolution 3 Fauna 4 Conservation 5 Protected areas 5 1 List of protected areas 5 1 1 Argentina 5 1 2 Chile 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External linksSetting editTemperate rain forests comprise a relatively narrow Chilean coastal strip between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the southern Andes Mountains to the east from roughly 37 to 48 south latitude North of 42 the Chilean Coast Range stretches on with just the north south running Chilean Central Valley between it and the Andes South of 42 the coast range continues as a chain of offshore islands including Chiloe Island and the Chonos Archipelago while the Central Valley is submerged and continues as the Gulf of Corcovado Much of the ecoregion was once covered by the Patagonian Ice Sheet and other glaciers during the peak of the last ice age with ice descending from the Andes mountains numerous bodies of water within the Chilean Lake District in the central part of the ecoregion are the remnants of ancient glacial valleys The southern part of the region features many glacier carved fjords nbsp Vegetation around Termas Geometricas near Conaripe The Andes of Zona Sur host numerous hotsprings nbsp An old grown pure stand of Aextoxicon in Punta Curinanco at the Pacific coast To the north the Valdivian forests give way to the Mediterranean forests woodlands and scrub of the Chilean Matorral ecoregion A few coastal enclaves of Valdivian forest grow in north central Chile such as Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park as remains of the last glacial maximum To the south lies the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion The temperate Valdivian matorral and Magellanic ecoregions are isolated from the subtropical tropical forests that dominate northern South America by such landscapes as the Atacama desert north of the matorral the Andes Mountains and the dry rain shadow Patagonian steppe east of the Andes As a result the temperate forest regions have evolved in relative isolation with a high degree of endemic species Due to a similar location geographically and geologically along the Pacific Plate the coast hugging temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest from Northern California to Southern Alaska roughly 40 60 north latitude exist in similar settings with the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west East of the Rocky Mountains the North American prairie grassland stretches from south central Canada to Texas not unlike the Argentine grasslands to the east of the Andes Similar to the Atacama region of Chile the Baja California and Sonoran deserts in the US Mexican states of California and Baja California act as climatic borders for the northwest s rainforests Climate edit Since the forest is located at around 40 degrees south it is strongly influenced by the westerlies The water vapour held by the westerlies condenses as they encounter the windward slope of the Chilean Coast Range and the Andes creating orographic rainfall Average annual precipitation varies from 1 000 mm at the northern edge of the ecoregion to more than 6 000 mm per year in the south 2 The northern portion of the ecoregion has a Submediterranean climate with rainfall concentrated in the winter months This seasonality decreases towards the south 2 Average annual temperatures are fairly uniform within the area especially at coastal locations where annual temperature differences between localities never exceed 7 C 3 The northward flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast In the summer the temperature can climb to 16 5 C 62 F while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 C 45 F 4 Winter temperatures are lower at higher elevations The tree line is at about 2 400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion 35 S and descends to 1 000 m in the south of the Valdivian region 2 Flora edit nbsp Valdivian cloud forest Bosque de Fray Jorge in semi arid Norte Chico The Valdivian temperate rain forests are temperate broadleaf and mixed forests The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rain forests in South America and one of a small number of temperate rain forests in the world Together they are the second largest in the world after the Pacific temperate rain forests of North America which stretches from Alaska to northern California The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the Antarctic flora and share many plant families with the temperate rainforests of New Zealand Tasmania and Australia Fully half the species of woody plants are endemic to this ecoregion Chusquea quila is a bamboo that grows in humid areas below 500 m where Chusquea culeou becomes more dominant above Chusquea quila can form pure stands called quilantales Very few plants can grow under this species Other notable species are the nalca or Chilean rhubarb Gunnera tinctoria and the ferns Lophosoria quadripinnata and Parablechnum cordatum Chile s national flower the copihue Lapageria rosea is a pioneer species that grows in disturbed areas of the Valdivian rain forest The maximum plant species richness is found at latitudes 40 to 43 S 3 Forest ecosystems edit nbsp Alerce There are four main types of forest ecosystems in the Valdivian ecoregion Deciduous forests At the northern end of the ecoregion are deciduous forests dominated by deciduous species of southern beech including rauli Nothofagus alpina and roble N obliqua This is a transitional zone to the Mediterranean climate region to the north It grows from 35 to 36º S latitude along Chilean Coast Range where it is known as Maulino forest Nothofagus glauca and N Alessandrii are predominant trees in Maulino forest 5 Deciduous Nothofagus forests also grow along the Andes of central Chile as far north as 33º S latitude from approximately 1 200 meters elevation up to the tree line at 2 400 meters elevation 2 A krummholz of Nothofagus antarctica and N pumilio grows near the tree line The southern limit of these forests is 38º S latitude Tall coniferous pehuen monkey puzzle trees Araucaria araucana grow at the southern edge of the deciduous forests from the coast at Nahuelbuta National Park to the Andes 5 Valdivian laurel leaved forests Valdivian laurel leaved forests characterized by a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees including Laureliopsis philippiana Aextoxicon punctatum Eucryphia cordifolia Caldcluvia paniculata and Weinmannia trichosperma with an understory of Myrceugenia planipes the arrayan Luma apiculata and other plants Old growth Valdivian evergreen forest siempreverde tend to form stratified canopy made up of two or three layers 6 Patagonian Andean forests The third forest type is the Patagonian Andean forests which are distributed at higher elevations along the Andes mountain front and are dominated by evergreen conifers including pehuen Araucaria araucana and alerce Fitzroya cupressoides The alerce looks like a giant sequoia and is a rival in longevity to the bristlecone pine some with growth rings recording 3 625 years of local weather cycles Closer to the treeline the conifers give way to Andean scrublands of deciduous Nothofagus antarctica Northern Patagonian forests The fourth and last type is the Northern Patagonian forests which dominate the southern half of the ecoregion with evergreen species such as the broadleaf Nothofagus dombeyi Nothofagus betuloides and Drimys winteri and the coniferous podocarps including Podocarpus nubigenus Distribution of plants follow Rapoport s rule with plant species distribution increasing at higher latitudes and decreasing at those closer to the equator incidents of endemism becoming more frequent as one moves equatorward 3 Lowland soils near the coast contain more available nutrients than more inland soils 7 Origin and evolution edit The flora of the forests has inherited and developed its characteristics due to a variety of causes Its Neotropical affinities reflect its current geographic connection to the remaining South America 3 Its Gondwanan species are a legacy of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana a landmass formerly composed of South America Africa India Antarctica and Australia The high degree of endemic species and monospecific genera is thought to be linked to the geographic isolation came into being as result of the uplift of the Andes 3 There are a few boreal components in the Valdivian temperate rain forest which arrived by long distance transport 3 Yet another component are the species from nearby South American ecosystems that adapted to the temperate rainforest 3 During the Llanquihue glaciation much of the area west of Llanquihue Lake remained ice free during the Last Glacial Maximum and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by Nothofagus species Valdivian temperate rain forest proper was reduced to scattered remnants in to the west of the Andes 8 More specifically the refugia of the Valdivian temperate rain forest between latitudes 41 and 37 S were the coastal region the lower slopes of the Chilean Coast Range and the westernmost Chilean Central Valley all of which remained free of disturbance by the glacial glacifluvial and periglacial disturbance through the glaciation 9 10 Fauna edit nbsp Pudu Some of the threatened mammals of the Valdivian forests include the monito del monte Dromiciops gliroides an arboreal marsupial the southern pudu Pudu puda the world s smallest deer and the kodkod Leopardus guigna South America s smallest cat Since the beginning of the 20th century there have also been nonnative wild boars living in the Valdivian forests citation needed The Chilean climbing mouse Irenomys tarsalis and Chilean shrew opossum Rhyncholestes raphanurus are endemic to the ecoregion 11 Most mammal genera in Valdivian forests are also found in semi arid parts of Patagonia 12 Relative to similar forest in North America there is a low diversity of mammals in Chilean temperate forests 12 The slender billed parakeet Enicognathus leptorhynchus is endemic 11 Near endemic and limited range birds include the Chilean pigeon Patagioenas araucana Black throated huet huet Pteroptochos tarnii Chucao tapaculo Scelorchilus rubecula and Ochre flanked tapaculo Eugralla paradoxa 13 Hummingbirds are common in the Valdivian forests because of the presence of plants like the maqui Aristotelia chilensis and the copihue Conservation edit nbsp Teachers and students of UACh in the Valdivian forests of San Pablo de Tregua Chile See also Native Forest Law and Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest The Valdivian forests include stands of huge trees especially Nothofagus and Fitzroya which can live to a great age These magnificent rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast growing pines and eucalyptus which are more sought after by the pulp and paper industry The native trees that are cleared to make way for these monocultures are often exported as woodchips to Japan A start at conservation was made in November 2003 when a consortium of conservation groups both local and international bought at auction of a bankrupt logging firm 147 500 acres 600 km2 of biologically rich rainforest in the Valdivian Coastal Range Gianni Lopez Executive Director of CONAMA Chile s national environmental agency remarked Ten years ago the existence of protected areas not owned by the government was unthinkable Among the efforts supporting conservation has been a growing ecotourism industry Protected areas edit24 16 of the Valdivian temperate forests ecoregion is in protected areas 1 List of protected areas edit Argentina edit Los Alerces National Park Los Arrayanes National Park Lago Puelo National Park Lanin National Park Nahuel Huapi National Park Chile edit Public Alerce Andino National Park Alerce Costero National Park Altos de Lircay National Reserve Altos de Pemehue National Reserve Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park Carlos Anwandter Sanctuary Chiloe National Park China Muerta National Reserve Conguillio National Park Corcovado National Park Coyhaique National Reserve Futaleufu National Reserve Hornopiren National Park Huerquehue National Park Isla Guamblin National Park La Campana National Park Lago Rosselot National Reserve Laguna del Laja National Park Laguna San Rafael National Park Lahuen Nadi Natural Monument Llanquihue National Reserve Los Bellotos del Melado National Reserve Los Huemules de Niblinto National Reserve Los Queules National Reserve Los Ruiles National Reserve Melimoyu National Park Mocho Choshuenco National Reserve Nahuelbuta National Park Nonguen National Park Peninsula de Hualpen Nature Sanctuary Pumalin Douglas Tompkins National Park Puyehue National Park Queulat National Park Radal Siete Tazas National Park Ralco National Reserve Rio Los Cipreses National Reserve Tolhuaca National Park Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Villarrica National Park Private Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve owned by Victor Peterman Llancahue administered by the Austral University of Chile Los Vertientes Private Nature Reserve Meullin Puye Nature Sanctuary administered by the Kreen Foundation Oncol Park owned by Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion Area Costera Protegida Punta Curinanco owned by CODEFF Tantauco Park owned by Sebastian Pinera Valdivian Coastal Reserve owned by The Nature Conservancy nbsp Nalcas at Cuesta Queulat in Queulat National ParkSee also editChilean Native Forest Law Chilean matorral Magellanic subpolar forests Maulino forestNotes and references edit a b Valdivian temperate forests DOPA Explorer Accessed 7 March 2022 1 a b c d Valdivian temperate forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund a b c d e f g Arroyo Mary Kalin Cavieres Lohengrin Penaloza Alejandro Riveros Magal Faggi Ana Maria 1995 Relaciones fitogeograficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamerica Floristic structure and human impact on the Maulino forest of Chile In Armesto Juan J Villagran Carolina Arroyo Mary Kalin eds Ecologia de los bosques nativos de Chile in Spanish Santiago de Chile Editorial Universitaria pp 71 99 ISBN 9561112841 Di Castri F di amp E Hajek 1976 Bioclimatologia de Chile 163 pages with english summary Archived 2008 04 11 at the Wayback Machine a b Moreira Munoz Andres 2011 Plant Geography of Chile Springer Dordrecht January 2011 DOI https doi org 10 1007 978 90 481 8748 5 Oyarzun Alejandro Donoso Pablo J Gutierrez Alvaro 2019 Patrones de distribucion de alturas de bosques antiguos siempreverde del centro sur de Chile Tree height distributions in the canopy of old growth temperate rainforests of south central Chile Bosque in Spanish 40 3 Austral University of Chile doi 10 4067 S0717 92002019000300355 Perez Cecilia 1995 Los procesos de descomposicion de la materia organica de bosques templados costeros Interaccion entre suelo clima y vegetacion Litter decomposition processes in coastal temperate forest Interactions between plants soils and vegetation In Armesto Juan J Villagran Carolina Arroyo Mary Kalin eds Ecologia de los bosques nativos de Chile in Spanish Santiago de Chile Editorial Universitaria pp 301 315 ISBN 9561112841 Adams Jonathan South America during the last 150 000 years Archived from the original on 2010 01 30 Villagran Carolina Hinojosa Luis Felipe 2005 Esquema biogeografico de Chile In Llorente Bousquests Jorge Morrone Juan J eds Regionalizacion Biogeografica en Iberoamerica y topicos afines in Spanish Mexico Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Jimenez Editores Veit Heinz Garleff Karsten 1995 Evolucion del paisaje cuaternario y los suelos de Chile Central Sur In Armesto Juan J Villagran Carolina Arroyo Mary Kalin eds Ecologia de los bosques nativos de Chile Santiago de Chile Editorial Universitaria pp 29 49 ISBN 9561112841 a b Valdivian temperate forests Encyclopedia of Life Accessed 3 March 2023 a b Murua Roberto 1995 Comunidades de mamiferos del bosque templado de Chile Mammalian communities of Chilean temperate forests In Armesto Juan J Villagran Carolina Arroyo Mary Kalin eds Ecologia de los bosques nativos de Chile in Spanish Santiago de Chile Editorial Universitaria pp 113 134 ISBN 9561112841 BirdLife International 2023 Endemic Bird Areas factsheet Chilean temperate forests Accessed 4 March 2023 External links editExplore the Valdivian Coastal Reserve Valdivian temperate forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund Valdivian temperate rain forests Juan Fernandez Islands World Wildlife Fund Research at Chiloe Rain Forest Flora species from Valdivian rain forests nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valdivian temperate rain forest 41 19 48 39 S 73 39 40 96 W 41 3301083 S 73 6613778 W 41 3301083 73 6613778 CHECKME Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Valdivian temperate forests amp oldid 1220457492, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.