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Moscopole

March 13, 2023

Moscopole or Voskopoja (Albanian: Voskopojë; Aromanian: Moscopole, with several other variants; Greek: Μοσχόπολις, romanized: Moschopolis) is a village in Korçë County in southeastern Albania. During the 18th century, it was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians.[4] At its peak, in the mid 18th century, it hosted the first printing house in the Ottoman Balkans outside Constantinople, educational institutions and numerous churches.[5] It became a leading center of Greek culture,[6][7][8] but also of symbiotic Albanian–Aromanian culture and with great influence from Western civilization.[9][10]

Voskopojë
Moscopole
Moschopolis
Municipal unit
Church of Saint Nicholas
Voskopojë
Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028
Country Albania
CountyKorçë
MunicipalityKorçë
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipal unit
1,058
Demonym(s)Moscopolean[1]
Moscopolitan[2]
Voskopojar[3]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
7029
Area Code0864
Website

One view attributes the decline of the city to a series of raids by Muslim Albanian bandits.[11][12] Moscopole was initially attacked and almost destroyed by those groups in 1769 following the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire.[13] Its destruction culminated with the abandoning and destruction of 1788.[14][15][11] Moscopole, once a prosperous city, was reduced to a small village by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. According to another view, the city's decline was mainly due to the relocation of the trade routes in central and eastern Europe following these raids.[13] Today Moscopole, known as Voskopojë, is a small mountain village, and along with a few other local settlements is considered a holy place by local Orthodox Christians. It was one of the original homelands of much of the Aromanian diaspora.[16] It has been also nicknamed as "Jerusalem of the Aromanians",[17][18] "New Athens" or "Arcadia of the Balkans".[19]

In modern times, Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after World War II.[20]

Name

The town is known as Voskopojë (definite form: Voskopoja) in Albanian. The Aromanian name of the town varies between Moscopole,[21] Moscopolea,[17] Moscopoli,[21] Moscopola,[21] Muscopuli,[22] Muscopulea,[23] Voscopole,[24] Voscopolea[24] and Voscopoli.[25] The Greek name of the town varies between Μοσχόπολις (transliterated into Moschópolis, Moscopolis, Moskopolis) and its vernacular equivalent form Μοσχόπολη (Moschópoli). The Βοσκόπολη/Βοσκόπολις (Voskópoli/Voskópolis/Voscopolis) variant is also used in various occasions in Greek. The town is called İskopol or Oskopol in Turkish[26] and Москополе (Moskopole) in Bulgarian.[27] It is known as Moscopole[18] or Voscopole in Romanian.[28]

Geography

Modern Moscopole is located 21 km from Korçë, in the mountains of southeastern Albania, at an altitude of 1160 meters, and is a subdivision of Korçë municipality;[29][30] its population in 2011 was 1,058.[31] The municipality of Moscopole consists of the villages of Moscopole, Shipskë, Krushovë, Gjonomadh and Lavdar.[32] In 2005, the municipality had a population of 2,218,[33] whereas the settlement itself has a population of around 500.[29]

History

Prosperity

Demographics

 
The old coat of arms of Moscopole

Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania, the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians. Many of its inhabitants originated from the southern parts of Epirus, such as the settlements of Skamneli and Metsovo (Aminciu, an Aromanian settlement as well) in northwestern Greece. It was a small settlement until the end of the 17th century, but afterwards showed a remarkable financial and cultural development.[13] Some writers have claimed that Moscopole in its glory days (1730–1760) had as many as 70,000 inhabitants; other estimates placed its population closer to 35,000;[34][35] but a more realistic number may be closer to 3,500. According to Max Demeter Peyfuss, "the truth may be closer to this number [sc. 3500] than to 70,000. Moschopolis was certainly not among the largest Balkan cities of the 18th century".[36]

According to the Swedish historian Johann Thunmann, who visited Moscopole and wrote a history of the Aromanians in 1774, everyone in the city spoke Aromanian; many also spoke Greek, which was used for writing contracts. In fact the city is said to have been mainly populated by Aromanians. The fact was confirmed by a 1935 analysis of family names that showed that in the 18th century the majority of the population were indeed Aromanians, but there were also Greeks, Albanians and Bulgarians present in the city.[37][38]

Economy

 
Murals of the St. Nicholas Church, painted by David Selenica

Historically, the main economic activity of the city was livestock farming. The alternative name "Voskopolis" and derived ones mean "city of shepherds".[39] This activity led to the establishment of wool processing and carpet manufacturing units and the development of tanneries, while other locals became metal workers and silver and copper smiths.[13] During the middle of the 18th century, the city became an important economic center whose influence spread over the boundaries of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and reached further the Ottoman-ruled Eastern Orthodox world. This trade involved as far as the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Upper Saxony. Until 1769, the town traded on a large scale with renowned European commercial centres of that time, such as Venice, Vienna and Leipzig.[40]

Culture

A printing press operated in Moscopole, which produced religious literature and school textbooks in Greek.[41] It was the second printing press in Ottoman Europe to be established after that of Constantinople under the supervision of Gregory, future bishop of Durrës.[citation needed] This establishment produced a total of nineteen books, mainly the collection of the Services to the Saints but also the Introduction of Grammar by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis.[13] All locally printed books were exclusively written in Greek with the indication En Moschopolei. Claims by some Balkan scholars about the possible existence of multilingual prints or prints in Albanian, Aromanian or Slavic have not been verified.[42] Kavalliotis later became director of the city's prestigious educational institution, which from 1744 was known as New Academy or Hellenikon Frontistirion, sponsored by wealthy foreign merchants.[43] This institution became one of the leading centers of learning for Orthodox Christians in western Balkans. The language of education was Greek while renowned Greek teachers were invited to provide lessons.[41]

The city also hosted an orphanage, known as Orphanodioiketerion, possibly the first in the post-Byzantine Orthodox world;[43] and also a hospital and a total of 24 churches.[29]

A cultural effervescence arose in Moscopole, and many authors published their works in both the Greek language (which was the language of culture of the Balkans at the time) and Aromanian, written in the Greek alphabet. In 1770, the first dictionary of four modern Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian, Aromanian and Bulgarian) was published here. Daniel Moscopolites, an Aromanian native priest of Moscopole, compiled a quadrilingual lexicon of Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian, that aimed at the Hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.[44][45] Due to the high level of intellectual activity and Greek education, Moscopole was nicknamed as New Athens or New Mystra.[46][47] As such, the city became an important 18th century center of the modern Greek Enlightenment.[48][49]

The Aromanian Missal, an 18th-century liturgical book in Aromanian, was likely written in Moscopole.[50]

Decline

 
Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), written by Daniel Moscopolites

The 1769 sacking and pillaging by Muslim Albanian[37] troops was just the first of a series of attacks to the city. Moscopole was attacked due to the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire known as the Orlov Revolt.[13] Its destruction culminated with the razing of 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina.[51] Moscopole was practically destroyed by this attack, with some of its commerce shifting to nearby Korçë and Berat.[52]

 
Image of the St. Nicholas Church

The survivors were thus forced to flee, most of them emigrating mainly to Thessaly and Macedonia.[53] Orthodox Albanians from Moscopole which migrated in the beginning of the 19th century to Kruševo would found the so called Ohtul di Arbinesh (Hill of the Albanians) neighbourhood. This community would soon assimilate into the Aromanian population of the city.[54] Some of the commercial elite moved to the Archduchy of Austria, and the Kingdom of Hungary, especially to the respective capitals of Vienna and Budapest, but also to Transylvania, where they had an important role in the early national awakening of Romania. The city never rose back to its earlier status. However, a new school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster in 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites. This school functioned the following decades, thanks to donations and bequests by baron Simon Sinas.[53] The diaspora of Moscopole located in Austria and Hungary continued the tradition of their ancestors by sponsoring institutions beneficial to the Greek people.[13] During this period, many members of the Aromanian diaspora who migrated to Budapest and Vienna started developing a unique Aromanian identity, being one of the first Aromanian populations to do so. These cities became gathering centers for Aromanians and Aromanian language and culture was promoted.[55][56]

In 1900, a report by the Greek consul Betsos gave details of the demographic composition of Moscopole.[57] It noted that the 18th century destruction of the settlement resulted in the dispersal of its Aromanian population and that some old remaining families moved to other places, in particular Korçë.[57] Around 30 old families remained, with the socio-political crisis that engulfed the nearby Opar region resulting in Albanian Christians leaving their previous homes and settling in Moscopole.[57] Aromanians from two nearby settlements also resettled in Moscopole.[57] In 1900, Moscopole was populated by a total of 200 families, consisting of 120 Albanian and 80 Aromanian families.[57] Most of the older Aromanian families had a Greek national consciousness while 3 families along with some of the newer residents were pro-Romanian (from a total of 20 older families), led by an unfrocked priest named Kosmas.[57]

In 1914, Moscopole was part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. The now village was destroyed again in 1916 during World War I by the marauding Albanian bands of Salih Butka,[58] who set Moscopole on fire and killed a number of local civilians.[59] Butka is considered among Aromanian circles as a criminal due to this event.[60] This incident was followed by the looting of the village's churches by French soldiers belonging to the administration of the Autonomous Province of Korçë.[59]

During the Greco-Italian War, on 30 November 1940, the town was captured by the advancing Greek forces.[61] In April 1941, after the capitulation of Greece, Moscopole returned to Axis control. The remaining buildings were razed three times during the partisan warfare of World War II: once by Italian troops and twice by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar organization.[62] Of the old city, six Orthodox churches (one in a very ruined state), a bridge and a monastery survive. In 1996, the church of St. Michael was vandalized by three adolescent Albanians under the influence of a foreign Muslim fundamentalist.[35] In 2002, the five standing churches were put on the World Monuments Fund's 2002 World Monuments Watch.[63]

Modern times

At 1996 the church of Saint Michael was vandalized by Albanian adolescents, an incident that shocked and dismayed the Albanian public.[35] Today, Moscopole is just a small mountain village and ski resort.[64] Nonetheless, memories of glory days of Moscopole remain an important part of the culture of the Aromanians.[citation needed] During recent years, a Greek language institution and a joint Greek–Albanian initiative has operated in Moscopole.[65] Moscopole, known in Albania as being a traditionally Christian settlement, is a neighbour to various Muslim and Christian Albanian villages that surround it, although the latter ones have become "demographically depressed" due to migration.[66] During the communist period, some Muslims from surrounding villages settled in Moscopole, making locals view the village population as mixed (i përzier) and lamenting the decline of the Christian element.[66]

In modern times, Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after the Second World War.[20] According to the 2011 Albanian census, out of the 1,058 inhabitants, 69.57% declared themselves as Albanian, 5.48% declared themselves as Aromanian, 0.47% declared themselves as Macedonians, and 0.09% as Greek. The rest of the population did not specify its ethnicity.[67] In term of religion, the same census claimed Moscopole as a Muslim-majority village by 76.07% with an Eastern Orthodox minority of 11.69%.[68] However, on the quality of the specific data the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities stated that "the results of the census should be viewed with the utmost caution and calls on the authorities not to rely exclusively on the data on nationality collected during the census in determining its policy on the protection of national minorities."[69] Furthermore, the census was boycotted by a significant number of the Greek community of Albania, typically of Eastern Orthodox denomination.[67][68]

Orthodox churches and monasteries

 
Decorated exonarthex of the St. Athanasius' Church
 
The ruined St. Charalampus' Church

The remaining churches in the region are among the most representative of 18th century ecclesiastical art in the Balkans. Characteristically, their murals are comparable to that in the large monastic centres at Mount Athos and Meteora, both in Greece. The architectural design is in general specific and identical: a large three-aisled basilica with a gable roof. The churches are single-apsed, with a wide altar apse and internal niches that serve as prothesis and diaconicon. Most churches also have one niche, each on the northern and southern walls, next to the prothesis and the diaconicon. Along the southern side there is an arched porch.[40]

Of the original around 24–30 churches of Moscopole, besides the St. John the Baptist Monastery (Albanian: Manastiri i Shën Prodhromit; Greek: Μονή Αγίου Ιωάννου του Προδρόμου) in the vicinity of the town,[40] only five have survived into modern times:

Some of the ruined churches include the following:

Climate

There is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and true Alpine climate in the higher regions.[citation needed] Favorable climate conditions make this center ideal for winter, summer, sport and recreation tourism, so there are tourists during the whole year, and not only from areas of Albania, but also foreigners.[71]

Notable people

People born in Moscopole:

Others with roots in Moscopole:

Gallery

  •  

    Tourist center

  •  

    Mountains near Moscopole

  •  

    Aromanian festival in Moscopole

  •  

    View of the village

  •  

    Saint Nicholas Church

  •  

    Saint Nicholas Church

  •  

    Arched bridge next to the village

See also

References

  1. ^ Stoica, Lascu (2012). "The constitution of the dimensions of Balkan Romanianism in the perception of the society of the Danubian Principalities (first half of the XIXth century)". Valahian Journal of Historical Studies. 18–19: 81–106.
  2. ^ Berciu Drăghicescu, Adina; Madge, Octavia Luciana; Coman, Virgil (2011). "Farsherots, Moscopolitans, Megleno-Romanians – Online Recovery of their Cultural Heritage". Library & Information Science Research (15).
  3. ^ Giakoumis 2016, p. 105.
  4. ^ Förster Horst, Fassel Horst. Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918.. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4, p. 33: "Moschopolis zwar eine aromunische Stadt ... deren intelektuelle Elite in starken Masse graekophil war."
  5. ^ Rousseva R. Iconographic characteristics of the churches in Moschopolis and Vithkuqi (Albania), Makedonika, 2006, v. 35, pp. 163–191. 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine In English and Greek, with photographs of icons and inscriptions.
  6. ^ Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community: the Jews of Monastir, 1839–1943. Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-886857-06-3. Moschopolis emerged as the leading center of Greek intellectual activity in the 18th
  7. ^ Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.
  8. ^ Skendi, Stavro (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Two centers of Greek culture exercised strong influence on the Orthodox Albanians : Voskopojë ( Moskhopolis ), in the south, near Korçë
  9. ^ Mustafa, Avzi (1997). Edukata dhe arsimi nëpër shekuj: studime dhe artikuj. Shkupi. p. 61. Në Voskopojë jetonin shqiptarët ortodoksë dhe arumunët, të cilët i takonin Patrikanës së Ohrit. Nga ana tjetër tregtia e zhvilluar ndikoi që të depërtojë kultura e perëndimit. Kështu Voskopoja u bë një nyje e rëndësishme ku lidheshin të gjitha rrjetat tregtare, madje edhe kulturale të Evropës Perëndimore.
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  18. ^ a b Popescu, Adina (1–7 September 2022). "Cine sînt aromânii din Albania? – un interviu cu Entela BINJAKU". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). No. 960. Moscopole este ca un Ierusalim al nostru, pentru că o mare parte din aromânii risipiți prin țară, cum ar fi cei din orașul Fier, provin din Moscopole.
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  20. ^ a b Gilles de Rapper. Religion on the border: Sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania. Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Sofia 14–18 April 2006. Istanbul, Isis Press, p. 12.After several assaults and destruction by its Muslim neighbours, Voskopojë is no more than a big village in which Aromanian population is not in majority anymore. Albanian-speaking Christians and Muslims have come and settled, especially after the Second World War, when life conditions became more attractive in what was turned into an administrative centre rather than in remote mountain villages.
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  27. ^ Нида Бога: Москополе. Преводач: Николай Кюркчиев, София 2000.
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  57. ^ a b c d e f Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9789607760869. "A report by Betsos, the Greek consul in Monastir, is very informative about the demographic composition of Moschopolis in 1900. Moscopolis: The old Vlach-speaking inhabitants of Moscopolis dispersed in all directions at the end of the eighteenth century, because the Moslem Albanians living round about pillages that once famed city, and the comparatively few remaining families gradually moved elsewhere, particularly to Korçë, which slowly became an important commercial centre. Of the old Vlach families, only about thirty remain in Moscopolis; but on the other hand, the widespread disorder ravaging the area of Opar has caused many Albanian speaking families to leave the barren, mountainous parts of the country and remove to Moscopolis, where they till the land and raise livestock. Able Vlach-speaking families came from two Vlach settlements to Moscopolis, of which the entire population at present amounts to 200 families, of which 120 are Albanian-speaking and the remaining 80 Vlach speaking. All the old Vlach-speaking families have remained true to [their Greek national consciousness], but for three, who, together with some of the newcomers, have been led astray by the unfrocked priest Kosmas. The Romanising families there number twenty in all."
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  59. ^ a b Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. p. 364. ISBN 9789607760869.
  60. ^ Nikolaeva Todorova Marii︠a︡. Balkan identities: nation and memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85065-715-6, pp. 108-109.
  61. ^ Creveld, Martin L. van (1973). Hitler's strategy 1940–1941 : the Balkan clue (Reprinted. ed.). London: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9780521201438. Moschopolis and Pogradec fell on 30 November
  62. ^ Pyrrhus J., Ruches (1965). "Albania's Captives". Chicago: Argonaut: 213. Burned once by the Italians, twice by the Ballists... led by Dervish Bejo by Georgevitsa. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  63. ^ "Voskopojë Churches | World Monuments Fund".
  64. ^ Golka, Vasjan (17 November 2008). "Korca Te dhena te pergjithshme" (PDF). Korca Jone Portal. p. 7.
  65. ^ Καγιά, Έβις (2006). Το Ζήτημα της Εκπαίδευσης στην Ελληνική Μειονότητα και οι Δίγλωσσοι Μετανάστες Μαθητές στα Ελληνικά Ιδιωτκά Σχολεία στην Αλβανία (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 118–121. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  66. ^ a b De Rapper, Gilles (2010). "Religion on the border: sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania": 3. The three villages are known as Christians villages where Muslims have recently settled, especially during communist times, so that today their population is said to be 'mixed' (i përzier). They are also surrounded by Muslim villages, or by demographically depressed Christian villages; in other words, from the Christian point of view, the villages and their surroundings have lost a part of their Christian character. In the case of Moscopole and Vithkuq, this loss is told in a more dramatic mode: both villages are known to have been prosperous Christian cities in the 18th century, before they were plundered and destroyed during repeated attacks by local Muslims. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  67. ^ a b "Ethnic composition of Albania 2011".
  68. ^ a b "Ethnic composition of Albania 2011".
  69. ^ "Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011". Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  70. ^ Koukoudis, Asterios I. (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros. p. 13. ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9.
  71. ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos (October 2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 373. ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0.

Bibliography

  • Asterios Koukoudis (in Greek and English)
  • (in Romanian)
  • Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2016). "From Religios to Secular and Back Again: Christian Pilgrimage Space in Albania". In John Eade, Mario Katić (ed.). Pilgrimage, Politics and Place-Making in Eastern Europe: Crossing the Borders. Routledge Studies in Pilgrimage, Religious Travel and Tourism. Routledge. pp. 103–118. ISBN 9781317080831.
  • Steliu Lambru, Narrating National Utopia – The Case Moschopolis in the Aromanian National Discourse (in English)
  • Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1989). Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida (in German). Vienna: Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-98571-0.
  • Nicolas Trifon, Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares - Destinées Historiques Et Littéraires D’un Peuple Méconnu (in French)
  • Ewa Kocój, The Story of an Invisible City. The Cultural Heritage of Moscopole in Albania. Urban Regeneration, Cultural Memory and Space Management [in:] Intangible heritage of the city. Musealisation, preservation, education, ed. By M. Kwiecińska, Kraków 2016, s. 267-280

Further reading

  • Adhami, Stilian (1989). Voskopoja: në shekullin e lulëzimit të saj (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nentori. p. 222.
  • Falo, Dhari (2002). "Trayedia ali Muscopuli" (in Aromanian). Editura Cartea Aromână. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Γεωργιάδης, Θεόφραστος (1975). Moschopolis Μοσχόπολις (in Greek). Έκδοσις Συλλόγου προς Διάδοση των Ελληνικών Γραμμάτων.
  • Plasari, Aurel (2000). "Fenomeni Voskopoje". Mendimi Shqiptar (in Albanian). Phoenix (6): 100.
  • Robert Elsie, Eifel Olzheim. : Peyfuß, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida.
 
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March 13, 2023
moscopole, voskopoja, albanian, voskopojë, aromanian, with, several, other, variants, greek, Μοσχόπολις, romanized, moschopolis, village, korçë, county, southeastern, albania, during, 18th, century, cultural, commercial, center, aromanians, peak, 18th, century. Moscopole or Voskopoja Albanian Voskopoje Aromanian Moscopole with several other variants Greek Mosxopolis romanized Moschopolis is a village in Korce County in southeastern Albania During the 18th century it was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians 4 At its peak in the mid 18th century it hosted the first printing house in the Ottoman Balkans outside Constantinople educational institutions and numerous churches 5 It became a leading center of Greek culture 6 7 8 but also of symbiotic Albanian Aromanian culture and with great influence from Western civilization 9 10 Voskopoje Moscopole MoschopolisMunicipal unitChurch of Saint NicholasVoskopojeCoordinates 40 38 0 N 20 35 25 E 40 63333 N 20 59028 E 40 63333 20 59028 Coordinates 40 38 0 N 20 35 25 E 40 63333 N 20 59028 E 40 63333 20 59028Country AlbaniaCountyKorceMunicipalityKorcePopulation 2011 Municipal unit1 058Demonym s Moscopolean 1 Moscopolitan 2 Voskopojar 3 Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal Code7029Area Code0864Websitewww voskopoja alOne view attributes the decline of the city to a series of raids by Muslim Albanian bandits 11 12 Moscopole was initially attacked and almost destroyed by those groups in 1769 following the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire 13 Its destruction culminated with the abandoning and destruction of 1788 14 15 11 Moscopole once a prosperous city was reduced to a small village by Ali Pasha of Ioannina According to another view the city s decline was mainly due to the relocation of the trade routes in central and eastern Europe following these raids 13 Today Moscopole known as Voskopoje is a small mountain village and along with a few other local settlements is considered a holy place by local Orthodox Christians It was one of the original homelands of much of the Aromanian diaspora 16 It has been also nicknamed as Jerusalem of the Aromanians 17 18 New Athens or Arcadia of the Balkans 19 In modern times Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village especially after World War II 20 Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 History 3 1 Prosperity 3 1 1 Demographics 3 1 2 Economy 3 1 3 Culture 3 2 Decline 3 3 Modern times 4 Orthodox churches and monasteries 5 Climate 6 Notable people 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further readingName EditThe town is known as Voskopoje definite form Voskopoja in Albanian The Aromanian name of the town varies between Moscopole 21 Moscopolea 17 Moscopoli 21 Moscopola 21 Muscopuli 22 Muscopulea 23 Voscopole 24 Voscopolea 24 and Voscopoli 25 The Greek name of the town varies between Mosxopolis transliterated into Moschopolis Moscopolis Moskopolis and its vernacular equivalent form Mosxopolh Moschopoli The Boskopolh Boskopolis Voskopoli Voskopolis Voscopolis variant is also used in various occasions in Greek The town is called Iskopol or Oskopol in Turkish 26 and Moskopole Moskopole in Bulgarian 27 It is known as Moscopole 18 or Voscopole in Romanian 28 Geography EditModern Moscopole is located 21 km from Korce in the mountains of southeastern Albania at an altitude of 1160 meters and is a subdivision of Korce municipality 29 30 its population in 2011 was 1 058 31 The municipality of Moscopole consists of the villages of Moscopole Shipske Krushove Gjonomadh and Lavdar 32 In 2005 the municipality had a population of 2 218 33 whereas the settlement itself has a population of around 500 29 History EditProsperity Edit Demographics Edit The old coat of arms of Moscopole Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians Many of its inhabitants originated from the southern parts of Epirus such as the settlements of Skamneli and Metsovo Aminciu an Aromanian settlement as well in northwestern Greece It was a small settlement until the end of the 17th century but afterwards showed a remarkable financial and cultural development 13 Some writers have claimed that Moscopole in its glory days 1730 1760 had as many as 70 000 inhabitants other estimates placed its population closer to 35 000 34 35 but a more realistic number may be closer to 3 500 According to Max Demeter Peyfuss the truth may be closer to this number sc 3500 than to 70 000 Moschopolis was certainly not among the largest Balkan cities of the 18th century 36 According to the Swedish historian Johann Thunmann who visited Moscopole and wrote a history of the Aromanians in 1774 everyone in the city spoke Aromanian many also spoke Greek which was used for writing contracts In fact the city is said to have been mainly populated by Aromanians The fact was confirmed by a 1935 analysis of family names that showed that in the 18th century the majority of the population were indeed Aromanians but there were also Greeks Albanians and Bulgarians present in the city 37 38 Economy Edit Murals of the St Nicholas Church painted by David Selenica Historically the main economic activity of the city was livestock farming The alternative name Voskopolis and derived ones mean city of shepherds 39 This activity led to the establishment of wool processing and carpet manufacturing units and the development of tanneries while other locals became metal workers and silver and copper smiths 13 During the middle of the 18th century the city became an important economic center whose influence spread over the boundaries of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and reached further the Ottoman ruled Eastern Orthodox world This trade involved as far as the Archduchy of Austria the Kingdom of Hungary and the Upper Saxony Until 1769 the town traded on a large scale with renowned European commercial centres of that time such as Venice Vienna and Leipzig 40 Culture Edit A printing press operated in Moscopole which produced religious literature and school textbooks in Greek 41 It was the second printing press in Ottoman Europe to be established after that of Constantinople under the supervision of Gregory future bishop of Durres citation needed This establishment produced a total of nineteen books mainly the collection of the Services to the Saints but also the Introduction of Grammar by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis 13 All locally printed books were exclusively written in Greek with the indication En Moschopolei Claims by some Balkan scholars about the possible existence of multilingual prints or prints in Albanian Aromanian or Slavic have not been verified 42 Kavalliotis later became director of the city s prestigious educational institution which from 1744 was known as New Academy or Hellenikon Frontistirion sponsored by wealthy foreign merchants 43 This institution became one of the leading centers of learning for Orthodox Christians in western Balkans The language of education was Greek while renowned Greek teachers were invited to provide lessons 41 The city also hosted an orphanage known as Orphanodioiketerion possibly the first in the post Byzantine Orthodox world 43 and also a hospital and a total of 24 churches 29 A cultural effervescence arose in Moscopole and many authors published their works in both the Greek language which was the language of culture of the Balkans at the time and Aromanian written in the Greek alphabet In 1770 the first dictionary of four modern Balkan languages Greek Albanian Aromanian and Bulgarian was published here Daniel Moscopolites an Aromanian native priest of Moscopole compiled a quadrilingual lexicon of Greek Aromanian Bulgarian and Albanian that aimed at the Hellenization of the non Greek speaking Christian communities in the Balkans 44 45 Due to the high level of intellectual activity and Greek education Moscopole was nicknamed as New Athens or New Mystra 46 47 As such the city became an important 18th century center of the modern Greek Enlightenment 48 49 The Aromanian Missal an 18th century liturgical book in Aromanian was likely written in Moscopole 50 Decline Edit Dictionary of four Balkan languages Greek Aromanian Bulgarian and Albanian written by Daniel Moscopolites The 1769 sacking and pillaging by Muslim Albanian 37 troops was just the first of a series of attacks to the city Moscopole was attacked due to the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire known as the Orlov Revolt 13 Its destruction culminated with the razing of 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina 51 Moscopole was practically destroyed by this attack with some of its commerce shifting to nearby Korce and Berat 52 Image of the St Nicholas Church The survivors were thus forced to flee most of them emigrating mainly to Thessaly and Macedonia 53 Orthodox Albanians from Moscopole which migrated in the beginning of the 19th century to Krusevo would found the so called Ohtul di Arbinesh Hill of the Albanians neighbourhood This community would soon assimilate into the Aromanian population of the city 54 Some of the commercial elite moved to the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary especially to the respective capitals of Vienna and Budapest but also to Transylvania where they had an important role in the early national awakening of Romania The city never rose back to its earlier status However a new school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster in 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites This school functioned the following decades thanks to donations and bequests by baron Simon Sinas 53 The diaspora of Moscopole located in Austria and Hungary continued the tradition of their ancestors by sponsoring institutions beneficial to the Greek people 13 During this period many members of the Aromanian diaspora who migrated to Budapest and Vienna started developing a unique Aromanian identity being one of the first Aromanian populations to do so These cities became gathering centers for Aromanians and Aromanian language and culture was promoted 55 56 In 1900 a report by the Greek consul Betsos gave details of the demographic composition of Moscopole 57 It noted that the 18th century destruction of the settlement resulted in the dispersal of its Aromanian population and that some old remaining families moved to other places in particular Korce 57 Around 30 old families remained with the socio political crisis that engulfed the nearby Opar region resulting in Albanian Christians leaving their previous homes and settling in Moscopole 57 Aromanians from two nearby settlements also resettled in Moscopole 57 In 1900 Moscopole was populated by a total of 200 families consisting of 120 Albanian and 80 Aromanian families 57 Most of the older Aromanian families had a Greek national consciousness while 3 families along with some of the newer residents were pro Romanian from a total of 20 older families led by an unfrocked priest named Kosmas 57 In 1914 Moscopole was part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus The now village was destroyed again in 1916 during World War I by the marauding Albanian bands of Salih Butka 58 who set Moscopole on fire and killed a number of local civilians 59 Butka is considered among Aromanian circles as a criminal due to this event 60 This incident was followed by the looting of the village s churches by French soldiers belonging to the administration of the Autonomous Province of Korce 59 During the Greco Italian War on 30 November 1940 the town was captured by the advancing Greek forces 61 In April 1941 after the capitulation of Greece Moscopole returned to Axis control The remaining buildings were razed three times during the partisan warfare of World War II once by Italian troops and twice by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombetar organization 62 Of the old city six Orthodox churches one in a very ruined state a bridge and a monastery survive In 1996 the church of St Michael was vandalized by three adolescent Albanians under the influence of a foreign Muslim fundamentalist 35 In 2002 the five standing churches were put on the World Monuments Fund s 2002 World Monuments Watch 63 Modern times Edit At 1996 the church of Saint Michael was vandalized by Albanian adolescents an incident that shocked and dismayed the Albanian public 35 Today Moscopole is just a small mountain village and ski resort 64 Nonetheless memories of glory days of Moscopole remain an important part of the culture of the Aromanians citation needed During recent years a Greek language institution and a joint Greek Albanian initiative has operated in Moscopole 65 Moscopole known in Albania as being a traditionally Christian settlement is a neighbour to various Muslim and Christian Albanian villages that surround it although the latter ones have become demographically depressed due to migration 66 During the communist period some Muslims from surrounding villages settled in Moscopole making locals view the village population as mixed i perzier and lamenting the decline of the Christian element 66 In modern times Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village especially after the Second World War 20 According to the 2011 Albanian census out of the 1 058 inhabitants 69 57 declared themselves as Albanian 5 48 declared themselves as Aromanian 0 47 declared themselves as Macedonians and 0 09 as Greek The rest of the population did not specify its ethnicity 67 In term of religion the same census claimed Moscopole as a Muslim majority village by 76 07 with an Eastern Orthodox minority of 11 69 68 However on the quality of the specific data the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities stated that the results of the census should be viewed with the utmost caution and calls on the authorities not to rely exclusively on the data on nationality collected during the census in determining its policy on the protection of national minorities 69 Furthermore the census was boycotted by a significant number of the Greek community of Albania typically of Eastern Orthodox denomination 67 68 Orthodox churches and monasteries Edit Decorated exonarthex of the St Athanasius Church The ruined St Charalampus Church The remaining churches in the region are among the most representative of 18th century ecclesiastical art in the Balkans Characteristically their murals are comparable to that in the large monastic centres at Mount Athos and Meteora both in Greece The architectural design is in general specific and identical a large three aisled basilica with a gable roof The churches are single apsed with a wide altar apse and internal niches that serve as prothesis and diaconicon Most churches also have one niche each on the northern and southern walls next to the prothesis and the diaconicon Along the southern side there is an arched porch 40 Of the original around 24 30 churches of Moscopole besides the St John the Baptist Monastery Albanian Manastiri i Shen Prodhromit Greek Monh Agioy Iwannoy toy Prodromoy in the vicinity of the town 40 only five have survived into modern times Saint Nicholas Albanian Kisha e Shen Kollit Aromanian Basearica Ayiu Nicola Greek Naos Agioy Nikolaoy Dormition of the Theotokos Albanian Kisha e Shen Merise Greek Naos Koimhsews ths 8eotokoy Saint Athanasius Albanian Kisha e Shen Thanasit Greek Naos Agioy A8anasioy Saint Michael or Archangels Michael and Gabriel Albanian Kisha e Shen Mehillit Greek Naos Agiwn Ta3iarxwn Saint Elijah Albanian Kisha e Shen Ilias Greek Naos Profhth Hlia Some of the ruined churches include the following Saint Paraskevi Albanian Kisha e Shen Premtes Greek Naos Agias Paraskeyhs patron saint of the town and probably the first church built in Moscopole in the 15th century 70 Saint Charalampus Albanian Kisha e Shen Harallambit Greek Naos Agioy Xaralampoys outer walls partially survived Saint Euthymius completely destroyed 40 Climate EditThere is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and true Alpine climate in the higher regions citation needed Favorable climate conditions make this center ideal for winter summer sport and recreation tourism so there are tourists during the whole year and not only from areas of Albania but also foreigners 71 Notable people EditPeople born in Moscopole Ioannis Chalkeus 1667 from 1730 to 1740 scholar and philosopher Theophrastos Georgiadis 1885 1973 author and teacher Nicolae Ianovici linguist Theodore Kavalliotis 1718 1789 priest and teacher Georgios Konstantinidis hieromonk and founder of the Moscopole printing house Dionysios Mantoukas 1648 1751 Orthodox bishop Violeta Manushi 1926 2007 actress Ioakeim Martianos 1875 1955 Orthodox bishop Daniel Moscopolites 1754 1825 scholar Nektarios Terpos late 17th century 18th century religious scholar and monk Konstantinos Tzechanis 1740 1800 philosopher mathematician and poet Constantin Ucuta academic and protopope in Prussia Iuliu Valaori ro 1867 1936 politician professor and writerOthers with roots in Moscopole Mihail G Boiagi 1780 1828 1842 or 1843 grammarian and professor Llazar Fundo 1899 1944 communist politician journalist and writer Emanoil Gojdu 1802 1870 lawyer Mocioni family with notable members of this family including Andrei Mocioni 1812 1880 Max Demeter Peyfuss 1944 2019 historian translator and writer Sinas family with notable members of this family including Georgios Sinas 1783 1856 and Simon Sinas 1810 1876 Konstantinos Smolenskis 1843 1915 Hellenic Army officerGallery Edit Tourist center Mountains near Moscopole Aromanian festival in Moscopole View of the village Saint Nicholas Church Saint Nicholas Church Arched bridge next to the villageSee also EditAromanians in Albania Tourism in AlbaniaReferences Edit Stoica Lascu 2012 The constitution of the dimensions of Balkan Romanianism in the perception of the society of the Danubian Principalities first half of the XIXth century Valahian Journal of Historical Studies 18 19 81 106 Berciu Drăghicescu Adina Madge Octavia Luciana Coman Virgil 2011 Farsherots Moscopolitans Megleno Romanians Online Recovery of their Cultural Heritage Library amp Information Science Research 15 Giakoumis 2016 p 105 Forster Horst Fassel Horst Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt Rumanien und rumanische Sprachgebiete nach 1918 Franz Steiner Verlag 1999 ISBN 978 3 7995 2508 4 p 33 Moschopolis zwar eine aromunische Stadt deren intelektuelle Elite in starken Masse graekophil war Rousseva R Iconographic characteristics of the churches in Moschopolis and Vithkuqi Albania Makedonika 2006 v 35 pp 163 191 Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine In English and Greek with photographs of icons and inscriptions Cohen Mark 2003 Last century of a Sephardic community the Jews of Monastir 1839 1943 Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture p 13 ISBN 978 1 886857 06 3 Moschopolis emerged as the leading center of Greek intellectual activity in the 18th Winnifrith Tom 2002 Badlands borderlands a history of Northern Epirus Southern Albania Duckworth p 109 ISBN 978 0 7156 3201 7 Skendi Stavro 1980 Balkan Cultural Studies East European Monographs ISBN 978 0 914710 66 0 Two centers of Greek culture exercised strong influence on the Orthodox Albanians Voskopoje Moskhopolis in the south near Korce Mustafa Avzi 1997 Edukata dhe arsimi neper shekuj studime dhe artikuj Shkupi p 61 Ne Voskopoje jetonin shqiptaret ortodokse dhe arumunet te cilet i takonin Patrikanes se Ohrit Nga ana tjeter tregtia e zhvilluar ndikoi qe te depertoje kultura e perendimit Keshtu Voskopoja u be nje nyje e rendesishme ku lidheshin te gjitha rrjetat tregtare madje edhe kulturale te Evropes Perendimore Skutsch Carl 2013 Encyclopedia of the World s Minorities Encyclopedia of the World s Minorities Taylor amp Francis p 64 ISBN 9781135193881 a b Vickers Miranda 1995 The Albanians A Modern History I B Tauris pp 14 15 ISBN 9780857736550 Cohen Mark 2003 Last century of a Sephardic community the Jews of Monastir 1839 1943 New York Foundation for the advancement of Sephardic studies and culture ISBN 9781886857063 In 1769 and then again in 1788 this thriving town was sacked by Muslim Albanians It was finally destroyed in the early 19th century by Ali Pasha a b c d e f g Mikropoulos Tassos A 2008 Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society Dusty traces of the Muslim culture Earthlab pp 315 316 ISBN 978 960 233 187 3 Hermine G De Soto Nora Dudwick Fieldwork dilemmas anthropologists in postsocialist states Univ of Wisconsin Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 299 16374 7 p 45 Mackridge Peter 2 April 2009 Language and National Identity in Greece 1766 1976 Oxford University Press USA p 58 ISBN 978 0 19 921442 6 Gilles de Rapper Religion on the border Sanctuaries and festivals in post communist Albania Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions Proceedings of the International Conference Sofia 14 18 April 2006 Istanbul Isis Press p 5 a b Ismail Kadare ti armani Ismail Kadare per vllehte Frația in Albanian and Aromanian Vol 11 no 177 3 November 2010 p 3 Al iura dit Romania și Gărchia armani tu Albanii avea Jerusalemu a lor Moscopolea a b Popescu Adina 1 7 September 2022 Cine sint aromanii din Albania un interviu cu Entela BINJAKU Dilema Veche in Romanian No 960 Moscopole este ca un Ierusalim al nostru pentru că o mare parte din aromanii risipiți prin țară cum ar fi cei din orașul Fier provin din Moscopole Kocoj Ewa 29 September 2016 Artifacts of the Past as Traces of Memory The Aromanian Cultural Heritage in the Balkans Res Historica 41 159 doi 10 17951 rh 2016 41 159 ISSN 2082 6060 Retrieved 12 September 2022 The 1768 expulsion of Aromanians from Moscopole gave rise to the legend of the city which in modern explications is portrayed as the Arcadia of the Balkans a New Jerusalem or a New Athens a b Gilles de Rapper Religion on the border Sanctuaries and festivals in post communist Albania Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions Proceedings of the International Conference Sofia 14 18 April 2006 Istanbul Isis Press p 12 After several assaults and destruction by its Muslim neighbours Voskopoje is no more than a big village in which Aromanian population is not in majority anymore Albanian speaking Christians and Muslims have come and settled especially after the Second World War when life conditions became more attractive in what was turned into an administrative centre rather than in remote mountain villages a b c Enina Pirro July 2010 MOSCOPOLEA Isturia shi leghenda a lje PDF Farsharotu in Aromanian 33 6 7 Kahl Thede 2008 Multipart singing among the Aromanians Vlachs In Ahmedaja Ardian Haid Gerlinde eds European Voices I Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean Bohlau Verlag p 267 ISBN 9783205780908 Hangeara Thanas July 2010 MINDUERURI OPINIONURI Ti poema Moscopolea scriata di Nicolae Velo PDF Farsharotu in Aromanian 33 14 16 a b Arumunet Albania nr 39 p 6 Cunia Tiberius LECTSIA 1 ALFABETLU ARMANESCU in Aromanian Tra Armanami Association of the Aromanians of France Retrieved 28 February 2023 Anscombe Frederick 2006 Albanians and mountain bandits In Anscombe Frederick The Ottoman Balkans 1750 1830 Princeton Markus Wiener Publishers p 99 Iskopol Oskopol Voskopoje southeast Albania Nida Boga Moskopole Prevodach Nikolaj Kyurkchiev Sofiya 2000 Neamul aromanesc din Macedonia p 17 a b c Marcel Cornis Pope John Neubauer 2004 History of the Literary Cultures of East Central Europe Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries John Benjamins Publishing p 288 ISBN 90 272 3453 1 Law nr 115 2014 PDF in Albanian pp 6372 6373 Retrieved 25 February 2022 2011 census results Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Greece Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Albania Communes World Health Organization Retrieved 6 November 2010 Peyfuss p 35 36 snippet view a b c Robert Elsie s review on Peyfuss Peyfuss Max Demeter Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731 1769 Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida PDF Elsie Archived from the original PDF on 14 March 2005 Peyfuss Max Demeter Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731 1769 Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida Bohlau 1989 ISBN 978 3 205 05293 7 p 35 36 a b Stavrianos Leften Stavros Stoianovich Traian The Balkans since 1453 C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2000 ISBN 978 1 85065 551 0 p 278 Trifon Nicolas 1 January 2005 Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares destinees historiques et litteraires d un peuple meconnu Contre feux in French Archived from the original on 24 January 2005 Geographikon tes Rhumanias es akribesteran kai pleresteran katalepsin tes historias autes Tauchnitz 1816 p 35 a b c d Kirchhainer Karin 2003 Iconographic Characteristics of the Churches in Moschopolis and Vithikuqi Albania PDF Makedonika 35 4 163 191 a b Detrez Raymond 15 July 2013 Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume One National Ideologies and Language Policies BRILL p 52 ISBN 978 90 04 25076 5 Peyfuss Max Demeter 1999 The printing shop of Moschopolis PDF Institute of Macedonian Studies 200 201 Retrieved 9 October 2022 a b Anthony L Scott 2003 Good and Faithful Servant Stewardship in the Orthodox Church St Vladimir s Seminary Press p 112 ISBN 978 0 88141 255 0 Friedman A Victor After 170 years of Balkan linguistics Wither the Millennium Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Chicago p 2 given the intent of these comparative lexicons was the Hellenization of non Greek speaking Balkan Christians Horst Forster Horst Fassel 1999 Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt Rumanien und rumanische Sprachgebiete nach 1918 Franz Steiner Verlag pp 35 45 ISBN 978 3 7995 2508 4 Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies Duke University 1981 Asterios I Koukoudes The Vlachs Metropolis and Diaspora 2003 Goldwyn Adam J Silverman Renee M 2016 Mediterranean Modernism Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development Springer p 177 ISBN 9781137586568 with Moschopolis we get a perspective on the Balkans Greek enlightenment and the eighteent century Kitromilides Paschalis M 2013 Enlightenment and Revolution Harvard University Press p 39 ISBN 9780674726413 Besides the triangle with a northwestern outpost in Moschopolis where the first drama of the Enlightenment Klimkowski Tomasz 2015 Religious vocabulary in Aromanian compared to Romanian Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia 22 1 170 doi 10 14746 bp 2015 22 12 Katherine Elizabeth Fleming The Muslim Bonaparte diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha s Greece Princeton University Press 1999 ISBN 978 0 691 00194 4 p 36 destroyed by resentful Muslim Albanians in 1788 Princeton University Dept of Near Eastern Studies Princeton papers interdisciplinary journal of Middle Eastern studies Markus Wiener Publishers 2002 ISSN 1084 5666 p 100 a b Sakellariou M V 1997 Epirus 4000 years of Greek history and civilization Ekdotike Athenōn p 308 ISBN 978 960 213 371 2 Murati Qemal 2011 SHQIPJA DHE MAQEDOARUMANISHTJA NGA ASPEKTI I KONTAKTEVE MIDIS TYRE Studime Albanologjike ITSH 10 Crețulescu Vladimir 2015 The Aromanian Romanian national movement 1859 1905 an analytical model Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia 22 1 99 121 doi 10 14746 bp 2015 22 8 Kahl Thede 2003 Aromanians in Greece Minority or Vlach speaking Greeks PDF Jahrbucher fur Geschichte und Kultur Sudosteuropas 5 205 219 a b c d e f Koukoudis Asterios 2003 The Vlachs Metropolis and Diaspora Thessaloniki Zitros Publications pp 362 363 ISBN 9789607760869 A report by Betsos the Greek consul in Monastir is very informative about the demographic composition of Moschopolis in 1900 Moscopolis The old Vlach speaking inhabitants of Moscopolis dispersed in all directions at the end of the eighteenth century because the Moslem Albanians living round about pillages that once famed city and the comparatively few remaining families gradually moved elsewhere particularly to Korce which slowly became an important commercial centre Of the old Vlach families only about thirty remain in Moscopolis but on the other hand the widespread disorder ravaging the area of Opar has caused many Albanian speaking families to leave the barren mountainous parts of the country and remove to Moscopolis where they till the land and raise livestock Able Vlach speaking families came from two Vlach settlements to Moscopolis of which the entire population at present amounts to 200 families of which 120 are Albanian speaking and the remaining 80 Vlach speaking All the old Vlach speaking families have remained true to their Greek national consciousness but for three who together with some of the newcomers have been led astray by the unfrocked priest Kosmas The Romanising families there number twenty in all Badlands borderlands a history of Northern Epirus Southern Albania Tom Winnifrith Duckworth 2002 ISBN 978 0 7156 3201 7 p 61 a b Koukoudis Asterios 2003 The Vlachs Metropolis and Diaspora Thessaloniki Zitros Publications p 364 ISBN 9789607760869 Nikolaeva Todorova Marii a Balkan identities nation and memory C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2004 ISBN 978 1 85065 715 6 pp 108 109 Creveld Martin L van 1973 Hitler s strategy 1940 1941 the Balkan clue Reprinted ed London Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 9780521201438 Moschopolis and Pogradec fell on 30 November Pyrrhus J Ruches 1965 Albania s Captives Chicago Argonaut 213 Burned once by the Italians twice by the Ballists led by Dervish Bejo by Georgevitsa a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Voskopoje Churches World Monuments Fund Golka Vasjan 17 November 2008 Korca Te dhena te pergjithshme PDF Korca Jone Portal p 7 Kagia Ebis 2006 To Zhthma ths Ekpaideyshs sthn Ellhnikh Meionothta kai oi Diglwssoi Metanastes Ma8htes sta Ellhnika Idiwtka Sxoleia sthn Albania in Greek University of Thessaloniki pp 118 121 Retrieved 6 February 2013 a b De Rapper Gilles 2010 Religion on the border sanctuaries and festivals in post communist Albania 3 The three villages are known as Christians villages where Muslims have recently settled especially during communist times so that today their population is said to be mixed i perzier They are also surrounded by Muslim villages or by demographically depressed Christian villages in other words from the Christian point of view the villages and their surroundings have lost a part of their Christian character In the case of Moscopole and Vithkuq this loss is told in a more dramatic mode both villages are known to have been prosperous Christian cities in the 18th century before they were plundered and destroyed during repeated attacks by local Muslims a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Ethnic composition of Albania 2011 a b Ethnic composition of Albania 2011 Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011 Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities Retrieved 29 June 2017 Koukoudis Asterios I 2003 The Vlachs Metropolis and Diaspora Zitros p 13 ISBN 978 960 7760 86 9 Vassilis Nitsiakos October 2010 On the Border Transborder Mobility Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian Greek Frontier LIT Verlag Munster p 373 ISBN 978 3 643 10793 0 Bibliography EditAsterios Koukoudis Studies on the Vlachs in Greek and English Romanii din Albania Aromanii in Romanian Giakoumis Konstantinos 2016 From Religios to Secular and Back Again Christian Pilgrimage Space in Albania In John Eade Mario Katic ed Pilgrimage Politics and Place Making in Eastern Europe Crossing the Borders Routledge Studies in Pilgrimage Religious Travel and Tourism Routledge pp 103 118 ISBN 9781317080831 Steliu Lambru Narrating National Utopia The Case Moschopolis in the Aromanian National Discourse in English Peyfuss Max Demeter 1989 Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731 1769 Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida in German Vienna Bohlau ISBN 3 205 98571 0 Nicolas Trifon Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares Destinees Historiques Et Litteraires D un Peuple Meconnu in French Ewa Kocoj The Story of an Invisible City The Cultural Heritage of Moscopole in Albania Urban Regeneration Cultural Memory and Space Management in Intangible heritage of the city Musealisation preservation education ed By M Kwiecinska Krakow 2016 s 267 280Further reading EditAdhami Stilian 1989 Voskopoja ne shekullin e lulezimit te saj in Albanian Tirana Albania 8 Nentori p 222 Falo Dhari 2002 Trayedia ali Muscopuli in Aromanian Editura Cartea Aromană a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Gewrgiadhs 8eofrastos 1975 Moschopolis Mosxopolis in Greek Ekdosis Syllogoy pros Diadosh twn Ellhnikwn Grammatwn Plasari Aurel 2000 Fenomeni Voskopoje Mendimi Shqiptar in Albanian Phoenix 6 100 Robert Elsie Eifel Olzheim Review Peyfuss Max Demeter Die Druckerei von Moschopolis 1731 1769 Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscopole Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Moscopole amp oldid 1143403323, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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