Fundo was born in Görice (now Korçë, Albania) to a family of merchants originating from Moscopole, of Aromanian origin.[3][4] He attended the French Lycée of Salonica and later studied law in Paris, France. He was the mentor to other Albanian Communist students in Paris, including future Albanian leader Enver Hoxha, to whom he taught law.[5]
Return to Albania in 1924edit
Upon returning to Albania he was a member of Avni Rrustemi's Bashkimi organization which he later took over upon Rrustemi's death by assassination in April 1924. Fundo developed connections with OrthodoxBishopFan S. Noli and played an active role in forcing then-Prime MinisterAhmet Zogu's exile to Yugoslavia that same year. Upon the overthrow of Noli's government in November 1924, Fundo emigrated to Vienna, Austria, becoming member of KONARE[6] thus acquainted with the Balkan Communist Federation, and then emigrated to the Soviet Union where he became a member of the Comintern.
Organization of the Korçë Albanian Communist Groupedit
In 1929 he took part in the 8th Congress of the Balkan Communist Federation where he discussed the founding of a Communist Party in Albania, having helped establish the Albanian Communist Group in 1928 in Korçë.[7] From 1930 to 1931 he served as a journalist for the Vienna-based magazine The Balkan Federation.
1933-1939: anti-Stalinism and expulsion from Cominternedit
Following the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939, Fundo returned to Albania and served as a secondary school teacher in his hometown of Korçë until his dismissal a year later, as he was a participant in the underground struggles against the Italians. By this time he had become disillusioned with Communism and embraced social-democracy.[9] He was subsequently arrested in 1941 and sent to the island of Ventotene. Fundo became acquainted with Altiero Spinelli and Sandro Pertini during this period, the latter urging Fundo to stay and fight with the Italian resistance. As the Fascist government began to fall in 1943 however, Fundo was able to return to Albania.
Death in 1944 by Albanian Communistsedit
In September 1944 he was captured in southern Yugoslavia, then allegedly handed over by Josip Broz Tito to the guerrillas of the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha. He was accused of Trotskyism and collaboration with British Intelligence.[10] He was then either lashed or beaten to death.[11] According to Enver Hoxha in his memoirs, however, he was found by the Albanian National Liberation Army in the company of a "gang of bandits" led by anti-communist partisan Kryeziu Brothers and a British officer, an account that has since been substantiated.[12] The Yugoslav partisans, who in 1942 had told their Albanian counterparts to "expose" Fundo, then allegedly came out in Fundo's defense and demanded that Hoxha's army hand Fundo over to them, but by then their letter had arrived too late as Fundo had already been executed.[13]
Referencesedit
^Alexander, Robert J. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1991., p. 32.
^Robert Elsie, Historical Dictionary of Albania, Scarecrow Press, p. 156
^Stephen Schwartz (2009-04-20), , Bosnian Institute, archived from the original on 2012-02-19, retrieved 2009-12-24, Fundo was a Vlach...
^Hamm, Harry. Albania—China's Beachhead in Europe. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1963., p. 84, 93.
^Vllamasi, Sejfi; Verli, Marenglen (2000). Ballafaqime Politike në Shqipëri (1897–1942): Kujtime dhe Vlerësime Historike. Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "Neraida". ISBN999-2-77-131-3. Ata që muarrën pjesë në "Konare" prej opozitës së vjetër qenë: Fan Noli, Qazim Koculi, Mustafa Kruja, Riza Dani e Xhevat Korça; nga anëtarët e ish- Krahut Kombëtar, civilë e oficerë: Kol Tromara, Qazim Kokoshi, Llano Borshi, major Shefqet Korça, kapitenët Ariz Çami e Riza Cerova; shumica dërrmuese e rinisë, që kanë qënë anëtarë të shoqërisë "Bashkimi", si: Halim Xhelo, Sejfulla Malëshova, Llazar Fundo, Qamil Çela, Demir Godelli, Selim Shpuza, Haki Stërmilli, Reshat Këlliçi etj.
^Alexander, Robert J. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1991., p. 32.
^Owen Pearson. Albania in the Twentieth Century: A History Vol. III. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2006. p. 396.
^Premtaj, Sadik. "Stalinism and Communism in Albania." Revolutionary History #3 (1990).
^The source for Fundo being lashed to death can be found in Borkenau, Franz. European Communism. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953., p. 408. Hamm states that he was beaten to death (Albania—China's Beachhead in Europe, p. 93). Another source for him being beaten to death can be found in Horos, George H. Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1987, p. 7. "In the summer of 1944, he was arrested by his comrades and beaten to death before the horrified eyes of the British military mission."
^‘Enverists’ and ‘Titoists’ - I 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine "Llazër Fundo was murdered in Kosova while participating in an anti-Stalinist and anti-fascist movement led by a powerful family of Kosovo Muslim notables, the Kryeziu brothers. Gani Kryeziu and his two brothers Hasan and Sahit, from Đakovica, were sons of a long-established Kosovar Albanian leader. During the second world war, the Kryezius favored the British, Americans, and other democratic and non-Communist powers in the Allied coalition."
^Enver, Hoxha. The Titoites. Tirana: Naim Frashëri Publishing House, 1982., p. 30.
External linksedit
has a section on Fundo.
January 01, 1970
llazar, fundo, llazar, fundo, born, march, 1899, korçë, manastir, vilayet, ottoman, empire, died, september, 1944, kolesjan, northern, albania, albanian, communist, later, social, democratic, journalist, writer, former, member, comintern, balkan, communist, fe. Llazar Zai Fundo born March 20 1899 in Korce Manastir Vilayet Ottoman Empire died September 20 1944 in Kolesjan Northern Albania was an Albanian Communist later social democratic journalist and writer He was a former member of the Comintern and the Balkan Communist Federation He was associated with the Fan S Noli government in 1924 and became the leader of the Bashkimi organization after the death of Avni Rustemi in 1924 In 1928 he helped establish the Korce Communist Group 1 In the fierce rivalry for power control within the Communist Party he was branded a Trotskyist and purged from the party 2 Llazar Zai FundoBorn 1899 03 20 March 20 1899Korce Albania then Ottoman Empire DiedSeptember 20 1944 1944 09 20 aged 45 Kolesjan Kukes AlbaniaNationalityAlbanianSignature Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Return to Albania in 1924 1 2 Organization of the Korce Albanian Communist Group 1 3 1933 1939 anti Stalinism and expulsion from Comintern 1 4 Return to Albania in 1939 1 5 Death in 1944 by Albanian Communists 2 References 3 External linksBiography editFundo was born in Gorice now Korce Albania to a family of merchants originating from Moscopole of Aromanian origin 3 4 He attended the French Lycee of Salonica and later studied law in Paris France He was the mentor to other Albanian Communist students in Paris including future Albanian leader Enver Hoxha to whom he taught law 5 Return to Albania in 1924 edit Upon returning to Albania he was a member of Avni Rrustemi s Bashkimi organization which he later took over upon Rrustemi s death by assassination in April 1924 Fundo developed connections with Orthodox Bishop Fan S Noli and played an active role in forcing then Prime Minister Ahmet Zogu s exile to Yugoslavia that same year Upon the overthrow of Noli s government in November 1924 Fundo emigrated to Vienna Austria becoming member of KONARE 6 thus acquainted with the Balkan Communist Federation and then emigrated to the Soviet Union where he became a member of the Comintern Organization of the Korce Albanian Communist Group edit In 1929 he took part in the 8th Congress of the Balkan Communist Federation where he discussed the founding of a Communist Party in Albania having helped establish the Albanian Communist Group in 1928 in Korce 7 From 1930 to 1931 he served as a journalist for the Vienna based magazine The Balkan Federation 1933 1939 anti Stalinism and expulsion from Comintern edit In 1933 while in Germany he was a partial observer of the Reichstag fire events and traveled with Leipzig Trial participant Georgi Dimitrov whom he befriended back to Moscow During the Spanish Civil War he organized Albanian volunteers for the International Brigades During these years Fundo began criticizing the pro Stalin wing of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as Stalinist gravitating more towards the views of Leon Trotsky During the Great Purge he was expelled from the Comintern in 1938 as a bourgeois deviationist and a death sentence was announced against him However the intercession of Georgi Dimitrov then leader of the Comintern resulted in this sentence being dropped 8 Return to Albania in 1939 edit Following the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 Fundo returned to Albania and served as a secondary school teacher in his hometown of Korce until his dismissal a year later as he was a participant in the underground struggles against the Italians By this time he had become disillusioned with Communism and embraced social democracy 9 He was subsequently arrested in 1941 and sent to the island of Ventotene Fundo became acquainted with Altiero Spinelli and Sandro Pertini during this period the latter urging Fundo to stay and fight with the Italian resistance As the Fascist government began to fall in 1943 however Fundo was able to return to Albania Death in 1944 by Albanian Communists edit In September 1944 he was captured in southern Yugoslavia then allegedly handed over by Josip Broz Tito to the guerrillas of the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha He was accused of Trotskyism and collaboration with British Intelligence 10 He was then either lashed or beaten to death 11 According to Enver Hoxha in his memoirs however he was found by the Albanian National Liberation Army in the company of a gang of bandits led by anti communist partisan Kryeziu Brothers and a British officer an account that has since been substantiated 12 The Yugoslav partisans who in 1942 had told their Albanian counterparts to expose Fundo then allegedly came out in Fundo s defense and demanded that Hoxha s army hand Fundo over to them but by then their letter had arrived too late as Fundo had already been executed 13 References edit Alexander Robert J International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Durham and London Duke University Press 1991 p 32 Enver Hoxha Selected Works Nov 1941 Oct 1948 Volume 1 8 Nentori Pub House 1974 Page 316 1 Robert Elsie Historical Dictionary of Albania Scarecrow Press p 156 Stephen Schwartz 2009 04 20 Enverists and Titoists I Bosnian Institute archived from the original on 2012 02 19 retrieved 2009 12 24 Fundo was a Vlach Hamm Harry Albania China s Beachhead in Europe New York Frederick A Praeger Inc 1963 p 84 93 Vllamasi Sejfi Verli Marenglen 2000 Ballafaqime Politike ne Shqiperi 1897 1942 Kujtime dhe Vleresime Historike Tirana Shtepia Botuese Neraida ISBN 999 2 77 131 3 Ata qe muarren pjese ne Konare prej opozites se vjeter qene Fan Noli Qazim Koculi Mustafa Kruja Riza Dani e Xhevat Korca nga anetaret e ish Krahut Kombetar civile e oficere Kol Tromara Qazim Kokoshi Llano Borshi major Shefqet Korca kapitenet Ariz Cami e Riza Cerova shumica derrmuese e rinise qe kane qene anetare te shoqerise Bashkimi si Halim Xhelo Sejfulla Maleshova Llazar Fundo Qamil Cela Demir Godelli Selim Shpuza Haki Stermilli Reshat Kellici etj Alexander Robert J International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Durham and London Duke University Press 1991 p 32 Hamm 84 Owen Pearson Albania in the Twentieth Century A History Vol III New York St Martin s Press 2006 p 396 Premtaj Sadik Stalinism and Communism in Albania Revolutionary History 3 1990 The source for Fundo being lashed to death can be found in Borkenau Franz European Communism New York Harper amp Brothers 1953 p 408 Hamm states that he was beaten to death Albania China s Beachhead in Europe p 93 Another source for him being beaten to death can be found in Horos George H Show Trials Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe 1948 1954 New York Praeger Publishers 1987 p 7 In the summer of 1944 he was arrested by his comrades and beaten to death before the horrified eyes of the British military mission Enverists and Titoists I Archived 2012 02 19 at the Wayback Machine Llazer Fundo was murdered in Kosova while participating in an anti Stalinist and anti fascist movement led by a powerful family of Kosovo Muslim notables the Kryeziu brothers Gani Kryeziu and his two brothers Hasan and Sahit from Đakovica were sons of a long established Kosovar Albanian leader During the second world war the Kryezius favored the British Americans and other democratic and non Communist powers in the Allied coalition Enver Hoxha The Titoites Tirana Naim Frasheri Publishing House 1982 p 30 External links edit Enverists and Titoists I has a section on Fundo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Llazar Fundo amp oldid 1222001503, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
