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SpaceX

January 19, 2023

This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer. For the British art gallery, see Spacex (art gallery).
"Space Exploration Technologies" redirects here. For the general topics, see Space exploration and Space technology.

Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launcher, and a satellite communications corporation headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the stated goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars. The company manufactures the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Starship launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Cargo Dragon and Crew Dragon spacecraft, and Starlink communications satellites.

Space Exploration Technologies Corp.
Headquarters in December 2017; plumes from a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible overhead
SpaceX
TypePrivate
IndustrySpace, communications
FoundedMarch 14, 2002; 20 years ago (2002-03-14) in El Segundo, California, U.S.[1]
FounderElon Musk
Headquarters
Hawthorne, California
,
United States
Key people
Products
ServicesOrbital rocket launch, satellite internet
RevenueUS$2 billion (2018)[4]
OwnerElon Musk Trust
(47.4% equity; 78.3% voting control)[5]
Number of employees
12,000[6] (April 2022)
SubsidiariesSwarm Technologies
Websitewww.spacex.com

SpaceX is developing a satellite internet constellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. In January 2020, the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched, and as of December 2022 comprises over 3,300 small satellites in orbit.[7] The company is also developing Starship, a privately funded, fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch system for interplanetary and orbital spaceflight. It is intended to become SpaceX's primary orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon fleet. It will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever built on its debut, which is scheduled for early 2023 pending a launch license.[8]

SpaceX has made several achievements in space exploration. These include making the first privately developed liquid-propellant rocket that reached orbit, the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft, the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station, the first to achieve vertical propulsive landing of an orbital rocket booster, the first to reuse such a booster, and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station. In addition, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets has been flown and landed over one hundred times.

History

Main article: History of SpaceX
See also: List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches

2001–2004: Founding

In early 2001, Elon Musk donated $100,000 to the Mars Society and joined its board of directors for a short time.[9]: 30–31  He was offered a plenary talk at their convention where he announced Mars Oasis, a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse and grow plants on Mars, to revive public interest in space exploration.[10] Musk initially attempted to acquire a Dnepr ICBM for the project through Russian contacts from Jim Cantrell.[11] However two months later, the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty and created the Missile Defense Agency, increasing tensions with Russia and generating new strategic interest for rapid and re-usable launch capability similar to the DC-X.[12]

When Musk returned to Moscow, Russia, with Michael Griffin (who led the CIA's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel[13]), they found the Russians increasingly unreceptive.[14][15] On the flight home Musk announced that he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead.[15] By applying vertical integration,[14] using cheap commercial off-the-shelf components when possible,[15] and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch price.[15] Griffin would later be appointed NASA administrator[16] and award SpaceX a $396 million contract in 2006 before SpaceX had flown a rocket.[17]

In early 2002, Musk started to look for staff for his new space company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached rocket engineer Tom Mueller (later SpaceX's CTO of propulsion) and invited him to become his business partner. Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born.[18] SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California. Early SpaceX employees such as Tom Mueller (CTO), Gwynne Shotwell (COO) and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations) came from neighboring TRW and Boeing corporations following the cancellation of the Brilliant Pebbles program.[19] By November 2005, the company had 160 employees.[20] Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees.[21] Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten.[22]

2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches

Main article: Falcon 1
 
The first successful Falcon 1 launch in September 2008

SpaceX developed its first orbital launch vehicle, the Falcon 1, with internal funding.[23][24] The Falcon 1 was an expendable two-stage-to-orbit small-lift launch vehicle. The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US$90 million[25] to US$100 million.[26] The Falcon name was adopted from the DARPA Falcon Project, part of the Prompt Global Strike program of the US military.[27]

In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the Dragon spacecraft.[28] In 2006, the company was selected by NASA to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program.[29]

The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by DARPA.[24][30][31] The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well,[32] and consequently Tesla, SolarCity, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time.[33] Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress.[34]

The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on the fourth attempt on 28 September 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company.[35] Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its second successful, and fifth total, launch in July 2009; this allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9.[36] Gwynne Shotwell was also promoted to company president at this time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX contractor) Michael Griffin.[37][38]

2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts

Video of the first launch of Falcon 9

SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5.[39] The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the Falcon 9, a reusable heavier lift vehicle. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by NASA, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006.[40] The overall contract award was US$278 million to provide development funding for the Dragon spacecraft, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon.[40] As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft.

The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives.[41] By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months.[42]

In April 2011, as part of its second-round Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, NASA issued a US$75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS.[43] NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price Space Act Agreement (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012.[44]

In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk[45] and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth US$875 million on private markets,[46] valuing SpaceX at US$1.3 billion.[47] In May 2012, with the Dragon C2+ launch Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station.[48] After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to US$2.4 billion or US$20/share.[49][50] By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million.[51]

SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology.[52] The Falcon 9 prototypes performed vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the booster atmospheric return technology began in late 2013.[52]

2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth

 
Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1, July 2014

SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide.[53] That year Arianespace requested that European governments provide additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX.[54][55] Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA).[56] The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over US$400 million over the years.[57] In September 2014, NASA awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification.[44]

In January 2015, SpaceX raised US$1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately US$12 billion.[58] The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called Starlink, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites.[59]

The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, CRS-7 exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed 2-foot-long steel strut that held a helium pressure vessel, which broke free due to the force of acceleration. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure.[60]

2015–2017: Reusability milestones

 
Falcon 9 first stage on an autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) barge after the first successful landing at sea, SpaceX CRS-8 mission

SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with Falcon 9 Flight 20.[61] In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) Of Course I Still Love You in the Atlantic Ocean.[62] By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage.[63]

A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch static fire test. The payload, the AMOS-6 communications satellite valued at US$200 million, was destroyed.[64] The explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium vessels.[65] Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017.[66]

Later that year, in March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the SES-10 satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space.[67] The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket.[68]

2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider

In July 2017, the company raised US$350 million, which raised its valuation to US$21 billion.[69] In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts.[70] By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about US$12 billion in contract revenue.[71] The contracts included both commercial and government (NASA/DOD) customers.[72] This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches.[73]

In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, The Boring Company,[74] and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, utilizing a small number of SpaceX employees,[75] which was completed in May 2018,[76] and opened to the public in December 2018.[77] During 2018, The Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate entity with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk.[77]

2019–present: Starship, Starlink, and first crewed launches

 
Starship in launch position

In January 2019 SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce in order to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects.[78] Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new SpaceX South Texas launch site later that year. In May 2019 SpaceX also launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning the deployment of what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year.[79] The company raised a total of US$1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds in 2019.[80] By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$33.3 billion[81] and reached US$36 billion by March 2020.[82]

A major milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken) into orbit on a Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo-2, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years.[83][84] The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[85]

On 19 August 2020, after a US$1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to US$46 billion.[86][87][88] In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional US$1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors[89] at a per share value of approximately $420,[88] raising the company valuation to approximately US$74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised a total of more than US$6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle.[89] By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US$100.3 billion.[90] By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure to provide on-ground computer and networking services for Starlink.[91] A new round of financing in 2022 values ​​SpaceX at US$127 billion.[92]

In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named A Shortfall of Gravitas, landing a booster from CRS-23 on it for the first time on 29 August 2021[93] Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. The majority of 2022 SpaceX launches have focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 2,200 satellites in orbit.[94] On 13 December 2021, company CEO Elon Musk announced that the company was starting a carbon dioxide removal program that would convert captured carbon into rocket fuel,[95][96] after he announced a $100 million donation to the X Prize Foundation the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best carbon capture technology.[97][98]

In August 2022, Reuters reported that the European Space Agency (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to Soyuz rockets amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[99]

In December 2022, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted approval to launch up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network.[100]

In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 became the world-record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year.[101][102] SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every 6 days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket.[103]

Summary of achievements

List of achievements by SpaceX
Date Achievement Flight
28 September 2008 First privately funded fully liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.[104] Falcon 1 flight 4
14 July 2009 First privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit. RazakSAT on Falcon 1 flight 5
9 December 2010 First private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft. SpaceX Dragon on SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1
25 May 2012 First private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS).[105] Dragon C2+
22 December 2015 First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on land. Falcon 9 B1019 on Orbcomm OG2 M2
8 April 2016 First landing of an orbital-class rocket's first stage on an ocean platform. Falcon 9 B1021 on SpaceX CRS-8
30 March 2017 First reuse, reflight and (second) landing of an orbital first stage.[67] Falcon 9 B1021 on SES-10
30 March 2017 First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing.[106] SES-10
3 June 2017 First re-flight of a commercial cargo spacecraft.[107] Dragon C106 on SpaceX CRS-11
6 February 2018 First private spacecraft launched into heliocentric orbit. Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster on Falcon Heavy test flight
2 March 2019 First private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to orbit. Crew Dragon Demo-1
3 March 2019 First private company to autonomously dock a crew-capable spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS).
25 July 2019 First flight of a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine (Raptor).[108] Starhopper
11 November 2019 First reuse and re flight of payload fairing. The fairing was from the ArabSat-6A mission in April 2019.[109] Starlink 2 v1.0
January 2020 Largest commercial satellite constellation operator in the world.[79] Starlink 3 v1.0
30 May 2020 First private company to send humans into orbit.[110] Crew Dragon Demo-2
31 May 2020 First private company to send humans to the International Space Station (ISS).[111]
24 January 2021 Most spacecraft launched into space on a single mission, with 143 satellites.[a][112] Transporter-1 on Falcon 9
23 April 2021 First reuse and reflight of a crewed space capsule.[113] Crew Dragon Endeavour
17 June 2021 First reused booster launch for a 'national security' mission.[114] GPS III-05 on Falcon 9, second flight of booster B1062
16 September 2021 First orbital launch of an all-private crew.[115][116] Inspiration4
24 November 2021 Longest streak of orbital launches without a mission failure or partial failure for a single rocket type (Falcon 9, 101 launches).[117] Double Asteroid Redirection Test
9 April 2022 First all civilian crew to dock with the International Space Station[118] Axiom Mission 1
20 October 2022 Highest number of launches of a single rocket type in a calendar year (Falcon 9, 48 launches).[119] Starlink 4-36
  1. ^ Excluding the passive objects launched as part of Project West Ford

Hardware

Launch vehicles

Main article: SpaceX launch vehicles
 
The landing of a Falcon 9 Block 5 first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 – VTVL technologies are utilized in many of SpaceX's launch vehicles.

SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift Falcon 1 was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift Falcon 9 and the heavy-lift Falcon Heavy are both operational. The Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which 2 were successful.[120] The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.[104]

Falcon 9 is a medium-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine Merlin engines in its first stage. The Falcon 9 v1.0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010. Its third flight, COTS Demo Flight 2, launched on 22 May 2012, and launched the first commercial spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS).[48] The vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1.1 in 2013, Falcon 9 Full Thrust in 2015, and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retropropulsively land, be recovered, and reflown.[121]

The Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to Low Earth orbit (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a total of 27 Merlin 1D engines.[122][123] The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018, launching Musk's personal Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit[124]

Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the National Security Space Launch (NSSL).[125][126] As of 19 January 2023, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 203 times, resulting in 201 full mission successes, one partial success, and one in-flight failure. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced a pre-flight failure prior to a static fire test in 2016.[127][128]

Rocket engines

Main article: SpaceX rocket engines
 
The Merlin 1D engine undergoes a test at SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas.

Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several rocket engines – Merlin, Kestrel, and Raptor – for use in launch vehicles,[129][130] Draco for the reaction control system of the Dragon series of spacecraft,[131] and SuperDraco for abort capability in Crew Dragon.[132]

Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and RP-1 propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles.[133] Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine.[130][134]

Draco and SuperDraco are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the reaction control system of the Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft.[131] The SuperDraco engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide launch escape capability for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario.[135]

Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid methane-fueled full-flow staged combustion cycle engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development Starship launch system.[129] Development versions were test-fired in late 2016,[136] and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft).[137]

Dragon spacecraft

Main article: SpaceX Dragon
 
The SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft, designed to deliver crew to and from the International Space Station as part of the Commercial Crew Development program

SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station. The first version of Dragon, used only for cargo, was first launched in 2010.[41] The currently operational second generation Dragon spacecraft, known as Dragon 2, conducted its first flight, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by a crewed flight of Dragon 2 in 2020.[83] The cargo variant of Dragon 2 flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the Space Station as part of the CRS contract with NASA.[138]

In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned Lunar Gateway space station under a Gateway Logistics Services (GLS) contract.[139] Dragon XL is planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time.[140]

Autonomous spaceport drone ships

Main articles: SpaceX reusable launch system development program, Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests, and Autonomous spaceport drone ship
 
An autonomous spaceport drone ship in position prior to Falcon 9 Flight 17 carrying CRS-6

SpaceX routinely returns the first stage of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket flights and land to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems.[141] When propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site (RTLS), rockets return to floating landing platform in the ocean, called autonomous spaceport drone ships (ASDS).[142]

SpaceX also plans to introduce floating launch platforms. These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second-generation launch vehicle: the heavy-lift Starship system, consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage. SpaceX has purchased two deepwater oil rigs and are refitting them to support Starship launches.[143]

Starship

Main articles: SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, SpaceX Starship, and Starship development history
 
SpaceX Starship SN9 prototype

SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as Starship. It comprises a reusable first stage, called Super Heavy, and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle. The system is intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s.[144][145]

SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter ITS concept in 2016 solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses. In 2017 it articulated a smaller 9-meter-diameter vehicle to replace all of its launch service provider capabilities—Earth-orbit; lunar-orbit; interplanetary missions; and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower-cost structure.[146]

In 2018, the Starship system was redesigned to use stainless steel instead of carbon fiber construction, to improve performance while drastically decreasing cost. Private passenger Yusaku Maezawa has contracted to fly around the Moon in a Starship vehicle in 2023.[147] The company's long-term vision is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization of Mars.[148][149][150]

SpaceX started manufacturing the first prototypes of Starship in 2019 at the company's facility in Boca Chica, Texas, later renamed Starbase.[151] It is developing Starship using iterative design principles, aiming to build and test several prototypes at a fast pace.[152][153] The first successful suborbital flight and landing of a full Starship prototype was achieved in May 2021.[154]

Starlink

Main article: Starlink

Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by SpaceX that consists of thousands of cross-linked communications satellites in ~550 km orbits. Owned and operated by SpaceX, its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities.[155] Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017. In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9.[156] Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020[157] and first orders were taken in early 2021.[158] Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms.[159] In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide.[160]

 
60 Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment

The planned large number of Starlink satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over light pollution,[161][162][163] with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations.[164] In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness.[165] The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of space debris collisions.[166][167] However, the satellites are equipped with krypton-fueled Hall thrusters which allow them to de-orbit at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.[168]

In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads onboard a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The Space Development Agency is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based missile defense system.[169][170]

Other projects

Main article: Hyperloop pod competition

In June 2015 SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop competition, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events.[171][172] The company has held the annual competition since 2017.[173]

In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a COVID-19 antibody-testing program in 2020. As such 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood-samples resulting in a peer-reviewed scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus.[174][175]

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[176] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[177][178] Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[179][180] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia; consequently Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[176]

Facilities

SpaceX is headquartered in Hawthorne, California, which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant.[181] The company operates a research and major operation in Redmond, Washington, owns a test site in Texas[182] and operates three launch sites, with another under development. SpaceX also operates regional offices in Texas, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[72] SpaceX was incorporated in the state of Delaware.[183]

Headquarters, manufacturing, and refurbishment facilities

 
The headquarters of the company, located in Hawthorne, California

SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of Hawthorne, California. The large three-story facility, originally built by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages,[181] houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities.[184]

The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and/or subsidiaries in the U.S., including Boeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses, Aerospace Corp., Raytheon, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, United States Space Force's Space Systems Command at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, and AECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates.[181]

SpaceX utilizes a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket engines.[14] SpaceX builds its rocket engines, rocket stages, spacecraft, principal avionics and all software in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry.[14]

In January 2015 SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business. The first satellite facility is a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) office building located in Redmond, Washington. As of January 2017, a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40,625 sq ft (3,774.2 m2) and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites.[185] In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County) to focus on satellite communications.[186]

Development and test facilities

Main article: SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility
 
Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility, 2008

SpaceX operates its Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas. All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on rocket test stands,[182] and low-altitude VTVL flight testing of the Falcon 9 Grasshopper in 2012–2013 were carried out at McGregor.[187] Testing of the much larger Starship prototypes is conducted in the SpaceX South Texas launch site near Brownsville, Texas.[184]

The company purchased the McGregor facilities from Beal Aerospace, where it refitted the largest test stand for Falcon 9 engine testing. SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since its purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland. As of October 2012, the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated "18 hours a day, six days a week"[188] and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large manifest in the next several years.[189] In addition to routine testing, Dragon capsules (following recovery after an orbital mission), are shipped to McGregor for de-fueling, cleanup, and refurbishment for reuse in future missions.[190]

Launch facilities

Main article: SpaceX launch facilities
 
Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2

SpaceX currently operates three orbital launch sites, at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Vandenberg Space Force Base, and Kennedy Space Center, with another under construction near Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad.[191] The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination (28.5–51.6°).[192] Before it was retired, all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island.[193]

In April 2007 the USAF approved the use of Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) by SpaceX.[194] The site has been used from 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. SLC-40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches. As part of SpaceX's booster reusability program, the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed Landing Zone 1, has since 2015 been designated for use for Falcon 9 first-stage booster landings.[195]

 
SpaceX west coast launch facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base, during the launch of CASSIOPE, September 2013

Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E) leased in 2011, is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles,[196] but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4 since 2015, where SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters, the first in October 2018.[197]

On 14 April 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Launch Complex 39A.[198] The pad was subsequently modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX launched its first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020.[199] Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022.[200]

 
The Starship assembly building at SpaceX Starbase in Texas

SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from Starbase at Boca Chica, Texas, with future plans to conduct orbital Starship flights in 2021.[201] SpaceX first publicly announced plans for a launch facility near Brownsville, Texas in August 2014.[202][203] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014.[204] SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015,[205] with the first suborbital launches from the facility in 2019.[184] Some residents of Boca Chica Village, Brownsville, and environmental activists criticized the site along with Starship development program in various aspects.[206][207]

Contracts

Further information on SpaceX launches: Falcon 1 § Launches, List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches, and List of SpaceX Starship flight tests

SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for U.S. military launches of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately 30 missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represents over US$12 billion under contract.[72]

Cargo to ISS

Main articles: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Commercial Resupply Services, and Gateway Logistics Services
 
The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the International Space Station (ISS) by Canadarm2.

In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station (ISS), with a possible contract option for crew transport.[208] Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX US$396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their own resources.[209] These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.[210]

In December 2010 the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft.[211] Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 in May 2012, a first for a private spacecraft.[212]

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded US$1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016.[213] SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed and remained on station for 20 days, before re-entering the atmosphere and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.[214]

CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS.[215][213][216] The final Dragon 1 mission, SpaceX CRS-20, departed the ISS in April 2020, and Dragon was subsequently retired from service. A second phase of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft.[217][218] In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the Dragon XL spacecraft to send supplies to the Lunar Gateway space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy.[219]

Crewed

See also: Commercial Crew Program
 
NASA astronauts inside the Dragon spacecraft during the Crew-1 mission rendezvous with the International Space Station

SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011,[220][221] followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft.[222]

In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS.[223] SpaceX won US$2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.[223]

SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a Pad Abort Test, in May 2015,[224] and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.[225] In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an in-flight abort test, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario.[226]

On 30 May 2020, the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first commercial crewed launch to the ISS.[227] The Crew-1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on 16 November 2020, with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi,[228] all members of the Expedition 64 crew.[229] On 23 April 2021, Crew-2 was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and K. Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet.[230] The Crew-2 mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021.[231]

SpaceX also offers paid crewed spaceflights for private individuals. The first of these missions, Inspiration4, launched in 2021 on behalf of Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman. The mission launched the Crew Dragon Resilience from the Florida Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle, placed the Dragon capsule into low Earth orbit, and ended successfully about three days later, when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training and mission simulations.[232]

National defense

 
Launch of the STP-2 mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019

In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract, allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to US$100 million worth of launches from the company.[233] Three years later, NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to US$1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded.[234] In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and Space Test Program 2 (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a Falcon Heavy on 25 June 2019.[235]

The Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified for National Security Space Launch (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security.[125] This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United Launch Alliance (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads.[236] In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second GPS III satellite for US$82.7 million.[237] This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions.[238] SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020.[239] In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional US$290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites.[240]

The U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on 1 May 2017.[241] In February 2019, SpaceX secured a US$297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021.[242] In August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for US$316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period.[243]

SpaceX also designs and launches custom military satellites for the Space Development Agency as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit.[244] The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth.[245] Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program,[246] and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an arms race in space.[247][248]

Launch market competition and pricing pressure

Main article: Space launch market competition

SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices.[14] Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the Ariane 5) and International Launch Services (flying the Proton).[249] With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch to low Earth orbit, Falcon 9 rockets were the cheapest in the industry.[250] European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the Ariane 5 and the future Ariane 6 rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX.[251]

SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders.[252] To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half.[253][254]

Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at US$390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more.[210] In May 2020, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country.[255]

Corporate affairs

Board of directors

SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021[256]
Joined board Name Titles
2002[257] Elon Musk Founder, chairman, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO, Product Architect, and former chairman of Tesla; former chairman of SolarCity[257]
2002[258] Kimbal Musk Board member, Tesla[259]
2009[260] Gwynne Shotwell President and COO of SpaceX[261]
2009[260] Luke Nosek Co-founder, PayPal[262]
2009[260] Steve Jurvetson Co-founder, Future Ventures fund[263]
2010[264] Antonio Gracias CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners[265]
2015[266] Donald Harrison President of global partnerships and corporate development, Google[267]

Leadership changes

In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site. CNBC reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying."[268][269][270]

Workplace culture

According to former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general.[271] In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published.[272] The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions.[273] Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of sexual harassment existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed.[274]

In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant.[275] In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior".[276] It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "zero tolerance" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day, and that some felt pressured to sign the letter.[277]

The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively, and was described as fostering a burnout culture.[278] According to a memo by Blue Origin, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays.[278]

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Bundled references

Further reading

  • Berger, Eric. Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX. William Collins (2021). ISBN 978-0008445621
  • Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs (2018). ISBN 978-1610398299
  • Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). ISBN 978-1328662231
  • Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Penguin Random House UK (2015). ISBN 978-0753555620

External links

 
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January 19, 2023
spacex, this, article, about, rocket, spacecraft, manufacturer, british, gallery, spacex, gallery, space, exploration, technologies, redirects, here, general, topics, space, exploration, space, technology, space, exploration, technologies, corp, american, spac. This article is about the rocket and spacecraft manufacturer For the British art gallery see Spacex art gallery Space Exploration Technologies redirects here For the general topics see Space exploration and Space technology Space Exploration Technologies Corp SpaceX is an American spacecraft manufacturer launcher and a satellite communications corporation headquartered in Hawthorne California It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the stated goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars The company manufactures the Falcon 9 Falcon Heavy and Starship launch vehicles several rocket engines Cargo Dragon and Crew Dragon spacecraft and Starlink communications satellites Space Exploration Technologies Corp Headquarters in December 2017 plumes from a flight of a Falcon 9 rocket are visible overheadTrade nameSpaceXTypePrivateIndustrySpace communicationsFoundedMarch 14 2002 20 years ago 2002 03 14 in El Segundo California U S 1 FounderElon MuskHeadquartersHawthorne California United StatesKey peopleElon Musk CEO Chairman and CTO 2002 present 2 Gwynne Shotwell president and COO 3 ProductsSeveral launch vehiclesSeveral rocket enginesDragon capsulesStarship in development StarlinkSpaceBEEServicesOrbital rocket launch satellite internetRevenueUS 2 billion 2018 4 OwnerElon Musk Trust 47 4 equity 78 3 voting control 5 Number of employees12 000 6 April 2022 SubsidiariesSwarm TechnologiesWebsitewww wbr spacex wbr comSpaceX is developing a satellite internet constellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service In January 2020 the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation ever launched and as of December 2022 comprises over 3 300 small satellites in orbit 7 The company is also developing Starship a privately funded fully reusable super heavy lift launch system for interplanetary and orbital spaceflight It is intended to become SpaceX s primary orbital vehicle once operational supplanting the existing Falcon 9 Falcon Heavy and Dragon fleet It will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever built on its debut which is scheduled for early 2023 pending a launch license 8 SpaceX has made several achievements in space exploration These include making the first privately developed liquid propellant rocket that reached orbit the first private company to launch orbit and recover a spacecraft the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station the first to achieve vertical propulsive landing of an orbital rocket booster the first to reuse such a booster and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station In addition SpaceX s Falcon 9 rockets has been flown and landed over one hundred times Contents 1 History 1 1 2001 2004 Founding 1 2 2005 2009 Falcon 1 and first orbital launches 1 3 2010 2012 Falcon 9 Dragon and NASA contracts 1 4 2013 2015 Commercial launches and rapid growth 1 5 2015 2017 Reusability milestones 1 6 2017 2018 Leading global commercial launch provider 1 7 2019 present Starship Starlink and first crewed launches 1 8 Summary of achievements 2 Hardware 2 1 Launch vehicles 2 2 Rocket engines 2 3 Dragon spacecraft 2 4 Autonomous spaceport drone ships 2 5 Starship 2 6 Starlink 2 7 Other projects 3 Facilities 3 1 Headquarters manufacturing and refurbishment facilities 3 2 Development and test facilities 3 3 Launch facilities 4 Contracts 4 1 Cargo to ISS 4 2 Crewed 4 3 National defense 5 Launch market competition and pricing pressure 6 Corporate affairs 6 1 Board of directors 6 2 Leadership changes 6 3 Workplace culture 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditMain article History of SpaceX See also List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches 2001 2004 Founding Edit In early 2001 Elon Musk donated 100 000 to the Mars Society and joined its board of directors for a short time 9 30 31 He was offered a plenary talk at their convention where he announced Mars Oasis a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse and grow plants on Mars to revive public interest in space exploration 10 Musk initially attempted to acquire a Dnepr ICBM for the project through Russian contacts from Jim Cantrell 11 However two months later the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty and created the Missile Defense Agency increasing tensions with Russia and generating new strategic interest for rapid and re usable launch capability similar to the DC X 12 When Musk returned to Moscow Russia with Michael Griffin who led the CIA s venture capital arm In Q Tel 13 they found the Russians increasingly unreceptive 14 15 On the flight home Musk announced that he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead 15 By applying vertical integration 14 using cheap commercial off the shelf components when possible 15 and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch price 15 Griffin would later be appointed NASA administrator 16 and award SpaceX a 396 million contract in 2006 before SpaceX had flown a rocket 17 In early 2002 Musk started to look for staff for his new space company soon to be named SpaceX Musk approached rocket engineer Tom Mueller later SpaceX s CTO of propulsion and invited him to become his business partner Mueller agreed to work for Musk and thus SpaceX was born 18 SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo California Early SpaceX employees such as Tom Mueller CTO Gwynne Shotwell COO and Chris Thompson VP of Operations came from neighboring TRW and Boeing corporations following the cancellation of the Brilliant Pebbles program 19 By November 2005 the company had 160 employees 20 Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX s early employees 21 Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to space ultimately by a factor of ten 22 2005 2009 Falcon 1 and first orbital launches Edit Main article Falcon 1 The first successful Falcon 1 launch in September 2008 SpaceX developed its first orbital launch vehicle the Falcon 1 with internal funding 23 24 The Falcon 1 was an expendable two stage to orbit small lift launch vehicle The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately US 90 million 25 to US 100 million 26 The Falcon name was adopted from the DARPA Falcon Project part of the Prompt Global Strike program of the US military 27 In 2005 SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human rated commercial space program through the end of the decade a program that would later become the Dragon spacecraft 28 In 2006 the company was selected by NASA to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the ISS under the COTS program 29 The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under a program that evaluates new US launch vehicles suitable for use by DARPA 24 30 31 The first three launches of the rocket between 2006 and 2008 all resulted in failures which almost ended the company Financing for Tesla Motors had failed as well 32 and consequently Tesla SolarCity and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time 33 Musk was reportedly waking from nightmares screaming and in physical pain because of the stress 34 The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on the fourth attempt on 28 September 2008 Musk split his remaining 30 million between SpaceX and Tesla and NASA awarded the first Commercial Resupply Services CRS contract to SpaceX in December thus financially saving the company 35 Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its second successful and fifth total launch in July 2009 this allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket the Falcon 9 36 Gwynne Shotwell was also promoted to company president at this time for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the NASA Administrator and former SpaceX contractor Michael Griffin 37 38 2010 2012 Falcon 9 Dragon and NASA contracts Edit source source source source source source source source Video of the first launch of Falcon 9 SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle the Falcon 5 39 The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the Falcon 9 a reusable heavier lift vehicle Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by NASA which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated This started with seed money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services COTS program in 2006 40 The overall contract award was US 278 million to provide development funding for the Dragon spacecraft Falcon 9 and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon 40 As part of this contract the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo Flight 1 the Falcon 9 s second flight and safely returned to Earth after two orbits completing all its mission objectives 41 By December 2010 the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months 42 In April 2011 as part of its second round Commercial Crew Development CCDev program NASA issued a US 75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS 43 NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed price Space Act Agreement SAA to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012 44 In early 2012 approximately two thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk 45 and his 70 million shares were then estimated to be worth US 875 million on private markets 46 valuing SpaceX at US 1 3 billion 47 In May 2012 with the Dragon C2 launch Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station 48 After the flight the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to US 2 4 billion or US 20 share 49 50 By that time SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately 1 billion over its first decade of operation Of this private equity provided approximately 200 million with Musk investing approximately 100 million and other investors having put in about 100 million 51 SpaceX s active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low altitude low speed aspects of the landing technology 52 The Falcon 9 prototypes performed vertical takeoffs and landings VTOL High velocity high altitude tests of the booster atmospheric return technology began in late 2013 52 2013 2015 Commercial launches and rapid growth Edit Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2 M1 July 2014 SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013 In 2014 SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide 53 That year Arianespace requested that European governments provide additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX 54 55 Beginning in 2014 SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U S military payloads which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U S launch provider United Launch Alliance ULA 56 The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U S provider to rise to over US 400 million over the years 57 In September 2014 NASA awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability CCtCap contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System The contract included several technical and certification milestones an uncrewed flight test a crewed flight test and six operational missions after certification 44 In January 2015 SpaceX raised US 1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity in exchange for 8 33 of the company establishing the company valuation at approximately US 12 billion 58 The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation called Starlink to provide global broadband internet service with 4 000 satellites 59 The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015 when the seventh ISS resupply mission CRS 7 exploded two minutes into the flight The problem was traced to a failed 2 foot long steel strut that held a helium pressure vessel which broke free due to the force of acceleration This caused a breach and allowed high pressure helium to escape into the low pressure propellant tank causing the failure 60 2015 2017 Reusability milestones Edit Falcon 9 first stage on an autonomous spaceport drone ship ASDS barge after the first successful landing at sea SpaceX CRS 8 mission SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with Falcon 9 Flight 20 61 In April 2016 the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship ASDS Of Course I Still Love You in the Atlantic Ocean 62 By October 2016 following the successful landings SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10 price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage 63 A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016 when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre launch static fire test The payload the AMOS 6 communications satellite valued at US 200 million was destroyed 64 The explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium vessels 65 Though not considered an unsuccessful flight the rocket explosion sent the company into a four month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017 66 Later that year in March 2017 SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the SES 10 satellite This was the first time a re launch of a payload carrying orbital rocket went back to space 67 The first stage was recovered again also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket 68 2017 2018 Leading global commercial launch provider Edit In July 2017 the company raised US 350 million which raised its valuation to US 21 billion 69 In 2017 SpaceX achieved a 45 global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts 70 By March 2018 SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about US 12 billion in contract revenue 71 The contracts included both commercial and government NASA DOD customers 72 This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches 73 In 2017 SpaceX formed a subsidiary The Boring Company 74 and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility utilizing a small number of SpaceX employees 75 which was completed in May 2018 76 and opened to the public in December 2018 77 During 2018 The Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate entity with 6 of the equity going to SpaceX less than 10 to early employees and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk 77 2019 present Starship Starlink and first crewed launches Edit Starship in launch position In January 2019 SpaceX announced it would lay off 10 of its workforce in order to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects 78 Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas All Starship construction and testing moved to the new SpaceX South Texas launch site later that year In May 2019 SpaceX also launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites beginning the deployment of what would become the world s largest commercial satellite constellation the following year 79 The company raised a total of US 1 33 billion of capital across three funding rounds in 2019 80 By May 2019 the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US 33 3 billion 81 and reached US 36 billion by March 2020 82 A major milestone was achieved in May 2020 when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken into orbit on a Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo 2 making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years 83 84 The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A LC 39A of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida 85 On 19 August 2020 after a US 1 9 billion funding round one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company SpaceX s valuation increased to US 46 billion 86 87 88 In February 2021 SpaceX raised an additional US 1 61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors 89 at a per share value of approximately 420 88 raising the company valuation to approximately US 74 billion By 2021 SpaceX had raised a total of more than US 6 billion in equity financing Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle 89 By October 2021 the valuation of SpaceX had risen to US 100 3 billion 90 By 2021 SpaceX had entered into agreements with Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure to provide on ground computer and networking services for Starlink 91 A new round of financing in 2022 values SpaceX at US 127 billion 92 In July 2021 SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named A Shortfall of Gravitas landing a booster from CRS 23 on it for the first time on 29 August 2021 93 Within the first 130 days of 2022 SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns The majority of 2022 SpaceX launches have focused on Starlink a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet beaming satellites and now has over 2 200 satellites in orbit 94 On 13 December 2021 company CEO Elon Musk announced that the company was starting a carbon dioxide removal program that would convert captured carbon into rocket fuel 95 96 after he announced a 100 million donation to the X Prize Foundation the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best carbon capture technology 97 98 In August 2022 Reuters reported that the European Space Agency ESA began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company s launchers being used temporarily given that Russia blocked access to Soyuz rockets amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine 99 In December 2022 the U S Federal Communications Commission FCC granted approval to launch up to 7 500 of SpaceX s next generation satellites in its Starlink internet network 100 In 2022 SpaceX s Falcon 9 became the world record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year 101 102 SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every 6 days in 2022 with 61 launches in total All but one a Falcon Heavy in November was on a Falcon 9 rocket 103 Summary of achievements Edit List of achievements by SpaceX Date Achievement Flight28 September 2008 First privately funded fully liquid fueled rocket to reach orbit 104 Falcon 1 flight 414 July 2009 First privately developed liquid fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit RazakSAT on Falcon 1 flight 59 December 2010 First private company to successfully launch orbit and recover a spacecraft SpaceX Dragon on SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 125 May 2012 First private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ISS 105 Dragon C2 22 December 2015 First landing of an orbital class rocket s first stage on land Falcon 9 B1019 on Orbcomm OG2 M28 April 2016 First landing of an orbital class rocket s first stage on an ocean platform Falcon 9 B1021 on SpaceX CRS 830 March 2017 First reuse reflight and second landing of an orbital first stage 67 Falcon 9 B1021 on SES 1030 March 2017 First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing 106 SES 103 June 2017 First re flight of a commercial cargo spacecraft 107 Dragon C106 on SpaceX CRS 116 February 2018 First private spacecraft launched into heliocentric orbit Elon Musk s Tesla Roadster on Falcon Heavy test flight2 March 2019 First private company to send a human rated spacecraft to orbit Crew Dragon Demo 13 March 2019 First private company to autonomously dock a crew capable spacecraft to the International Space Station ISS 25 July 2019 First flight of a full flow staged combustion cycle engine Raptor 108 Starhopper11 November 2019 First reuse and re flight of payload fairing The fairing was from the ArabSat 6A mission in April 2019 109 Starlink 2 v1 0January 2020 Largest commercial satellite constellation operator in the world 79 Starlink 3 v1 030 May 2020 First private company to send humans into orbit 110 Crew Dragon Demo 231 May 2020 First private company to send humans to the International Space Station ISS 111 24 January 2021 Most spacecraft launched into space on a single mission with 143 satellites a 112 Transporter 1 on Falcon 923 April 2021 First reuse and reflight of a crewed space capsule 113 Crew Dragon Endeavour17 June 2021 First reused booster launch for a national security mission 114 GPS III 05 on Falcon 9 second flight of booster B106216 September 2021 First orbital launch of an all private crew 115 116 Inspiration424 November 2021 Longest streak of orbital launches without a mission failure or partial failure for a single rocket type Falcon 9 101 launches 117 Double Asteroid Redirection Test9 April 2022 First all civilian crew to dock with the International Space Station 118 Axiom Mission 120 October 2022 Highest number of launches of a single rocket type in a calendar year Falcon 9 48 launches 119 Starlink 4 36 Excluding the passive objects launched as part of Project West FordHardware EditLaunch vehicles Edit Main article SpaceX launch vehicles The landing of a Falcon 9 Block 5 first stage at Cape Canaveral in July 2019 VTVL technologies are utilized in many of SpaceX s launch vehicles SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles The small lift Falcon 1 was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009 The medium lift Falcon 9 and the heavy lift Falcon Heavy are both operational The Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit It launched five times between 2006 and 2009 of which 2 were successful 120 The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded liquid fueled rocket to reach orbit 104 Falcon 9 is a medium lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 22 800 kilograms 50 265 lb to orbit competing with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets as well as other launch providers around the world It has nine Merlin engines in its first stage The Falcon 9 v1 0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on 4 June 2010 Its third flight COTS Demo Flight 2 launched on 22 May 2012 and launched the first commercial spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station ISS 48 The vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1 1 in 2013 Falcon 9 Full Thrust in 2015 and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018 The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retropropulsively land be recovered and reflown 121 The Falcon Heavy is a heavy lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 63 800 kg 140 700 lb to Low Earth orbit LEO or 26 700 kg 58 900 lb to geosynchronous transfer orbit GTO It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first stage cores with a total of 27 Merlin 1D engines 122 123 The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on 6 February 2018 launching Musk s personal Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit 124 Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the National Security Space Launch NSSL 125 126 As of 19 January 2023 the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 203 times resulting in 201 full mission successes one partial success and one in flight failure In addition a Falcon 9 experienced a pre flight failure prior to a static fire test in 2016 127 128 Rocket engines Edit Main article SpaceX rocket engines The Merlin 1D engine undergoes a test at SpaceX s Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor Texas Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002 the company has developed several rocket engines Merlin Kestrel and Raptor for use in launch vehicles 129 130 Draco for the reaction control system of the Dragon series of spacecraft 131 and SuperDraco for abort capability in Crew Dragon 132 Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses liquid oxygen LOX and RP 1 propellants Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1 s first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles 133 Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket s second stage main engine 130 134 Draco and SuperDraco are hypergolic liquid propellant rocket engines Draco engines are used on the reaction control system of the Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft 131 The SuperDraco engine is more powerful and eight SuperDraco engines provide launch escape capability for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario 135 Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid methane fueled full flow staged combustion cycle engines to power the first and second stages of the in development Starship launch system 129 Development versions were test fired in late 2016 136 and the engine flew for the first time in 2019 powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m 66 ft 137 Dragon spacecraft Edit Main article SpaceX Dragon The SpaceX s Crew Dragon spacecraft designed to deliver crew to and from the International Space Station as part of the Commercial Crew Development program SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station The first version of Dragon used only for cargo was first launched in 2010 41 The currently operational second generation Dragon spacecraft known as Dragon 2 conducted its first flight without crew to the ISS in early 2019 followed by a crewed flight of Dragon 2 in 2020 83 The cargo variant of Dragon 2 flew for the first time in December 2020 for a resupply to the Space Station as part of the CRS contract with NASA 138 In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA s planned Lunar Gateway space station under a Gateway Logistics Services GLS contract 139 Dragon XL is planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy and is able to transport over 5 000 kg 11 000 lb to the Gateway Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time 140 Autonomous spaceport drone ships Edit Main articles SpaceX reusable launch system development program Falcon 9 first stage landing tests and Autonomous spaceport drone ship An autonomous spaceport drone ship in position prior to Falcon 9 Flight 17 carrying CRS 6 SpaceX routinely returns the first stage of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches The rocket flights and land to a predetermined landing site using only its own propulsion systems 141 When propellent margins do not permit a return to launch site RTLS rockets return to floating landing platform in the ocean called autonomous spaceport drone ships ASDS 142 SpaceX also plans to introduce floating launch platforms These are modified oil rigs to use in the 2020s to provide a sea launch option for their second generation launch vehicle the heavy lift Starship system consisting of the Super Heavy booster and Starship second stage SpaceX has purchased two deepwater oil rigs and are refitting them to support Starship launches 143 Starship Edit Main articles SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure SpaceX Starship and Starship development history SpaceX Starship SN9 prototype SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super heavy lift launch system known as Starship It comprises a reusable first stage called Super Heavy and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle The system is intended to supersede the company s existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s 144 145 SpaceX initially envisioned a 12 meter diameter ITS concept in 2016 solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses In 2017 it articulated a smaller 9 meter diameter vehicle to replace all of its launch service provider capabilities Earth orbit lunar orbit interplanetary missions and potentially even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a markedly lower cost structure 146 In 2018 the Starship system was redesigned to use stainless steel instead of carbon fiber construction to improve performance while drastically decreasing cost Private passenger Yusaku Maezawa has contracted to fly around the Moon in a Starship vehicle in 2023 147 The company s long term vision is the development of technology and resources suitable for human colonization of Mars 148 149 150 SpaceX started manufacturing the first prototypes of Starship in 2019 at the company s facility in Boca Chica Texas later renamed Starbase 151 It is developing Starship using iterative design principles aiming to build and test several prototypes at a fast pace 152 153 The first successful suborbital flight and landing of a full Starship prototype was achieved in May 2021 154 Starlink Edit Main article Starlink Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by SpaceX that consists of thousands of cross linked communications satellites in 550 km orbits Owned and operated by SpaceX its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low cost broadband capabilities 155 Development began in 2015 and initial prototype test flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017 In May 2019 SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9 156 Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020 157 and first orders were taken in early 2021 158 Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms 159 In December 2022 Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide 160 60 Starlink satellites stacked together before deployment The planned large number of Starlink satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over light pollution 161 162 163 with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations 164 In response SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness 165 The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long term dangers of space debris collisions 166 167 However the satellites are equipped with krypton fueled Hall thrusters which allow them to de orbit at the end of their life They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data 168 In December 2022 SpaceX announced Starshield a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads onboard a Starlink derived satellite bus The Space Development Agency is a key customer procuring satellites for a space based missile defense system 169 170 Other projects Edit Main article Hyperloop pod competition In June 2015 SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop competition and would build a 1 6 km 0 99 mi long subscale test track near SpaceX s headquarters for the competitive events 171 172 The company has held the annual competition since 2017 173 In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a COVID 19 antibody testing program in 2020 As such 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood samples resulting in a peer reviewed scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID 19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus 174 175 In July 2018 Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini submarine to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand 176 Richard Stanton leader of the international rescue diving team urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back up in case flooding worsened 177 178 Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand 179 180 By this time however eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia consequently Thai authorities declined to use the submarine 176 Facilities EditSpaceX is headquartered in Hawthorne California which also serves as its primary manufacturing plant 181 The company operates a research and major operation in Redmond Washington owns a test site in Texas 182 and operates three launch sites with another under development SpaceX also operates regional offices in Texas Virginia and Washington D C 72 SpaceX was incorporated in the state of Delaware 183 Headquarters manufacturing and refurbishment facilities Edit The headquarters of the company located in Hawthorne California SpaceX Headquarters is located in the Los Angeles suburb of Hawthorne California The large three story facility originally built by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages 181 houses SpaceX s office space mission control and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities 184 The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters facilities and or subsidiaries in the U S including Boeing McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses Aerospace Corp Raytheon NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory United States Space Force s Space Systems Command at Los Angeles Air Force Base Lockheed Martin BAE Systems Northrop Grumman and AECOM etc with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates 181 SpaceX utilizes a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket engines 14 SpaceX builds its rocket engines rocket stages spacecraft principal avionics and all software in house in their Hawthorne facility which is unusual for the space industry 14 In January 2015 SpaceX announced it would be entering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business The first satellite facility is a 30 000 sq ft 2 800 m2 office building located in Redmond Washington As of January 2017 a second facility in Redmond was acquired with 40 625 sq ft 3 774 2 m2 and has become a research and development laboratory for the satellites 185 In July 2016 SpaceX acquired an additional 8 000 sq ft 740 m2 creative space in Irvine California Orange County to focus on satellite communications 186 Development and test facilities Edit Main article SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility Aerial view of the SpaceX McGregor engine testing facility 2008 SpaceX operates its Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor Texas All SpaceX rocket engines are tested on rocket test stands 182 and low altitude VTVL flight testing of the Falcon 9 Grasshopper in 2012 2013 were carried out at McGregor 187 Testing of the much larger Starship prototypes is conducted in the SpaceX South Texas launch site near Brownsville Texas 184 The company purchased the McGregor facilities from Beal Aerospace where it refitted the largest test stand for Falcon 9 engine testing SpaceX has made a number of improvements to the facility since its purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland As of October 2012 update the McGregor facility had seven test stands that are operated 18 hours a day six days a week 188 and is building more test stands because production is ramping up and the company has a large manifest in the next several years 189 In addition to routine testing Dragon capsules following recovery after an orbital mission are shipped to McGregor for de fueling cleanup and refurbishment for reuse in future missions 190 Launch facilities Edit Main article SpaceX launch facilities Falcon Heavy Side Boosters landing on LZ1 and LZ2 SpaceX currently operates three orbital launch sites at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Vandenberg Space Force Base and Kennedy Space Center with another under construction near Brownsville Texas SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad 191 The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits 66 145 while Cape Canaveral enables orbits of medium inclination 28 5 51 6 192 Before it was retired all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island 193 In April 2007 the USAF approved the use of Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 SLC 40 by SpaceX 194 The site has been used from 2010 for Falcon 9 launches mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits SLC 40 is not capable of supporting Falcon Heavy launches As part of SpaceX s booster reusability program the former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral now renamed Landing Zone 1 has since 2015 been designated for use for Falcon 9 first stage booster landings 195 SpaceX west coast launch facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base during the launch of CASSIOPE September 2013 Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 SLC 4E leased in 2011 is used for payloads to polar orbits The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles 196 but cannot launch to low inclination orbits The neighboring SLC 4W has been converted to Landing Zone 4 since 2015 where SpaceX has successfully landed three Falcon 9 first stage boosters the first in October 2018 197 On 14 April 2014 SpaceX signed a 20 year lease for Launch Complex 39A 198 The pad was subsequently modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches SpaceX launched its first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on 30 May 2020 199 Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022 200 The Starship assembly building at SpaceX Starbase in Texas SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from Starbase at Boca Chica Texas with future plans to conduct orbital Starship flights in 2021 201 SpaceX first publicly announced plans for a launch facility near Brownsville Texas in August 2014 202 203 The Federal Aviation Administration FAA issued the permit in July 2014 204 SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015 205 with the first suborbital launches from the facility in 2019 184 Some residents of Boca Chica Village Brownsville and environmental activists criticized the site along with Starship development program in various aspects 206 207 Contracts EditFurther information on SpaceX launches Falcon 1 Launches List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches and List of SpaceX Starship flight tests SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station ISS with technology the company developed SpaceX is also certified for U S military launches of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle class EELV payloads With approximately 30 missions on the manifest for 2018 alone SpaceX represents over US 12 billion under contract 72 Cargo to ISS Edit Main articles Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Commercial Resupply Services and Gateway Logistics Services The COTS 2 Dragon is berthed to the International Space Station ISS by Canadarm2 In 2006 SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services COTS Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the International Space Station ISS with a possible contract option for crew transport 208 Through this contract designed by NASA to provide seed money through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities NASA paid SpaceX US 396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their own resources 209 These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs making rocket development 4 10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone 210 In December 2010 the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 mission SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch orbit and recover a spacecraft 211 Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 in May 2012 a first for a private spacecraft 212 Commercial Resupply Services CRS are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded US 1 6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions covering deliveries to 2016 213 SpaceX CRS 1 the first of the 12 planned resupply missions launched in October 2012 achieved orbit berthed and remained on station for 20 days before re entering the atmosphere and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean 214 CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then In 2015 NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS 215 213 216 The final Dragon 1 mission SpaceX CRS 20 departed the ISS in April 2020 and Dragon was subsequently retired from service A second phase of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft 217 218 In March 2020 NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the Dragon XL spacecraft to send supplies to the Lunar Gateway space station Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy 219 Crewed Edit See also Commercial Crew Program NASA astronauts inside the Dragon spacecraft during the Crew 1 mission rendezvous with the International Space Station SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development CCDev program aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011 220 221 followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft 222 In September 2014 NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U S crews to and from the ISS 223 SpaceX won US 2 6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017 The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard Once Crew Dragon received NASA human spaceflight certification the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two and as many as six crewed missions to the space station 223 SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft a Pad Abort Test in May 2015 224 and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019 The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 225 In January 2020 SpaceX conducted an in flight abort test the last test flight before flying crew in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario 226 On 30 May 2020 the Crew Dragon Demo 2 mission was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U S since 2011 and the first commercial crewed launch to the ISS 227 The Crew 1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on 16 November 2020 with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi 228 all members of the Expedition 64 crew 229 On 23 April 2021 Crew 2 was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and K Megan McArthur JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet 230 The Crew 2 mission successfully docked on 24 April 2021 231 SpaceX also offers paid crewed spaceflights for private individuals The first of these missions Inspiration4 launched in 2021 on behalf of Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman The mission launched the Crew Dragon Resilience from the Florida Kennedy Space Center s Launch Complex 39A atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle placed the Dragon capsule into low Earth orbit and ended successfully about three days later when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX The training included lessons in orbital mechanics operating in a microgravity environment stress testing emergency preparedness training and mission simulations 232 National defense Edit Launch of the STP 2 mission on a Falcon Heavy in June 2019 In 2005 SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity IDIQ contract allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to US 100 million worth of launches from the company 233 Three years later NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to US 1 billion depending on the number of missions awarded 234 In December 2012 SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense DoD The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two EELV class missions Deep Space Climate Observatory DSCOVR and Space Test Program 2 STP 2 DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015 while STP 2 was launched on a Falcon Heavy on 25 June 2019 235 The Falcon 9 v1 1 was certified for National Security Space Launch NSSL in 2015 allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security 125 This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United Launch Alliance ULA over U S Air Force launches of classified payloads 236 In April 2016 the U S Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second GPS III satellite for US 82 7 million 237 This was approximately 40 less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions 238 SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on 20 June 2020 239 In March 2018 SpaceX secured an additional US 290 million contract from the U S Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites 240 The U S National Reconnaissance Office NRO also purchased launches from SpaceX with the first taking place on 1 May 2017 241 In February 2019 SpaceX secured a US 297 million contract from the U S Air Force to launch another three national security missions all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021 242 In August 2020 the U S Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch NSSL contracts for the following 5 7 years SpaceX won a contract for US 316 million for one launch In addition SpaceX will handle 40 of the U S military s satellite launch requirements over the period 243 SpaceX also designs and launches custom military satellites for the Space Development Agency as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit 244 The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth 245 Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program 246 and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an arms race in space 247 248 Launch market competition and pricing pressure EditMain article Space launch market competition SpaceX s low launch prices especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit GTO have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices 14 Prior to 2013 the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace flying the Ariane 5 and International Launch Services flying the Proton 249 With a published price of US 56 5 million per launch to low Earth orbit Falcon 9 rockets were the cheapest in the industry 250 European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the Ariane 5 and the future Ariane 6 rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX 251 SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance ULA monopoly of U S military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches In 2015 anticipating a slump in domestic military and spy launches ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders 252 To that end ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half 253 254 Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of setting only a high level requirement for cargo transport to the space station while leaving the details to industry had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost According to NASA s own independently verified numbers SpaceX s total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket including the Falcon 1 rocket was estimated at US 390 million In 2011 NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about US 4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA s traditional contracting processes about ten times more 210 In May 2020 NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine remarked that thanks to NASA s investments into SpaceX the United States has 70 of the commercial launch market a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country 255 Corporate affairs EditBoard of directors Edit SpaceX board of directors as of January 2021 256 Joined board Name Titles2002 257 Elon Musk Founder chairman CEO and CTO of SpaceX CEO Product Architect and former chairman of Tesla former chairman of SolarCity 257 2002 258 Kimbal Musk Board member Tesla 259 2009 260 Gwynne Shotwell President and COO of SpaceX 261 2009 260 Luke Nosek Co founder PayPal 262 2009 260 Steve Jurvetson Co founder Future Ventures fund 263 2010 264 Antonio Gracias CEO and Chairman of the Investment Committee at Valor Equity Partners 265 2015 266 Donald Harrison President of global partnerships and corporate development Google 267 Leadership changes Edit In November 2022 the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase its Texas launch facility along with Omead Afshar who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas Shyamal Patel who was senior director of operations at the site would shift to its Cape Canaveral site CNBC reported that these executive moves demonstrated the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship 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from the original on 16 June 2022 Retrieved 17 June 2022 Jacob Nutson 17 June 2022 Reports SpaceX fires employees who criticized Elon Musk in open letter Axios Archived from the original on 19 June 2022 Retrieved 17 June 2022 a b Grush Loren 4 October 2021 Blue Origin s ideas to mimic SpaceX sound pretty brutal for employees The Verge Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 Retrieved 6 May 2022 Bundled referencesFurther reading EditBerger Eric Liftoff Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX William Collins 2021 ISBN 978 0008445621 Davenport Christian The Space Barons Elon Musk Jeff Bezos and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos PublicAffairs 2018 ISBN 978 1610398299 Fernholz Tim Rocket Billionaires Elon Musk Jeff Bezos and the New Space Race Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2018 ISBN 978 1328662231 Vance Ashlee Elon Musk How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future Penguin Random House UK 2015 ISBN 978 0753555620External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to SpaceX Wikinews has news related to SpaceX Wikiquote has quotations related to SpaceX Official website SpaceX ISS Docking Simulator Portals Spaceflight Stars Astronomy Rocketry Los Angeles Companies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SpaceX amp oldid 1134139956, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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