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True Blue (Madonna album)

January 20, 2023

True Blue is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on June 30, 1986, by Sire Records. She co-wrote and produced the entire album with Stephen Bray and Patrick Leonard. True Blue deals with her visions of love, work, dreams as well as disappointments, and was inspired by her then husband Sean Penn, to whom Madonna dedicated the album. Musically, the songs on the album took a different direction from her previous endeavours, incorporating classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music.

True Blue
Studio album by
Madonna
ReleasedJune 30, 1986
RecordedDecember 1985 – April 1986
StudioChannel (Los Angeles)
Genre
Length40:20
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
Singles from True Blue
  1. "Live to Tell"
    Released: March 26, 1986
  2. "Papa Don't Preach"
    Released: June 11, 1986
  3. "True Blue"
    Released: September 29, 1986
  4. "Open Your Heart"
    Released: November 19, 1986
  5. "La Isla Bonita"
    Released: February 25, 1987

The album features instrumentation from acoustic guitars, drums, synthesizers and Cuban musical instruments. The topic for the songs range from love, freedom, and in the case of "Papa Don't Preach", social issues like teenage pregnancy. After its release, True Blue received critical acclaim, with music critics who complimented the album as the archetype of the late 1980s and early 1990s pop albums. They also praised the fact that Madonna's voice sounded stronger than it did on her previous efforts, while commending Madonna's skills as a singer, songwriter and entertainer.

True Blue was an immediate global success, reaching number one in then record-breaking 28 countries across the world, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. It spent 34 consecutive weeks at the top of the European Top 100 Albums chart, longer than any other album in history. It became the world's top-selling album of 1986, as well as the best-selling album of the 1980s by a female artist. With estimated sales of over 25 million copies worldwide, True Blue remains one of the best-selling albums of all time. Five singles released from the album—"Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach", "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", and "La Isla Bonita"—all reached number one on either the US Billboard Hot 100 or the UK Singles Chart, with "Papa Don't Preach" being the track that topped both.

The album was promoted on Madonna's second concert tour, 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, which visited cities in North America, Europe and Asia. True Blue is credited as being the album which established Madonna's position as the biggest female artist of the 1980s, rivaling male musicians like Michael Jackson and Prince. The album's singles and their accompanying music videos have sparked debates among scholars and social groups. She became the first female artist to receive the Video Vanguard Award at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards in recognition of her impact on popular culture. The album also gave her first appearance on the Guinness Book of World Records.

Background and development

On March 6, 1986, at the Kensington Roof Gardens in London, during a press conference for Shanghai Surprise, Madonna confirmed that she was working on a new album named Live to Tell, which would be later changed to True Blue.[1] She collaborated with Stephen Bray, who had worked on the preceding Like a Virgin, and with The Virgin Tour's musical director Patrick Leonard. "I was down in the basement with these idiot muso friends, working on a tune," Leonard recalled in 1992. "She liked it. And that ended up being one of the tracks on True Blue."[2]

 
The album was inspired by and dedicated to actor Sean Penn, Madonna's husband at the time.

Madonna wrote or co-wrote every song, although her involvement on ones such as "Papa Don't Preach" and "Open Your Heart" was limited to adding lyrics. She was also credited with co-producing every track. The album was recorded from December 1985 to April 1986, during the first year of Madonna's marriage to American actor Sean Penn. She dedicated the album to Penn, "The coolest guy in the universe."[3][4] By experimenting with her image, adopting a more 'traditional' look, and incorporating classical music in her songs, Madonna tried to appeal to an older audience who had been skeptical of her music.[5] Deemed Madonna's most girlish album yet, True Blue deals with Madonna's view of love, work and dreams as well as disappointments. According to Madonna, the title was from a favorite expression of her then husband Penn and his very pure vision of love.[6] The album was her "unabashed valentine" for Penn.[7] Most of its songs reflect this idea[3] although each was developed separately. The first track, "Papa Don't Preach", was written by Brian Elliot, who described it as "a love song, maybe framed a little bit differently".[8] The song is based on teenage gossip Elliot heard outside his studio, which had a large front window that doubled as a mirror where schoolgirls from the North Hollywood High School in Los Angeles regularly stopped to fix their hair and chat.[9]

"Open Your Heart" was the first cut recorded for the album, as early as December 1985 and ultimately made it to the final released tracklist; it was originally intended for Cyndi Lauper.[10] The third track "White Heat" was dedicated to actor James Cagney and named after the film of the same name from 1949. Two quotes from the original soundtrack were included in the song.[11] The fourth track "Live to Tell" was written by Patrick Leonard for the soundtrack of Paramount's romantic drama film Fire with Fire but, after the company declined it, Leonard showed the song to Madonna.[12] She decided to use it for At Close Range, the new film of her husband Penn. Madonna made a demo of the song; when the film's director, James Foley, heard it, he asked Leonard to write the score for the film, as suggested by Madonna.[13] True Blue was the first album where Madonna included Spanish themes as evident in the song "La Isla Bonita".[14] The song was written for Michael Jackson's Bad album, but he had turned it down. While working with Leonard, Madonna accepted it in Jackson's place and re-wrote the lyrics, earning herself a co-writing credit.[15] Madonna described it as her tribute to the "beauty and mystery of Latin American people".[16] Originally intended as the first single, "Love Makes the World Go Round" – first performed at Live Aid a year earlier, in July 1985 – closes the album.[17] The song recalled the antiwar music of the sixties.[18]

Composition

"It's my ultimate statement about what it's like to be in the middle of this Press stuff with everybody on my back, my world about to cave in. Whenever I feel like that – and it does get to me sometimes – I say 'Wait a minute, I'm supposed to be having a good time here, so where's the party?' It doesn't have to be this way. I can still enjoy life."

"I used to fantasize that we grew up in the same neighbourhood and that he (James Dean) moved away and became a big star"

—Madonna talking about the songs "Where's the Party" and "Jimmy Jimmy"[11]

Musically True Blue was a different direction for Madonna. Her previous efforts had her singing in a high pitched voice. With this album, Madonna toned it down for a more bubblegum-pop voice. The songs on the album reflect this and a number of instruments were used in the songs to bring out the different moods which the lyrics emphasized. "Papa Don't Preach" features acoustic, electric, and rhythm guitars, keyboards, and string arrangements.[19] A continuous percussion filled structure was used in "Open Your Heart".[11] "White Heat"'s sampling of the film's quotation was included with speech and gunshots. It is an uptempo dance song with synth bass and double-tracked vocals supported by male voices in the chorus.[11] "I don't write dance music and I don't see it as contributing to the cultural growth of the world," grumbled Pat Leonard in 1992. "At the time we were doing the groove stuff on the True Blue album, it was semi-innovative. There wasn't a precedent that made you gag. God forbid that I might have contributed to the mess we're in now."[20] On ballads like "Live to Tell" there is background instrumentation from a keyboard, a synthesizer, a funk guitar and a mix of synthesized and real drumming.[21] "Where's the Party" is a standard dance track with arrangements of bass drums, synthesizer, clattering rhythms and a remixed approach to the whole composition.[11] The title track featured instrumentation from a rhythm guitar, a synthesizer, keyboards, and drums for the bassline, with a backing track that employed a chord progression commonly used in doo-wop[22] Cuban drums and Spanish guitar, maracas and harmonicas are used in "La Isla Bonita".[23] "Jimmy Jimmy" has an early sixties pop influence, its lyrics a tribute to film star James Dean.[11]

Lyrically True Blue reflects Madonna's ideas about love. "Where's the Party" tells of a working girl enjoying the dancefloor after work.[11] "Jimmy Jimmy" talks about Madonna's admiration for the neighbourhood bad boy.[3] The Spanish "La Isla Bonita" and "Love Makes the World Go Round" deal with escapism from normal life, with the latter talking about anti-war and anti-poverty and using Latin drums and samba-influenced rhythms.[3] "White Heat" deals with firmness and quotes Clint Eastwood's "Make my day" catchphrase.[11] "Papa Don't Preach"'s lyrics talk about a young woman who tells her father that she is pregnant out of wedlock, but is going to keep her baby.

"Live to Tell" portraits the complexity of deceit and mistrust.[21] The song also is about childhood scars and had an extreme emotional pitch, achieving it in a divine sense.[24] The title track had Madonna talking about romance and 1950s inspired girl group pop.[25] The lyrics of "True Blue" are constructed in a verse-chorus form, with the theme being Madonna's feelings for Sean Penn; she even uses the 1929 archaic love word "dear" in the line "Just think back and remember, dear".[26] Madonna expressed her sexual desires in the lyrics of "Open Your Heart"[27] and described the beauty of a Latin paradise in "La Isla Bonita".[28]

Packaging

 
Artist Andy Warhol's concept of pop art was one of the inspirations behind the album artwork.

The album cover, shot by photographer Herb Ritts, is one of Madonna's most recognizable pictures. It features a picture of Madonna from the neck up. The main colors in the picture are gray, white and various shades of blue to reinforce the album's title. Madonna positioned herself in an elegant pose while wearing pale make up with red lips, tilting back her neck in a swan like pose.[29] Jeri Heiden, who was working at Warner Bros. art department, was given the task of editing the photos and making them compatible for appearance in an album cover.[30] She had to work with a total of 60 rolls of photos, each of size 35 mm. Heiden ordered about 30 to 40 test prints from Ritts' studio and made recommendations based on it.[30] Several images from the photo shoot were considered for the album cover, some of which later became the single covers for "Papa Don't Preach" and "True Blue". The final photo was selected by Madonna, Heiden and Jeff Ayeroff, creative director of Warner Bros. at that time.[30]

After the final photo was selected, Heiden commissioned two different versions of the album cover. The original image was taken in black-and-white, and Heiden experimented with a variety of treatments of the photo, to go along with the album's title, and finally arrived at the blue toned, hand tinted version of the image.[30] The LP and CD album cover is a cropped image of a longer picture including torso, more of which is seen in the cover of the cassette tape edition, and was also included as a fold-out poster in the initial pressings of the LP.[31][32]

In the US and Canada, the cover did not have any logo, but in the European nations, they were sold with Madonna's name and album title on the cover. Heiden explained in an interview with Aperture magazine that they thought it would be "cool" to use a shrink wrap on the US covers, so that when one took it off, there would only be the photo of Madonna.[30] For the European nations, Warner felt that the name was needed on the cover, as they did not want to take chance with Madonna's popularity there. The back sleeve and the booklet inside featured the song titles in Heiden's own handwriting.[30] About cropping the image for the cassette and the vinyl versions, Heiden said: "I think the image became more interesting cropped into a square—and at that time we always started with the album cover configuration. It was like she was floating—her clothing was not visible. She took on the appearance of a marble statue—Goddess like. In the vertical cropping you see her leather jacket and the wall, and it becomes more typical, editorial, earthly."[30]

According to Lucy O'Brien, author of Madonna: Like an Icon, the album artwork was on-par with Andy Warhol's concept of pop art.[33] She felt that the image was a mixture of innocence and idealism, while incorporating 1950s-style Technicolor and hand tinted color, characteristic of Warhol's silkscreen printed design, prevalent in the 1960s. Jeri Heiden, the album's cover designer, commented, "She was already highly aware of the value of her image and was in control of it."[33] O'Brien felt that the artwork heralded the arrival of a new Madonna, while drawing on the enduring appeal of her celluloid icon Marilyn Monroe. "With this picture, Madonna made explicit the connection between Warhol and herself, the vivid nexus between pop art and commerce. The late 1980s marked a new era of the pop artist as a brand, and Madonna became the first one to exploit this."[33]

Erica Wexler from Spin described Madonna on the cover as "like a cobra basking in the hot sun, Madonna on the cover of her new album stretches her profile lasciviously."[34] Author J. Randy Taraborrelli commented in Madonna: An Intimate Biography, that the album cover indicated how True Blue was a vehicle of growth for Madonna. He felt that the "washed out color photograph" of her with head tilted back and eyes closed was "understated", especially when compared to the sexier poses she had been associated in the past.[35] The album's inner sleeve did not feature any photographs, and instead was dedicated to album credits and the song lyrics, since Madonna wanted to be represented by her songs on True Blue, not her image.[36] Billboard listed the cover at rank 37 on their article about the "50 Greatest Album Covers", describing it as a striking image of Madonna.[37]

Promotion

Live performance

Main article: Who's That Girl World Tour
 
Madonna opening the Who's That Girl World Tour with a performance of "Open Your Heart", True Blue's fourth single

Prior to the album's release, Madonna premiered "Love Makes the World Go Round" at the 1985 Live Aid concert.[38] The rest of the album's tracks were included on the setlist of her 1987 Who's That Girl World Tour except "Jimmy Jimmy" which remains still the only song from the album Madonna did not perform on any live appearance.[39] It was her second concert tour and promoted True Blue alongside the film project Who's That Girl.[40] It was Madonna's first world tour, reaching Asia, North America and Europe. Musically and technically superior to her previous Virgin Tour, the Who's That Girl tour incorporated multimedia components to make the show more appealing.[40]

Madonna trained herself physically with aerobics, jogging and weight-lifting, to cope with the choreography and the dance routines.[41] For the costumes, she collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart, expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage, reworking scenes from "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", "Papa Don't Preach" and "La Isla Bonita".[41] The stage was huge, with four video screens, multimedia projectors and a flight of stairs in the middle. Leonard became the music director and encouraged Madonna to go with the idea of rearranging her older songs and presenting them in a new format.[42] Madonna named the tour 'Who's That Girl', after looking up at a gigantic image of herself projected on a screen on the stage during rehearsals.[43]

The show included song-and-dance routines and theatrics, seven costume changes, and an encore consisting of the title song "Who's That Girl" and "Holiday".[29] The tour also addressed social causes like AIDS, during "Papa Don't Preach".[44] Who's That Girl was critically appreciated, with reviewers commenting on the extravagant nature of the concert and complimenting Madonna for her dancing, costume changes and dynamic pacing.[45][46][47] Who's That Girl was a commercial success, grossing a total of U.S. $25 million, with Madonna playing in front of 1.5 million people over the course of the tour.[48] According to Pollstar, it was the second top female concert tour of 1987, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule Tour.[40][49]

Two concerts from the tour were later released on music video, Who's That Girl: Live in Japan (1987), which was exclusive to the Japanese market and Ciao Italia: Live from Italy (1988) which was released internationally.[50] Taraborrelli commented that "Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status, and the 'Who's That Girl?' tour marked the beginning of Madonna's."[51] The tour is also noted for giving rise to the new Madonna persona, a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe.[52] A statue of Madonna, wearing a conical bra was erected in her name, at the center of the town of Pacentro in Italy, where her ancestors used to live.[43]

Singles

 
Madonna performing the album's final single, "La Isla Bonita", during one of the dates of the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–2016)

"Live to Tell" was the first single released from the album in March 1986. The song was the second ballad for Madonna after "Crazy for You",[21] and was used in the film At Close Range which starred her then husband Sean Penn. The song was received positively by critics with most of them calling it "her best ballad to date" as well as a "tremendous ballad that rewrites the rules of adult contemporary crossover".[53][54] "Live to Tell" became Madonna's third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100[55] and her second number-one that is featured in a film after "Crazy for You".[56] It also became a success internationally reaching the top ten in Canada, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.[57][58][59][60][61]

"Papa Don't Preach" was released as the second single in June 1986. It was critically appreciated with most of them declaring it as "the stand-alone song" from the album,[62] also that "with songs like 'Papa Don't Preach', Madonna made the transition from pop tart to consummate artist, joining the ranks of 80s icons like Michael Jackson and Prince."[63] The song became Madonna's fourth number-one single in the U.S.[55] and also reached the top spot in Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.[64][65][66]

"True Blue" was released as the album's third single in September 1986. It is a dance-pop song inspired by the Motown's girl groups from the 1960s.[6] Critics generally received the song as a light-hearted, fun track having a 50's feeling to it,[67] although some critics believed that it was "sassless and neutered" as compared to the other songs on the record,[68] and that it was "merely cute and not really up to being the title track of an album". The song became another top ten hit for Madonna reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[55] and peaked at number one in Ireland and the United Kingdom.[69][70]

"Open Your Heart" was the fourth single from the album released on November 19, 1986. The song was appreciated critically with critics comparing it with sweeter post-Motown valentine songs,[71] and "perfect" for dancefloor strut.[72] The song became Madonna's fifth number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[55] Internationally, it became a top ten hit in several European countries including Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.[73][74][75][76]

"La Isla Bonita" was released as the fifth and final single in February 1987. The song describes Madonna as a tourist who prays "that the days would last, they went so fast".[77] The first line refers to an island called San Pedro although this has not been clearly stated by Madonna in any interview.[78] The song received positive response with critics calling it one of Madonna's greatest, most influential songs as well as the best song on the album.[79][80] "La Isla Bonita" was a worldwide hit, reaching number one in Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom,[81][82] while reaching a peak of four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[55]

While not released as a single, "Where's the Party" received airplay on radio stations such as WKSI "Kiss FM", following requests from the public.[83]

Critical reception

True Blue received critical acclaim.[91] Jon Pareles, in a review for The New York Times, said that True Blue reprised the themes of fidelity in its songs and complimented her addition of a tinge of real world storytelling in her songs, making her reach the "fringes of the permissible".[92] Stephen Holden in another review complimented the album and said that "Madonna goes heavy on heart in this record".[71] In a Rolling Stone review, Davitt Sigerson stated that Madonna was "singing better than ever". The album's songs were described as "catchy", but Sigerson also commented on the lack of "outstanding tracks". He ultimately stated that True Blue is a "sturdy, dependable, lovable new album" which "remains faithful to her past while shamelessly rising above it".[62]

Stephen Thomas Erlewine, in a review for AllMusic, declared it as "one of the great dance-pop albums, a record that demonstrates Madonna's true skills as a songwriter, record-maker, provocateur, and entertainer through its wide reach, accomplishment, and sheer sense of fun." He also felt that Madonna's endeavors in True Blue made it "[brilliant], using the music to hook in critics." Erlewine found that the songs on the album had a poignant mixture of topics, which further solidied its popularity.[53] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the album "the supreme archetype for late '80s and early '90s pop music.[...] Time stamped with '80s-era keyboard and drum synths, True Blue, though chockfull of hits, is the most dated of Madonna's albums." He praised the album's songs for being more mature than "Material Girl", and said that the album "includes some of Madonna's greatest, most influential hits (the robust "Open Your Heart" and the timeless "La Isla Bonita"), but it's also home to some of her biggest clunkers."[79] Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented in 2001 that nearly 20 years after its debut, the album is still irresistible.[93]

Entertainment Weekly reviewer Jim Farber said "Though Madonna's third project finds her adding to her palette with Spanish pop ("La Isla Bonita") and messing with our heads with its seeming anti-abortion song ("Papa Don't Preach"). Also notable for 'Live to Tell,' her best ballad to date".[54] Robert Christgau was less impressed, accusing Madonna of pandering to the "lowest common denominator" of young listeners with ambiguous lyrics and over-promotion.[86] Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times stated that "True Blue isn't revolutionary music, but it is imaginative, highly energized pop that recognizes the limitations and pleasures of Top 40 fare."[94] Erica Wexler from Spin commented that "True Blue is Madonna's rite of passage between pop adolescence and a harsher adult world. With all her contrivances and the delighted tunes that I can't exorcise from my head, her mystique is still explained by the young beefcake who told me, 'I love to pump iron to Madonna'."[95]

Commercial performance

 
Madonna performing "Papa Don't Preach" on The MDNA Tour of 2012. It became Madonna's fourth number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

In the United States, True Blue debuted at number 29 on the Billboard 200[96] and reached number one on the issue dated August 16, 1986.[97] It stayed on the top position for five consecutive weeks and on the chart for a total of 82 weeks. The album also reached a peak of number 47 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.[98] True Blue was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of over seven million units, making it Madonna's third best-selling album in the United States, behind Like a Virgin (1984) and The Immaculate Collection (1990).[99] After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further 404,000 copies.[100] It sold additional 301,000 units at the BMG Music Club, which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan.[101] In Canada, the album debuted at number 73 on the RPM albums chart for the issue of July 5, 1986.[102] The album climbed rapidly upwards and reached number one on the issue dated August 9, 1986.[103] It stayed at the top for nine weeks and was present on the chart for 77 weeks.[104][105] True Blue was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipment of one million copies.[106] Madonna became the second female artist to surpass the 1 million mark of an album in Canada.[107]

The album enjoyed success in Latin America, where it peaked at number one in Argentina and was certified four-time platinum by the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (CAPIF) for shipment of over 240,000 copies.[108][109] The same peak position was attained in Brazil where the album was certified gold by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD).[110][111] The album managed to sell 205,000 copies during the first-two weeks,[112] and eventually became in one of the best-selling albums in 1987 with sales of 680,000 units.[113] With over 1 million copies sold, True Blue remains as the best-selling album in Brazil by an international female artist.[114][115]

True Blue was also a commercial success in Asia and Oceania. In Japan, the album peaked at number one on the Oricon CD chart.[116] At the 1987 Japan Gold Disc Awards held by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), True Blue received "Album of the Year Pop Solo" and "Grand Prix Album of the Year", which was given for the year's best-selling international album, while Madonna was honored the "Artist of the Year" for the year's best-selling international artist.[117] In Hong Kong, True Blue was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)[118] In Australia, the album topped the Kent Music Report albums chart on the issue date of August 4, 1986, staying there for two weeks.[119] It was certified four times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 280,000 copies.[120] It also reached number one in New Zealand albums chart and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 75,000 copies.[121]

True Blue achieved its biggest commercial reception in European countries, where it topped the European Top 100 Albums chart for 34 consecutive weeks—a record that has yet to be broken—from issue dated July 19, 1986 to March 7, 1987.[122] As of July 1987, it sold 5.5 million units in the continent.[123] In the United Kingdom, True Blue opened at the top of the UK Albums Chart on July 12, 1986, making it the first album by an American artist to debut at number one in British chart history.[124][125] It remained at the summit for six weeks and on the chart for a total of 85 weeks.[126] True Blue was the best-selling album of 1986 in the United Kingdom.[127] The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified it seven times platinum for shipment of 2.1 million copies and as of June 2019, it has sold over two million copies.[128][129] True Blue also topped the albums chart in France and was certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of one million copies.[130][131] Actual sales of the album in the country stand at 1,300,000 copies as of 2012.[132] In Germany, the album peaked at number one for eight weeks and was certified two times platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for shipment of one million copies.[133][134] Similarly, in Italy the album debuted at number one maintaining that position for 20 weeks, of which 15 were consecutive.[135] True Blue became the best-selling album by an international artist with sales of over 1.5 million copies.[110][136] Across Europe, True Blue achieved platinum status in Finland, gold in Sweden, Ireland, Greece and Portugal and silver in Denmark.[110][137] According to biographer Christopher Anderson, where it failed to reach the top of the charts, the album nevertheless went gold.[138]

Impact and legacy

 
 
True Blue cemented Madonna's position as the most popular female artist of the 1980s, on par with male superstars Michael Jackson (left) and Prince (right).

Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that "True Blue is the album where Madonna truly became 'Madonna the Superstar'—the endlessly ambitious, fearlessly provocative entertainer that knew how to outrage, spark debates, get good reviews—and make good music while she's at it."[53] Mark Savage from BBC stated that True Blue is the album which cemented Madonna's reputation as the 'First Lady of Pop'.[139] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that with the album "Madonna made the transition from pop tart to consummate artist, joining the ranks of '80s icons like Michael Jackson and Prince."[79] Similarly, Robert C. Sickels, the author of 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries, wrote that the album "cemented Madonna's place as the most popular female musical star of the 1980s, shining alongside male pop icons like Prince and Michael Jackson."[140] NME dubbed the three as a "holy trinity" of pop music of the decade.[141]

Regarding Madonna's influence on the record industry and younger artists, Debbie Gibson's then manager Doug Breitbart commented: "Madonna has brought back a really strong, melodic component to pop music. She has a very youth-oriented, up, bubbly, fun sound."[142] Slant Magazine listed the album at number 60 on their list of "The 100 Best Albums of the 1980s" and stated that "True Blue was the album on which it became readily apparent that Madonna was more than just a flash-in-the-pan pop star." They added, "It's when she began manipulating her image—and her audience—with a real sense of clarity and purpose and made sure she had quality songs to back up her calculation and world-dominating ambition."[143]

The global success of True Blue marked the first time Madonna entering the Guinness Book of World Records in its 1988 edition, where she was dubbed as the most successful singer for 1986.[144] The album also held the record for number one in the most countries, topping the album charts in a total of 28 countries around the world.[145] True Blue was later included in the 1992 edition of Guinness Book of World Records as the best-selling album by a woman, with copies sold of more than 17 million until October 1990.[146] True Blue was also the world's top-selling album of 1986 and the best-selling album of the 1980s by a female artist.[147][148] With sales of more than 25 million copies worldwide, True Blue remains one of the best-selling albums of all time.[149] True Blue also helped popularize marketing singles from an album, Paul Grein of Billboard reported: "10 or 20 years ago you would have had two singles from an album at the most. Now we're in an era where Madonna is on her fifth single from the album True Blue and Janet Jackson is on her sixth from the LP Control."[150] The album would subsequently produce five top-five singles, continuing her streak of ten consecutive top-five singles at the time.[151]

True Blue also made social impact through its music videos, as author John E. Semonche observed in his book Censoring Sex that Madonna pushed the envelope of what could be shown on television which resulted in increase of her popularity.[152] The music video for "Open Your Heart" was a subject of analysis among scholars for its concept of the stereo-typical male gaze and voyeurism. She appeared as a stripper in the video, who escapes with a young boy from the strip parlour in the end.[153] MTV had some reservations initially before airing the video, which was later resolved after a meeting with Warner Officials.[154] Feminist writer Susan Bordo reacted negatively to the video, saying that the leering and pathetic men in the cubicles and Madonna's escape with the boy is "cynically and mechanically tacked on [as] a way of claiming trendy status for what is just cheesecake—or, perhaps, pornography".[155] Author Donn Welton pointed out that the usual power relationship between the "voyeuristic male gaze and object" is destabilized by the portrayal of the male patrons of the peep show as leering and pathetic.[156]

Author Douglas Kellner noted that the multiculturalism in her music videos and her culturally transgressive moves "turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences."[157] In the fall of 1986, Sire Records held Madonna's "Make My Video" contest that involved MTV viewers to make their own videos for "True Blue". Thousands of viewers submitted their recorded tapes which were mainly made using home-made video equipment and featured themselves or relatives as the actors.[158] MTV publicist Peter Danielson said that many of the submissions featured teenagers imitating Madonna.[159][158] Her Spanish look in the music video for "La Isla Bonita" became popular and appeared in the fashion trends at that time in the form of boleros and layered skirts accessorizing with rosary beads and crucifix like the video.[160] In recognition of her impact on popular culture through her music videos, Madonna was honored with the Video Vanguard Award at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards, only four years into her career. She became the first female artist to receive such career achievement from MTV.[161] In 2022, Billboard ranked the cover as the 37th greatest album cover of all time.[162]

Track listing

True Blue – Standard edition
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Papa Don't Preach"
4:29
2."Open Your Heart"
4:13
3."White Heat"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
4:40
4."Live to Tell"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
5:51
5."Where's the Party"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Leonard
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Bray
4:21
6."True Blue"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Madonna
  • Bray
4:18
7."La Isla Bonita"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
4:02
8."Jimmy Jimmy"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Madonna
  • Bray
3:55
9."Love Makes the World Go Round"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
4:31
Total length:40:20
True Blue – 2001 remastered edition (bonus tracks)
No.TitleRemixer(s)Length
10."True Blue" (The Color Mix)Shep Pettibone6:40
11."La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix)Chris Lord-Alge5:27
Total length:52:27
True Blue – 35th Anniversary edition (bonus tracks)[163]
No.TitleRemixer(s)Length
10."Papa Don't Preach" (Extended Remix)Bray5:42
11."True Blue" (The Color Mix)Pettibone6:40
12."Open Your Heart" (Extended Version)
10:34
13."La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix)Lord-Alge5:27
14."True Blue" (Remix/Edit)Pettibone4:26
15."Open Your Heart" (Dub)
  • Barbiero
  • Thompson
6:40
16."Live to Tell" (Instrumental) 5:50
17."True Blue" (Instrumental) 6:51
18."La Isla Bonita" (Instrumental Extended Remix)Lord-Alge5:18
Total length:97:00

Notes

  • ^b signifies additional lyrics by

Personnel

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[164]

  • Madonna – producer, lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 4-9)
  • Stephen Bray – producer (1, 5, 6, 8), keyboards (1, 5, 6, 8), drums (1, 5, 6, 8), drum programming (3, 9)
  • Fred Zarr – additional keyboards (1, 6, 8)
  • Patrick Leonard – producer (2-5, 7, 9), keyboards (2-5, 7, 9), drum programming (3, 4, 7, 9), drums (5), additional keyboards (8)
  • Bruce Gaitsch – electric guitar (1), guitars (3, 4, 7), rhythm guitar (6, 8)
  • John Putnam – acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (1)
  • David Williams – rhythm guitar (1), guitars (2), backing vocals (3)
  • Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars (3, 9)
  • Dann Huff – guitars (5)
  • Jonathan Moffett – percussion (1, 8), drums (2, 3, 4), backing vocals (3)
  • Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 7, 9)
  • David Boroff – saxophone (5)
  • Billy Meyers – string arrangements (1)
  • Siedah Garrett – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
  • Edie Lehmann – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
  • Keithen Carter – backing vocals (3)
  • Jackie Jackson – backing vocals (3)
  • Richard Marx – backing vocals (3)
  • Michael Verdick – engineer, mixing
  • Michael Hutchinson – keyboard overdub engineer (8)
  • Dan Nebenzal – mix assistant
  • Steve Hall – mastering
  • Channel Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California) – recording location
  • Master Control (Burbank, California) – mixing location
  • Future Disc (Hollywood, California) – mastering location
  • Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff – art direction
  • Jeri McManus – art direction, design
  • Herb Ritts – photography
  • Weisner-DeMann Entertainment – management

Charts

Certifications and sales

Region Certification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[108] 4× Platinum 350,000[211]
Australia (ARIA)[120] 4× Platinum 280,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[137] Platinum 50,000*
Belgium (BEA)[212] Platinum 75,000[212]
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[111] Gold 1,000,000[115]
Canada (Music Canada)[213] Diamond 1,000,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[214] Platinum 53,912[214]
France (SNEP)[131] Diamond 1,300,000[132]
Germany (BVMI)[134] 2× Platinum 1,000,000^
Greece (IFPI Greece)[137] Gold 50,000^
Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong)[215] Platinum 20,000*
Italy (AFI)[137] 4× Platinum 1,500,000[136]
Japan (RIAJ)[216] Gold 718,000[209]
Malaysia — 22,000[217]
Netherlands (NVPI)[218] Platinum 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[219] 5× Platinum 75,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[137] Platinum 110,000[220]
Portugal (AFP)[137] Gold 20,000^
Singapore — 25,000[a]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[137] 3× Platinum 300,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[137] 3× Platinum 150,000^
Turkey — 100,000[222]
United Kingdom (BPI)[128] 7× Platinum 2,100,000^
United States (RIAA)[223] 7× Platinum 7,000,000^
Summaries
Europe
as of July 1987 		— 5,500,000[123]
Worldwide — 25,000,000[149]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ First-day sales for True Blue in Singapore.[221]

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Book sources

External links

January 20, 2023
true, blue, madonna, album, true, blue, third, studio, album, american, singer, songwriter, madonna, released, june, 1986, sire, records, wrote, produced, entire, album, with, stephen, bray, patrick, leonard, true, blue, deals, with, visions, love, work, dream. True Blue is the third studio album by American singer songwriter Madonna released on June 30 1986 by Sire Records She co wrote and produced the entire album with Stephen Bray and Patrick Leonard True Blue deals with her visions of love work dreams as well as disappointments and was inspired by her then husband Sean Penn to whom Madonna dedicated the album Musically the songs on the album took a different direction from her previous endeavours incorporating classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music True BlueStudio album by MadonnaReleasedJune 30 1986RecordedDecember 1985 April 1986StudioChannel Los Angeles GenrePop dance popLength40 20LabelSire Warner Bros ProducerMadonna Stephen Bray Patrick LeonardMadonna chronologyLike a Virgin amp Other Big Hits 1985 True Blue 1986 Who s That Girl 1987 Singles from True Blue Live to Tell Released March 26 1986 Papa Don t Preach Released June 11 1986 True Blue Released September 29 1986 Open Your Heart Released November 19 1986 La Isla Bonita Released February 25 1987The album features instrumentation from acoustic guitars drums synthesizers and Cuban musical instruments The topic for the songs range from love freedom and in the case of Papa Don t Preach social issues like teenage pregnancy After its release True Blue received critical acclaim with music critics who complimented the album as the archetype of the late 1980s and early 1990s pop albums They also praised the fact that Madonna s voice sounded stronger than it did on her previous efforts while commending Madonna s skills as a singer songwriter and entertainer True Blue was an immediate global success reaching number one in then record breaking 28 countries across the world including Australia Canada France Germany the United Kingdom and the United States It spent 34 consecutive weeks at the top of the European Top 100 Albums chart longer than any other album in history It became the world s top selling album of 1986 as well as the best selling album of the 1980s by a female artist With estimated sales of over 25 million copies worldwide True Blue remains one of the best selling albums of all time Five singles released from the album Live to Tell Papa Don t Preach True Blue Open Your Heart and La Isla Bonita all reached number one on either the US Billboard Hot 100 or the UK Singles Chart with Papa Don t Preach being the track that topped both The album was promoted on Madonna s second concert tour 1987 s Who s That Girl World Tour which visited cities in North America Europe and Asia True Blue is credited as being the album which established Madonna s position as the biggest female artist of the 1980s rivaling male musicians like Michael Jackson and Prince The album s singles and their accompanying music videos have sparked debates among scholars and social groups She became the first female artist to receive the Video Vanguard Award at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards in recognition of her impact on popular culture The album also gave her first appearance on the Guinness Book of World Records Contents 1 Background and development 2 Composition 3 Packaging 4 Promotion 4 1 Live performance 4 2 Singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Impact and legacy 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 10 1 Weekly charts 10 2 All time charts 10 3 Year end charts 10 4 Decade end charts 11 Certifications and sales 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Book sources 16 External linksBackground and development EditOn March 6 1986 at the Kensington Roof Gardens in London during a press conference for Shanghai Surprise Madonna confirmed that she was working on a new album named Live to Tell which would be later changed to True Blue 1 She collaborated with Stephen Bray who had worked on the preceding Like a Virgin and with The Virgin Tour s musical director Patrick Leonard I was down in the basement with these idiot muso friends working on a tune Leonard recalled in 1992 She liked it And that ended up being one of the tracks on True Blue 2 The album was inspired by and dedicated to actor Sean Penn Madonna s husband at the time Madonna wrote or co wrote every song although her involvement on ones such as Papa Don t Preach and Open Your Heart was limited to adding lyrics She was also credited with co producing every track The album was recorded from December 1985 to April 1986 during the first year of Madonna s marriage to American actor Sean Penn She dedicated the album to Penn The coolest guy in the universe 3 4 By experimenting with her image adopting a more traditional look and incorporating classical music in her songs Madonna tried to appeal to an older audience who had been skeptical of her music 5 Deemed Madonna s most girlish album yet True Blue deals with Madonna s view of love work and dreams as well as disappointments According to Madonna the title was from a favorite expression of her then husband Penn and his very pure vision of love 6 The album was her unabashed valentine for Penn 7 Most of its songs reflect this idea 3 although each was developed separately The first track Papa Don t Preach was written by Brian Elliot who described it as a love song maybe framed a little bit differently 8 The song is based on teenage gossip Elliot heard outside his studio which had a large front window that doubled as a mirror where schoolgirls from the North Hollywood High School in Los Angeles regularly stopped to fix their hair and chat 9 Open Your Heart was the first cut recorded for the album as early as December 1985 and ultimately made it to the final released tracklist it was originally intended for Cyndi Lauper 10 The third track White Heat was dedicated to actor James Cagney and named after the film of the same name from 1949 Two quotes from the original soundtrack were included in the song 11 The fourth track Live to Tell was written by Patrick Leonard for the soundtrack of Paramount s romantic drama film Fire with Fire but after the company declined it Leonard showed the song to Madonna 12 She decided to use it for At Close Range the new film of her husband Penn Madonna made a demo of the song when the film s director James Foley heard it he asked Leonard to write the score for the film as suggested by Madonna 13 True Blue was the first album where Madonna included Spanish themes as evident in the song La Isla Bonita 14 The song was written for Michael Jackson s Bad album but he had turned it down While working with Leonard Madonna accepted it in Jackson s place and re wrote the lyrics earning herself a co writing credit 15 Madonna described it as her tribute to the beauty and mystery of Latin American people 16 Originally intended as the first single Love Makes the World Go Round first performed at Live Aid a year earlier in July 1985 closes the album 17 The song recalled the antiwar music of the sixties 18 Composition Edit It s my ultimate statement about what it s like to be in the middle of this Press stuff with everybody on my back my world about to cave in Whenever I feel like that and it does get to me sometimes I say Wait a minute I m supposed to be having a good time here so where s the party It doesn t have to be this way I can still enjoy life I used to fantasize that we grew up in the same neighbourhood and that he James Dean moved away and became a big star Madonna talking about the songs Where s the Party and Jimmy Jimmy 11 Musically True Blue was a different direction for Madonna Her previous efforts had her singing in a high pitched voice With this album Madonna toned it down for a more bubblegum pop voice The songs on the album reflect this and a number of instruments were used in the songs to bring out the different moods which the lyrics emphasized Papa Don t Preach features acoustic electric and rhythm guitars keyboards and string arrangements 19 A continuous percussion filled structure was used in Open Your Heart 11 White Heat s sampling of the film s quotation was included with speech and gunshots It is an uptempo dance song with synth bass and double tracked vocals supported by male voices in the chorus 11 I don t write dance music and I don t see it as contributing to the cultural growth of the world grumbled Pat Leonard in 1992 At the time we were doing the groove stuff on the True Blue album it was semi innovative There wasn t a precedent that made you gag God forbid that I might have contributed to the mess we re in now 20 On ballads like Live to Tell there is background instrumentation from a keyboard a synthesizer a funk guitar and a mix of synthesized and real drumming 21 Where s the Party is a standard dance track with arrangements of bass drums synthesizer clattering rhythms and a remixed approach to the whole composition 11 The title track featured instrumentation from a rhythm guitar a synthesizer keyboards and drums for the bassline with a backing track that employed a chord progression commonly used in doo wop 22 Cuban drums and Spanish guitar maracas and harmonicas are used in La Isla Bonita 23 Jimmy Jimmy has an early sixties pop influence its lyrics a tribute to film star James Dean 11 Lyrically True Blue reflects Madonna s ideas about love Where s the Party tells of a working girl enjoying the dancefloor after work 11 Jimmy Jimmy talks about Madonna s admiration for the neighbourhood bad boy 3 The Spanish La Isla Bonita and Love Makes the World Go Round deal with escapism from normal life with the latter talking about anti war and anti poverty and using Latin drums and samba influenced rhythms 3 White Heat deals with firmness and quotes Clint Eastwood s Make my day catchphrase 11 Papa Don t Preach s lyrics talk about a young woman who tells her father that she is pregnant out of wedlock but is going to keep her baby Live to Tell portraits the complexity of deceit and mistrust 21 The song also is about childhood scars and had an extreme emotional pitch achieving it in a divine sense 24 The title track had Madonna talking about romance and 1950s inspired girl group pop 25 The lyrics of True Blue are constructed in a verse chorus form with the theme being Madonna s feelings for Sean Penn she even uses the 1929 archaic love word dear in the line Just think back and remember dear 26 Madonna expressed her sexual desires in the lyrics of Open Your Heart 27 and described the beauty of a Latin paradise in La Isla Bonita 28 Packaging Edit Artist Andy Warhol s concept of pop art was one of the inspirations behind the album artwork The album cover shot by photographer Herb Ritts is one of Madonna s most recognizable pictures It features a picture of Madonna from the neck up The main colors in the picture are gray white and various shades of blue to reinforce the album s title Madonna positioned herself in an elegant pose while wearing pale make up with red lips tilting back her neck in a swan like pose 29 Jeri Heiden who was working at Warner Bros art department was given the task of editing the photos and making them compatible for appearance in an album cover 30 She had to work with a total of 60 rolls of photos each of size 35 mm Heiden ordered about 30 to 40 test prints from Ritts studio and made recommendations based on it 30 Several images from the photo shoot were considered for the album cover some of which later became the single covers for Papa Don t Preach and True Blue The final photo was selected by Madonna Heiden and Jeff Ayeroff creative director of Warner Bros at that time 30 After the final photo was selected Heiden commissioned two different versions of the album cover The original image was taken in black and white and Heiden experimented with a variety of treatments of the photo to go along with the album s title and finally arrived at the blue toned hand tinted version of the image 30 The LP and CD album cover is a cropped image of a longer picture including torso more of which is seen in the cover of the cassette tape edition and was also included as a fold out poster in the initial pressings of the LP 31 32 In the US and Canada the cover did not have any logo but in the European nations they were sold with Madonna s name and album title on the cover Heiden explained in an interview with Aperture magazine that they thought it would be cool to use a shrink wrap on the US covers so that when one took it off there would only be the photo of Madonna 30 For the European nations Warner felt that the name was needed on the cover as they did not want to take chance with Madonna s popularity there The back sleeve and the booklet inside featured the song titles in Heiden s own handwriting 30 About cropping the image for the cassette and the vinyl versions Heiden said I think the image became more interesting cropped into a square and at that time we always started with the album cover configuration It was like she was floating her clothing was not visible She took on the appearance of a marble statue Goddess like In the vertical cropping you see her leather jacket and the wall and it becomes more typical editorial earthly 30 According to Lucy O Brien author of Madonna Like an Icon the album artwork was on par with Andy Warhol s concept of pop art 33 She felt that the image was a mixture of innocence and idealism while incorporating 1950s style Technicolor and hand tinted color characteristic of Warhol s silkscreen printed design prevalent in the 1960s Jeri Heiden the album s cover designer commented She was already highly aware of the value of her image and was in control of it 33 O Brien felt that the artwork heralded the arrival of a new Madonna while drawing on the enduring appeal of her celluloid icon Marilyn Monroe With this picture Madonna made explicit the connection between Warhol and herself the vivid nexus between pop art and commerce The late 1980s marked a new era of the pop artist as a brand and Madonna became the first one to exploit this 33 Erica Wexler from Spin described Madonna on the cover as like a cobra basking in the hot sun Madonna on the cover of her new album stretches her profile lasciviously 34 Author J Randy Taraborrelli commented in Madonna An Intimate Biography that the album cover indicated how True Blue was a vehicle of growth for Madonna He felt that the washed out color photograph of her with head tilted back and eyes closed was understated especially when compared to the sexier poses she had been associated in the past 35 The album s inner sleeve did not feature any photographs and instead was dedicated to album credits and the song lyrics since Madonna wanted to be represented by her songs on True Blue not her image 36 Billboard listed the cover at rank 37 on their article about the 50 Greatest Album Covers describing it as a striking image of Madonna 37 Promotion EditLive performance Edit Main article Who s That Girl World Tour Madonna opening the Who s That Girl World Tour with a performance of Open Your Heart True Blue s fourth single Prior to the album s release Madonna premiered Love Makes the World Go Round at the 1985 Live Aid concert 38 The rest of the album s tracks were included on the setlist of her 1987 Who s That Girl World Tour except Jimmy Jimmy which remains still the only song from the album Madonna did not perform on any live appearance 39 It was her second concert tour and promoted True Blue alongside the film project Who s That Girl 40 It was Madonna s first world tour reaching Asia North America and Europe Musically and technically superior to her previous Virgin Tour the Who s That Girl tour incorporated multimedia components to make the show more appealing 40 Madonna trained herself physically with aerobics jogging and weight lifting to cope with the choreography and the dance routines 41 For the costumes she collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage reworking scenes from True Blue Open Your Heart Papa Don t Preach and La Isla Bonita 41 The stage was huge with four video screens multimedia projectors and a flight of stairs in the middle Leonard became the music director and encouraged Madonna to go with the idea of rearranging her older songs and presenting them in a new format 42 Madonna named the tour Who s That Girl after looking up at a gigantic image of herself projected on a screen on the stage during rehearsals 43 The show included song and dance routines and theatrics seven costume changes and an encore consisting of the title song Who s That Girl and Holiday 29 The tour also addressed social causes like AIDS during Papa Don t Preach 44 Who s That Girl was critically appreciated with reviewers commenting on the extravagant nature of the concert and complimenting Madonna for her dancing costume changes and dynamic pacing 45 46 47 Who s That Girl was a commercial success grossing a total of U S 25 million with Madonna playing in front of 1 5 million people over the course of the tour 48 According to Pollstar it was the second top female concert tour of 1987 behind Tina Turner s Break Every Rule Tour 40 49 Two concerts from the tour were later released on music video Who s That Girl Live in Japan 1987 which was exclusive to the Japanese market and Ciao Italia Live from Italy 1988 which was released internationally 50 Taraborrelli commented that Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status and the Who s That Girl tour marked the beginning of Madonna s 51 The tour is also noted for giving rise to the new Madonna persona a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe 52 A statue of Madonna wearing a conical bra was erected in her name at the center of the town of Pacentro in Italy where her ancestors used to live 43 Singles Edit Madonna performing the album s final single La Isla Bonita during one of the dates of the Rebel Heart Tour 2015 2016 Live to Tell was the first single released from the album in March 1986 The song was the second ballad for Madonna after Crazy for You 21 and was used in the film At Close Range which starred her then husband Sean Penn The song was received positively by critics with most of them calling it her best ballad to date as well as a tremendous ballad that rewrites the rules of adult contemporary crossover 53 54 Live to Tell became Madonna s third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 55 and her second number one that is featured in a film after Crazy for You 56 It also became a success internationally reaching the top ten in Canada France the Netherlands Switzerland and the United Kingdom 57 58 59 60 61 Papa Don t Preach was released as the second single in June 1986 It was critically appreciated with most of them declaring it as the stand alone song from the album 62 also that with songs like Papa Don t Preach Madonna made the transition from pop tart to consummate artist joining the ranks of 80s icons like Michael Jackson and Prince 63 The song became Madonna s fourth number one single in the U S 55 and also reached the top spot in Canada Ireland and the United Kingdom 64 65 66 True Blue was released as the album s third single in September 1986 It is a dance pop song inspired by the Motown s girl groups from the 1960s 6 Critics generally received the song as a light hearted fun track having a 50 s feeling to it 67 although some critics believed that it was sassless and neutered as compared to the other songs on the record 68 and that it was merely cute and not really up to being the title track of an album The song became another top ten hit for Madonna reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 55 and peaked at number one in Ireland and the United Kingdom 69 70 Open Your Heart was the fourth single from the album released on November 19 1986 The song was appreciated critically with critics comparing it with sweeter post Motown valentine songs 71 and perfect for dancefloor strut 72 The song became Madonna s fifth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 55 Internationally it became a top ten hit in several European countries including Belgium Ireland the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 73 74 75 76 La Isla Bonita was released as the fifth and final single in February 1987 The song describes Madonna as a tourist who prays that the days would last they went so fast 77 The first line refers to an island called San Pedro although this has not been clearly stated by Madonna in any interview 78 The song received positive response with critics calling it one of Madonna s greatest most influential songs as well as the best song on the album 79 80 La Isla Bonita was a worldwide hit reaching number one in Canada France Germany and the United Kingdom 81 82 while reaching a peak of four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 55 While not released as a single Where s the Party received airplay on radio stations such as WKSI Kiss FM following requests from the public 83 Critical reception EditProfessional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic 53 Blender 84 Chicago Sun Times 85 Christgau s Record GuideB 86 Encyclopedia of Popular Music 87 Entertainment WeeklyB 54 Q 88 The Rolling Stone Album Guide 89 Slant Magazine 79 Spin Alternative Record Guide5 10 90 True Blue received critical acclaim 91 Jon Pareles in a review for The New York Times said that True Blue reprised the themes of fidelity in its songs and complimented her addition of a tinge of real world storytelling in her songs making her reach the fringes of the permissible 92 Stephen Holden in another review complimented the album and said that Madonna goes heavy on heart in this record 71 In a Rolling Stone review Davitt Sigerson stated that Madonna was singing better than ever The album s songs were described as catchy but Sigerson also commented on the lack of outstanding tracks He ultimately stated that True Blue is a sturdy dependable lovable new album which remains faithful to her past while shamelessly rising above it 62 Stephen Thomas Erlewine in a review for AllMusic declared it as one of the great dance pop albums a record that demonstrates Madonna s true skills as a songwriter record maker provocateur and entertainer through its wide reach accomplishment and sheer sense of fun He also felt that Madonna s endeavors in True Blue made it brilliant using the music to hook in critics Erlewine found that the songs on the album had a poignant mixture of topics which further solidied its popularity 53 Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the album the supreme archetype for late 80s and early 90s pop music Time stamped with 80s era keyboard and drum synths True Blue though chockfull of hits is the most dated of Madonna s albums He praised the album s songs for being more mature than Material Girl and said that the album includes some of Madonna s greatest most influential hits the robust Open Your Heart and the timeless La Isla Bonita but it s also home to some of her biggest clunkers 79 Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented in 2001 that nearly 20 years after its debut the album is still irresistible 93 Entertainment Weekly reviewer Jim Farber said Though Madonna s third project finds her adding to her palette with Spanish pop La Isla Bonita and messing with our heads with its seeming anti abortion song Papa Don t Preach Also notable for Live to Tell her best ballad to date 54 Robert Christgau was less impressed accusing Madonna of pandering to the lowest common denominator of young listeners with ambiguous lyrics and over promotion 86 Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times stated that True Blue isn t revolutionary music but it is imaginative highly energized pop that recognizes the limitations and pleasures of Top 40 fare 94 Erica Wexler from Spin commented that True Blue is Madonna s rite of passage between pop adolescence and a harsher adult world With all her contrivances and the delighted tunes that I can t exorcise from my head her mystique is still explained by the young beefcake who told me I love to pump iron to Madonna 95 Commercial performance Edit Madonna performing Papa Don t Preach on The MDNA Tour of 2012 It became Madonna s fourth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart In the United States True Blue debuted at number 29 on the Billboard 200 96 and reached number one on the issue dated August 16 1986 97 It stayed on the top position for five consecutive weeks and on the chart for a total of 82 weeks The album also reached a peak of number 47 on the Top R amp B Hip Hop Albums chart 98 True Blue was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America RIAA for shipment of over seven million units making it Madonna s third best selling album in the United States behind Like a Virgin 1984 and The Immaculate Collection 1990 99 After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991 the album sold a further 404 000 copies 100 It sold additional 301 000 units at the BMG Music Club which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan 101 In Canada the album debuted at number 73 on the RPM albums chart for the issue of July 5 1986 102 The album climbed rapidly upwards and reached number one on the issue dated August 9 1986 103 It stayed at the top for nine weeks and was present on the chart for 77 weeks 104 105 True Blue was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association CRIA for shipment of one million copies 106 Madonna became the second female artist to surpass the 1 million mark of an album in Canada 107 The album enjoyed success in Latin America where it peaked at number one in Argentina and was certified four time platinum by the Camara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas CAPIF for shipment of over 240 000 copies 108 109 The same peak position was attained in Brazil where the album was certified gold by the Associacao Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ABPD 110 111 The album managed to sell 205 000 copies during the first two weeks 112 and eventually became in one of the best selling albums in 1987 with sales of 680 000 units 113 With over 1 million copies sold True Blue remains as the best selling album in Brazil by an international female artist 114 115 True Blue was also a commercial success in Asia and Oceania In Japan the album peaked at number one on the Oricon CD chart 116 At the 1987 Japan Gold Disc Awards held by the Recording Industry Association of Japan RIAJ True Blue received Album of the Year Pop Solo and Grand Prix Album of the Year which was given for the year s best selling international album while Madonna was honored the Artist of the Year for the year s best selling international artist 117 In Hong Kong True Blue was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry IFPI 118 In Australia the album topped the Kent Music Report albums chart on the issue date of August 4 1986 staying there for two weeks 119 It was certified four times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ARIA for shipment of 280 000 copies 120 It also reached number one in New Zealand albums chart and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand RIANZ for shipment of 75 000 copies 121 True Blue achieved its biggest commercial reception in European countries where it topped the European Top 100 Albums chart for 34 consecutive weeks a record that has yet to be broken from issue dated July 19 1986 to March 7 1987 122 As of July 1987 it sold 5 5 million units in the continent 123 In the United Kingdom True Blue opened at the top of the UK Albums Chart on July 12 1986 making it the first album by an American artist to debut at number one in British chart history 124 125 It remained at the summit for six weeks and on the chart for a total of 85 weeks 126 True Blue was the best selling album of 1986 in the United Kingdom 127 The British Phonographic Industry BPI certified it seven times platinum for shipment of 2 1 million copies and as of June 2019 it has sold over two million copies 128 129 True Blue also topped the albums chart in France and was certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l Edition Phonographique SNEP for shipment of one million copies 130 131 Actual sales of the album in the country stand at 1 300 000 copies as of 2012 132 In Germany the album peaked at number one for eight weeks and was certified two times platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie BVMI for shipment of one million copies 133 134 Similarly in Italy the album debuted at number one maintaining that position for 20 weeks of which 15 were consecutive 135 True Blue became the best selling album by an international artist with sales of over 1 5 million copies 110 136 Across Europe True Blue achieved platinum status in Finland gold in Sweden Ireland Greece and Portugal and silver in Denmark 110 137 According to biographer Christopher Anderson where it failed to reach the top of the charts the album nevertheless went gold 138 Impact and legacy Edit True Blue cemented Madonna s position as the most popular female artist of the 1980s on par with male superstars Michael Jackson left and Prince right Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that True Blue is the album where Madonna truly became Madonna the Superstar the endlessly ambitious fearlessly provocative entertainer that knew how to outrage spark debates get good reviews and make good music while she s at it 53 Mark Savage from BBC stated that True Blue is the album which cemented Madonna s reputation as the First Lady of Pop 139 Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that with the album Madonna made the transition from pop tart to consummate artist joining the ranks of 80s icons like Michael Jackson and Prince 79 Similarly Robert C Sickels the author of 100 Entertainers Who Changed America An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries wrote that the album cemented Madonna s place as the most popular female musical star of the 1980s shining alongside male pop icons like Prince and Michael Jackson 140 NME dubbed the three as a holy trinity of pop music of the decade 141 Regarding Madonna s influence on the record industry and younger artists Debbie Gibson s then manager Doug Breitbart commented Madonna has brought back a really strong melodic component to pop music She has a very youth oriented up bubbly fun sound 142 Slant Magazine listed the album at number 60 on their list of The 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and stated that True Blue was the album on which it became readily apparent that Madonna was more than just a flash in the pan pop star They added It s when she began manipulating her image and her audience with a real sense of clarity and purpose and made sure she had quality songs to back up her calculation and world dominating ambition 143 The global success of True Blue marked the first time Madonna entering the Guinness Book of World Records in its 1988 edition where she was dubbed as the most successful singer for 1986 144 The album also held the record for number one in the most countries topping the album charts in a total of 28 countries around the world 145 True Blue was later included in the 1992 edition of Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling album by a woman with copies sold of more than 17 million until October 1990 146 True Blue was also the world s top selling album of 1986 and the best selling album of the 1980s by a female artist 147 148 With sales of more than 25 million copies worldwide True Blue remains one of the best selling albums of all time 149 True Blue also helped popularize marketing singles from an album Paul Grein of Billboard reported 10 or 20 years ago you would have had two singles from an album at the most Now we re in an era where Madonna is on her fifth single from the album True Blue and Janet Jackson is on her sixth from the LP Control 150 The album would subsequently produce five top five singles continuing her streak of ten consecutive top five singles at the time 151 True Blue also made social impact through its music videos as author John E Semonche observed in his book Censoring Sex that Madonna pushed the envelope of what could be shown on television which resulted in increase of her popularity 152 The music video for Open Your Heart was a subject of analysis among scholars for its concept of the stereo typical male gaze and voyeurism She appeared as a stripper in the video who escapes with a young boy from the strip parlour in the end 153 MTV had some reservations initially before airing the video which was later resolved after a meeting with Warner Officials 154 Feminist writer Susan Bordo reacted negatively to the video saying that the leering and pathetic men in the cubicles and Madonna s escape with the boy is cynically and mechanically tacked on as a way of claiming trendy status for what is just cheesecake or perhaps pornography 155 Author Donn Welton pointed out that the usual power relationship between the voyeuristic male gaze and object is destabilized by the portrayal of the male patrons of the peep show as leering and pathetic 156 Author Douglas Kellner noted that the multiculturalism in her music videos and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences 157 In the fall of 1986 Sire Records held Madonna s Make My Video contest that involved MTV viewers to make their own videos for True Blue Thousands of viewers submitted their recorded tapes which were mainly made using home made video equipment and featured themselves or relatives as the actors 158 MTV publicist Peter Danielson said that many of the submissions featured teenagers imitating Madonna 159 158 Her Spanish look in the music video for La Isla Bonita became popular and appeared in the fashion trends at that time in the form of boleros and layered skirts accessorizing with rosary beads and crucifix like the video 160 In recognition of her impact on popular culture through her music videos Madonna was honored with the Video Vanguard Award at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards only four years into her career She became the first female artist to receive such career achievement from MTV 161 In 2022 Billboard ranked the cover as the 37th greatest album cover of all time 162 Track listing EditTrue Blue Standard editionNo TitleWriter s Producer s Length1 Papa Don t Preach Brian Elliot Madonna b Madonna Stephen Bray4 292 Open Your Heart Madonna Gardner Cole Peter RafelsonMadonna Patrick Leonard4 133 White Heat Madonna LeonardMadonna Leonard4 404 Live to Tell Madonna LeonardMadonna Leonard5 515 Where s the Party Madonna Bray LeonardMadonna Leonard Bray4 216 True Blue Madonna BrayMadonna Bray4 187 La Isla Bonita Madonna Leonard Bruce GaitschMadonna Leonard4 028 Jimmy Jimmy Madonna BrayMadonna Bray3 559 Love Makes the World Go Round Madonna LeonardMadonna Leonard4 31Total length 40 20 True Blue 2001 remastered edition bonus tracks No TitleRemixer s Length10 True Blue The Color Mix Shep Pettibone6 4011 La Isla Bonita Extended Remix Chris Lord Alge5 27Total length 52 27 True Blue 35th Anniversary edition bonus tracks 163 No TitleRemixer s Length10 Papa Don t Preach Extended Remix Bray5 4211 True Blue The Color Mix Pettibone6 4012 Open Your Heart Extended Version Michael Barbiero Steve Thompson10 3413 La Isla Bonita Extended Remix Lord Alge5 2714 True Blue Remix Edit Pettibone4 2615 Open Your Heart Dub Barbiero Thompson6 4016 Live to Tell Instrumental 5 5017 True Blue Instrumental 6 5118 La Isla Bonita Instrumental Extended Remix Lord Alge5 18Total length 97 00 Notes b signifies additional lyrics byPersonnel EditCredits adapted from the album s liner notes 164 Madonna producer lead vocals backing vocals 1 2 4 9 Stephen Bray producer 1 5 6 8 keyboards 1 5 6 8 drums 1 5 6 8 drum programming 3 9 Fred Zarr additional keyboards 1 6 8 Patrick Leonard producer 2 5 7 9 keyboards 2 5 7 9 drum programming 3 4 7 9 drums 5 additional keyboards 8 Bruce Gaitsch electric guitar 1 guitars 3 4 7 rhythm guitar 6 8 John Putnam acoustic guitar 1 electric guitar 1 David Williams rhythm guitar 1 guitars 2 backing vocals 3 Paul Jackson Jr guitars 3 9 Dann Huff guitars 5 Jonathan Moffett percussion 1 8 drums 2 3 4 backing vocals 3 Paulinho da Costa percussion 2 7 9 David Boroff saxophone 5 Billy Meyers string arrangements 1 Siedah Garrett backing vocals 1 5 6 7 9 Edie Lehmann backing vocals 1 5 6 7 9 Keithen Carter backing vocals 3 Jackie Jackson backing vocals 3 Richard Marx backing vocals 3 Michael Verdick engineer mixing Michael Hutchinson keyboard overdub engineer 8 Dan Nebenzal mix assistant Steve Hall mastering Channel Recording Studios Los Angeles California recording location Master Control Burbank California mixing location Future Disc Hollywood California mastering location Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff art direction Jeri McManus art direction design Herb Ritts photography Weisner DeMann Entertainment managementCharts EditWeekly charts Edit Chart 1986 1987 PeakpositionArgentine Albums Prensario CAPIF 109 1Australian Albums Kent Music Report 119 1Austrian Albums O3 Austria 165 2Belgian Albums IFPI SIBESA 166 138 1Brazilian Albums ABPD 110 138 1Canada Top Albums CDs RPM 167 1Canadian Albums The Record 110 1Danish Albums Music amp Media 138 1Dutch Albums Album Top 100 168 1European Top 100 Albums Music amp Media 122 1Finnish Albums Suomen virallinen lista 169 166 1French Albums SNEP 130 138 1German Albums Offizielle Top 100 133 1Hong Kong Albums IFPI 110 138 1Icelandic Albums Tonlist 170 1Irish Albums IFPI 171 1Israeli albums IFPI 138 1Italian Albums Musica e dischi 110 138 1Japanese Albums Oricon 116 138 2New Zealand Albums RMNZ 172 1Norwegian Albums VG lista 173 2Philippine Albums PARI 110 138 1Spanish Albums PROMUSICAE 174 1Swedish Albums Sverigetopplistan 175 2Swiss Albums Schweizer Hitparade 176 1UK Albums OCC 177 1UK Disco Albums Music Week 178 1US Billboard 200 179 1US Top R amp B Hip Hop Albums Billboard 180 47US Cash Box Top 100 Albums 181 1Venezuelan albums IFPI 138 1Chart 2019 PeakpositionCroatian International Albums HDU 182 1Greek Albums Billboard 183 5All time charts Edit Chart PositionUS Billboard 200 184 179US Billboard 200 Women 185 48 Year end charts Edit Chart 1986 PositionAustralian Albums Kent Music Report 186 10Austrian Albums O3 Austria 187 10Brazilian Albums ABPD 113 8Canada Top Albums CDs RPM 188 2Dutch Albums Album Top 100 189 1European Top 100 Albums Music amp Media 190 1French Albums SNEP 191 1German Albums Offizielle Top 100 192 6Italian Albums Musica e dischi 193 1Japanese Albums Oricon 194 13New Zealand Albums RMNZ 195 6Norwegian Summer Period VG lista 196 3Swiss Albums Schweizer Hitparade 197 5UK Albums OCC 198 1US Billboard 200 199 37US Cash Box Top 100 Albums 200 7Chart 1987 PositionAustralian Albums Kent Music Report 186 21Austrian Albums O3 Austria 201 16Canada Top Albums CDs RPM 202 6Dutch Albums Album Top 100 203 10European Top 100 Albums Music amp Media 204 3German Albums Offizielle Top 100 205 7Japanese Albums Oricon 206 40New Zealand Albums RMNZ 207 39US Billboard 200 208 11Decade end charts Edit Chart 1980 1989 PositionAustralian Albums Kent Music Report 186 36Japanese Albums Oricon 209 36UK Albums OCC 210 10Certifications and sales EditRegion Certification Certified units salesArgentina CAPIF 108 4 Platinum 350 000 211 Australia ARIA 120 4 Platinum 280 000 Austria IFPI Austria 137 Platinum 50 000 Belgium BEA 212 Platinum 75 000 212 Brazil Pro Musica Brasil 111 Gold 1 000 000 115 Canada Music Canada 213 Diamond 1 000 000 Finland Musiikkituottajat 214 Platinum 53 912 214 France SNEP 131 Diamond 1 300 000 132 Germany BVMI 134 2 Platinum 1 000 000 Greece IFPI Greece 137 Gold 50 000 Hong Kong IFPI Hong Kong 215 Platinum 20 000 Italy AFI 137 4 Platinum 1 500 000 136 Japan RIAJ 216 Gold 718 000 209 Malaysia 22 000 217 Netherlands NVPI 218 Platinum 100 000 New Zealand RMNZ 219 5 Platinum 75 000 Norway IFPI Norway 137 Platinum 110 000 220 Portugal AFP 137 Gold 20 000 Singapore 25 000 a Spain PROMUSICAE 137 3 Platinum 300 000 Switzerland IFPI Switzerland 137 3 Platinum 150 000 Turkey 100 000 222 United Kingdom BPI 128 7 Platinum 2 100 000 United States RIAA 223 7 Platinum 7 000 000 SummariesEuropeas of July 1987 5 500 000 123 Worldwide 25 000 000 149 Sales figures based on certification alone Shipments figures based on certification alone See also EditList of best selling albums List of best selling albums by women List of best selling albums by year UK List of best selling albums in Brazil List of best selling albums in Europe List of best selling albums in France List of best selling albums in Italy List of best selling albums in Turkey List of diamond certified albums in Canada List of European number one hits of 1986 List of number one albums from the 1980s New Zealand List of number one albums in Australia during the 1980s List of number one albums of 1986 Canada List of number one albums of 1986 U S List of number one hits of 1986 Germany List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980sNotes Edit First day sales for True Blue in Singapore 221 References Edit McKeen 2000 p 232 Sandall Robert February 1992 The song and dance debate Q 13 a b c d McKeen 2000 p 233 Parish amp Pitts 2003 p 525 Kellner 1995 p 277 a b Metz amp Benson 1999 p 48 Morton 2002 p 789 Papa Don t Preach Stirs Teen Pregnancy Debate St Petersburg Times September 5 1986 Gossip Composite The Dallas Morning News A H Belo Corporation September 18 1986 Bronson 2003 p 655 a b c d e f g h Rooksby 2004 pp 23 26 Bronson 2003 p 637 Perdomo Marco Antonio June 6 2003 Vivir para contarlo Madonna Diario Co Latino in Spanish Archived from the original on July 28 2013 Retrieved March 20 2009 Fouz Hernandez amp Jarman Ivens 2004 p 68 Bronson 2003 p 659 Rettenmund 1996 p 98 Live Aid 1985 Looking back at the original event BBC July 13 1985 Archived from the original on February 2 2009 Retrieved April 21 2009 Taylor 1993 p 192 Digital Sheet Music Papa Don t Preach Musicnotes Alfred Publishing Archived from the original on February 18 2012 Retrieved February 28 2009 Sandall Robert February 1992 The song and dance debate Q p 13 a b c Marsh 1999 p 38 Marsh 1999 p 184 Digital Sheet Music La Isla Bonita Musicnotes Alfred Publishing Archived from the original on June 5 2022 Retrieved March 21 2009 Metz amp Benson 1999 pp 16 21 McKeen 2000 p 234 Dean 2003 p 523 Fouz Hernandez amp Jarman Ivens 2004 p 61 Ciotti Paul March 22 1987 Madonna s La Isla Bonita Myth or Reality Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 a b Voller 1999 p 29 a b c d e f g Lewis Julia October 15 2006 True Blue s first twenties Aperture Los Angeles Aperture Foundation 71 72 ISSN 0003 6420 Downey Ryan J December 26 2002 Photographer Video Director Herb Ritts Dies At Age 50 MTV MTV Networks Archived from the original on July 9 2009 Retrieved April 6 2009 Tuber Keith November 1986 Bachman Puts Career Into Overdrive Orange Coast Emmis 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Madonna True Blue Hung Medien Retrieved July 18 2017 Madonna Artist Official Charts UK Albums Chart Retrieved July 18 2017 Disco Top Albums PDF Music Week July 19 1986 Archived PDF from the original on June 9 2021 Retrieved June 9 2021 Madonna Chart History Billboard 200 Billboard Retrieved July 18 2017 Madonna Chart History Top R amp B Hip Hop Albums Billboard Retrieved July 18 2017 Cash Box Top 100 Albums PDF Cash Box August 16 1986 p 18 Archived PDF from the original on July 19 2021 Retrieved June 7 2021 Lista prodaje 15 tjedan 2019 8 April 2019 14 April 2019 in Croatian HDU April 2019 Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Greek Albums Week of May 4 2019 IFPI Greece Billboard Archived from the original on August 29 2022 Retrieved August 29 2022 Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums Billboard Archived from the original on October 1 2016 Retrieved November 12 2015 Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums By Women Billboard Prometheus Global Media Archived from the original on April 23 2018 Retrieved March 28 2021 a b c Kent David 1993 Australian Chart Book 1970 1992 St Ives NSW Australian Chart Book ISBN 0 646 11917 6 Jahreshitparade 1986 Austriancharts at December 15 1986 Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Retrieved March 1 2014 RPM Top 100 Albums of 1986 RPM 45 14 December 26 1986 Archived from the original on May 24 2013 Retrieved March 28 2021 Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1986 Dutchcharts nl December 23 1986 Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved March 1 2014 EUROPEAN HOT 100 ALBUMS HOT 100 OF THE YEAR 1986 PDF Music amp Media 3 51 52 35 December 27 1986 Archived PDF from the original on August 21 2020 Retrieved May 20 2021 Les Albums CD de 1986 par InfoDisc infodisc fr Archived from the original on October 27 2012 Retrieved October 2 2018 OFFIZIELLE DEUTSCHE CHARTS TOP 100 ALBUM JAHRESCHARTS Offiziellecharts de Archived from the original on May 15 2020 Retrieved November 13 2015 Giallo Roberto 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Archived from the original on February 10 2015 Retrieved November 13 2015 Billboard Magazine 1987 The Year in Music amp Video Billboard Nielsen Business Media December 26 1987 Archived from the original on November 10 2021 Retrieved October 3 2020 a b Oricon Album Chart Book Complete Edition 1970 2005 Roppongi Tokyo Oricon Entertainment 2006 ISBN 4 87131 077 9 Savage Mark October 9 2020 U2 s Joshua Tree voted the best album of the 1980s BBC News Archived from the original on October 11 2020 Retrieved June 21 2021 Madonna Una chica con tacto PDF Pelo in Spanish Vol 24 no 453 1993 pp 3 6 Archived from the original PDF on March 20 2022 Retrieved March 20 2022 a b European Gold amp Platinum Awards 1986 PDF Music amp Media December 27 1986 p 33 Retrieved July 7 2019 Canadian album certifications Madonna True Blue Music Canada Retrieved October 8 2012 a b Madonna in Finnish Musiikkituottajat IFPI Finland Retrieved October 16 2012 IFPIHK Gold Disc Award 1989 IFPI Hong Kong Retrieved November 30 2019 Japanese album certifications マドンナ トゥルー ブルー Reissue in Japanese Recording Industry Association of Japan Retrieved July 21 2022 Select 1994年3月 on the drop down menu Y S Ming June 3 1989 Madonna Tiffany Local Star amp Catalog Fuel April Growth WEA Malaysia Posts Record Music Sales PDF Billboard Vol 101 no 22 p 67 Archived PDF from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved August 7 2020 Dutch album certifications Madonna True Bleu in Dutch Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld en geluidsdragers Retrieved July 31 2018 EnterTrue Bleu in the Artiest of titel box Select 1986 in the drop down menu saying Alle statussen Latest Gold Platinum Albums Radioscope July 17 2011 Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved October 16 2012 Thon Kjell Henning July 15 1999 Nr 25 Madonna tok kontroll Aftenposten in Norwegian Archived from the original on July 15 2002 Retrieved April 18 2022 via Nystrom Women top the pop charts The Straits Times December 27 1987 p 16 Archived from the original on October 31 2022 Retrieved October 31 2022 Ekonomi Arastirma Milliyet in Turkish September 17 1987 p 5 Archived from the original on February 26 2021 Retrieved February 26 2021 American album certifications Madonna True Blue Recording Industry Association of America Retrieved October 16 2012 Book sources EditBego Mark 2000 Madonna Blonde Ambition Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4617 4152 7 Bohem David A 1990 Guinness Book of World Records 1990 Sterling Publications ISBN 0 8069 5791 3 Bordo Susan R Heywood Leslie 2004 Unbearable weight feminism Western culture and the body University of California Press ISBN 0 520 24054 5 Bronson Fred 2003 The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits Billboard books ISBN 0 8230 7677 6 Clerk Carol 2002 Madonnastyle Omnibus Press ISBN 0 7119 8874 9 Cross Mary 2007 Madonna A Biography Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 33811 3 Dean Maury 2003 Rock n Roll Gold Rush A Singles Un Cyclopedia Algora Publishing ISBN 0 87586 207 1 Fouz Hernandez Santiago Jarman Ivens Freya 2004 Madonna s Drowned Worlds Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7546 3372 1 Frith Simon Straw Will Street John 2001 The Cambridge companion to pop and rock Cambridge Companions to Music Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 55660 0 Guilbert Georges Claude 2002 Madonna as postmodern myth McFarland ISBN 0 7864 1408 1 Hart Lynda Phelan Peggy 1993 Acting out feminist performances University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 06479 7 Kellner Douglas 1995 Media Culture Cultural Studies Identity and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern Routledge ISBN 0 415 10570 6 Lewis Lisa A 1991 Gender Politics and MTV Voicing the Difference Temple University Press ISBN 0 87722 942 2 McFarlan Donald 1992 The Guinness Book of Records 1992 ISBN 978 0 85112 378 3 Marsh Dave 1999 The heart of rock amp soul the 1001 greatest singles ever made 030680901X McKeen William 2000 Rock and roll is here to stay W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 04700 8 Metz Andrew Benson Carol 1999 The Madonna Companion Two Decades of Commentary Music Sales Group ISBN 0 8256 7194 9 Morton Andrew 2002 Madonna Macmillan ISBN 0 312 98310 7 O Brien Lucy 2007 Madonna Like an Icon Bantam Press ISBN 978 0 593 05547 2 Parish James Robert Pitts Michael R 2003 Hollywood Songsters Garland to O Connor Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 415 94333 7 Rees Dafydd Crampton Luke 1991 Rock movers amp shakers Volume 1991 Part 2 ABC CLIO ISBN 0 87436 661 5 Rettenmund Matthew 1996 Boy Culture St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 14553 8 Rooksby Rikky 2004 The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna Omnibus Press ISBN 0 7119 9883 3 Singer Jerome L 2002 Handbook of Children and the Media SAGE Publications ISBN 0 7619 1955 4 Taylor Mark C 1993 Nots University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 79130 0 Semonche John E 2007 Censoring sex a historical journey through American media Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 5132 9 Taraborrelli J Randy 2002 Madonna An Intimate Biography Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 7432 2880 4 Voller Debbi 1999 Madonna The Style Book Omnibus Press ISBN 0 7119 7511 6 Warwick Neil Brown Tony Kutner Jon 2004 The Complete Book of the British Charts Singles amp Albums Omnibus Press ISBN 1 84449 058 0 Welton Donn 1998 Body and flesh a philosophical reader Wiley Blackwell ISBN 1 57718 126 3 External links EditTrue Blue at Discogs list of releases True Blue playlist on YouTube Library Archives True Blue at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title True Blue Madonna album amp oldid 1132972140, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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