Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species.[1][2][3][4][5] About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat;[6] it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield.[7]
Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics.
Bread wheat is an allohexaploid – a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from emmer (Triticum turgidum, itself a tetraploid) and two from Aegilops tauschii (a wild diploid goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild einkorn (T. urartu) and A. speltoides (another wild goatgrass).[9][6][10][11][12]
Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from Ae. tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.[citation needed]
Cultivationedit
Historyedit
Common wheat was first domesticated in Western Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.[citation needed] Naked wheats (including Triticum aestivum, T. durum, and T. turgidum) were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE .[13]
Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War, grain production in Kansas doubled.[citation needed]
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe.[citation needed]
Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes[14] that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.[citation needed]
Other forms of common wheatedit
alt = Ears of compact wheat
Compact wheats (e.g., club wheat Triticum compactum, but in India T. sphaerococcum) are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus T. aestivum subsp. compactum).[citation needed]
Referencesedit
^ Brenchley, R.; Spannagl, M.; Pfeifer, M.; Barker, G. L.; d'Amore, R.; Allen, A. M.; McKenzie, N.; Kramer, M.; Kerhornou, A.; Bolser, D.; Kay, S.; Waite, D.; Trick, M.; Bancroft, I.; Gu, Y.; Huo, N.; Luo, M. C.; Sehgal, S.; Gill, B.; Kianian, S.; Anderson, O.; Kersey, P.; Dvorak, J.; McCombie, W. R.; Hall, A.; Mayer, K. F.; Edwards, K. J.; Bevan, M. W.; Hall, N. (2012). "Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing". Nature. 491 (7426): 705–10. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..705B. doi:10.1038/nature11650. PMC3510651. PMID 23192148.
^Bonjean, Alain P. and William J. Angus (eds) (2001). The world wheat book : a history of wheat breeding. Andover, Massachusetts, US: Intercept. p. 1131. ISBN978-1-898298-72-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.
^ Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham (eds) (2001). Wheat taxonomy : the legacy of John Percival. London: Linnean Society. p. 190. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ abMayer, K. F. X. (2014). "A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome" (PDF). Science. 345 (6194): 1251788. doi:10.1126/science.1251788. PMID 25035500. S2CID 206555738.
^"Triticum aestivum (bread wheat)". Kew Gardens. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ abSanità Di Toppi, L.; Castagna, A.; Andreozzi, E.; Careri, M.; Predieri, G.; Vurro, E.; Ranieri, A. (2009). "Occurrence of different inter-varietal and inter-organ defence strategies towards supra-optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum L.". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 66 (2): 220. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.02.008.
^ Mondal S, Rutkoski JE, Velu G, Singh PK, Crespo-Herrera LA, Guzmán C, Bhavani S, Lan C, He X, Singh RP (2016). "Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield, Climate Resilience, Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 991. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00991. PMC4933717. PMID 27458472.
^ Marcussen, T. (2014). "Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat". Science. 345 (6194): 1250092. doi:10.1126/science.1250092. PMID 25035499. S2CID 206554636.
^De Oliveira, Romain; Rimbert, Hélène; Balfourier, François; Kitt, Jonathan; Dynomant, Emeric; Vrána, Jan; Doležel, Jaroslav; Cattonaro, Federica; Paux, Etienne; Choulet, Frédéric (18 August 2020). "Structural Variations Affecting Genes and Transposable Elements of Chromosome 3B in Wheats". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 891. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00891. PMC7461782. PMID 33014014.
^Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (1 May 2011). "Evolution of Polyploid Triticum Wheats under Cultivation: The Role of Domestication, Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification". Plant and Cell Physiology. 52 (5): 750–764. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr018. PMID 21317146.
^Rottoli, Mauro; Castiglioni, Elisabetta (19 April 2011). "Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 20 (5): 495–506. doi:10.1007/s00334-011-0293-3. ISSN 0939-6314. S2CID 128545750.
^Ellis, M.; Spielmeyer, W.; Gale, K.; Rebetzke, G.; Richards, R. (2002). ""Perfect" markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 105 (6–7): 1038–1042. doi:10.1007/s00122-002-1048-4. PMID 12582931. S2CID 22854512.
February 15, 2024
common, wheat, triticum, aestivum, also, known, bread, wheat, cultivated, wheat, species, about, wheat, produced, worldwide, common, wheat, most, widely, grown, crops, cereal, with, highest, monetary, yield, scientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tra. Common wheat Triticum aestivum also known as bread wheat is a cultivated wheat species 1 2 3 4 5 About 95 of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat 6 it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield 7 Common wheatScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsClade CommelinidsOrder PoalesFamily PoaceaeSubfamily PooideaeGenus TriticumSpecies T aestivumBinomial nameTriticum aestivumL SynonymsTriticum sativum Lam Triticum vulgare Vill ssp aestivum Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 List of common cultivars 1 2 Phylogeny 2 Cultivation 2 1 History 2 2 Plant breeding 3 Other forms of common wheat 4 ReferencesTaxonomy editFurther information Taxonomy of wheat Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics List of common cultivars edit Albimonte 8 Manital 8 Phylogeny edit Bread wheat is an allohexaploid a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species Of the six sets of chromosomes four come from emmer Triticum turgidum itself a tetraploid and two from Aegilops tauschii a wild diploid goatgrass Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event a tetraploidy between two diploids wild einkorn T urartu and A speltoides another wild goatgrass 9 6 10 11 12 Free threshing wheat is closely related to spelt As with spelt genes contributed from Ae tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats and it is cultivated throughout the world s temperate regions citation needed Cultivation editHistory edit Common wheat was first domesticated in Western Asia during the early Holocene and spread from there to North Africa Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period citation needed Naked wheats including Triticum aestivum T durum and T turgidum were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE 13 Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century but North America s role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War grain production in Kansas doubled citation needed Worldwide bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking and has displaced many of the other wheat barley and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making particularly in Europe citation needed Plant breeding edit nbsp Deggendorf GermanyModern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems the result of RHt dwarfing genes 14 that reduce the plant s sensitivity to gibberellic acid a plant hormone that lengthens cells RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high resulting in lodging collapse of the stems Stem heights are also even which is important for modern harvesting techniques citation needed Other forms of common wheat edit nbsp alt Ears of compact wheatCompact wheats e g club wheat Triticum compactum but in India T sphaerococcum are closely related to common wheat but have a much more compact ear Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right thus T aestivum subsp compactum citation needed References edit Brenchley R Spannagl M Pfeifer M Barker G L d Amore R Allen A M McKenzie N Kramer M Kerhornou A Bolser D Kay S Waite D Trick M Bancroft I Gu Y Huo N Luo M C Sehgal S Gill B Kianian S Anderson O Kersey P Dvorak J McCombie W R Hall A Mayer K F Edwards K J Bevan M W Hall N 2012 Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole genome shotgun sequencing Nature 491 7426 705 10 Bibcode 2012Natur 491 705B doi 10 1038 nature11650 PMC 3510651 PMID 23192148 Bonjean Alain P and William J Angus eds 2001 The world wheat book a history of wheat breeding Andover Massachusetts US Intercept p 1131 ISBN 978 1 898298 72 4 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding Caligari P D S and P E Brandham eds 2001 Wheat taxonomy the legacy of John Percival London Linnean Society p 190 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help Heyne E G ed 1987 Wheat and wheat improvement Madison Wis US American Society of Agronomy p 765 ISBN 978 0 89118 091 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help Zohary Daniel Hopf Maria 2000 Domestication of Old World plants the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia Oxford Oxford University Press OUP p 316 ISBN 978 0 19 850356 9 Standard reference for evolution and early history a b Mayer K F X 2014 A chromosome based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum genome PDF Science 345 6194 1251788 doi 10 1126 science 1251788 PMID 25035500 S2CID 206555738 Triticum aestivum bread wheat Kew Gardens Retrieved 1 October 2016 a b Sanita Di Toppi L Castagna A Andreozzi E Careri M Predieri G Vurro E Ranieri A 2009 Occurrence of different inter varietal and inter organ defence strategies towards supra optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum L Environmental and Experimental Botany 66 2 220 doi 10 1016 j envexpbot 2009 02 008 Mondal S Rutkoski JE Velu G Singh PK Crespo Herrera LA Guzman C Bhavani S Lan C He X Singh RP 2016 Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield Climate Resilience Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches Frontiers in Plant Science 7 991 doi 10 3389 fpls 2016 00991 PMC 4933717 PMID 27458472 Marcussen T 2014 Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat Science 345 6194 1250092 doi 10 1126 science 1250092 PMID 25035499 S2CID 206554636 De Oliveira Romain Rimbert Helene Balfourier Francois Kitt Jonathan Dynomant Emeric Vrana Jan Dolezel Jaroslav Cattonaro Federica Paux Etienne Choulet Frederic 18 August 2020 Structural Variations Affecting Genes and Transposable Elements of Chromosome 3B in Wheats Frontiers in Genetics 11 891 doi 10 3389 fgene 2020 00891 PMC 7461782 PMID 33014014 Matsuoka Yoshihiro 1 May 2011 Evolution of Polyploid Triticum Wheats under Cultivation The Role of Domestication Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification Plant and Cell Physiology 52 5 750 764 doi 10 1093 pcp pcr018 PMID 21317146 Rottoli Mauro Castiglioni Elisabetta 19 April 2011 Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy a review Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20 5 495 506 doi 10 1007 s00334 011 0293 3 ISSN 0939 6314 S2CID 128545750 Ellis M Spielmeyer W Gale K Rebetzke G Richards R 2002 Perfect markers for the Rht B1b and Rht D1b dwarfing genes in wheat Theoretical and Applied Genetics 105 6 7 1038 1042 doi 10 1007 s00122 002 1048 4 PMID 12582931 S2CID 22854512 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Common wheat amp oldid 1191266582, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
