Trema orientale is native to tropical and southern Africa (including Madagascar), Asia (the Arabian Peninsula, China, eastern Asia, tropical Asia) and Australia.[6]
Usesedit
The wood is relatively soft, and burns easily and quickly when dry. The wood is suitable for paper and pulp production,[11][12] producing paper with good tensile strength and folding endurance.[11] The bark can be used for making string or rope, and used as waterproofing fishing-lines.[7][13] In India and Tanzania, the wood is used to make charcoal and is a good fire starter.[13]
Trema orientalis has been reported to contain cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (30mg/kg-90mg/kg avg), cannabinol (130mg/kg-357mg/kg avg) and cannabidiol (2mg/kg-5mg/kg avg). Identification was performed by comparing the retention time of HPLC and GC analysis.[17] However these results have not yet been independently replicated, and have been disputed.[18]
Ecologyedit
This species has a high ecological impact with at least 14 species of butterfly using it as a larval food plant.[7] Several species of birds eat the fruit or feed on the abundant insects which live in these trees. Pigeons and doves are often found in these trees where they eat the fruits or make their nests; giving the origin of the name 'Pigeon Wood'.[7] The leaves, pods and seeds are used as fodder for cattle, buffaloes and goats in the Philippines.[11][14] The leaves are also browsed by game animals and can be used as spinach. This tree is a fast-growing species found in previously disturbed areas and on forest margins. It is a pioneer species that can grow on poor soil and can be used to regenerate forest areas by providing shade and protection to saplings of forest hardwoods. T. orientale is nitrogen fixing and can thereby improve soil fertility for other plant species.[14]
^ abc"Trema orientale (L.) Blume". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ Under its treatment of Trema orientalis (from its basionym of Celtis orientalis), this plant name was first published in Museum Botanicum 2: 62. 1852. "Name - Trema orientalis (L.) Blume". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
^"Name - !Trema orientalis (L.) Blume synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
^ The basionym of T. orientalis, Celtis orientalis was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1044. 1753. "Name - Celtis orientalis L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 2, 2011. Type-Protologue: Locality: Habitat in Indiis: Distribution: Sri Lanka
^ abcdGRIN (May 29, 2007). "Trema orientalis information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved November 2, 2011. Comment: although treated [at GRIN] as feminine, in accordance with botanical tradition (Vienna ICBN Art. 62.1), the genus is of neuter gender according to NCU-3
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trema orientalis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^Little Jr., Elbert L.; Skolmen, Roger G. (1989). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii: Gunpowder-tree(PDF). Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
^Jahan, M. Sarwar; Sung Phil Mun (April 2007). "Characteristics of Dioxane Lignins Isolated at Different Ages of Nalita Wood (Trema orientalis)". Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology. 27 (2): 83–98. doi:10.1080/02773810701486865. S2CID 98093199.
^ abcdeOrwa, C; A Mutua; Kindt R; Jamnadass R; S Anthony (2009). "Trema orientalis". Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide, version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 2010-03-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
^Jahan, M.S. et al. (2007). Evaluation of cooking processes for Trema orientalis pulping Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 66 (2007) 853
^ abFAO Forestry Department (1986). Some Medicinal Forest Plants Of Africa And Latin America Forestry - Paper 67. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. pp. 223–227. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
^ abcEckman, Karlyn; Hines, Deborah A. (1993). "Trema orientalis" (PDF). Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits for people. FAO Forestry Department. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
^Barbera, R.; Trovato, A.; Rapisarda, A.; Ragusa, S. (1992). "Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity in acute and chronic conditions of Trema guineense (Schum. et Thonn.) Ficalho and Trema micrantha Blume extracts in rodents". Phytotherapy Research. 6 (3): 146. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650060309. S2CID 83475778.
^Napiroon T, Tanruean K, Poolprasert P, Bacher M, Balslev H, Poopath M, Santimaleeworagun W. Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria. PeerJ. 2021 May 13;9:e11446. doi:10.7717/peerj.11446 PMID 34035994
^Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Muñoz E. Cannabidiol (CBD) From Non-Cannabis Plants: Myth or Reality? Natural Product Communications. 2022;17(5). doi:10.1177/1934578X221098843
Bibliographyedit
Pooley, E. (1993). The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. ISBN0-620-17697-0.
External linksedit
Media related to Trema orientalis at Wikimedia Commons
January 01, 1970
trema, orientale, sometimes, trema, orientalis, species, flowering, tree, hemp, family, cannabaceae, known, many, common, names, including, charcoal, tree, indian, charcoal, tree, pigeon, wood, oriental, trema, hawaii, where, become, naturalized, gunpowder, tr. Trema orientale sometimes Trema orientalis is a species of flowering tree in the hemp family Cannabaceae 2 4 5 6 It is known by many common names including charcoal tree 6 Indian charcoal tree 6 pigeon wood 7 Oriental trema 8 and in Hawaii where it has become naturalized gunpowder tree 9 or nalita 10 It has a near universal distribution in tropical and warm temperate parts of the Old World with a range extending from South Africa through the Middle East the Indian subcontinent and southern China to Southeast Asia and Australia Trema orientale Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Cannabaceae Genus Trema Species T orientale Binomial name Trema orientale L Blume 2 3 Synonyms 2 List Celtis commersonii Brongn Celtis glomerata Hochst Celtis guineensis Schumach amp Thonn Celtis laeta Salisb Celtis madagascariensis BojerCeltis orientalis L Celtis rigida BlumeSponia affinis Planch Sponia africana Planch Sponia andaresa Comm ex Lam Sponia argentea Planch Sponia bracteolata Hochst Sponia commersonii Decne ex Planch Sponia glomerata Hochst Sponia guineensis Schumach amp Thonn Planch Sponia hochstetteri Planch Sponia lucida Hassk Sponia nitens Hook f ex Planch Sponia orientalis L Decne ex Planch Sponia rigida Blume Decne ex Planch Sponia scaberrima Miq Sponia strigosa Planch Sponia wightii Planch Trema affine Planch BlumeTrema africanum Planch BlumeTrema argenteum Planch BlumeTrema bracteolatum Hochst BlumeTrema burmanni BlumeTrema commersonii Decne ex Planch BlumeTrema glomeratum Hochst BlumeTrema grevei Baill Trema griseum BakerTrema guineense Schumach amp Thonn FicalhoTrema hochstetteri Planch Engl Trema nitens Hook f ex Planch BlumeTrema rigidum Blume BlumeTrema scaberrimum Miq BlumeTrema sieberi Blume Contents 1 Distribution 2 Uses 2 1 Medicinal use 2 2 Phytochemicals 3 Ecology 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksDistribution editTrema orientale is native to tropical and southern Africa including Madagascar Asia the Arabian Peninsula China eastern Asia tropical Asia and Australia 6 Uses editThe wood is relatively soft and burns easily and quickly when dry The wood is suitable for paper and pulp production 11 12 producing paper with good tensile strength and folding endurance 11 The bark can be used for making string or rope and used as waterproofing fishing lines 7 13 In India and Tanzania the wood is used to make charcoal and is a good fire starter 13 Medicinal use edit The tree has various uses as an herbal medicine in a wide range of cultures 7 The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs sore throats asthma bronchitis gonorrhea yellow fever toothache and as an antidote to general poisoning 11 14 A bark infusion is reportedly drunk to control dysentery and a leaf decoction is used to deworm dogs 11 In recent pharmacological studies an aqueous extract from the bark has been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in an experimental animal model of diabetes mellitus and may be useful for treating this disease 15 Extracts from leaves of related species Trema guineense and Trema micrantha showed anti inflammatory anti arthritic and analgesic activity in rodents 16 suggesting that T orientale could produce similar results Phytochemicals edit Trema orientalis has been reported to contain cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol 30mg kg 90mg kg avg cannabinol 130mg kg 357mg kg avg and cannabidiol 2mg kg 5mg kg avg Identification was performed by comparing the retention time of HPLC and GC analysis 17 However these results have not yet been independently replicated and have been disputed 18 Ecology editThis species has a high ecological impact with at least 14 species of butterfly using it as a larval food plant 7 Several species of birds eat the fruit or feed on the abundant insects which live in these trees Pigeons and doves are often found in these trees where they eat the fruits or make their nests giving the origin of the name Pigeon Wood 7 The leaves pods and seeds are used as fodder for cattle buffaloes and goats in the Philippines 11 14 The leaves are also browsed by game animals and can be used as spinach This tree is a fast growing species found in previously disturbed areas and on forest margins It is a pioneer species that can grow on poor soil and can be used to regenerate forest areas by providing shade and protection to saplings of forest hardwoods T orientale is nitrogen fixing and can thereby improve soil fertility for other plant species 14 Gallery edit nbsp Flowers and leaves nbsp Pollen grains of Trema orientale nbsp Ripe fruit and bark nbsp Green and ripe black fruit nbsp Branch bent down to show leaves and fruitReferences edit Barstow M 2018 Trema orientalis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T61988133A61988136 https doi org 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 1 RLTS T61988133A61988136 en Downloaded on 30 October 2018 a b c Trema orientale L Blume Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 September 2021 Under its treatment of Trema orientalis from its basionym of Celtis orientalis this plant name was first published in Museum Botanicum 2 62 1852 Name Trema orientalis L Blume Tropicos Saint Louis Missouri Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved November 2 2011 Name Trema orientalis L Blume synonyms Tropicos Saint Louis Missouri Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved November 2 2011 The basionym of T orientalis Celtis orientalis was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 2 1044 1753 Name Celtis orientalis L Tropicos Saint Louis Missouri Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved November 2 2011 Type Protologue Locality Habitat in Indiis Distribution Sri Lanka a b c d GRIN May 29 2007 Trema orientalis information from NPGS GRIN Taxonomy for Plants National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Beltsville Maryland USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program Retrieved November 2 2011 Comment although treated at GRIN as feminine in accordance with botanical tradition Vienna ICBN Art 62 1 the genus is of neuter gender according to NCU 3 a b c d e Malan Christien Notten Alice April 2005 Trema orientalis South African National Biodiversity Institute Retrieved 2 March 2010 USDA NRCS n d Trema orientalis The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 14 December 2015 Little Jr Elbert L Skolmen Roger G 1989 Common Forest Trees of Hawaii Gunpowder tree PDF Agriculture Handbook No 679 USDA Retrieved 2010 03 02 Jahan M Sarwar Sung Phil Mun April 2007 Characteristics of Dioxane Lignins Isolated at Different Ages of Nalita Wood Trema orientalis Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 27 2 83 98 doi 10 1080 02773810701486865 S2CID 98093199 a b c d e Orwa C A Mutua Kindt R Jamnadass R S Anthony 2009 Trema orientalis Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selection guide version 4 0 World Agroforestry Centre Retrieved 2010 03 09 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code work code help Jahan M S et al 2007 Evaluation of cooking processes for Trema orientalis pulping Journal of Scientific amp Industrial Research Vol 66 2007 853 a b FAO Forestry Department 1986 Some Medicinal Forest Plants Of Africa And Latin America Forestry Paper 67 Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations pp 223 227 Retrieved 2010 03 02 a b c Eckman Karlyn Hines Deborah A 1993 Trema orientalis PDF Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania uses and economic benefits for people FAO Forestry Department Retrieved 2010 03 02 Dimo T Ngueguim FT Kamtchouing P Dongo E Tan PV 2006 Glucose lowering efficacy of the aqueous stem bark extract of Trema orientalis Linn Blume in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats Die Pharmazie 61 3 233 6 PMID 16599266 Barbera R Trovato A Rapisarda A Ragusa S 1992 Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity in acute and chronic conditions of Trema guineense Schum et Thonn Ficalho and Trema micrantha Blume extracts in rodents Phytotherapy Research 6 3 146 doi 10 1002 ptr 2650060309 S2CID 83475778 Napiroon T Tanruean K Poolprasert P Bacher M Balslev H Poopath M Santimaleeworagun W Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of Trema orientalis L Blume Cannabaceae against human pathogenic bacteria PeerJ 2021 May 13 9 e11446 doi 10 7717 peerj 11446 PMID 34035994 Appendino G Taglialatela Scafati O Munoz E Cannabidiol CBD From Non Cannabis Plants Myth or Reality Natural Product Communications 2022 17 5 doi 10 1177 1934578X221098843Bibliography editPooley E 1993 The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal Zululand and Transkei ISBN 0 620 17697 0 External links edit nbsp Media related to Trema orientalis at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trema orientale amp oldid 1221880315, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
