Wikipedia
Borders of China
The People's Republic of China shares land borders with 14 countries (tied with Russia for the most in the world): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The land borders, in counterclockwise order from northeast to southwest, include the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border, the western segment of the China–India border, the central segment, the China–Nepal border, the Sikkim segment of the China–India border, the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border, the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border. In addition, there is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997, and a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999. At 22,117 kilometres (13,743 mi), China has the longest land borders of any country.[citation needed]
Countries and regions sharing land borders with China edit
The table below, is a table of countries and territories who share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.[1]
| Country | Name in (simplified) Chinese | Length ((km) and (mi)) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| North Korea South Korea | 朝鲜 | 1,416 (879) | Land border claimed by the Republic of Korea under its constitution |
| Russia | 俄罗斯 | 3,645 (2,264) | |
| Mongolia | 蒙古 | 4,678 (2,906) | |
| Kazakhstan | 哈萨克斯坦 | 1,533 (952) | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 858 (533) | |
| Tajikistan | 塔吉克斯坦 | 414 (257) | |
| Afghanistan | 阿富汗 | 76 (47) | |
| Pakistan | 巴基斯坦 | 596 (370) | Disputed; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan |
| India | 印度 | 3,488 (2,167) | Disputed; in three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan |
| Nepal | 尼泊尔 | 1,440 (895) | |
| Bhutan | 不丹 | 470 (292) | Disputed; depends on the resolution of various territorial conflicts between Bhutan and China |
| Myanmar | 缅甸 | 2,185 (1,357) | |
| Laos | 老挝 | 423 (262) | |
| Vietnam | 越南 | 1,283 (795) | |
| Hong Kong | 香港 | 30 (18) | |
| Macau | 澳门 | 0.8 (0.4) |
China Rim edit
The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim,[2][3][4] or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边).[5] The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy.[6] Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century.[7][8][9] Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).[10]
Relevant treaties edit
中俄边界谈判史 Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:
| contracting country | Gregorian date | Full name of treaty | Treaty Full Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| September 7, 1689 | 《Treaty of Nerchinsk》[a] | ||
| The year 1727 | Treaty of Kiakhta [a] | ||
| The 28 May 1858 | Aihui Treaty | ||
| The 14 November 1860 | Beijing Treaty [a] | ||
| The 7 October 1864 | Record of Sino-Russian Exploration and Demarcations in the Northwest | ||
| 1869, 1883 | The Cobb Convention [a] | ||
| 1870 | The Uriasutay Convention [a] | ||
| 1870, 1883 | Talbahatay Convention [a] | ||
| 1870, 1882 | The Ili Boundary Convention [a] | ||
| The year 1882 | Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention [a] | ||
| The year 1883 | Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention [a] | ||
| The year 1884 | Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention [a] | ||
| 1890 | Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India [a] | ||
| 1909 | Terms of the Korea-Korea Boundary on the Tumen River [a] | ||
| The 20 December 1911 | Manzhouli Boundary Convention | ||
| The 4 September 1958 | Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea is promulgated and entered into force | ||
| The 28 January 1960 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is signed | ||
| The 14 May 1960 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is in force | ||
| The 1 October 1960 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar is signed | ||
| The 4 January 1961 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar comes into force | ||
| The 5 October 1961 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal is signed and entered into force | ||
| The 13 October 1961 | The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed | ||
| The 12 October 1962 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is signed | ||
| The 26 December 1962 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is signed | ||
| The 2 March 1963 | The China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense is signed and comes into force | ||
| The 25 March 1963 | Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is in force | ||
| The 22 November 1963 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan is signed and entered into force | ||
| The 20 March 1964 | Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is in force | ||
| The 20 March 1964 | Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary was signed and entered into force | ||
| The 10 December 1982 | Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China) | ||
| The 19 December 1984 | Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong | ||
| The 13 April 1987 | China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao | ||
| The 16 May 1991 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border is signed | ||
| The 24 October 1991 | The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed | ||
| The 21 January 1992 | Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force | ||
| The 25 February 1992 | The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone is promulgated and entered into force | ||
| The 16 March 1992 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border enters into force | ||
| The 31 January 1993 | The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed and entered into force | ||
| The 3 December 1993 | The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed | ||
| The 27 January 1994 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed and entered into force | ||
| The 8 April 1994 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction was signed | ||
| The 11 October 1995 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction has entered into force | ||
| The 12 August 1994 | The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force | ||
| The 26 April 1994 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed | ||
| The 3 September 1994 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is signed | ||
| The 16 November 1994 | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Entry into force (including the People's Republic of China) | ||
| The 17 October 1995 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is in force | ||
| The 15 May 1996 | Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China is promulgated and entered into force | ||
| The 24 June 1996 | The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries was signed | ||
| The 24 June 1996 | Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border | ||
| The fourth of July 1996 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed | ||
| The 26 August 1997 | Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic was signed and entered into force | ||
| The 24 September 1997 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed | ||
| The fourth of July 1998 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area is signed | ||
| The 3 November 1998 | The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Tumen River Tri-Country is signed | ||
| The 29 April 1999 | [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Determination of the Boundary Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Agreement Determining the Boundary line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River]] | ||
| The date dated 5 May 1999 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border is signed | ||
| The 13 August 1999 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed | ||
| The 25 August 1999 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed | ||
| The 26 August 1999 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed | ||
| The 30 December 1999 | The Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is signed | ||
| The 29 April 2000 | Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam | ||
| The 5 July 2000 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points is signed | ||
| The 25 December 2000 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf is signed | ||
| The 17 May 2002 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed | ||
| The 20 June 2002 | The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River was signed | ||
| The 29 March 2003 | The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River has entered into force | ||
| The 25 June 2004 | [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf|The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economy of the two countries in the Beibu Gulf Decision of the Agreement on the Delimitation of the Zone and the Continental Shelf]] | ||
| The 14 October 2004 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is signed | ||
| The 2 June 2005 | The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is in force | ||
| The October 10, 2006 | The Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed | ||
| 28 February 2007 | [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings]] | ||
| 5 June 2012 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed | ||
| 10 September 2012 | Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands is promulgated and entered into force | ||
| December 14, 2014 | The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries has entered into force |
See also edit
Annotation edit
References edit
- ^ CIA: The World Factbook, China
- ^ S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in Korean). 103 (17): 40–40.
- ^ Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.
- ^ Weirauch, Wendy (1 November 2005). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.
- ^ Lanteigne, Marc (28 June 2019). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.
- ^ Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (20 February 2015). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.
- ^ Freeman, Carla (1 January 2021). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. ISSN 0145-2096.
- ^ Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X.
- ^ Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042.