Thunnus is a genus of ocean-dwelling, ray-finnedbony fish from the mackerel family, Scombridae. More specifically, Thunnus is one of five genera which make up the tribeThunnini – a tribe that is collectively known as the tunas. Also called the true tunas or real tunas, Thunnus consists of eight species of tuna (more than half of the overall tribe), divided into two subgenera.
Their coloring, metallic blue on top and shimmering silver-white on the bottom, helps camouflage them from above and below. Atlantic bluefin tuna, the largest member of this genus, can grow to 15 feet (4.6 m) long and weigh up to 1,500 pounds (680 kg). All tunas are extremely strong swimmers, and the yellowfin tuna is known to reach speeds of up to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) when pursuing prey. As with all tunas, members of this genus are warm-blooded, which is a rare trait among fish; this enables them to tolerate cold waters and to dive to deeper depths.[3] Bluefin tunas, for example, are found in Newfoundland and Iceland, and also in the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, where some individuals go each year to spawn.
Due to overfishing, the range of this genus has declined significantly, having been effectively extirpated from the Black Sea, for example.[4]
The word Thunnus is the Middle Latin form of the Greek thýnnos (θύννος, "tuna, tunny") – which is in turn derived from thynō (θύνω, "to rush; to dart").[5][6] The first written use of the word was by Homer.[citation needed]
Based on morphology and short-length mitochondrial DNA sequence data,[7] the genus Thunnus is currently classified into two subgenera: Thunnus (Thunnus) (the bluefin group), and Thunnus (Neothunnus) (the yellowfin group). However this classification has been questioned by a recent phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data, which resolved different relationships among species and did not support the traditional definition of the bluefin and yellowfin groups.[8][9] Specifically, these analyses substantiated the division of Pacific and Atlantic Tuna in two separate species and suggested that Bigeye Tuna were actually a member of subgenus Neothunnus, not subgenus Thunnus.[8] Earlier nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogenetic reconstructions also showed similar results.[10]
Cladogram: Thunnus (bottom-right in image above) is one of five genera that make up the Thunnini tribe. Known as the true tunas, it comprises 8 of the 15 extant tuna species.[1]
An alternative phylogenetic reconstruction for the genus Thunnus, based on nuclear DNA sequence data, which modifies the traditionally recognized bluefin and yellowfin clades by placing Thunnus obesus within the yellowfin clade instead of in the bluefin clade.[8]
Species
Until recently, seven Thunnus species were thought to exist, and Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are, in fact, distinct species.[11][12]
The worldwide demand for sushi and sashimi, coupled with increasing population growth, has resulted in global stocks of the species being overfished[29] and bluefin is the most endangered and considered "a serious conservation concern".[30] Complicating the efforts for sustainable management of bluefin fish stocks within national exclusive economic zones (EEZ) is bluefin migrate long distances and hunt in the midocean that is not part of any country's EEZ, so have been vulnerable to overfishing by multiple countries' fishing fleets. International agreements and conventions are good-faith agreements and are difficult to monitor or enforce.[31] Though this fish has been farmed in captivity by the Japanese and by the Australians with the help of the Japanese,[32] yields are lower than other farmed fish due to the slow growth rate of bluefin tuna, therefore keeping prices high.[31] On December 30, 2012, a 222-kilogram (489 lb) bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan, was sold at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo for a record 155.4 million yen ($1.76 million) – a unit price of JP¥ 1.274 million/kg (US$3,600/lb).[33]
References
^ abGraham, Jeffrey B.; Dickson, Kathryn A. (2004). "Tuna Comparative Physiology". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (23): 4015–4024. doi:10.1242/jeb.01267. PMID 15498947.
^Sepkoski, Jack (2002). . Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^Bernal, Diego; Brill, Richard W.; Dickson, Kathryn A.; Shiels, Holly A. (2017-12-01). "Sharing the water column: physiological mechanisms underlying species-specific habitat use in tunas". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 27 (4): 843–880. doi:10.1007/s11160-017-9497-7. ISSN 1573-5184. S2CID 20554689.
^Hogan, C. Michael, Overfishing. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and Cutler Cleveland. National council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
^Alvarado Bremer, J.R.; Naseri, I.; Ely, B. (2016). "ROrthodox and unorthodox phylogenetic relationships among tunas revealed by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region". Journal of Fish Biology. 50 (3): 540–554. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01948.x.
^Ciezarek, Adam G.; Osborne, Owen G.; Shipley, Oliver N.; Brooks, Edward J.; Tracey, Sean R.; McAllister, Jaime D.; Gardner, Luke D.; Sternberg, Michael J. E.; Block, Barbara; Savolainen, Vincent (2019-01-01). "Phylotranscriptomic Insights into the Diversification of Endothermic Thunnus Tunas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (1): 84–96. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy198. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC6340463. PMID 30364966.
^Chow, S.; Nakagawa, T.; Suzuki, N.; Takeyama, H.; Matsunaga, T. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships among Thunnus species inferred from rDNA ITS1 sequence". Journal of Fish Biology. 68 (A): 24–35. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00945.x.
^Collette, B.B. (1999). "Mackerels, molecules, and morphology". In Séret, B.; Sire, J.Y. (eds.). Proceedings. 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference: Nouméa, New Caledonia, 3–8 November 1997. Paris: Société Française d'Ichtyologie [u.a.] pp. 149–164. ISBN978-2-9507330-5-4.
^Tanaka, Y.; Satoh, K.; Iwahashi, M.; Yamada, H. (2006). "Growth-dependent recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the northwestern Pacific Ocean". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 319: 225–235. Bibcode:2006MEPS..319..225T. doi:10.3354/meps319225.
^Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Thunnus alalunga" in FishBase. January 2012 version.
Newlands, Nathaniel K.; Molly E. Lutcavage; Tony J. Pitcher (2006). "Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Gulf of Maine, I: Estimation of Seasonal Abundance Accounting for Movement, School and School-Aggregation Behaviour". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77 (2): 177–195. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9069-5. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 12596873.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunnus.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Thunnus in FishBase. January 2006 version.
The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
January 20, 2023
thunnus, this, article, about, genus, subgenus, subgenus, main, article, tuna, genus, ocean, dwelling, finned, bony, fish, from, mackerel, family, scombridae, more, specifically, five, genera, which, make, tribe, thunnini, tribe, that, collectively, known, tun. This article is about the genus For the subgenus see Thunnus subgenus Main article Tuna Thunnus is a genus of ocean dwelling ray finned bony fish from the mackerel family Scombridae More specifically Thunnus is one of five genera which make up the tribe Thunnini a tribe that is collectively known as the tunas Also called the true tunas or real tunas Thunnus consists of eight species of tuna more than half of the overall tribe divided into two subgenera True tunasTemporal range Tertiary holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 2 Yellowfin tunaScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder ScombriformesFamily ScombridaeTribe ThunniniGenus ThunnusSouth 1845Type speciesScomber thynnusLinnaeus 1758SubgenusT Thunnus bluefin group T Neothunnus yellowfin group SynonymsAlbacora Jordan 1888 Germo Jordan 1888 Thynnus Aguilera 2020 Kishinoella Jordan amp Hubbs 1925 Neothunnus Kishinouye 1923 Orcynus Cuvier 1816 Parathunnus Kishinouye 1923 Semathunnus Fowler 1933Their coloring metallic blue on top and shimmering silver white on the bottom helps camouflage them from above and below Atlantic bluefin tuna the largest member of this genus can grow to 15 feet 4 6 m long and weigh up to 1 500 pounds 680 kg All tunas are extremely strong swimmers and the yellowfin tuna is known to reach speeds of up to 50 miles per hour 80 km h when pursuing prey As with all tunas members of this genus are warm blooded which is a rare trait among fish this enables them to tolerate cold waters and to dive to deeper depths 3 Bluefin tunas for example are found in Newfoundland and Iceland and also in the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea where some individuals go each year to spawn Due to overfishing the range of this genus has declined significantly having been effectively extirpated from the Black Sea for example 4 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Species 3 Overfishing 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksTaxonomy EditThe word Thunnus is the Middle Latin form of the Greek thynnos 8ynnos tuna tunny which is in turn derived from thynō 8ynw to rush to dart 5 6 The first written use of the word was by Homer citation needed Based on morphology and short length mitochondrial DNA sequence data 7 the genus Thunnus is currently classified into two subgenera Thunnus Thunnus the bluefin group and Thunnus Neothunnus the yellowfin group However this classification has been questioned by a recent phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data which resolved different relationships among species and did not support the traditional definition of the bluefin and yellowfin groups 8 9 Specifically these analyses substantiated the division of Pacific and Atlantic Tuna in two separate species and suggested that Bigeye Tuna were actually a member of subgenus Neothunnus not subgenus Thunnus 8 Earlier nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogenetic reconstructions also showed similar results 10 Fossil specimen This genus has eight species in two subgenera Subgenus Thunnus Thunnus Albacore T alalunga Bonnaterre 1788 Southern bluefin tuna T maccoyii Castelnau 1872 Bigeye tuna T obesus Lowe 1839 Pacific bluefin tuna T orientalis Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 Atlantic bluefin tuna T thynnus Linnaeus 1758 Subgenus Thunnus Neothunnus Yellowfin tuna T albacares Bonnaterre 1788 Blackfin tuna T atlanticus Lesson 1831 Longtail tuna T tonggol Bleeker 1851 Relative sizes of various tunas with the Atlantic bluefin tuna top at about 8 ft 2 4 m in this sample The True Tunas of the genus Thunnus within the Family Scombridae Scombridae Gasterochismatinae Butterfly kingfishes 1 genus Scombrinae Scombrini Mackerels 2 genera Scomberomorini Spanish Mackerels 3 genera Sardini Bonitos 4 genera Thunnini Allothunnus slender tunas Auxis frigate tunas Euthynnus little tunas Katsuwonus skipjack tunas Thunnus subgenus Thunnus bluefin group subgenus Neothunnus yellowfin group true tunas Tunas Cladogram Thunnus bottom right in image above is one of five genera that make up the Thunnini tribe Known as the true tunas it comprises 8 of the 15 extant tuna species 1 Alternative evolutionary tree for ThunnusT albacares T obesus T tonggolT atlanticus T maccoyiiT thynnus T orientalisT alalunga An alternative phylogenetic reconstruction for the genus Thunnus based on nuclear DNA sequence data which modifies the traditionally recognized bluefin and yellowfin clades by placing Thunnus obesus within the yellowfin clade instead of in the bluefin clade 8 Species EditUntil recently seven Thunnus species were thought to exist and Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species In 1999 Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations they are in fact distinct species 11 12 Thunnus the true tunasImage Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel Source IUCN statusThunnus Thunnus the bluefin group Albacore tuna T alalunga Bonnaterre 1788 1 4 m 4 6 ft 1 0 m 3 3 ft 60 3 kg 133 lb 9 13 yrs 4 31 13 14 Least Concern 14 Southern bluefin tuna T maccoyii Castelnau 1872 2 45 m 8 0 ft 1 6 m 5 2 ft 260 kg 570 lb 20 40 yrs 3 93 15 16 Endangered 16 Bigeye tuna T obesus Lowe 1839 2 5 m 8 2 ft 1 8 m 5 9 ft 210 kg 460 lb 5 16 yrs 4 49 17 18 Vulnerable 18 Pacific bluefin tuna T orientalis Temminck amp Schlegel 1844 3 0 m 9 8 ft 2 0 m 6 6 ft 450 kg 990 lb 15 26 yrs 4 21 19 20 Near Threatened 20 Atlantic bluefin tuna T thynnus Linnaeus 1758 4 6 m 15 ft 2 0 m 6 6 ft 684 kg 1 508 lb 35 50 yrs 4 43 21 22 Least Concern 22 Thunnus Neothunnus the yellowfin group Blackfin tuna T atlanticus Lesson 1831 1 1 m 3 6 ft 0 7 m 2 3 ft 22 4 kg 49 lb 4 13 23 Least concern 24 Longtail tuna northern bluefin tuna tongol tuna T tonggol Bleeker 1851 1 45 m 4 8 ft 0 7 m 2 3 ft 35 9 kg 79 lb 18 years 4 50 25 26 Data deficient 26 Yellowfin tuna T albacares Bonnaterre 1788 2 4 m 7 9 ft 1 5 m 4 9 ft 200 kg 440 lb 5 9 yrs 4 34 27 28 Least Concern 28 Maximum reported sizes of Thunnus species Overfishing EditThe worldwide demand for sushi and sashimi coupled with increasing population growth has resulted in global stocks of the species being overfished 29 and bluefin is the most endangered and considered a serious conservation concern 30 Complicating the efforts for sustainable management of bluefin fish stocks within national exclusive economic zones EEZ is bluefin migrate long distances and hunt in the midocean that is not part of any country s EEZ so have been vulnerable to overfishing by multiple countries fishing fleets International agreements and conventions are good faith agreements and are difficult to monitor or enforce 31 Though this fish has been farmed in captivity by the Japanese and by the Australians with the help of the Japanese 32 yields are lower than other farmed fish due to the slow growth rate of bluefin tuna therefore keeping prices high 31 On December 30 2012 a 222 kilogram 489 lb bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan was sold at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo for a record 155 4 million yen 1 76 million a unit price of JP 1 274 million kg US 3 600 lb 33 References Edit a b Graham Jeffrey B Dickson Kathryn A 2004 Tuna Comparative Physiology The Journal of Experimental Biology 207 23 4015 4024 doi 10 1242 jeb 01267 PMID 15498947 Sepkoski Jack 2002 A compendium of fossil marine animal genera Bulletins of American Paleontology 364 560 Archived from the original on 2011 07 23 Retrieved 2008 01 08 Bernal Diego Brill Richard W Dickson Kathryn A Shiels Holly A 2017 12 01 Sharing the water column physiological mechanisms underlying species specific habitat use in tunas Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27 4 843 880 doi 10 1007 s11160 017 9497 7 ISSN 1573 5184 S2CID 20554689 Hogan C Michael Overfishing Encyclopedia of Earth eds Sidney Draggan and Cutler Cleveland National council for Science and the Environment Washington DC 8ynnos in Liddell Henry George Scott Robert 1940 A Greek English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Jones Sir Henry Stuart with the assistance of McKenzie Roderick Oxford Clarendon Press In the Perseus Digital Library Tufts University 8ynw in Liddell and Scott Alvarado Bremer J R Naseri I Ely B 2016 ROrthodox and unorthodox phylogenetic relationships among tunas revealed by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region Journal of Fish Biology 50 3 540 554 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8649 1997 tb01948 x a b c Diaz Arce Natalia Arrizabalaga Haritz Murua Hilario Irigoien Xabier Rodriguez Ezpelata Naiara 2016 RAD seq derived genome wide nuclear markers resolve the phylogeny of tunas Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102 202 207 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2016 06 002 hdl 10754 612968 PMID 27286653 Ciezarek Adam G Osborne Owen G Shipley Oliver N Brooks Edward J Tracey Sean R McAllister Jaime D Gardner Luke D Sternberg Michael J E Block Barbara Savolainen Vincent 2019 01 01 Phylotranscriptomic Insights into the Diversification of Endothermic Thunnus Tunas Molecular Biology and Evolution 36 1 84 96 doi 10 1093 molbev msy198 ISSN 0737 4038 PMC 6340463 PMID 30364966 Chow S Nakagawa T Suzuki N Takeyama H Matsunaga T 2006 Phylogenetic relationships among Thunnus species inferred from rDNA ITS1 sequence Journal of Fish Biology 68 A 24 35 doi 10 1111 j 0022 1112 2006 00945 x Collette B B 1999 Mackerels molecules and morphology In Seret B Sire J Y eds Proceedings 5th Indo Pacific Fish Conference Noumea New Caledonia 3 8 November 1997 Paris Societe Francaise d Ichtyologie u a pp 149 164 ISBN 978 2 9507330 5 4 Tanaka Y Satoh K Iwahashi M Yamada H 2006 Growth dependent recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the northwestern Pacific Ocean Marine Ecology Progress Series 319 225 235 Bibcode 2006MEPS 319 225T doi 10 3354 meps319225 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus alalunga in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus alalunga IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus maccoyii in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus maccoyii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus obesus in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus obesus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus orientalis in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus orientalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus thynnus in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus thynnus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2015 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus atlanticus in FishBase January 2012 version Collette B et al 2010 Thunnus atlanticus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 Retrieved 29 March 2022 old form url Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus tonggol in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2009 Thunnus tonggol IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 Retrieved 29 March 2022 old form url Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2012 Thunnus albacares in FishBase January 2012 version a b Collette B et al 2021 Thunnus albacares IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 Retrieved 29 March 2022 old form url George Karleskint Richard Turner James Small 2009 Introduction to Marine Biology Cengage Learning p 522 ISBN 978 0 495 56197 2 Tuna Bluefin Archived from the original on 2011 07 22 a b Managed to death The Economist 2008 10 30 Thunnus orientalis Farming A bluefin tuna sells for record 1 76M in Tokyo USA Today 4 January 2013 Retrieved 5 January 2013 Further reading EditCharles Clover 2004 The End of the Line How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat Ebury Press London ISBN 0 09 189780 7 Newlands Nathaniel K Molly E Lutcavage Tony J Pitcher 2006 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Gulf of Maine I Estimation of Seasonal Abundance Accounting for Movement School and School Aggregation Behaviour Environmental Biology of Fishes 77 2 177 195 doi 10 1007 s10641 006 9069 5 ISSN 0378 1909 S2CID 12596873 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunnus Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2006 Species of Thunnus in FishBase January 2006 version Nutritional benefits of tuna dead link Archived 2016 01 19 at the Wayback Machine The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thunnus amp oldid 1130007113, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
