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Terrorism in the United Kingdom

May 02, 2024

Terrorism in the United Kingdom, according to the Home Office, poses a significant threat to the state.[1] There have been various causes of terrorism in the UK. Before the 2000s, most attacks were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict (the Troubles). In the late 20th century there were also attacks by Islamic terrorist groups. Since 1970, there have been at least 3,395 terrorist-related deaths in the UK, the highest in western Europe.[2] The vast majority of the deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict and happened in Northern Ireland.[2] In mainland Great Britain, there were 430 terrorist-related deaths between 1971 and 2001. Of these, 125 deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict,[3] and 305 deaths were linked to other causes,[4] including 270 in the Lockerbie bombing.[4] Since 2001, there have been almost 100 terrorist-related deaths in Great Britain.

Terrorist incidents map of the United Kingdom 1970–2015, with a total of 4,972 incidents plotted. Northern Ireland and London are major hotspots for incidents. In 2017, there was a major attack in Manchester, following a concert by Ariana Grande

The UK’s CONTEST strategy aims to prevent terrorism and other forms of extremism.[5] It places a responsibility on education and health bodies to report individuals who are deemed to be at risk of radicalisation.[5]: 35  The 2023 CONTEST report indicated that 75 per cent of the Security Service (MI5)'s caseload was from monitoring Islamist threats.[6]

1,834 people were arrested in the UK from September 2001 to December 2009 in connection with terrorism, of which 422 were charged with terrorism-related offences and 237 were convicted.[7]

History edit

 
Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970-2017, based on the Global Terrorism Database. The UK is presented in red.
Terrorist incidents in United Kingdom[8][9]
Year Number of
incidents		 Deaths Injuries
2017 122 42 301
2016 104 9 20
2015 115 1 23
2014 103 0 4
2013 137 4 64
2012 51 1 2
2011 47 1 3
2010 57 0 22
2009 22 3 12
2008 39 0 8
2007 20 4 13
2006 6 0 0
2005 25 57 836
2004 5 0 2
2003 23 2 11
2002 21 2 13
2001 94 8 33
2000 61 7 28
1999 76 7 161
1998 63 46 259
1997 78 23 35
1996 36 14 395
1995 22 11 5
1994 256 66 177
1993 7 31 204
1992 274 94 453
1991 262 88 235
1990 147 76 123
1989 163 66 174
1988 181 372 263
1987 118 104 120
1986 95 63 80
1985 67 64 175
1984 145 69 249
1983 177 77 186
1982 95 95 152
1981 143 86 118
1980 135 115 115
1979 238 133 146
1978 100 81 113
1977 140 103 17
1976 194 264 19
1975 194 245 129
1974 202 235 329
1973 189 210 275
1972 283 368 37
1971 81 110 1
1970 12 20 1
Total 5,218 3,447 5,937

There have been many historically significant terrorist incidents within the United Kingdom, from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605[10][11] to the various attacks related to The Troubles of Northern Ireland. In recent history, the UK security services have focused on the threat posed by radical Islamic militant organisations within the UK, such as the cell responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

The British state has been accused of involvement in state terrorism in Northern Ireland.[12][13][14][15]

A "restricted" 12 June 2008 MI5 analysis of "several hundred individuals known to be involved in, or closely associated with, violent extremist activity" concludes that British Islamist terrorists "are a diverse collection of individuals, fitting no single demographic profile, nor do they all follow a typical pathway to violent extremism".[16] Around half were born in the United Kingdom, the majority are British nationals and the remainder, with a few exceptions, are in the country legally. Most UK terrorists are male, but women are sometimes aware of their husbands', brothers' or sons' activities. While the majority are in their early to mid-20s when they become radicalised, a small but not insignificant minority first become involved in violent extremism over the age of 30. Those over 30 are just as likely to have a wife and children as to be loners with no ties. MI5 says this challenges the idea that terrorists are young Muslim men driven by sexual frustration and lured to "martyrdom" by the promise of beautiful virgins waiting for them in paradise.[16] Those involved in Islamist terrorism have educational achievement ranging from total lack of qualifications to degree-level education. However, they are almost all employed in low-grade jobs.[16] Far from being religious zealots, a large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly. Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, and there is a higher than average proportion of converts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. The report claims a well-established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation, while the influence of clerics in radicalising Islamist terrorists has reduced in recent years.[16]

On 29 August 2014, the British government launched a raft of counter-terrorism measures as the terrorist threat level was raised to "severe". Prime Minister David Cameron and Home Secretary Theresa May warned a terrorist attack was "highly likely", following the coming to prominence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[17]

On 22 May 2017, 23 people were killed after a bombing occurred following a concert by Ariana Grande in the most deadly terrorist attack on British soil since 2005.[18] After a COBRA meeting, UK Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's terror threat level was being raised to 'critical', its highest level.[19] By raising the threat level to "critical", Operation Temperer was started, allowing 5,000 soldiers to replace armed police in protecting parts of the country.[20][21] BBC's Frank Gardner said that the first deployment of troops is expected to be in the hundreds.[22]

There have been calls for the publication of a report into the finance of terrorism which the government said they left unpublished for security reasons. Tim Farron said, "Theresa May should be ashamed of the way she has dragged her heels on this issue, first as home secretary and now as prime minister. No amount of trade with dodgy regimes such as Saudi Arabia is worth putting the safety of the British public at risk, and if May is serious about our security, she would publish the report in full, immediately."[23]

From June 2016 to June 2017, 379 people in the UK had been arrested for terrorism-linked offences with 123 of them being charged, 105 of them for terrorism offences. This was a 68% increase from the previous year which was partly due to various Islamist terror attacks on UK soil such as the Manchester bombing, the London Bridge attack, and the Westminster attack. The report also said that 19 terrorist plots had been foiled by British police since June 2013.[24]

Jihadist material including bomb making instructions and execution videos gets more clicks in the UK than in any other European nation and is spread among a wide range of different domains. Internet companies have been accused of not preventing this. New measures are being considered to stop internet providers from showing this type of content including fines for internet companies that do not remove jihadist material. David Petraeus said the Parsons Green bomb could have been made from online instructions. Petraeus noted the technical and other skill of the terrorist websites and added, "It is clear that our counter-extremism efforts and other initiatives to combat extremism online have, until now, been inadequate. There is no doubting the urgency of this matter. The status quo clearly is unacceptable."[25]

Police chief, Sara Thornton fears cuts to the police budget will weaken counter terrorism. Thornton maintains resources needed to deal with terrorist incidents are brought from mainstream policing adding to the strain on general policing. Thornton maintains neighbourhood policing is important because it gives people confidence in the police. Then confident people give the police information needed to prevent terrorist attacks. Thornton said, "Fewer officers and police community support officers will cut off the intelligence that is so crucial to preventing attacks. Withdrawal from communities risks undermining their trust in us at a time when we need people to have the confidence to share information with us." Thornton also said, "Experts tell us that the spate of attacks in the UK and Europe are a shift not a spike in the threat, which will take 20 or 30 years to eliminate. This new normality necessitates an open-minded dialogue with government about how we respond; and our resources have got to be part of the conversation."[26][27]

Organisations edit

Counter Terrorism Policing is the national collaboration of police forces across the United Kingdom responsible for counter terrorism operations and strategy.

The British government has designated 58 organisations as terrorist and banned them. 44 of these organisations were banned under the Terrorism Act of 2000. Two of these were also banned under the Terrorism Act of 2006 for "glorifying terrorism." Other than the far-right neo-Nazi National Action, the other fourteen organisations operate (for the most part) in Northern Ireland, and were banned under previous legislation.[1] As of 2019, the police have stated that the fastest growing terrorist threat in the UK is from the far right.[28]

Organisations the government has designated as terrorist and banned, of whom the vast majority are of radical Islamic ideology, are:[1]

Ulster unionist edit

Far-right edit

Further information: List of neo-Nazi organizations § United Kingdom

Far-left edit

Irish republican edit

Islamist edit

According to political scientist Gilles Kepel, the jihadi violence is rooted in Islamic fundamentalism in the form of Salafism, an ideology that clashes with the values of Western democracies and which entered the United Kingdom when the country gave shelter to radical Islamist leaders from around the world in London.[29] According to Kepel, an individual progresses into violence by first becoming a salafist. Further, he states that salafist ideology has led to attacking targets which symbolizes Western culture, such as the concerts at Manchester and in the Bataclan theater or deliberately timing attacks to interfere with democratic elections.[29] Scholar Olivier Roy disagrees, saying that the majority of Islamic terrorists are radicals first and are drawn to fundamentalist Islam as a result.[30] He has argued that there's no evidence that they go from Salafism to terrorism, noting that Islamic terrorist Abdelhamid Abaaoud was known to violate religious rules about halal food.[31] Roy has also argued that the burkini bans and secularist policies of France provoked religious violence in France, to which Kepel responded that Britain has no such policies and still suffered several jihadist attacks in 2017.[29]

In July 2017, it was reported that British authorities had stripped some 150 suspected criminals with dual citizenship of their British passport, to prevent them from returning to the UK. Those deprived of their UK citizenship included both "jihadis" and "jihadi brides".[32]

In October 2020, Islamist terrorism remained the greatest threat to the UK by volume according to Ken McCallum, the Director General of MI5.[33] A report published in the same year found that of the 43,000 extremists on MI5's watchlist, around nine-tenths of the people on the list are Islamist extremists.[34] In July 2023, Suella Braverman, the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom, reiterated that Islamic terrorism was the primary domestic threat facing the UK.[35] Islamic terrorism represented 67% of attacks since 2018, 75% of MI5's caseload, and 64% of those in custody for terrorism-connected offences according to the 2023 CONTEST report.[6] The Independent Reviewer for the government's anti-terror programme, Sir William Shawcross, has stated that there was a reluctance to investigate Islamist threats due to fears of being labelled Islamophobic or racist. Instead, staff from the government's anti-terror programme were biased towards tackling far-right threats despite Islamist threats posing a greater risk.[36]

Others edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "List of proscribed terrorist groups" (PDF). Gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  2. ^ a b "How many people are killed by terrorist attacks in the UK?"". The Telegraph. 5 June 2017.
  3. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Geographical Location of the death". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  4. ^ a b Douglas, Roger. Law, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Terrorism. University of Michigan Press, 2014. p.18
  5. ^ a b CONTEST The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism (PDF). HM Government. 2018. ISBN 978-1-5286-0209-9.
  6. ^ a b "CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism 2023" (PDF). gov.uk. Home Office. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  7. ^ Alan Travis. "No terror arrests in 100,000 police counter-terror searches, figures show". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  8. ^ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
  9. ^ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
  10. ^ Larabee, Ann (1 May 2021). "Unspeakable: Literature and Terrorism from the Gunpowder Plot to 9/11 . Peter C. Herman. New York: Routledge, 2020. Pp. viii+211". Modern Philology. 118 (4): E230–E232. doi:10.1086/712496.
  11. ^ Hamourtziadou; Jackson (2018). "5/11: Revisiting the Gunpowder Plot". Journal of Global Faultlines. 5 (1–2): 91. doi:10.13169/jglobfaul.5.1-2.0091.
  12. ^ "CAIN: Issues: Collusion - Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  13. ^ Dr Martin Melaugh. "CAIN: Issues: Violence: Stevens Enquiry (3) Overview and Recommendations, 17 April 2003". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  14. ^ (PDF). Patfinucanecentre.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  15. ^ . 2006-11-16. Archived from the original on 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  16. ^ a b c d Travis, Alan (2008-08-21). "MI5 report challenges views on terrorism in Britain Exclusive: Sophisticated analysis says there is no single pathway to violent extremism". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  17. ^ Coates, Sam; Hamilton, Fiona (30 August 2014). "Security crackdown amid severe terror threat". The Times. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  18. ^ Dodd, Vikram; Pidd, Helen; Rawlinson, Kevin; Siddique, Haroon; MacAskill, Ewen (23 May 2017). "At least 22 killed, 59 injured in suicide attack at Manchester Arena". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  19. ^ "Latest updates as UK terror threat level raise". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  20. ^ "PM Theresa May raises UK threat level to 'critical'". ITV News. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017. Raising the level to critical means that military personnel could be deployed to support armed police officers - part of a plan known as Operation Temperer.
  21. ^ Alan Travis [@alantravis40] (May 23, 2017). "PM says Critical Threat level's Operation Temperer will use up to 5,000 troops to take over armed police patrol duties under police command" (Tweet). Retweeted by The Guardian – via Twitter.
  22. ^ Gardner, Frank (23 May 2017). "Threat level raised: Latest updates". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  23. ^ 9/11 survivors urge May to publish UK terror funding report The Guardian
  24. ^ Travis, Alan (14 September 2017). "UK terror arrests rise 68% to record level during year of attacks". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  25. ^ Britain has large audience for online jihadist propaganda, report says The Guardian
  26. ^ UK's terror fight 'puts unsustainable strain on police' BBC
  27. ^ Don't cut police anti-terror budget as threat grows, warns top officer The Guardian
  28. ^ Fastest Growing Terrorist Threat is from the Far Right say Police The Guardian
  29. ^ a b c Lerner, Davide (2017-06-14). "London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It's Paying the Price, French Terrorism Expert Says". Haaretz. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  30. ^ Lerner, Davide (2017-08-20). "It's Not Islam That Drives Young Europeans to Jihad, France's Top Terrorism Expert Explains". Haaretz. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
  31. ^ "'That Ignoramus': 2 French Scholars of Radical Islam Turn Bitter Rivals". Retrieved 2018-07-19. 'There is no proof that shows the young men go from Salafism to terrorism,' Mr. Roy said, pointing out that the planner of the Paris attacks in November, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, ate McDonald's, which is not halal. 'None of the terrorists were Salafists.'
  32. ^ "UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'". the Guardian. Press Association. 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  33. ^ "Director General Ken McCallum makes first public address | MI5 – The Security Service". www.mi5.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  34. ^ Mendick, Robert (23 June 2020). "Stabbing suspect was assessed by anti-terror programme". The Telegraph.
  35. ^ "UK terrorism risk is rising - Suella Braverman". BBC News. 18 July 2023.
  36. ^ Hymas, Charles (21 February 2024). "Islamist extremism 'not being effectively tackled by Government'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2024.

Further reading edit

  • Blackbourn, Jessie. "Counter-Terrorism and Civil Liberties: The United Kingdom Experience, 1968-2008." Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies 8 (2008): 63+
  • Bonner, David. "United Kingdom: the United Kingdom response to terrorism." Terrorism and Political Violence 4.4 (1992): 171-205. online
  • Chin, Warren. Britain and the war on terror: Policy, strategy and operations (Routledge, 2016).
  • Clutterbuck, Lindsay. "Countering Irish Republican terrorism in Britain: Its origin as a police function." Terrorism and Political Violence 18.1 (2006) pp: 95-118.
  • Greer, Steven. "Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the UK: From Northern Irish Troubles to Global Islamist Jihad." in Counter-Terrorism, Constitutionalism and Miscarriages of Justice (Hart Publishing, 2018) pp. 45–62.
  • Hamilton, Claire. "Counter-Terrorism in the UK." in Contagion, Counter-Terrorism and Criminology (Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2019) pp. 15–47.
  • Hewitt, Steve. "Great Britain: Terrorism and counter-terrorism since 1968." in Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism (Routledge, 2018) pp. 540–551.
  • Lennon, Genevieve and Walker, Clive (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism (Routledge, Abingdon, 2015)
  • Martínez-Peñas, Leandro, and Manuela Fernández-Rodríguez. "Evolution of British Law on Terrorism: From Ulster to Global Terrorism (1970–2010)." in Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency (Springer, 2012) pp. 201–222.
  • O'Day, Alan. "Northern Ireland, Terrorism, and the British State." in Terrorism: Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–135.
  • Sacopulos, Peter J. "Terrorism in Britain: Threat, reality, response." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 12.3 (1989): 153-165.
  • Staniforth, Andrew, and Fraser Sampson, eds. The Routledge companion to UK counter-terrorism (Routledge, 2012).
  • Sinclair, Georgina. "Confronting terrorism: British Experiences past and present." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 18.2 (2014): 117-122. online
  • Tinnes, Judith, ed. "Bibliography: Northern Ireland conflict (the troubles)." Perspectives on Terrorism 10.1 (2016): 83-110. online
  • Walker, Clive, The Anti-Terrorism Legislation (Third edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)
  • Walker, C., Llobet Anglí, M., and Cancio Meliá,M. (eds.), Precursor Crimes of Terrorism: The Criminalisation of Terrorism Risk in Comparative Perspective (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2022)
  • Wilkinson, Paul, ed. Terrorism: British Perspectives (Dartmouth, 1993).

External links edit

  • Efforts to curb politicised Islam backfiring - study
  • DEAD LINK: Pak-UK talks for joint framework on anti-terrorism Open this result in new window
  • MI5 watch 2,000 terror suspects Archived 2013-04-19 at archive.today BBC News, May 4, 2007.
  • Counter Terrorism Policing

May 02, 2024
terrorism, united, kingdom, according, home, office, poses, significant, threat, state, there, have, been, various, causes, terrorism, before, 2000s, most, attacks, were, linked, northern, ireland, conflict, troubles, late, 20th, century, there, were, also, at. Terrorism in the United Kingdom according to the Home Office poses a significant threat to the state 1 There have been various causes of terrorism in the UK Before the 2000s most attacks were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict the Troubles In the late 20th century there were also attacks by Islamic terrorist groups Since 1970 there have been at least 3 395 terrorist related deaths in the UK the highest in western Europe 2 The vast majority of the deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict and happened in Northern Ireland 2 In mainland Great Britain there were 430 terrorist related deaths between 1971 and 2001 Of these 125 deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict 3 and 305 deaths were linked to other causes 4 including 270 in the Lockerbie bombing 4 Since 2001 there have been almost 100 terrorist related deaths in Great Britain Terrorist incidents map of the United Kingdom 1970 2015 with a total of 4 972 incidents plotted Northern Ireland and London are major hotspots for incidents In 2017 there was a major attack in Manchester following a concert by Ariana Grande The UK s CONTEST strategy aims to prevent terrorism and other forms of extremism 5 It places a responsibility on education and health bodies to report individuals who are deemed to be at risk of radicalisation 5 35 The 2023 CONTEST report indicated that 75 per cent of the Security Service MI5 s caseload was from monitoring Islamist threats 6 1 834 people were arrested in the UK from September 2001 to December 2009 in connection with terrorism of which 422 were charged with terrorism related offences and 237 were convicted 7 Contents 1 History 2 Organisations 2 1 Ulster unionist 2 2 Far right 2 3 Far left 2 4 Irish republican 2 5 Islamist 2 6 Others 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970 2017 based on the Global Terrorism Database The UK is presented in red Terrorist incidents in United Kingdom 8 9 Year Number ofincidents Deaths Injuries 2017 122 42 301 2016 104 9 20 2015 115 1 23 2014 103 0 4 2013 137 4 64 2012 51 1 2 2011 47 1 3 2010 57 0 22 2009 22 3 12 2008 39 0 8 2007 20 4 13 2006 6 0 0 2005 25 57 836 2004 5 0 2 2003 23 2 11 2002 21 2 13 2001 94 8 33 2000 61 7 28 1999 76 7 161 1998 63 46 259 1997 78 23 35 1996 36 14 395 1995 22 11 5 1994 256 66 177 1993 7 31 204 1992 274 94 453 1991 262 88 235 1990 147 76 123 1989 163 66 174 1988 181 372 263 1987 118 104 120 1986 95 63 80 1985 67 64 175 1984 145 69 249 1983 177 77 186 1982 95 95 152 1981 143 86 118 1980 135 115 115 1979 238 133 146 1978 100 81 113 1977 140 103 17 1976 194 264 19 1975 194 245 129 1974 202 235 329 1973 189 210 275 1972 283 368 37 1971 81 110 1 1970 12 20 1 Total 5 218 3 447 5 937 There have been many historically significant terrorist incidents within the United Kingdom from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 10 11 to the various attacks related to The Troubles of Northern Ireland In recent history the UK security services have focused on the threat posed by radical Islamic militant organisations within the UK such as the cell responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings For incidents in Great Britain see List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain and List of terrorist incidents in London For incidents in Northern Ireland see Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles The British state has been accused of involvement in state terrorism in Northern Ireland 12 13 14 15 A restricted 12 June 2008 MI5 analysis of several hundred individuals known to be involved in or closely associated with violent extremist activity concludes that British Islamist terrorists are a diverse collection of individuals fitting no single demographic profile nor do they all follow a typical pathway to violent extremism 16 Around half were born in the United Kingdom the majority are British nationals and the remainder with a few exceptions are in the country legally Most UK terrorists are male but women are sometimes aware of their husbands brothers or sons activities While the majority are in their early to mid 20s when they become radicalised a small but not insignificant minority first become involved in violent extremism over the age of 30 Those over 30 are just as likely to have a wife and children as to be loners with no ties MI5 says this challenges the idea that terrorists are young Muslim men driven by sexual frustration and lured to martyrdom by the promise of beautiful virgins waiting for them in paradise 16 Those involved in Islamist terrorism have educational achievement ranging from total lack of qualifications to degree level education However they are almost all employed in low grade jobs 16 Far from being religious zealots a large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households and there is a higher than average proportion of converts Some are involved in drug taking drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes The report claims a well established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation while the influence of clerics in radicalising Islamist terrorists has reduced in recent years 16 On 29 August 2014 the British government launched a raft of counter terrorism measures as the terrorist threat level was raised to severe Prime Minister David Cameron and Home Secretary Theresa May warned a terrorist attack was highly likely following the coming to prominence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL 17 On 22 May 2017 23 people were killed after a bombing occurred following a concert by Ariana Grande in the most deadly terrorist attack on British soil since 2005 18 After a COBRA meeting UK Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK s terror threat level was being raised to critical its highest level 19 By raising the threat level to critical Operation Temperer was started allowing 5 000 soldiers to replace armed police in protecting parts of the country 20 21 BBC s Frank Gardner said that the first deployment of troops is expected to be in the hundreds 22 There have been calls for the publication of a report into the finance of terrorism which the government said they left unpublished for security reasons Tim Farron said Theresa May should be ashamed of the way she has dragged her heels on this issue first as home secretary and now as prime minister No amount of trade with dodgy regimes such as Saudi Arabia is worth putting the safety of the British public at risk and if May is serious about our security she would publish the report in full immediately 23 From June 2016 to June 2017 379 people in the UK had been arrested for terrorism linked offences with 123 of them being charged 105 of them for terrorism offences This was a 68 increase from the previous year which was partly due to various Islamist terror attacks on UK soil such as the Manchester bombing the London Bridge attack and the Westminster attack The report also said that 19 terrorist plots had been foiled by British police since June 2013 24 Jihadist material including bomb making instructions and execution videos gets more clicks in the UK than in any other European nation and is spread among a wide range of different domains Internet companies have been accused of not preventing this New measures are being considered to stop internet providers from showing this type of content including fines for internet companies that do not remove jihadist material David Petraeus said the Parsons Green bomb could have been made from online instructions Petraeus noted the technical and other skill of the terrorist websites and added It is clear that our counter extremism efforts and other initiatives to combat extremism online have until now been inadequate There is no doubting the urgency of this matter The status quo clearly is unacceptable 25 Police chief Sara Thornton fears cuts to the police budget will weaken counter terrorism Thornton maintains resources needed to deal with terrorist incidents are brought from mainstream policing adding to the strain on general policing Thornton maintains neighbourhood policing is important because it gives people confidence in the police Then confident people give the police information needed to prevent terrorist attacks Thornton said Fewer officers and police community support officers will cut off the intelligence that is so crucial to preventing attacks Withdrawal from communities risks undermining their trust in us at a time when we need people to have the confidence to share information with us Thornton also said Experts tell us that the spate of attacks in the UK and Europe are a shift not a spike in the threat which will take 20 or 30 years to eliminate This new normality necessitates an open minded dialogue with government about how we respond and our resources have got to be part of the conversation 26 27 Organisations editCounter Terrorism Policing is the national collaboration of police forces across the United Kingdom responsible for counter terrorism operations and strategy The British government has designated 58 organisations as terrorist and banned them 44 of these organisations were banned under the Terrorism Act of 2000 Two of these were also banned under the Terrorism Act of 2006 for glorifying terrorism Other than the far right neo Nazi National Action the other fourteen organisations operate for the most part in Northern Ireland and were banned under previous legislation 1 As of 2019 the police have stated that the fastest growing terrorist threat in the UK is from the far right 28 Organisations the government has designated as terrorist and banned of whom the vast majority are of radical Islamic ideology are 1 Ulster unionist edit Ulster Defence Association Ulster Freedom Fighters Ulster Volunteer Force Loyalist Volunteer Force Orange Volunteers Red Hand Commandos Red Hand Defenders Far right edit Further information List of neo Nazi organizations United Kingdom Atomwaffen Division National Action The Base Far left edit Kurdistan Workers Party Revolutionary People s Liberation Party Front Irish republican edit Continuity Irish Republican Army Cumann na mBan Fianna Eireann Irish National Liberation Army Irish People s Liberation Organisation Irish Republican Army Saor Eire Islamist edit According to political scientist Gilles Kepel the jihadi violence is rooted in Islamic fundamentalism in the form of Salafism an ideology that clashes with the values of Western democracies and which entered the United Kingdom when the country gave shelter to radical Islamist leaders from around the world in London 29 According to Kepel an individual progresses into violence by first becoming a salafist Further he states that salafist ideology has led to attacking targets which symbolizes Western culture such as the concerts at Manchester and in the Bataclan theater or deliberately timing attacks to interfere with democratic elections 29 Scholar Olivier Roy disagrees saying that the majority of Islamic terrorists are radicals first and are drawn to fundamentalist Islam as a result 30 He has argued that there s no evidence that they go from Salafism to terrorism noting that Islamic terrorist Abdelhamid Abaaoud was known to violate religious rules about halal food 31 Roy has also argued that the burkini bans and secularist policies of France provoked religious violence in France to which Kepel responded that Britain has no such policies and still suffered several jihadist attacks in 2017 29 In July 2017 it was reported that British authorities had stripped some 150 suspected criminals with dual citizenship of their British passport to prevent them from returning to the UK Those deprived of their UK citizenship included both jihadis and jihadi brides 32 In October 2020 Islamist terrorism remained the greatest threat to the UK by volume according to Ken McCallum the Director General of MI5 33 A report published in the same year found that of the 43 000 extremists on MI5 s watchlist around nine tenths of the people on the list are Islamist extremists 34 In July 2023 Suella Braverman the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom reiterated that Islamic terrorism was the primary domestic threat facing the UK 35 Islamic terrorism represented 67 of attacks since 2018 75 of MI5 s caseload and 64 of those in custody for terrorism connected offences according to the 2023 CONTEST report 6 The Independent Reviewer for the government s anti terror programme Sir William Shawcross has stated that there was a reluctance to investigate Islamist threats due to fears of being labelled Islamophobic or racist Instead staff from the government s anti terror programme were biased towards tackling far right threats despite Islamist threats posing a greater risk 36 Abdullah Azzam Brigades including the Ziyad al Jarrah Battalions AAB Abu Nidal Organisation Abu Sayyaf Aden Abyan Islamic Army Al Gama a al Islamiyya Al Ghurabaa Al Itihaad al Islamiya Al Muhajiroun Al Murabitun Al Qaeda Al Shabaab Ansar al Islam Ansar Al Sharia Tunisia Ansaru Ansar Bait al Maqdis Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis Sudan Vanguard for the protection of Muslims in Black Africa Armed Islamic Group also known as GIA Asbat al Ansar Egyptian Islamic Jihad Hamas Harakat al Shabaab al Mujahideen Harkat ul Jihad al Islami Harkat ul Mujahideen Harkat ul Ansar Hezbollah Imarat Kavkaz IK also known as the Caucasus Emirate Indian Mujahideen Islam4UK Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish e Mohammed Jamaat Ansar al Sunna formerly Jaish Ansar al Sunna Jamaat Ul Furquan Jamaat ul Mujahideen Jemaah Islamiyah Jundallah Kateeba al Kawthar Khuddam ul Islam Lashkar e Jhangvi Lashkar e Toiba Minbar Ansar Deen Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Muslims Against Crusades Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat The Saved Sect Sipah e Sahaba Pakistan also known as Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat Tehrik Nefaz e Shari at Muhammadi Tehrik e Taliban Pakistan Others edit Babbar Khalsa Balochistan Liberation ArmySee also editCrime in the United Kingdom Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom Prevention of Terrorism Act Northern Ireland Right wing terrorism in the United Kingdom Terrorism Acts Terrorism in the European Union The Troubles State sponsored terrorism United KingdomReferences edit a b c List of proscribed terrorist groups PDF Gov uk Retrieved 2018 03 22 a b How many people are killed by terrorist attacks in the UK The Telegraph 5 June 2017 Sutton Index of Deaths Geographical Location of the death Conflict Archive on the Internet Retrieved 5 June 2017 a b Douglas Roger Law Liberty and the Pursuit of Terrorism University of Michigan Press 2014 p 18 a b CONTEST The United Kingdom s Strategy for Countering Terrorism PDF HM Government 2018 ISBN 978 1 5286 0209 9 a b CONTEST The United Kingdom s Strategy for Countering Terrorism 2023 PDF gov uk Home Office Retrieved 18 July 2023 Alan Travis No terror arrests in 100 000 police counter terror searches figures show The Guardian Retrieved 2016 01 28 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism 2016 Global Terrorism Database globalterrorismdb 0616dist xlsx Retrieved from https www start umd edu gtd University of Maryland National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism 2016 Global Terrorism Database gtd1993 0616dist xlsx Retrieved from https www start umd edu gtd University of Maryland Larabee Ann 1 May 2021 Unspeakable Literature and Terrorism from the Gunpowder Plot to 9 11 Peter C Herman New York Routledge 2020 Pp viii 211 Modern Philology 118 4 E230 E232 doi 10 1086 712496 Hamourtziadou Jackson 2018 5 11 Revisiting the Gunpowder Plot Journal of Global Faultlines 5 1 2 91 doi 10 13169 jglobfaul 5 1 2 0091 CAIN Issues Collusion Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries Cain ulst ac uk Retrieved 2016 01 28 Dr Martin Melaugh CAIN Issues Violence Stevens Enquiry 3 Overview and Recommendations 17 April 2003 Cain ulst ac uk Retrieved 2016 01 28 Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland PDF Patfinucanecentre org Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2016 01 28 Village Politics Media and Current Affairs in Ireland I m lucky to be above the ground 2006 11 16 Archived from the original on 2007 11 20 Retrieved 2016 01 28 a b c d Travis Alan 2008 08 21 MI5 report challenges views on terrorism in Britain Exclusive Sophisticated analysis says there is no single pathway to violent extremism The Guardian London Retrieved 2008 08 23 Coates Sam Hamilton Fiona 30 August 2014 Security crackdown amid severe terror threat The Times Retrieved 23 May 2017 Dodd Vikram Pidd Helen Rawlinson Kevin Siddique Haroon MacAskill Ewen 23 May 2017 At least 22 killed 59 injured in suicide attack at Manchester Arena The Guardian Retrieved 23 May 2017 Latest updates as UK terror threat level raise BBC News Retrieved 23 May 2017 PM Theresa May raises UK threat level to critical ITV News 23 May 2017 Retrieved 23 May 2017 Raising the level to critical means that military personnel could be deployed to support armed police officers part of a plan known as Operation Temperer Alan Travis alantravis40 May 23 2017 PM says Critical Threat level s Operation Temperer will use up to 5 000 troops to take over armed police patrol duties under police command Tweet Retweeted by The Guardian via Twitter Gardner Frank 23 May 2017 Threat level raised Latest updates BBC News Retrieved 23 May 2017 9 11 survivors urge May to publish UK terror funding report The Guardian Travis Alan 14 September 2017 UK terror arrests rise 68 to record level during year of attacks the Guardian Retrieved 19 July 2018 Britain has large audience for online jihadist propaganda report says The Guardian UK s terror fight puts unsustainable strain on police BBC Don t cut police anti terror budget as threat grows warns top officer The Guardian Fastest Growing Terrorist Threat is from the Far Right say Police The Guardian a b c Lerner Davide 2017 06 14 London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It s Paying the Price French Terrorism Expert Says Haaretz Retrieved 2018 06 09 Lerner Davide 2017 08 20 It s Not Islam That Drives Young Europeans to Jihad France s Top Terrorism Expert Explains Haaretz Retrieved 2018 06 10 That Ignoramus 2 French Scholars of Radical Islam Turn Bitter Rivals Retrieved 2018 07 19 There is no proof that shows the young men go from Salafism to terrorism Mr Roy said pointing out that the planner of the Paris attacks in November Abdelhamid Abaaoud ate McDonald s which is not halal None of the terrorists were Salafists UK has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship the Guardian Press Association 2017 07 30 Retrieved 2018 02 23 Director General Ken McCallum makes first public address MI5 The Security Service www mi5 gov uk Retrieved 2020 10 18 Mendick Robert 23 June 2020 Stabbing suspect was assessed by anti terror programme The Telegraph UK terrorism risk is rising Suella Braverman BBC News 18 July 2023 Hymas Charles 21 February 2024 Islamist extremism not being effectively tackled by Government The Telegraph Retrieved 22 February 2024 Further reading editBlackbourn Jessie Counter Terrorism and Civil Liberties The United Kingdom Experience 1968 2008 Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies 8 2008 63 Bonner David United Kingdom the United Kingdom response to terrorism Terrorism and Political Violence 4 4 1992 171 205 online Chin Warren Britain and the war on terror Policy strategy and operations Routledge 2016 Clutterbuck Lindsay Countering Irish Republican terrorism in Britain Its origin as a police function Terrorism and Political Violence 18 1 2006 pp 95 118 Greer Steven Terrorism and Counter Terrorism in the UK From Northern Irish Troubles to Global Islamist Jihad in Counter Terrorism Constitutionalism and Miscarriages of Justice Hart Publishing 2018 pp 45 62 Hamilton Claire Counter Terrorism in the UK in Contagion Counter Terrorism and Criminology Palgrave Pivot Cham 2019 pp 15 47 Hewitt Steve Great Britain Terrorism and counter terrorism since 1968 in Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism Routledge 2018 pp 540 551 Lennon Genevieve and Walker Clive eds Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism Routledge Abingdon 2015 Martinez Penas Leandro and Manuela Fernandez Rodriguez Evolution of British Law on Terrorism From Ulster to Global Terrorism 1970 2010 in Post 9 11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency Springer 2012 pp 201 222 O Day Alan Northern Ireland Terrorism and the British State in Terrorism Theory and Practice Routledge 2019 pp 121 135 Sacopulos Peter J Terrorism in Britain Threat reality response Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 12 3 1989 153 165 Staniforth Andrew and Fraser Sampson eds The Routledge companion to UK counter terrorism Routledge 2012 Sinclair Georgina Confronting terrorism British Experiences past and present Crime Histoire amp Societes Crime History amp Societies 18 2 2014 117 122 online Tinnes Judith ed Bibliography Northern Ireland conflict the troubles Perspectives on Terrorism 10 1 2016 83 110 online Walker Clive The Anti Terrorism Legislation Third edition Oxford University Press 2014 Walker C Llobet Angli M and Cancio Melia M eds Precursor Crimes of Terrorism The Criminalisation of Terrorism Risk in Comparative Perspective Edward Elgar Cheltenham 2022 Wilkinson Paul ed Terrorism British Perspectives Dartmouth 1993 External links editEfforts to curb politicised Islam backfiring study DEAD LINK Pak UK talks for joint framework on anti terrorism Open this result in new window MI5 watch 2 000 terror suspects Archived 2013 04 19 at archive today BBC News May 4 2007 Counter Terrorism Policing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Terrorism in the United Kingdom amp oldid 1214906518, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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