Suella Braverman
Sue-Ellen Cassiana Braverman KC (/ˈbrævərmən/; née Fernandes, born 3 April 1980) is a British politician and barrister who became Home Secretary of the United Kingdom on 25 October 2022. She had previously held the position from 6 September to 19 October 2022 under Prime Minister Liz Truss. A member of the Conservative Party, she was chair of the European Research Group from 2017 to 2018 and Attorney General for England and Wales from 2020 to March 2021 and September 2021 to 2022. She became Member of Parliament (MP) for Fareham in 2015.
Suella Braverman | |
|---|---|
Official portrait, 2022 | |
| Home Secretary | |
| Assumed office 25 October 2022 | |
| Prime Minister | Rishi Sunak |
| Preceded by | Grant Shapps |
| In office 6 September 2022 – 19 October 2022 | |
| Prime Minister | Liz Truss |
| Preceded by | Priti Patel |
| Succeeded by | Grant Shapps |
| Attorney General for England and Wales Advocate General for Northern Ireland | |
| In office 10 September 2021 – 6 September 2022 | |
| Prime Minister | Boris Johnson |
| Preceded by | Michael Ellis |
| Succeeded by | Michael Ellis |
| In office 13 February 2020 – 2 March 2021 | |
| Prime Minister | Boris Johnson |
| Preceded by | Geoffrey Cox |
| Succeeded by | Michael Ellis |
| Minister on Leave | |
| In office 2 March 2021 – 10 September 2021 | |
| Prime Minister | Boris Johnson |
| Maternity Cover | Michael Ellis[a] |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union | |
| In office 9 January 2018 – 15 November 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Kwasi Kwarteng |
| Chair of the European Research Group | |
| In office 19 June 2017 – 9 January 2018 | |
| Deputy | Michael Tomlinson |
| Party Leader | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Steve Baker |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Rees-Mogg |
| Deputy Chair of the European Research Group | |
| In office 20 November 2016 – 19 June 2017 Serving with Michael Tomlinson | |
| Chair | Steve Baker |
| Party Leader | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Michael Tomlinson |
| Member of Parliament for Fareham | |
| Assumed office 7 May 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Mark Hoban |
| Majority | 26,086 (45.6%) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sue-Ellen Cassiana Fernandes 3 April 1980 Harrow, London, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse | Rael Braverman (m. 2018) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | |
| Signature | |
| Website | suellabraverman |
In the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle she was appointed parliamentary under-secretary of state for exiting the European Union by Prime Minister Theresa May. In November 2018 she resigned in protest against May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement. Braverman was appointed attorney general for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland by Prime Minister Boris Johnson in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle; she was appointed as Queen's Counsel automatically on her appointment.
Following Johnson's announcing his resignation in July 2022, Braverman stood as a candidate to succeed him in the July–September Conservative Party leadership election; she was eliminated from the ballot after the second round of voting. She subsequently supported Truss's bid to become Conservative leader, and was appointed home secretary on 6 September when Truss became prime minister. Braverman resigned as home secretary on 19 October following criticism for breaching the Ministerial Code by sending a sensitive official document to a political ally using her personal email address. Six days later, she was reinstated as home secretary by Truss's successor Rishi Sunak.
Early life and education
Braverman was born in Harrow, Greater London, and raised in Wembley.[1] She is the daughter of Uma (née Mootien-Pillay) and Christie Fernandes,[2] both of Indian origin,[3][4] who immigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Mauritius and Kenya respectively. She is named after the character Sue Ellen Ewing from the American television soap opera Dallas, which her mother was a fan of.[5] Her mother, of Hindu Tamil Mauritian descent, was a nurse and a councillor in Brent,[4] and the Conservative candidate for Tottenham in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election.[4] Her father, of Goan Christian ancestry (who formerly was an Indian in Kenya),[6][7] worked for a housing association.[1] She is the niece of Mahen Kundasamy, a former Mauritian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.[2][8]
She attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship,[1][9] after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.[10]
Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she studied for a master's degree in European and French law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University.[11]
Career
Braverman was called to the bar (becoming a barrister) at Middle Temple in 2005.[12][13] She completed pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers)[14] but did not start tenancy there, beginning practice at the London branch of a large Birmingham set, No5 Chambers. She worked in litigation including the judicial review "basics" for a government practitioner of immigration and planning law.[12][15] She passed the New York, US bar examination in 2006, becoming licensed to practise law in the state until the licence was suspended in 2021 after she did not re-register as an attorney.[b] She was appointed to the Attorney General's C panel of counsel, the entry level, undertaking basic government cases, in 2010.[17]
Braverman founded the Africa Justice Foundation in 2010 alongside barristers Cherie Booth and Philip Riches.[18][19]
Conservative candidate
Braverman's name was already on the list of Conservative parliamentary candidates at the time of the 2003 Brent East by-election, and she had to be persuaded not to seek the nomination. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, a Conservative councillor, was selected to fight the seat, and Braverman campaigned for her.[20] During the campaign, Braverman (as Fernandes) was included in an article in The Guardian newspaper with title "The road to No 10".[21]
At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz, who won with a 15,876-vote (38.4%) majority.[22] She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful,[23] and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate for Fareham in Hampshire.[24] Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections and was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list;[25] only the first three Conservative candidates were elected.[26]
Member of Parliament
Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262.[27] She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015.[28] She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome.[29]
Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons[30] on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and chaired meetings with the Trust's executives and with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire, in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated.[31]
Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving.[32] She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, from May 2017 until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.[33] Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed parliamentary private secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.[34]
During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department for Exiting the European Union.[35] On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which had been released the day before.[36]
In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalist Dawn Foster challenged Braverman's use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and stating it was a theory in the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik.[37] Braverman's use of the term was initially condemned as hate speech by other MPs,[which?] the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. ... I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn."[38] After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress".[39]
Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, her Fareham constituency is set to be dissolved and merged with Meon Valley to form "Fareham and Waterlooville".[40] Her rival in the selection process was Meon Valley MP Flick Drummond.[41] On 5 April 2023, the re-selection vote was held and Braverman won the vote by 77 votes to 54.[42]
Attorney general
In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government.[43] Braverman was made QC at the time of this appointment.[44] She was later criticised by members of the Bar Council for her poor choices in the role.[45]
Braverman was designated as a minister on leave while pregnant on 2 March 2021,[46] shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement. Michael Ellis became acting attorney general until she resumed office on 11 September 2021.[47]
Leadership candidate
During the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, Braverman remained a minister, though on 6 July 2022, she called for Boris Johnson to resign.[48] She stood in the ensuing Conservative Party leadership election, but was eliminated from the race in the second round of ballots, winning 27 votes, a reduction on her vote in the first round and the lowest of the remaining candidates.[49] She then endorsed Liz Truss.[50]
Had she succeeded in being appointed prime minister, Braverman said her priorities would have been to deliver tax cuts, cut government spending, tackle the cost of living challenges, "solve the problem of boats crossing the Channel", deliver "Brexit opportunities", withdraw the UK from the European Convention of Human Rights and to "get rid of all of this woke rubbish".[51] She also said she would suspend the UK's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050.[52] In August 2022, The Guardian reported that Braverman's leadership campaign had received a £10,000 donation from a company owned by the climate change denier Terence Mordaunt.[53]
Home secretary first term (2022)
Braverman was appointed Home Secretary in the new Truss ministry on 6 September 2022.[54]
In October 2022, Braverman said that she would love to see a front page of The Daily Telegraph sending asylum seekers to Rwanda, and described it as her "dream" and "obsession".[55] The first attempted flight by the UK to send asylum seekers to Rwanda in June 2022 resulted in asylum seekers being restrained and attached to plane seats after self-harming and threatening suicide.[55] On the matter, the UN Refugee Agency said that the "arrangement, which amongst other concerns seeks to shift responsibility and lacks necessary safeguards, is incompatible with the letter and spirit of the 1951 Convention" in regards to the rights of refugees.[56] Later Amber Rudd, a former Conservative Home Secretary, criticised the plans to send some asylum seekers to Rwanda as "brutal" and "impractical".[57]
Likewise, in October 2022, in the midst of a speech advocating for the government's Public Order Bill, she held responsible the "coalition of chaos" formed by Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the progressive activists she referred to as the "tofu-consuming woke elites," for the series of protests that led to disruptive scenarios on the streets of London.[58][59]
Braverman left her cabinet position as Home Secretary on 19 October 2022. She said that her departure was because she had made an "honest mistake" by sharing an official document from her personal email address with a colleague in Parliament, an action which breached the Ministerial Code.[60][61][62] Braverman was highly critical of Truss's leadership in her resignation letter.[63]
Home secretary second term (since 2022)
On 25 October, Braverman was reappointed as the home secretary by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak upon the formation of the Sunak ministry.[64] Braverman's reappointment was challenged by Labour Party MPs, Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party MPs and some Conservatives. The Labour leader and Leader of the Opposition, Keir Starmer, raised it as the subject of his first question to Rishi Sunak at Sunak's first Prime Minister's questions on 26 October 2022. Sunak said Braverman "made an error of judgment but she recognised that she raised the matter and she accepted her mistake".[65][66][67][68] Jake Berry, who was dismissed by Sunak after becoming PM, said that "from my own knowledge, there were multiple breaches of the ministerial code".[69]
There were demands by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, as well as Conservative MP Caroline Nokes, for an inquiry into Braverman's return to the cabinet despite the alleged security breach.[70][71] The government announced there will not be an inquiry into Braverman.[72] The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee was strongly critical of the decision to reappoint Braverman. The committee stated reappointing Braverman created a dangerous precedent. Leaking restricted material "is worthy of significant sanction under the new graduated sanctions regime (...) including resignation and a significant period out of office."[73] The committee also stated a later change in prime minister should not allow a minister to return to office in a shorter period. "To allow this (...) does not inspire confidence in the integrity of government nor offer much incentive to proper conduct in future."[74]
In March 2023, Braverman visited Rwanda and viewed housing which might be used by asylum seekers.[75] The Court of Appeal judges have rendered a verdict stating that sending asylum seekers to Rwanda for claim processing is unlawful.[76] The judges concluded that government officials were mistaken in placing their trust in unsupported guarantees from Rwanda, where it was acknowledged that inadequate procedures would be enhanced.[77]
Braverman's second-term comments on illegal immigration have spoken of "invasion" and on child protection from "grooming gangs" – language criticised by "Tory MPs, peers and activists", alongside international agencies and rights groups, as inflammatory,[78][79] with Sayeeda Warsi calling it "racist rhetoric", and an anonymous former senior minister under Boris Johnson saying "Conservative reputation on discrimination has dropped to a new low" on Braverman's watch.[80][81] A Home Office spokesperson responded that the home secretary would "not shy away from telling hard truths",[78] a sentiment reiterated by Braverman, who said it was "not racist" to tell "plain truths",[82] or to want to cut illegal immigration.[83] Downing Street meanwhile denied that the talk of "grooming gangs" was indicative of the party resorting to dog-whistle politics.[84] In October 2022, Braverman likewise stated that it was "not racist" to want to control the UK's borders.[85] Joan Salter, a Holocaust survivor, confronted Braverman over her rhetoric on 14 January 2023. Salter told Braverman, "When I hear you using words against refugees like 'swarms' and an 'invasion', I am reminded of the language used to dehumanise and justify the murder of my family and millions of others."[86] Ruling on a complaint made about an article in The Mail on Sunday written by Braverman, Ipso said in September 2023 that her comment about British-Pakistani men’s involvement in child sexual abuse gangs was "significantly misleading".[87]
In April 2023, Braverman unveiled a proposition to house approximately 500 single adult men on a barge. The proposal was implemented in August of the same year.[88][89] The announcement sparked a notable political response amongst both Labour and Conservative MPs due to the backdrop of the Home Office's escalated stringent policies targeting refugees, intended to curtail the frequency of small boat crossings amid the European migrant crisis.[90][91][92][93] On 2 August 2023, the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) wrote to Braverman to request a meeting to talk about their concerns over the safety of the barge.[94]
In July 2023, Braverman personally intervened to prevent Siyabonga Twala, a British resident who had travelled from Manchester to Istanbul for a family holiday, from returning to the UK, ordering his exclusion "on the basis of serious criminality" in relation to a cannabis offence five years previously.[95] The resident's solicitors said Braverman's intervention set a "worrying precedent" for the use of exclusion order in barring people from reentry into the UK in setting "such a low bar to what is considered a serious criminal".[95]
Political and legal positions
Braverman stands on the right wing of the Conservative Party, was a supporter of Brexit, supports the withdrawal of the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights and supports sending cross-Channel migrants to Rwanda. She said "If I get trolled and I provoke a bad response on Twitter I know I'm doing the right thing. Twitter is a sewer of left-wing bile. The extreme left pile on is often a consequence of sound conservative values."[96]
Legacy of the British Empire
Braverman has described herself as a "child of the British Empire". Her parents, who were from Mauritius and Kenya, came to the UK "with an admiration and gratitude for what Britain did for Mauritius and Kenya, and India". She believes that on the whole, "the British Empire was a force for good",[96] and described herself as being "proud of the British Empire".[97]
Free schools
Braverman was the founding chair of governors at the Michaela Community School,[98] and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham.[99] She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector.[100]
Rights versus responsibilities
In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quoted Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above the rights of those who are tortured." She closed,[101]
To correct the imbalance, perhaps we should adopt a Universal Declaration of Responsibilities and Duties, to be read in tandem with that on Human Rights? A fair, decent and reasonable society should question the dilution of our sense of duty, the demotion of our grasp of responsibility and our virtual abandonment of the spirit of civic obligation. What we do for others should matter more than the selfish assertion of personal rights and the lonely individualism to which it gives rise.
Transgender rights
Some of her statements have been criticised by trans advocates and allies as transphobic.[102][103] In an interview with The Times, Braverman said that schools do not have to accommodate requests from students who wish to change how others recognise their gender, including the use of the pronouns, uniforms, lavatories and changing facilities of their identified gender if it differs from their sex. She argued that, legally, under-18s are entitled to be treated only by the gender corresponding to their sex and that the "unquestioning approach" adopted by some teachers and schools is the reason different parts of the country have very different rates of children presenting as transgender.[96]
India trade deal
Braverman, who is of Indian heritage, said that she feared a trade deal with India would increase migration to the UK when Indians already represented the largest group of people who overstayed their visa.[104]
National conservatism
In May 2023, Braverman spoke at the National Conservatism Conference in London. In her speech, she stated that immigration threatened the country's "national character", and that Britons should be trained to do the jobs where immigrants are currently employed. She also expressed opposition to what she referred to as "radical gender ideology".[105][106][107]
American Enterprise Institute speech
In September 2023, Braverman spoke at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington. In this speech, she argued that the UN's 1951 Convention on Refugees needed reforming, questioning if it was "fit for our modern age". She also criticized multiculturalism, stating that it allowed people to "come to our society and live parallel lives in it" and that it "makes no demands of the incomer to integrate".[108][109][110] In the same speech, she also said that being gay or a woman was insufficient to qualify for asylum; stating:
Let me be clear, there are vast swathes of the world where it is extremely difficult to be gay, or to be a woman. Where individuals are being persecuted, it is right that we offer sanctuary. But we will not be able to sustain an asylum system if in effect, simply being gay, or a woman, and fearful of discrimination in your country of origin, is sufficient to qualify for protection.[111][112]
This led to criticism from members of the Labour party and notably the LGBT+ wing of the Conservative Party.[113][114] The speech was also met with criticism from the UK's UNHCR, who rejected Braverman's calls for reform.[115][109]
Allegations of misconduct
Complaint to the Bar Standards Board
Nine organisations wrote a letter to the Bar Standards Board in May 2023 alleging that Braverman had violated the Bar's code of conduct regarding "racist sentiments and discriminatory narratives"[116] They referred to comments Braverman made in 2022, referring to people reaching the UK by crossing the Channel in small boats as an 'invasion',[117] as well as comments about sexual grooming gang members being predominantly British-Pakistani men who "hold cultural values totally at odds with British values".[118][116]
Legal contribution accusations
Braverman's details on the No5 Chambers website said that she "is a contributor to Philip Kolvin QC's book Gambling for Local Authorities, Licensing, Planning and Regeneration".[119] The Observer had questioned this in 2020[120] and, in October 2022, The Big Issue reported Kolvin saying that she "did not make a written or editorial contribution to the book", but simply "on one occasion I asked her to do some photocopying for the book". Braverman's parliamentary office, the Home Office and No5 Chambers all declined to comment, but the claim was removed from the website after The Big Issue had enquired.[121]
"The Secret Barrister" told The Big Issue, "For a practising barrister to include on a chambers profile something which is not merely an exaggeration but knowing false, is the type of dishonest conduct that should rightly attract the attention of the Bar Standards Board."[122] It was later reported by Private Eye that the Bar Standards Board was investigating a complaint that she had made a "dishonest statement out of self-interest to promote her career".[123]
The Eye also reported that her MP's website had said that she was involved "in the lengthy Guantanamo Bay Inquiry into the treatment of detainees by US and UK forces", although her name does not appear in the inquiry report, and suggested she may merely have been one of scores of lawyers who had sifted through documents.[123]
Alleged breach of the ministerial code
In May 2023, it was reported that, following an incident where she was caught speeding by police when she was Attorney General, Braverman asked whether civil servants could arrange for her an option to take a driving awareness course as a private one-to-one session rather than the standard group course with other motorists. They refused, and reported the request to the Cabinet Office. Braverman then asked one of her political aides to assist her, who asked the course providers whether with online courses aliases could be used and whether cameras could be switched off. The providers said those options were not available.[124][125]
The Liberal Democrats and Labour, which suggested the matter could be a breach of the ministerial code, called for an inquiry by the prime minister's independent adviser on ministerial interests and "ethics chief", Sir Laurie Magnus.[125] Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said that after consulting Magnus, he had decided that further investigation was not necessary, and that the incident did not constitute a breach of the Ministerial Code.[126]
Personal life
She married Rael Braverman, a manager of the Mercedes-Benz Group, whom Braverman described as a "very proud member of the Jewish community",[127] in February 2018 at the House of Commons.[128] As of 2021[update], they have two children: a son born in 2019 and a daughter born in 2021.[129][130] She lives in Locks Heath, Hampshire.[131]
Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order,[132] but is not a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order.[133] She took her oath of allegiance as an MP on the Buddhist Dhammapada.[134]
Honours
- She was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 19 February 2020 at Buckingham Palace,[135] entitling her to the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable".
- She was appointed as Queen's Counsel (QC) on 24 February 2020.[136]
Notes
- ^ In accordance with the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 Michael Ellis temporarily served as Attorney General during Braverman's maternity leave
- ^ Attorneys registered to practise in New York state must re-register and pay a fee every two years. Attorneys who do not re-register, resign, or retire, are suspended.[16]
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Notes
External links
- Official website
- Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
- Voting record at Public Whip
- Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
- Suella Braverman on Twitter
- Appearances on C-SPAN