Tel Maresha (Hebrew: תל מראשה) is the tell (archaeological mound) of the biblicalIron Age city of Maresha, and of the subsequent, post-586 BCE Idumean city known by its Hellenised name Marisa,[1]Arabised as Marissa (ماريسا).[2] The tell is situated in Israel's Shephelah region, i.e. in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Beit Gubrin.
Excavations revealed that Maresha was inhabited (not necessarily continuously) during the Iron Age, the Persian period, and the Hellenistic period.[3]John Hyrcanus of the Hasmonean dynasty seized Maresha in 113/112 BCE, leading to its decline and eventual desertion. The city faced its ultimate destruction at the hands of the Parthians in 40 BCE.[4]
Maresa (Joshua 15:44). Tribe of Judah. It is now a deserted site about 2 milestones from Eleutheropolis.[6]
C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund surmised that Maresha should be identified with Khurbet Mar'ash, a ruin 3⁄4 mile south of Beit Jibrin, based on a phonetic similarity of their names.[7] It was not until J. P. Peters and Hermann Thiersch explored the ruins of Khurbet Sandahannah (grid position 140111 PAL) in 1902 that they discovered a Greek funerary inscription in an adjacent burial cave (known as the Sidonian burial Cave) which explicitly identified the site as Maresha.[8][9][10] Today, Khurbet Sandahannah is an archaeological tell comprising 24 dunams (5.9 acres), with its "lower city" incorporating into it an additional 400 dunams (98 acres).
According to the Madaba Map, Maresha was the place "whence came Micah the Prophet".[14] In the 6th century BCE, as result of Zedekiah's rebellion against the Babylonian kingdom and its king Nebuchadnezzar II, the latter occupied the Judean kingdom and sent many of its inhabitants into exile. This marked the end of Maresha as a Judahite city.
The columbarium at Tell Maresha
Following these events, Edomites who had lived east and south of the Dead Sea migrated to the area and Maresha emerged as a major Idumean city.[15] Hence, from the Persian rule and throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms' rule in the region (6th – 1st century BCE), Maresha was part of the area known as Idumea, a Hellenised form of Edom. During the period of Persian rule, Phoenician colonies were encouraged to spread out along the coastal regions of Palestine and in the adjacent hill country of Judea, whence their early settlement in Maresha took its rise.[15]
With the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great the city was settled by retired Greek soldiers as was then custom. Thus Maresha reached its zenith, developing as a Hellenistic city encompassing a multitude of Greek and oriental cultures including Sidonians and Nabataeans. With the advent of Hellenisation, the settlement pattern changed, as most everywhere in the region, and the city expanded far beyond the constraints of the fortified, raised tell or mound of Iron Age Maresha. Maresha became the center of an administrative district in the Ptolemaic empire, while from 200 BCE onward the center of a Seleucid administrative district.[15]
Decline and falledit
Tel Maresha
The city began its decline during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (2nd century BCE) when the city was used as base to combat the rebels.[16] The Book of Maccabees reports that Judas Maccabeus and his forces marched through Marisa in around 163/2 BCE when the city was burnt during Judas' conquest of the Idumaean region,[17][18] from Hebron to Azotus (Ashdod).[19]
Following the rebellion and its success, John Hyrcanus conquered the city in c. 112 BCE, forcibly converting its inhabitants to Judaism.[20][15]
In 63 BCE, as part of the arrangements made by Pompey in the region, Maresha, along with all of Edom, was separated from the Jewish kingdom and returned to Idumea. In 47 BCE Julius Caesar then annexed the city to Judea.[21]
Maresha was finally destroyed in 40 BCE by the Parthians as part of the power struggle between Antigonus of the Hasmoneans who had sought their aid and Herod, who was a son of the converted Antipater the Idumaean and was being supported by the Romans.
After Maresha: Beth Gabra/Eleutheropolisedit
After the demise of Maresha, the neighbouring Idumean/Jewish town of Beth Gabra or Beit Guvrin succeeded it as the main settlement in the area.[22] Shaken by two successive and disastrous Jewish revolts against Roman rule in the 1st and 2nd centuries, the town recovered its importance only at the beginning of the 3rd century when it was re-established as a Roman city under the new name of Eleutheropolis. By the time of Eusebius of Caesarea (d. 340 CE), Maresha itself was already a deserted place: he mentions the city in his Onomasticon, saying that it was at a distance of "two milestones from Eleutheropolis".
Modern eraedit
The Palestinian Arab village Bayt Jibrin, standing on the site of ancient Eleutheropolis, was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. In 1949 Kibbutz Beit Guvrin was established on part of Bayt Jibrin's lands. Most of the archaeologically important areas of ancient Maresha and Beit Guvrin/Eleutheropolis are now part of the Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park.
Archaeologyedit
Bell cave
Archaeological excavations have been conducted at the site from 1972 to 2002 by Amos Kloner and from 2002 until 2014, by Bernie Alpert and Ian Stern, initially on behalf of the Archaeological Seminars Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).[23] From 2014 excavation and publication work continued on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Less than 10 percent of the caves surrounding Tel Maresha have been excavated. Located some 400 meters above sea level, the bedrock is soft chalk, lending itself to the hewing of caves which were used as quarries, cisterns, tombs, animal mangers, olive presses and dovecots (columbaria). Many of the caves are linked by an underground maze of passageways.[24]
During excavations at Tel Maresha, archaeologists uncovered a lead weight with a Greek inscription that read: "Year 170 (corresponding to 143/2 BCE), the agoranomos [= "market inspector"] being Antipater, son of Heliodorus, and Aristodamus, son of Ariston (?)."[25] The calendar year is written according to the Seleucid era counting, during which same year Simon Thassi of the Hasmonean dynasty assumed power.
Among the major archaeological finds at this site is the Heliodorus Stele.[26] This stele recounts events in Judaea prior to the Maccabean revolt and offers important historical evidence for events that would precede events which modern day Jews commemorate during the holiday of Chanukah.
Approximately 500 ostraca were found in Tell Maresha alone, 400 of which discovered since 2000. Included among these are both dated and undated dockets, tags with personal names and a number of letters of correspondence.[27]
In 2022, a large number of knucklebones were found. Some were used to play games (for example, knucklebones) and others to contact the gods (astragalomancy). Those that bear writing were in Greek.[28]
Stairway leading down an ancient quarryExtensive cave dwellings at Tell Maresha
Vast underground chambers at Tell Maresha
An old olive press at Tell Maresha
Inner recess of cave dwelling
Staircase at ruin Khirbet Sandahannah (now Tell Maresha)
Columbarium (dovecote) in Maresha
Referencesedit
^ abAvraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). "Mreshah (Tell); Marissa; Sandahannah (Tell)". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. p. 315. ISBN0-8264-1316-1.
^Kloner, Amos; Stern, Ian (2007). "Idumea in the Late Persian Period (Fourth Century b.c.e.)". In Lipschits, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Penn State University Press. pp. 139–143. ISBN9781575065809.
^"Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves". UNESCO.
^Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 72. ISBN965-220-500-1. OCLC 937002750.
^Peters, J.P.; Thiersch, Hermann (1905). Cook, Stanley A. (ed.). Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 36, 38. OCLC 1854067. Apollophanes, [son of] Sesmaios, thirty-three years chief of the Sidonians at Marise, reputed the best and most kin-loving of all those of his time; he died, having lived seventy-four years; see also the Greek inscription in NEAEHL, Vol. 3, ed. by E. Stern, Jerusalem 1993, p. 955.
^Lepinski, Nadav (n.d.). "Tell Maresha". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 327. OCLC 745203905.
^. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
^ abcdLepinski, Nadav (n.d.). "Tell Maresha". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 325. OCLC 745203905.
^Mysterious Caves of Maresha by Ian Stern at academia.edu. Three fragments of a Greek inscription, believed to be part of the Heliodorosstele were recently found at an Israel Antiquities Authority excavation at the National Park of Beit Guvrin.
^Translated in the Douai-Rheims edition (1899) as passing through Samaria: 1 Maccabees 5:66
^Josephus, Antiquities Book xxii chapter 9 paragraph 1
^David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck (2000) Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible ISBN0-8028-2400-5 p 856
^Benvenishti, Meron; Lepinski, Nadav, eds. (n.d.). "Beit Gubrin". Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House. p. 255. OCLC 745203905.
^Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010, Survey Permit # A-5808; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6701; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014, Survey Permit # A-7015
^Amateur Archaeologists Get the Dirt on the Past, New York Times
^Ameling, Walter; Cotton, Hannah M.; Eck, Werner; Ecker, Avner; Isaac, Benjamin; Kushnir-Stein, Alla, eds. (2018). Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae / Palaaestinae. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Part 2: 3325-3978. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 940. ISBN978-3-11-054364-3.
^Ameling, Walter; Cotton, Hannah M.; Eck, Werner; Ecker, Avner; Isaac, Benjamin; Kushnir-Stein, Alla, eds. (2018). Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae / Palaaestinae. Vol. IV: Iudaea / Idumaea. Part 2: 3325-3978. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 939. ISBN978-3-11-054364-3.
^Huge Number of Knucklebones for Prophecy and Games Discovered in Biblical Maresha
Bibliographyedit
Kloner, Amos, Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70 (Jerusalem, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2003).
Jacobson, D. M., The Hellenistic Paintings of Marisa (London, Palestine Exploration Fund, 2005).
Stern, Ian, Excavations at Maresha Subterranean Complex 169. Final Report Seasons 2000-2016. (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology No. XI). Jerusalem, 2019.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maresha.
– official site
Pictures of Maresha
Ancient Maresha – Historical Sites in Israel on YouTube
April 10, 2024
maresha, hebrew, תל, מראשה, tell, archaeological, mound, biblical, iron, city, subsequent, post, idumean, city, known, hellenised, name, marisa, arabised, marissa, ماريسا, tell, situated, israel, shephelah, region, foothills, judaean, mountains, about, kilomet. Tel Maresha Hebrew תל מראשה is the tell archaeological mound of the biblical Iron Age city of Maresha and of the subsequent post 586 BCE Idumean city known by its Hellenised name Marisa 1 Arabised as Marissa ماريسا 2 The tell is situated in Israel s Shephelah region i e in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains about 2 kilometres 1 2 mi southeast of Beit Gubrin Caves of MareshaUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationShfela Israel Part ofCaves of Maresha and Bet Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the CavesCriteriaCultural v Reference1370Inscription2014 38th Session Coordinates31 35 35 N 34 53 54 E 31 59306 N 34 89833 E 31 59306 34 89833Location of Maresha in IsraelExcavations revealed that Maresha was inhabited not necessarily continuously during the Iron Age the Persian period and the Hellenistic period 3 John Hyrcanus of the Hasmonean dynasty seized Maresha in 113 112 BCE leading to its decline and eventual desertion The city faced its ultimate destruction at the hands of the Parthians in 40 BCE 4 Maresha was first excavated in 1898 1900 by the British archaeologists Bliss and Macalister on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund and again after 1989 by Israeli archaeologist Amos Kloner on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority 1 Most of the artifacts of the British excavation are to be found today in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums This site is now protected as part of Beit Guvrin Maresha National Park and its burial caves are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site 5 Contents 1 Identification 2 History 2 1 Iron Age to Hellenistic period 2 2 Decline and fall 2 3 After Maresha Beth Gabra Eleutheropolis 2 4 Modern era 3 Archaeology 4 Tel Maresha and national park 5 See also 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksIdentification edit nbsp Map illustrating the locations of Kibbutz Beit Guvrin historical Bayt Jibrin Eleutheropolis the ancient caves World Heritage Site and Tel Maresha 1940s Survey of Palestine map with modern overlay The location of Maresha in relation to Eleutheropolis Beit Gubrin has been noted by Eusebius in his Onomasticon who wrote Maresa Joshua 15 44 Tribe of Judah It is now a deserted site about 2 milestones from Eleutheropolis 6 C R Conder and H H Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund surmised that Maresha should be identified with Khurbet Mar ash a ruin 3 4 mile south of Beit Jibrin based on a phonetic similarity of their names 7 It was not until J P Peters and Hermann Thiersch explored the ruins of Khurbet Sandahannah grid position 140111 PAL in 1902 that they discovered a Greek funerary inscription in an adjacent burial cave known as the Sidonian burial Cave which explicitly identified the site as Maresha 8 9 10 Today Khurbet Sandahannah is an archaeological tell comprising 24 dunams 5 9 acres with its lower city incorporating into it an additional 400 dunams 98 acres History editMain article Bayt Jibrin History Further information Eleutheropolis Beit Guvrin Israel and Beit Guvrin National Park Iron Age to Hellenistic period edit Maresha was one of the cities of Judah during the time of the First Temple and is mentioned as part of the inheritance of the biblical tribe of Judah in the Book of Joshua 11 Later in the second Book of Chronicles it is named as one of King Rehoboam s fifteen fortified cities 12 In 2 Chronicles it is the site of a battle against an invading Ethiopian army 13 According to the Madaba Map Maresha was the place whence came Micah the Prophet 14 In the 6th century BCE as result of Zedekiah s rebellion against the Babylonian kingdom and its king Nebuchadnezzar II the latter occupied the Judean kingdom and sent many of its inhabitants into exile This marked the end of Maresha as a Judahite city nbsp The columbarium at Tell MareshaFollowing these events Edomites who had lived east and south of the Dead Sea migrated to the area and Maresha emerged as a major Idumean city 15 Hence from the Persian rule and throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms rule in the region 6th 1st century BCE Maresha was part of the area known as Idumea a Hellenised form of Edom During the period of Persian rule Phoenician colonies were encouraged to spread out along the coastal regions of Palestine and in the adjacent hill country of Judea whence their early settlement in Maresha took its rise 15 With the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great the city was settled by retired Greek soldiers as was then custom Thus Maresha reached its zenith developing as a Hellenistic city encompassing a multitude of Greek and oriental cultures including Sidonians and Nabataeans With the advent of Hellenisation the settlement pattern changed as most everywhere in the region and the city expanded far beyond the constraints of the fortified raised tell or mound of Iron Age Maresha Maresha became the center of an administrative district in the Ptolemaic empire while from 200 BCE onward the center of a Seleucid administrative district 15 Decline and fall edit nbsp Tel MareshaThe city began its decline during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire 2nd century BCE when the city was used as base to combat the rebels 16 The Book of Maccabees reports that Judas Maccabeus and his forces marched through Marisa in around 163 2 BCE when the city was burnt during Judas conquest of the Idumaean region 17 18 from Hebron to Azotus Ashdod 19 Following the rebellion and its success John Hyrcanus conquered the city in c 112 BCE forcibly converting its inhabitants to Judaism 20 15 In 63 BCE as part of the arrangements made by Pompey in the region Maresha along with all of Edom was separated from the Jewish kingdom and returned to Idumea In 47 BCE Julius Caesar then annexed the city to Judea 21 Maresha was finally destroyed in 40 BCE by the Parthians as part of the power struggle between Antigonus of the Hasmoneans who had sought their aid and Herod who was a son of the converted Antipater the Idumaean and was being supported by the Romans After Maresha Beth Gabra Eleutheropolis edit After the demise of Maresha the neighbouring Idumean Jewish town of Beth Gabra or Beit Guvrin succeeded it as the main settlement in the area 22 Shaken by two successive and disastrous Jewish revolts against Roman rule in the 1st and 2nd centuries the town recovered its importance only at the beginning of the 3rd century when it was re established as a Roman city under the new name of Eleutheropolis By the time of Eusebius of Caesarea d 340 CE Maresha itself was already a deserted place he mentions the city in his Onomasticon saying that it was at a distance of two milestones from Eleutheropolis Modern era edit The Palestinian Arab village Bayt Jibrin standing on the site of ancient Eleutheropolis was depopulated during the 1948 Arab Israeli war In 1949 Kibbutz Beit Guvrin was established on part of Bayt Jibrin s lands Most of the archaeologically important areas of ancient Maresha and Beit Guvrin Eleutheropolis are now part of the Beit Guvrin Maresha National Park Archaeology edit nbsp nbsp Bell caveArchaeological excavations have been conducted at the site from 1972 to 2002 by Amos Kloner and from 2002 until 2014 by Bernie Alpert and Ian Stern initially on behalf of the Archaeological Seminars Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority IAA 23 From 2014 excavation and publication work continued on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion Less than 10 percent of the caves surrounding Tel Maresha have been excavated Located some 400 meters above sea level the bedrock is soft chalk lending itself to the hewing of caves which were used as quarries cisterns tombs animal mangers olive presses and dovecots columbaria Many of the caves are linked by an underground maze of passageways 24 During excavations at Tel Maresha archaeologists uncovered a lead weight with a Greek inscription that read Year 170 corresponding to 143 2 BCE the agoranomos market inspector being Antipater son of Heliodorus and Aristodamus son of Ariston 25 The calendar year is written according to the Seleucid era counting during which same year Simon Thassi of the Hasmonean dynasty assumed power Among the major archaeological finds at this site is the Heliodorus Stele 26 This stele recounts events in Judaea prior to the Maccabean revolt and offers important historical evidence for events that would precede events which modern day Jews commemorate during the holiday of Chanukah Approximately 500 ostraca were found in Tell Maresha alone 400 of which discovered since 2000 Included among these are both dated and undated dockets tags with personal names and a number of letters of correspondence 27 In 2022 a large number of knucklebones were found Some were used to play games for example knucklebones and others to contact the gods astragalomancy Those that bear writing were in Greek 28 Tel Maresha and national park editToday Maresha is part of the Israeli national park of Beit Guvrin Many of the ancient city s olive presses columbaria and water cisterns can still be seen Furthermore the Archaeological Seminars Institute under the license of the Israel Antiquities Authority conducts excavations of Maresha s many quarried systems and invites visitors to participate See also editAncient synagogues in the Palestine region Ancient synagogues in Israel Archaeological Seminars Institute Archaeology of Israel Bayt Jibrin for most elaborate presentation history archaeology etc Beit Guvrin Maresha National Park Eleutheropolis Kibbutz Beit Guvrin LMLK seal seal impressions on jars from the time of King Hezekiah ruled c 715 686 BCE Tourism in IsraelGallery edit nbsp nbsp Stairway leading down an ancient quarryExtensive cave dwellings at Tell Maresha nbsp Vast underground chambers at Tell Maresha nbsp An old olive press at Tell Maresha nbsp Inner recess of cave dwelling nbsp Staircase at ruin Khirbet Sandahannah now Tell Maresha nbsp Columbarium dovecote in MareshaReferences edit a b Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson 2001 Mreshah Tell Marissa Sandahannah Tell Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land New York and London Continuum p 315 ISBN 0 8264 1316 1 The Interpreter s Bible 1956 Abingdon Press Volume VI page 897 Kloner Amos Stern Ian 2007 Idumea in the Late Persian Period Fourth Century b c e In Lipschits Oded Knoppers Gary N Albertz Rainer eds Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B C E Penn State University Press pp 139 143 ISBN 9781575065809 Regev Dalit 2023 Sidonians at Marisa Maresha Atiqot עתיקות 110 65 ISSN 0792 8424 Caves of Maresha and Bet Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves UNESCO Chapmann III R L Taylor J E eds 2003 Palestine in the Fourth Century A D The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea Translated by G S P Freeman Grenville Jerusalem Carta p 72 ISBN 965 220 500 1 OCLC 937002750 Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund p 262 Peters J P Thiersch Hermann 1905 Cook Stanley A ed Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund pp 36 38 OCLC 1854067 Apollophanes son of Sesmaios thirty three years chief of the Sidonians at Marise reputed the best and most kin loving of all those of his time he died having lived seventy four years see also the Greek inscription in NEAEHL Vol 3 ed by E Stern Jerusalem 1993 p 955 Lepinski Nadav n d Tell Maresha In Ben Yosef Sefi ed Israel Guide Judaea A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country in Hebrew Vol 9 Jerusalem Keter Publishing House in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence p 327 OCLC 745203905 Rainey 1983 p 10 Joshua 15 44 2 Chronicles 11 5 10 2 Chronicles 14 9 12 The Madaba Mosaic Map web site Welcome Archived from the original on 2016 09 19 Retrieved 2014 03 24 a b c d Lepinski Nadav n d Tell Maresha In Ben Yosef Sefi ed Israel Guide Judaea A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country in Hebrew Vol 9 Jerusalem Keter Publishing House in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence p 325 OCLC 745203905 Mysterious Caves of Maresha by Ian Stern at academia edu Three fragments of a Greek inscription believed to be part of the Heliodoros stele were recently found at an Israel Antiquities Authority excavation at the National Park of Beit Guvrin 1 Maccabees 5 66 Josephus Antiquities 12 8 6 12 350 Translated in the Douai Rheims edition 1899 as passing through Samaria 1 Maccabees 5 66 Josephus Antiquities Book xxii chapter 9 paragraph 1 David Noel Freedman Allen C Myers Astrid B Beck 2000 Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible ISBN 0 8028 2400 5 p 856 Benvenishti Meron Lepinski Nadav eds n d Beit Gubrin Israel Guide Judaea A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country in Hebrew Vol 9 Jerusalem Keter Publishing House p 255 OCLC 745203905 Israel Antiquities Authority Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010 Survey Permit A 5808 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013 Survey Permit A 6701 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014 Survey Permit A 7015 Amateur Archaeologists Get the Dirt on the Past New York Times Ameling Walter Cotton Hannah M Eck Werner Ecker Avner Isaac Benjamin Kushnir Stein Alla eds 2018 Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaaestinae Vol IV Iudaea Idumaea Part 2 3325 3978 Berlin Walter de Gruyter p 940 ISBN 978 3 11 054364 3 Exhibitions The Heliodorus Stele Ameling Walter Cotton Hannah M Eck Werner Ecker Avner Isaac Benjamin Kushnir Stein Alla eds 2018 Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae Palaaestinae Vol IV Iudaea Idumaea Part 2 3325 3978 Berlin Walter de Gruyter p 939 ISBN 978 3 11 054364 3 Huge Number of Knucklebones for Prophecy and Games Discovered in Biblical MareshaBibliography editKloner Amos Maresha Excavations Final Report I Subterranean Complexes 21 44 70 Jerusalem Israel Antiquities Authority 2003 Jacobson D M The Hellenistic Paintings of Marisa London Palestine Exploration Fund 2005 Rainey A F 1983 The Biblical Shephelah of Judah Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 251 The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research 1 22 JSTOR 1356823 Stern Ian Excavations at Maresha Subterranean Complex 169 Final Report Seasons 2000 2016 Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology No XI Jerusalem 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maresha Bet Guvrin Maresha National Park official site Pictures of Maresha Ancient Maresha Historical Sites in Israel on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maresha amp oldid 1217348602, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
