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South Dravidian languages

January 01, 1970

South Dravidian (also called "South Dravidian I") is one of the four major branches of the Dravidian languages family. It includes the literary languages Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Tulu, as well as several non-literary languages such as Badaga, Irula, Kota, Kurumba, Toda and Kodava.[1]

South Dravidian
South Dravidian I
Geographic
distribution		South India, Sri Lanka, diaspora
Linguistic classificationDravidian
  • South Dravidian
Proto-languageProto-South Dravidian
Subdivisions
  • Tamil–Kannada
  • Tuluic
Glottologsout3138

Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam are recognized among the official languages of India and are spoken mainly in South India. All three are officially recognized as classical languages by the Government of India, along with Sanskrit, Telugu, and Odia.[2]

Phonological features edit

Tamil and Malayalam have both retroflex lateral (/ɭ/) and retroflex approximant (/ɻ/) sounds, whereas Kannada has retained only the retroflex lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex approximants changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the bilabial voiceless plosive (/p/) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a velar fricative (/h/) or has disappeared completely. This change is unique to Kannada in the Dravidian family. Tamil does not show this change.

Tamil-Malayalam and Telugu show the conversion of Voiceless velar plosive (/k/) into Voiceless palatal plosive (/c/) at the beginning of the words (refer to comparative method for details). Kannada, however, is totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words.

Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale. The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, kīṟu; Tulu oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru.[3]

Classification and terminology edit

The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian.[4][5][6] Most scholars agree that the South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in Zvelebil 1990:56) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages.[5] For this reason, Krishnamurti suggested the alternative terms South Dravidian I for the former branch and South Dravidian II for the latter.[7]

South Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: Tamil–Kannada and Tulu.[8] The languages that constitute the Tamil–Kannada branch are Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Irula, Toda, Kota, Kodava, and Badaga and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are Tulu, Koraga, Kudiya, Bellari.

According to R. C. Hiremath, Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil–Kannada inner branch started with the separation of Tulu in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE.[citation needed]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Steever (2019), pp. 5–7.
  2. ^ "Odia gets classical language status – The Hindu". The Hindu. 20 February 2014.
  3. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 127, 146.
  4. ^ Steever (2019), pp. 5–9, 12.
  5. ^ a b Kolichala (2016), p. 76.
  6. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), pp. 19–20.
  7. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 58.
  8. ^ a b Zvelebil (1990), p. 56.
  9. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 21.

Sources edit

  • Kolichala, Suresh (2016). "Dravidian Languages". In Hans Henrich Hock; Elena Bashir (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 73–107. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
  • Krishnamurti, B. (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77111-0.
  • Steever, Sanford (2019). "Introduction to the Dravidian languages". In Steever, Sanford (ed.). The Dravidian Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 1–44. ISBN 978-1-138-85376-8.
  • Subrahmanyam, P.S. (1983). Dravidian Comparative Phonology. Annamalai University.
  • Zvelebil, Kamil (1990). Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction. PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture).

January 01, 1970
south, dravidian, languages, south, dravidian, also, called, south, dravidian, four, major, branches, dravidian, languages, family, includes, literary, languages, tamil, kannada, malayalam, tulu, well, several, literary, languages, such, badaga, irula, kota, k. South Dravidian also called South Dravidian I is one of the four major branches of the Dravidian languages family It includes the literary languages Tamil Kannada Malayalam and Tulu as well as several non literary languages such as Badaga Irula Kota Kurumba Toda and Kodava 1 South DravidianSouth Dravidian IGeographicdistributionSouth India Sri Lanka diasporaLinguistic classificationDravidianSouth DravidianProto languageProto South DravidianSubdivisionsTamil Kannada TuluicGlottologsout3138 Kannada Tamil and Malayalam are recognized among the official languages of India and are spoken mainly in South India All three are officially recognized as classical languages by the Government of India along with Sanskrit Telugu and Odia 2 Contents 1 Phonological features 2 Classification and terminology 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 SourcesPhonological features editTamil and Malayalam have both retroflex lateral ɭ and retroflex approximant ɻ sounds whereas Kannada has retained only the retroflex lateral Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once before the 10th century also present in Kannada However all the retroflex approximants changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later In Kannada the bilabial voiceless plosive p at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a velar fricative h or has disappeared completely This change is unique to Kannada in the Dravidian family Tamil does not show this change Tamil Malayalam and Telugu show the conversion of Voiceless velar plosive k into Voiceless palatal plosive c at the beginning of the words refer to comparative method for details Kannada however is totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words Tulu is characterized by its r l and s c t alternation for e g sarɛ tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale The alveolar ṯ ṯṯ nṯ became post alveolar or dental the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages e g Tamil oṉṟu aṟu naṟu naṟṟam kiṟu Tulu onji aji naduni nata kiruni gicuni The retroflex approximant mostly became a ɾ and also ɭ ɖ e g Tamil eẓu puẓu Tulu eḷŭ elŭ eḍŭ puru 3 Classification and terminology editThe Dravidian languages form a close knit family Four subgroups are generally accepted South Dravidian South Central Dravidian Central Dravidian and North Dravidian 4 5 6 Most scholars agree that the South Dravidian and South Central Dravidian branches called Tamil Tulu and Telugu Kui in Zvelebil 1990 56 are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages 5 For this reason Krishnamurti suggested the alternative terms South Dravidian I for the former branch and South Dravidian II for the latter 7 South Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches Tamil Kannada and Tulu 8 The languages that constitute the Tamil Kannada branch are Tamil Kannada Malayalam Irula Toda Kota Kodava and Badaga and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are Tulu Koraga Kudiya Bellari According to R C Hiremath Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil Kannada inner branch started with the separation of Tulu in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE citation needed South Dravidian South Dravidian I Tamil Tulu 9 8 Tamil Kannada Tamil languages including Tamil Malayalam languages including Malayalam Irula 11 870 2011 census Kodava 113 857 2011 census Toda 1 600 2001 census Kota 930 2001 census Kannada languages including Kannada and Badaga Koraga 45 50 2018 Tulu 1 850 000 2011 census Kudiya 2 800 2007 References editCitations edit Steever 2019 pp 5 7 Odia gets classical language status The Hindu The Hindu 20 February 2014 Krishnamurti 2003 p 127 146 Steever 2019 pp 5 9 12 a b Kolichala 2016 p 76 Krishnamurti 2003 pp 19 20 Krishnamurti 2003 p 58 a b Zvelebil 1990 p 56 Krishnamurti 2003 p 21 Sources edit Kolichala Suresh 2016 Dravidian Languages In Hans Henrich Hock Elena Bashir eds The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia A Comprehensive Guide Berlin Boston De Gruyter Mouton pp 73 107 ISBN 978 3 11 042715 8 Krishnamurti B 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 77111 0 Steever Sanford 2019 Introduction to the Dravidian languages In Steever Sanford ed The Dravidian Languages 2nd ed Routledge pp 1 44 ISBN 978 1 138 85376 8 Subrahmanyam P S 1983 Dravidian Comparative Phonology Annamalai University Zvelebil Kamil 1990 Dravidian Linguistics An Introduction PILC Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title South Dravidian languages amp oldid 1222708007, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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