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Wikipedia

Smoke grenade

January 07, 2023

A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device, or as a screening device for unit movements.[1][2]

Smoke grenades used at demonstrations in Paris, 2008
British L83A1 Smoke Grenade manufactured in May 2008. This grenade has already been used.

Smoke grenades generally emit a far larger amount of smoke than smoke bombs, which are a type of fireworks typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin and are more complex. Smoke grenades often cost around US$40 compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake, bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement;[citation needed] similarly, "pop smoke", derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades, is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place.[3]

Design

 
Diagram and cross section of an AN M18 smoke grenade

A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke composition (mostly potassium chlorate, lactose, and a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades typically use hexachloroethane-zinc and granular aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used injudiciously.

Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation. These are filled with white phosphorus (WP), a pyrophoric agent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge. White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid-filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute. For this reason, they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments on armored vehicles, which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by laser guided anti-tank missiles and need to rapidly retreat.

Use

 
A violet signaling smoke grenade being used during a military training exercise

Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The primary use is the creation of smoke screens for concealment and the signaling of aircraft.

If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force's location. The most common color for concealment smoke is white or grey. With the advent of thermal imaging, which can spot troop movements through smoke screens, the newest smoke compositions now include a "multi-spectrum" component to make them IR impermeable.[4]

Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft. Since locating a target from above (especially in thick forest canopy) can be nearly impossible, even with good radio contact, colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them. Colored signaling smoke grenades [5] are widely used in CASEVAC and close air support situations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance. Common colors are red, yellow, green and purple, and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above.

Other uses

 
Amphibious Assault Vehicles firing smoke grenades

Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under the laws of war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries.

Since the basic design of a smoke grenade (a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited) is so simple, improvised devices are ubiquitous across the world. Protestors, football spectators, and airsoft enthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials.

Smoke grenades by country

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January 07, 2023
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Smoke grenade news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A smoke grenade is a canister type grenade used as a signaling device target or landing zone marking device or as a screening device for unit movements 1 2 Smoke grenades used at demonstrations in Paris 2008 British L83A1 Smoke Grenade manufactured in May 2008 This grenade has already been used Smoke grenades generally emit a far larger amount of smoke than smoke bombs which are a type of fireworks typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin and are more complex Smoke grenades often cost around US 40 compared to smoke bombs which can often cost just a few cents The phrase to smoke meaning to fake bluff or beat around the bush comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement citation needed similarly pop smoke derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place 3 Contents 1 Design 2 Use 3 Other uses 4 Smoke grenades by country 5 ReferencesDesign Edit Diagram and cross section of an AN M18 smoke grenade A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke composition mostly potassium chlorate lactose and a dye in virtually any color White smoke grenades typically use hexachloroethane zinc and granular aluminum The reaction is exothermic and though they remain intact smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks they remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used injudiciously Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation These are filled with white phosphorus WP a pyrophoric agent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke phosphorus pentoxide This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute For this reason they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments on armored vehicles which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by laser guided anti tank missiles and need to rapidly retreat Use Edit A violet signaling smoke grenade being used during a military training exercise Smoke grenades are used for several purposes The primary use is the creation of smoke screens for concealment and the signaling of aircraft If movement such as flanking maneuvers or retreat is necessary smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force s location The most common color for concealment smoke is white or grey With the advent of thermal imaging which can spot troop movements through smoke screens the newest smoke compositions now include a multi spectrum component to make them IR impermeable 4 Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft Since locating a target from above especially in thick forest canopy can be nearly impossible even with good radio contact colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them Colored signaling smoke grenades 5 are widely used in CASEVAC and close air support situations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance Common colors are red yellow green and purple and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above Other uses Edit Amphibious Assault Vehicles firing smoke grenades Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms of chemical grenades such as CS gas riot control grenades and incendiary grenades such as thermite grenades which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn However the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under the laws of war and thus they are not considered weapons since the vast majority are non explosive they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries Since the basic design of a smoke grenade a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited is so simple improvised devices are ubiquitous across the world Protestors football spectators and airsoft enthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials Smoke grenades by country Edit Argentina M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade 6 Fabricaciones Militares HC smoke hand grenade 7 Australia No 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 8 Smarex coloured smoke hand grenade series 9 M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 10 11 M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade 10 A101 Coloured Smoke Grenade series 12 A200 Compact Coloured Smoke Grenade series 13 Austria Nebelgranate 75 14 Barbados N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade 15 Belgium No 83 Smoke Hand Grenade series 16 M3BG white phosphorus smoke grenade 17 M48BG M52BG white phosphorus smoke grenade series 18 M68 signal smoke hand grenade series 19 Nr 11 red smoke hand grenade 20 NR 405A1 white phosphorus smoke hand grenade 21 Brazil Condor SS 601 22 Bulgaria Arsenal GH SMK 2 W red phosphorus smoke hand grenade 23 Arsenal GH SMK coloured smoke hand grenade series Grey or metallic body with coloured stripe 24 Bulcomers Ks GH SMK coloured smoke hand grenade series Brown body with coloured label 25 26 27 28 29 30 Canada No 77 Mk 1 Mk 2 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 31 No 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 32 33 No 83 Coloured Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 32 34 35 36 37 38 C3 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series 32 C1 HC Smoke Hand Grenade series 32 39 40 41 Pains Wessex Coloured Smoke Mini Grenade series 32 42 43 44 45 C8 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series 46 47 48 49 L83A1 Smoke Hand Grenade 46 Chile P 700 coloured smoke hand grenade series 50 51 52 China FSL 01 53 FSL 02 53 Denmark Roghandbombe Nr 77 54 Roghandbombe Nr 80 55 Roghandbombe M 53 56 Roghandgranat M 57 57 Roghandbombe M 77 58 Roghandbombe M 93 59 Germany Nebelhandgranate 39 60 61 Nebelkerze 39 series 62 Nebelhandgranate 41 63 64 Nebeleihandgranate 42 65 66 Blendkorper 14 67 Blendkorper 24 68 Handrauchzeichen coloured hand smoke signal series 69 70 Rauchsichtzeichen Orange 71 DM25 KM smoke hand grenade 72 SPIRCO Red Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 73 74 75 76 Rheinmetall KM smoke hand grenade 75 77 Rheinmetall NT smoke hand grenade 75 77 RASMO Rapid Smoke Hand Grenade 78 Greece EM 04 79 EM 12 79 Honduras M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 80 better source needed India Ordnance Factory Board Smoke Hand Grenade series 81 Ireland N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade 82 better source needed Netherlands No 77 Rookhandgranaat 83 Nr 7 HC smoke hand grenade series 84 Nr 9 yellow smoke hand grenade 85 Nr 10 green smoke hand grenade 86 Nr 11 red smoke hand grenade 20 Nr 22 coloured smoke hand grenade series 87 84 L68 L71 and L100 L101 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series No 83 Mk 4 type 88 N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade No 83 Mk 4 type 89 Nr 23 white phosphorus smoke hand grenade 87 84 Nr 700 coloured smoke hand grenade series Rheinmetall NT type 90 91 92 93 94 95 New Zealand M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 96 Nigeria No 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 97 Norway AN M8 HC Smoke Grenade 98 M8 HC Royk Hand Granat 99 100 101 M88 HC Royk Hand Granat 102 101 No 83 Mk 1 Mk 4 Coloured Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 103 104 105 NM239 Royk Hand Granat 106 NM248 TTC Royk Hand Granat 107 100 101 TTC Smoke Hand Grenade Commercial version of NM248 108 109 110 111 DM 45 HC smoke hand grenade 112 101 Defense Technology Military Style Smoke Grenade series 113 114 Pakistan P3 MK1 WP Smoke Grenade 115 MK1 Target Indication Smoke Grenade series 116 MK2 Target Indication Smoke Grenade series 117 Poland RGD 2 118 Rhodesia No 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 119 M970 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 119 Russia RGD 2 120 South Africa M970 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 119 No 83 Smoke Hand Grenade series 121 122 R1M1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 121 M854A1 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series 123 124 Red Phosphorus Hand Grenade 125 M0234 Coloured Smoke Hand Grenade series 126 M0251 Screening Smoke Hand Grenade 127 South Korea KM8 HC Smoke Hand Grenade 128 129 KM18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 128 129 Spain A T F 1 130 Sweden Rokhandgranat m 1937 131 Rokhandgranat m 51 132 Rokhandgranat m 56 133 Rokhandgranat 05 SPIRCO type 134 Turkey MKE Renkli Sis Kutusu Colored Smoke Can series 135 136 137 MKE Sis El Bombasi Smoke Hand Grenade 138 139 United Kingdom To include British Overseas Territories No 77 Mk 1 Mk 2 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 140 141 No 79 Mk 1 Mk 2 Smoke Hand Grenade 142 No 80 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 143 144 145 No 81 Mk 1 White Phosphorus Smoke Hand Grenade 146 No 83 Mk 1 Mk 4 Coloured Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 147 145 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 L35 L38 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 157 158 159 160 148 L52 L55 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 148 L64 L67 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series 148 L68 L71 and L100 L101 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series No 83 Mk 4 type 161 162 163 164 L83A1 A2 Training Smoke Screening Hand Grenade No 83 Mk 4 type 161 162 N150 Low Toxicity Smoke Screening Hand Grenade Commercial version of L83 165 L84A1 A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Screening Hand Grenade SPIRCO 73 74 166 N321 Screening Bursting Hand Grenade Commercial 167 N322 Red Phosphorus Screening Bursting Hand Grenade Commercial 168 L132A1 A2 Smoke Screening Hand Grenade 169 170 N451 A Compact Screening Smoke Hand Grenade Commercial version of L132 171 L152 L158 Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series N431 N437 Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series Commercial version of L152 L158 172 N441 A N448 A Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series Commercial 173 N461 N468 Compact Signal Smoke Hand Grenade series Commercial 174 Primetake Military Smoke Grenade series Commercial 175 Primetake PT4541 38mm Screening Smoke Grenade series Commercial 176 Primetake PT4540 63mm Screening Smoke Grenade series Commercial 176 CTX Screening Smoke Hand Grenade Commercial 177 United States M1 Frangible Grenade When used with FS filler 178 M3 Red Smoke Grenade 179 AN M8 HC Smoke Grenade 180 181 M15 White Phosphorus grenade 182 183 M16 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 184 M18 Colored Smoke Hand Grenade series 184 2 185 M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenade 186 M83 TA White Smoke Hand Grenade 187 185 Smith amp Wesson No 3 Military Type Continuous Discharge White Smoke HC Grenade Commercial 188 Federal Laboratories M 8 White Smoke Grenade Commercial 189 M106 Screening Obscuration Device 185 ALSG972 Continuous Discharge Smoke Grenade series Commercial 190 ALSG978 Pocket Smoke Grenade series Commercial 191 ALSG2978W White Smoke Baffled Triple Chamber Grenade Commercial 192 ALSG275 Handball Smoke Grenade series Commercial 193 ALSG973 Triple Action Smoke Grenade series Commercial 194 Combined Systems 5210 White Smoke Canister Grenade Commercial 195 Combined Systems 5210JL Smoke Jet Lite Canister Grenade Commercial 196 Combined Systems 5211 White Smoke Triple Phaser Canister Grenade Commercial 197 Combined Systems 6210 White Smoke Canister Grenade Commercial 198 Combined Systems 8210 White Smoke Tactical Canister Grenade Commercial 199 Defense Technology Military Style Smoke Grenade series Commercial 200 201 202 203 204 205 Defense Technology Pocket Tactical Smoke Grenade series Commercial 206 207 208 209 210 Defense Technology Saf Smoke Triple Chaser Separating Canister Commercial 211 Defense Technology Maximum HC Smoke Canister series Commercial 212 213 Defense Technology Saf Smoke Han Ball Grenade Commercial 214 Defense Technology Flameless Tri Chamber Saf Smoke Grenade Commercial 215 MP 1 xx Color Smoke Grenade series Commercial 216 MP 2 xx Color Smoke Grenade series Commercial 217 MP 2B xx Color Smoke Grenade series Commercial 218 MP 15 xx Color Smoke Grenade series Commercial 219 MP 2S xx Color Smoke Grenade series Commercial 220 MP 2S HC Screening Smoke Grenade Commercial 221 References Edit BACTEC International Limited Potential Sources of Allied UXO PDF WSP UK Limited Archived from the original PDF on 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Technology Pocket Tactical Blue Smoke Grenade Retrieved 21 July 2021 Defense Technology Tactical Smoke Grenade Green Retrieved 21 July 2021 Defense Technology Pocket Tactical Red Smoke Grenade Retrieved 21 July 2021 Defense Technology Pocket Tactical Grenade Saf Smoke Retrieved 21 July 2021 Defense Technology Pocket Tactical Saf Smoke Yellow Smoke Grenade Retrieved 21 July 2021 Defense Technology Triple Chaser Separating Canister Saf Smoke Retrieved 30 July 2021 Defense Technology Maximum HC Smoke Large Style Canister Retrieved 30 July 2021 Defense Technology Maximum HC Smoke Military Style Canister Retrieved 30 July 2021 Defense Technology Han Ball Grenade Saf Smoke Retrieved 30 July 2021 Defense Technology Flameless Tri Chamber Saf Smoke Grenade Retrieved 30 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies Pocket Smoke Grenades CS and Color Retrieved 21 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies 60mm Smoke Grenades CS and Color Retrieved 21 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies Baffled Smoke Grenades CS and Color Retrieved 21 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies 45mm Smoke Grenades CS and Color Retrieved 21 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies Color Smoke Grenades Military M18 Type Retrieved 21 July 2021 NonLethal Technologies HC Screening Smoke Grenades Military M8 Type Retrieved 30 July 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Smoke grenade amp oldid 1125919406, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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