Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Верховный Совет Союза Советских Социалистических Республик, tr. Verkhovnyy Sovet Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) was, beginning in 1936, the most authoritative legislative body of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and the only one with the power to approve constitutional amendments. Prior to 1936,[3] the Congress of Soviets was the supreme legislative body. During 1989–1991 a similar, but not identical structure was the supreme legislative body. The Supreme Soviet appointed the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court, and the Procurator General of the USSR as well as elected the Presidium which served as the USSR's collective head of state by the both 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution.[3]
By the Soviet constitutions of 1936 and 1977, the Supreme Soviet was defined as the highest organ of state power in the Soviet Union and was imbued with great lawmaking powers. In practice, however, it was a toy parliament which did nothing other than ratify decisions already made by the USSR's executive organs and the CPSU — always by unanimous consent[3] — and listen to the General Secretary's speeches.[3] This was in accordance with the Stalinist CPSU's principle of democratic centralism and became the norm for other Communist legislatures.
Structure edit
The Supreme Soviet was composed of two chambers, each with equal legislative powers:[4]
- The Soviet of the Union, which represented the population of the Soviet federation as a whole, with each deputy representing the same number of voters.
- The Soviet of Nationalities, which represented the ethnic populations as units, with members elected on the basis of 32 deputies from each union republic, 11 from each autonomous republic, five from each autonomous oblast (region), and one from each autonomous okrug (district). The administrative units of the same type would send the same number of members regardless of their size or population.
Under the 1936 Constitution, the Supreme Soviet was elected for a four-year term, and the Soviet of the Union had one deputy for every 300,000 people.[4] This was changed by the 1977 constitution; the term was extended to five years, and the number of seats in the Soviet of the Union was changed to be the same as the Soviet of Nationalities, regardless of the population size.[5][6]
The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for less than a week. For the rest of the year, the Presidium performed its ordinary functions. Often, the CPSU bypassed the Supreme Soviet altogether and had major laws enacted as Presidium decrees. Nominally, if such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet at its next session, they were considered revoked. In practice, however, the principle of democratic centralism rendered the process of ratifying Presidium decrees a mere formality. In some cases, even this formality was not observed.[3]
After 1989 it consisted of 542 deputies (divided into two 271 chambers) decreased from a previous 1,500. The meetings of the body were also more frequent, from six to eight months a year. In September 1991, after the August Coup, it was reorganised into the Soviet (council) of Republics and the Soviet of The Union, which would jointly amend the Soviet Constitution, admit new states, hear out the President of the Soviet Union on important home and foreign policy issues, approve the union budget, declare war and conclude peace. The Soviet of Republics would consist of 20 deputies from each union republic, plus one deputy to represent each autonomous region of each republic, delegated by the republics' legislatures. Russia was an exception with 52 deputies. The Soviet Union consisted of deputies apportioned by the existing quotas.[7]
In 1989, its powers were:
- Passing and initiating laws.
- Submitting questions to the President of the Soviet Union, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, scheduling elections of deputies.
- Convening the Congress of People's Deputies.
- Appointing the Chairman of the Council of Ministers on the submission of the president.
- Ratifying the composition of the Council of Ministers and changes in it on the submission on the Chairman.
- Forming and disbanding ministries and state committees on the Council of Ministers proposal.
- Overriding a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority.
- Ratifying presidential declarations of war.
- Impeaching the President.
- Hearing reports by organs of appointed officials.
- Implementing laws regulating property, management of the economy, social and cultural issues, budget and finance, salaries, prices, taxes, environmental protection, natural resource, and civil rights,
- Laying down the principals of local and republic state power and the legal status of social organisations,
- Submitting for ratification (and ratifying and amending) by the congress long-term national and social and economic development plans, the national budget, monitoring implantation of the state plan and budget, and ratifying reports on their performance.
- Ratifying international treaties.
- Overseeing the granting of foreign aid and negotiating foreign loans.
- Determining basic measures for national security, including declarations of war, mobilizing troops, and meeting international treaty obligations.
Acts by the Supreme Soviet entered into force after signature by the President and publication.
Between 1938 and February 1990, more than 50 years, only 80 laws were passed by the Supreme Soviet, less than 1% of total legislative acts.[8]
Leaders edit
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1989) edit
| No. | Portrait | Name (Born-Died) | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 | Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946) | 17 January 1938 | 19 March 1946 | 8 years, 61 days | |
| 2 | Nikolai Shvernik (1888–1970) | 19 March 1946 | 15 March 1953 | 6 years, 361 days | |
| 3 | Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969) | 15 March 1953 | 7 May 1960 | 7 years, 53 days | |
| 4 | Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982) | 7 May 1960 | 15 July 1964 | 4 years, 69 days | |
| 5 | Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978) | 15 July 1964 | 9 December 1965 | 1 year, 147 days | |
| 6 | Nikolai Podgorny (1903–1983) | 9 December 1965 | 16 June 1977 | 11 years, 189 days | |
| (4) | Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982) | 16 June 1977 | 10 November 1982 † | 5 years, 147 days | |
| – | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990) Acting | 10 November 1982 | 16 June 1983 | 218 days | |
| 7 | Yuri Andropov (1914–1984) | 16 June 1983 | 9 February 1984 † | 238 days | |
| – | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990) Acting | 9 February 1984 | 11 April 1984 | 62 days | |
| 8 | Konstantin Chernenko (1911–1985) | 11 April 1984 | 10 March 1985 † | 333 days | |
| – | Vasili Kuznetsov (1901–1990) Acting | 10 March 1985 | 27 July 1985 | 139 days | |
| 9 | Andrei Gromyko (1909–1989) | 27 July 1985 | 1 October 1988 | 3 years, 66 days | |
| 10 | Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022) | 1 October 1988 | 25 May 1989 | 236 days | |
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1991) edit
| No. | Portrait | Name (Born-Died) | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 | Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022) | 25 May 1989 | 15 March 1990 | 294 days | |
| 2 | Anatoly Lukyanov (1930–2019) | 15 March 1990 | 4 September 1991 | 1 year, 160 days | |
Convocations edit
- 1st convocation session 1938–1946, World War II
- 2nd convocation session 1946–1950
- 3rd convocation session 1950–1954
- 4th convocation session 1954–1958
- 5th convocation session 1958–1962
- 6th convocation session 1962–1966
- 7th convocation session 1966–1970
- 8th convocation session 1970–1974
- 9th convocation session 1974–1979
- 10th convocation session 1979–1984
- 11th convocation session 1984–1989
- 1st convocation 1989–1991[9] (unofficially 12th convocation), sessions were conducted in the form of Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
- New composition 1991,[10] (unofficially 13th convocation) unlike previous convocations, there were no elections for the new composition of the Supreme Council instead members of the council were delegated from the council of union republics that continued to be members of the Soviet Union.
Supreme Soviets of union and autonomous republics edit
Beside the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, each of its constituting union republics and each autonomous republic had a supreme soviet. These supreme soviets also had presidiums, but all consisted of only one chamber. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, some soviets of the succeeded independent republics simply changed their name to their more historic name or to emphasise their importance as a national parliament, while others changed to double-chamber assemblies.
Supreme soviets of union republics edit
Soviet Republics dissolved before the dissolution of the Soviet Union Parliaments not formally recognized by some countries such as the Western Bloc
| Soviet Republic | Supreme Soviet | Established | Disbanded | Succeeded by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian SFSR | Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Верховный Совет РСФСР | 1938 | 1993 | Constitutional Conference (1993) Federal Assembly (1993–present) | |
| Ukraine | Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR Верховный Совет Украинской ССР | 1937 | 1996 | Verkhovna Rada | |
| Byelorussia | Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR Верховный Совет Белорусской ССР | 1938 | 1994 | Supreme Council (1994–96) National Assembly (1996–present) | |
| Uzbekistan | Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR Верховный Совет Узбекской ССР | 1938 | 1992 | Supreme Council (1992–1995) Oliy Majlis (1995–present) | |
| Kazakhstan | Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR Верховный Совет Казахской ССР | 1937 | 1993 | Supreme Council (1993–95) Parliament (1996–present) | |
| Georgia | Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR Верховный Совет Грузинской ССР | 1938 | 1992 | State Council (1992–1995) Parliament (1995–present) | |
| Azerbaijan | Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR Верховный Совет Азербайджа́нской ССР | 1938 | 1995 | National Assembly | |
| Lithuania | Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR Верховный Совет Литовской ССР | 1940 | 1990 | Supreme Council (1990–1992) Seimas (1992–present) | |
| Moldavia | Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR Верховный Совет Молдавской ССР | 1941 | 1993 | Parliament | |
| Latvia | Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR Верховный Совет Латвийской ССР | 1940 | 1990 | Supreme Council (1990–1993) Saeima (1993–present) | |
| Kirghizia | Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR Верховный Совет Киргизской ССР | 1938 | 1994 | Supreme Council | |
| Tajikistan | Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR Верховный Совет Таджикской ССР | 1937 | 1994 | Supreme Assembly | |
| Armenia | Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR Верховный Совет Армянской ССР | 1938 | 1995 | National Assembly | |
| Turkmenia | Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR Верховный Совет Туркменской ССР | 1938 | 1992 | Assembly (1992–2021, 2023–present) National Council (2021–2023) | |
| Estonia | Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR Верховный Совет Эстонской ССР | 1940 | 1991 | Supreme Council (1990–92) Riigikogu (1992–present) | |
| Karelo-Finnish SSR | Supreme Soviet of the Karelo-Finnish SSR Верховный Совет Карело-Финской ССР | 1940 | 1956 | Supreme Soviet (ru) |
Supreme councils of autonomous republic edit
List of known autonomous republics councils:
| Autonomous Republic | Supreme Soviet | Established | Disbanded | Succeeded by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bashkiria | Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Башкирской АССР | 1938 | 1995 | State Assembly | |
| Buryatia | Supreme Soviet of the Buryat ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Бурятской АССР | 1938 | 1994 | People's Khural | |
| Karelia | Supreme Soviet of the Karelian ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Карельской АССР | 1938 1956 | 1940 1994 | Legislative Assembly | |
| Tatarstan | Supreme Soviet of the Tatar ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Татарской АССР | 1938 | 1995 | State Council | |
| Tuva | Supreme Soviet of the Tuvan ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Тувинской АССР | 1961 | 1993 | Great Khural | |
| Chuvashia | Supreme Soviet of the Chuvash ASSR (ru) Верховный Совет Чувашской АССР | 1938 | 1994 | State Council | |
| Karakalpakstan | Supreme Soviet of the Karakalpak ASSR Верховный Совет Каракалпакской АССР | 1938 | 1994 | Supreme Council | |
| Abkhazia | Supreme Soviet of the Abkhaz ASSR Верховный Совет Абхазской АССР | 1938 | 1996 | People's Assembly | |
| Adjara | Supreme Soviet of the Adjarian ASSR Верховный Совет Аджарской АССР | 1938 | 1991 | Supreme Council | |
| Nakhichevan | Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan ASSR Верховный Совет Нахичеванской АССР | 1938 | 1990 | Supreme Assembly (Nakhchivan) |
See also edit
- All-Russian Central Executive Committee
- Supreme Soviet of Russia
- Federal Assembly of Russia
- National People's Congress – Chinese equivalent
- Supreme People's Assembly – North Korean equivalent
- National Assembly of People's Power – Cuban equivalent
- National Assembly (Laos) – Laotian equivalent
- National Assembly (Vietnam) – Vietnamese equivalent
- Volkskammer – East German equivalent
- Federal Assembly – Czechoslovak equivalent
References edit
- ^ "Совместное заседание Совета Союза и Совета Национальностей Верховного Совета СССР восьмого созыва. Кремль". RIA Novosti Mediabank. Rossiya Segodnya media group. 18 December 1972. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ "Совместное заседание Совета Союза и Совета Национальностей третьей сессии Верховного Совета СССР девятого созыва. Кремлевский Дворец Съездов (ныне - Государственный Кремлевский дворец)". RIA Novosti Mediabank. Rossiya Segodnya media group. 22 July 1975. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Armstrong, John Alexander (1986) [1978]. Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction (fourth ed.). Lanham, MD / New York City / London: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-5405-9. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Верховный Совет СССР, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ "The 1977 Soviet Constitution: A Historical Comparison". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 12 (3). 1979.
- ^ Osakwe, Christopher (1979). "The Theories and Realities of Modern Soviet Constitutional Law: An Analysis of the 1977 USSR Constitution". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 127 (5): 1414. doi:10.2307/3311636. JSTOR 3311636. S2CID 5783531.
- ^ Peter Lentini (1991) in: The Journal of Communist Studies, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 69–94
- ^ «Avante!», newspaper of Portuguese Communist Party, February 22, 1990, section «Em Foco», page IX
- ^ . "Portal SSSR".
- ^ . "Portal SSSR".
Further reading edit
External links edit
- Electoral law of 1937