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Stephenie Meyer

January 29, 2023

Stephenie Meyer (/ˈmaɪ.ər/; née Morgan; born December 24, 1973) is an American novelist and film producer. She is best known for writing the vampire romance series Twilight, which has sold over 100 million copies, with translations into 37 different languages. Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and 2009 in the U.S., having sold over 29 million books in 2008,[1] and 26.5 million in 2009.[2] Meyer received the 2009 Children's Book of the Year award from the British Book Awards for Breaking Dawn, the Twilight series finale.

Stephenie Meyer
Meyer at the 2012 Comic-Con in San Diego
BornStephenie Morgan
(1973-12-24) December 24, 1973 (age 49)
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
OccupationNovelist, producer
NationalityAmerican
Alma materBrigham Young University (BA)
GenreVampire romance, young adult fiction, science fiction
Notable works
Spouse
Christian Meyer
​
(m. 1994)​
Children3
Signature
Website
stepheniemeyer.com

An avid young reader, she attended Brigham Young University, marrying at the age of twenty-one before graduating with a degree in English in 1997. Having no prior experience as an author, she conceived the idea for the Twilight series in a dream. Influenced by the work of Jane Austen and William Shakespeare, she wrote Twilight soon thereafter. After many rejections, Little, Brown and Company offered her a $750,000 three-book deal which led to a four-book series, several spin-off novels and novellas, and a series of commercially successful film adaptations. Aside from young adult novels, Meyer has ventured into adult novels with The Host (2008) and The Chemist (2016). Meyer has worked in film production and cofounded production company Fickle Fish Films. Meyer produced both parts of Breaking Dawn and two other novel adaptations.

Meyer's membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) shaped her novels: there are no drinking (with the exception of her 2008 novel The Host, in which the character of Doc consumes copious amounts of alcohol to cope with his problems), smoking or explicit sex scenes, and the characters Edward and Bella in her Twilight series remain sexually abstinent until marriage. Themes consistent with her religion, including agency, mortality, temptation, and eternal life, are prominent in her work.[3] Meyer's work has been criticized for her overly-simplistic writing style, and feminists assert that her novels encourage traditional gender roles. Meyer's stories have also received praise and she has acquired a fan following.

Meyer was included on Time magazine's list of the "100 Most Influential People in 2008",[4] and was included in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the world's most powerful celebrities in 2009, with her annual earnings exceeding $50 million.[5]

Early and personal life

Stephenie Morgan was born on December 24, 1973, in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children to financial officer Stephen Morgan and Candy Morgan, a homemaker.[6][7] Meyer was raised in Phoenix, Arizona and attended Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona.[8][9] In 1992, Meyer won a National Merit Scholarship,[10] which helped fund her undergraduate studies at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where she received a BA in English Literature in 1997.[11][12] Although she began and finished her degree at BYU, she took classes at Arizona State University in fall 1996 and spring 1997.[13]

Meyer met her future husband, Christian[N 1] "Pancho" Meyer, in Arizona when they were both children.[15][16] They married in 1994, when Meyer was twenty-one.[7][17] Together, they have three sons. Christian Meyer, formerly an auditor, retired to take care of the children.[15][9]

Before writing her first novel, Twilight, Meyer considered going to law school because she felt she had no chance of becoming a writer. She later noted that the birth of her oldest son Gabe in 1997 changed her mind: "Once I had Gabe, I just wanted to be his mom."[18][19] Before becoming an author, Meyer's only professional work was as a receptionist at a property company.[15]

The Twilight series

The Twilight novels

Main article: Twilight (novel series)

According to Meyer, the idea for Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2, 2003 about a human girl and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood.[20][21][22] Based on this dream, Meyer wrote the draft of what became chapter 13 of the book.[23] She wrote from chapter 13 to the end of the novel and then backfilled the first 12 chapters, in secret, without an ideal audience in mind or the intention to publish the novel.[24] Meyer researched the Quileute Native Americans to include their legends and traditions in the novel,[25] though some Quileute tribe members found her use of their legends offensive.[26] Meyer joined the American Night Writers Association (ANWA) for aspiring LDS female writers.[27] She completed the novel in three months.[28][29] Her sister's response to the book was enthusiastic and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript to literary agencies.[15]

Of the 15 letters she wrote, five went unanswered, nine brought rejections, and the last was a positive response from Jodi Reamer of Writers House.[30][31] Eight publishers competed for the rights to publish Twilight in a 2003 auction.[30] By November, Meyer had signed a $750,000 three-book deal with Little, Brown and Company.[32] Twilight was published in 2005 with a print run of 75,000 copies.[30] Bimonthly books signings and events at the Changing Hands Bookstore in Tempe, Arizona early in her writing career helped cultivate her fanbase.[33] Twilight reached No. 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books within a month of its release,[34] and later rose to #1.[35] The novel was named the Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year and a New York Times Editor's Choice.[36] Despite its success, Twilight was one of the most challenged books of 2009 according to the American Library Association for being sexually explicit, being age-inappropriate, and for religious views; some schools and libraries were asked to remove the books from their shelves.[37]

Upon publishing Twilight, Meyer had already outlined a story for a sequel. However, her publisher insisted that she follow Twilight with two sequels following Bella and Edward in college.[38] Consequently, Meyer expanded the story into a series with three more books: New Moon (2006), Eclipse (2007), and Breaking Dawn (2008).[39] The original story she pitched for the sequel would later be published in Breaking Dawn.[38] Meanwhile, Meyer wrote a short story "Hell on Earth", about demons at prom night which was published in April 2007 in Prom Nights from Hell, a collection of stories about bad prom nights with supernatural effects.[39] Meyer's fans urged her to expand "Hell on Earth" into a full novel, but Meyer was occupied finishing Eclipse.[40]

In its first week after publication, New Moon reached No. 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books, and in its second week rose to the No. 1 position, where it remained for the next 11 weeks. In total, it spent over 50 weeks on the list.[41] In May 2007, Meyer held two promotional prom events at an Arizona State University gymnasium to celebrate the special edition release of New Moon and the release of Eclipse. For the event, Meyer wore a blood-red evening gown and signed over 1,000 books.[42] Meyer's red dress was later auctioned for $5,500 at a fundraiser for a book seller's battle with breast cancer called Project Book Babe.[43]

After the release of Eclipse, the first three "Twilight" books spent a combined 143 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.[28] The fourth installment of the Twilight series, Breaking Dawn, was released with an initial print run of 3.7 million copies.[44] Over 1.3 million copies were sold on the first day.[45] The novel won Meyer a British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, despite competition from J. K. Rowling's The Tales of Beedle the Bard.[46] In 2009, Meyer faced plagiarism accusations for Breaking Dawn. Author of The Nocturne, Jordan Scott, claimed the circumstances around Bella's supernatural pregnancy and subsequent transformation into a vampire were similar to the storyline of her novel and indicated that Meyer plagiarized the plot of The Nocturne. Meyer dismissed the accusation, claiming she had not heard of the writer nor the novel. Scott failed to produce a copy of the novel to support her accusation; The Nocturne is not available on Amazon and is listed as "temporarily sold out" on her website.[47]

The series has sold over 100 million copies worldwide[48][49] in 37 languages.[50][51][52] In 2008, the four Twilight books were in the top four spots on USA Today's year-end bestseller list. Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008, and the first author to have books in all four of the top-selling spots.[53] The Twilight novels held the top four spots on USA Today's year-end list again in 2009.[54] The success of the Twilight series has been attributed to the Internet which allowed Meyer to directly reach out to her fans, leading the series to be called "the first social networking bestseller."[55] According to scholar Lykke Guanio-Uluru, the Twilight series "popularized and helped redefine, the paranormal romance subgenre".[56]

Twilight saga films

Main article: The Twilight Saga (film series)

In 2004, Paramount's MTV Films and Maverick Films optioned Twilight before the book was published in order to maximize its potential profits. The written script deviated greatly from the novel.[57] However, the film was put into turnaround. In 2006, Erik Feig, president of Summit Entertainment, attempted to make a deal with Meyer by assuring her that the film would be true to the novel and that "no vampire character [would] be depicted with canine or incisor teeth longer or more pronounced than may be found in human beings."[58] In 2007, the rights were sold to Summit Entertainment.[57] Catherine Hardwicke was chosen to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg wrote the new script.[59] Kristen Stewart was cast first as Bella Swan, and Robert Pattinson was cast as Edward Cullen after an audition with Stewart and Pattinson revealed they had good chemistry.[60] Taylor Lautner was cast in the role of Jacob Black.[61] Released on November 21, 2008,[62] the film received favorable reviews; Roger Ebert called the film, "lush and beautiful" and Peter Bradshaw said it was, "wildly enjoyable".[63] The film was a box-office success and became the fourth-highest-grossing November opening weekend release up to that time.[64] Meyer makes a brief cameo appearance in a diner scene.[65] The same year, Meyer began her work in film with a Jack's Mannequin music video "The Resolution", which she co-directed with Noble Jones.[66][67]

Following the success of Twilight, Summit greenlit a film adaptation of the sequel, The Twilight Saga: New Moon.[68] Each novel adaptation was headed by a different director.[69] Chris Weitz directed New Moon,[70] which was released on November 20, 2009.[71] On opening night, New Moon broke the record for the highest single-day domestic gross on opening day which had previously been set by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.[72][73] Despite its commercial success, the film received poor reviews; Roger Ebert criticized the slow pace of the film and Tim Robey of The Telegraph similarly said, "the movie gives us all the requisite looks of tortured longing, and not a lot else".[74][75] Directed by David Slade, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, an adaptation of the third book in the series, was released on June 30, 2010. An article from The Guardian reported that it was the best film of the series according to critical consensus for being more "cinematic" and striking a better balance between romance and the supernatural.[76] However, an article from The Telegraph, rebutted The Guardian's claim, arguing that Twilight remained the best film in the series due to the "entirely straight-faced contrast between the forces of eternal darkness and the rigors of high school".[77] Having already obtained the rights to Breaking Dawn,[78] Summit approved a two-part adaptation.[79]

In 2011, Meyer started her own production company, Fickle Fish Films, with producer Meghan Hibbett. Meyer spent much of 2011 producing both parts of Breaking Dawn[80] as well as the film adaptation of Shannon Hale's novel Austenland.[81] The Breaking Dawn-Part 1 was released on November 18, 2011, and the second part was released on November 16, 2012.[82][83] Part one of the film received mixed reviews.[84][85] Part two of the film received more positive reviews with Roger Ebert calling the ending, "sensational". Critics also praised the acting, particularly that of Stewart.[86]

The Twilight Saga was successful in the box office. With a combined budget of $373 million, the five-film series earned $3.341 billion worldwide.[87] Despite the commercial success, the films were extensively criticized. Breaking Dawn: Part II won seven Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzie awards) including Worst Picture, Worst Sequel, and Worst Screen Couple (for Taylor Lautner and Mackenzie Foy).[88] The series spawned two parody films: Vampires Suck and Breaking Wind which were critical failures.[89][90][91]

In 2009, Stephenie Meyer was included in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the world's most powerful celebrities, entering at No. 26. Her annual earnings exceeded $50 million.[5] The same year, Meyer was ranked No. 5 on Forbes' list of "Hollywood's Top-Earning Women", the only author on the list, and it was noted that the "Twilight series of young-adult vampire books have taken the publishing and film worlds by storm."[92] In 2010, Forbes ranked her as the No. 59 most powerful celebrity with annual earnings of $40 million.[93]

 
Meyer in 2009

Subsequent Twilight publications

In August 2009, USA Today revealed that Meyer broke J. K. Rowling's record on their bestseller list; the four Twilight books had spent 52 straight weeks in the top 10.[94] In all, the books have spent more than 235 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.[95] Upon the completion of the fourth entry in the series, Meyer indicated that Breaking Dawn would be the final novel to be told from Bella Swan's perspective.[96] In 2015, she published a new book in honor of the 10th anniversary of the best-selling franchise, titled Life and Death: Twilight Reimagined, with the genders of the original protagonists switched.[97]

On March 30, 2010, it was announced that Meyer had written a 200-page novella entitled The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner. The book was released on June 5, 2010, by Atom and was available for free between June 7 and July 5 on the official website.[98] Following the release of The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner, Stephenie Meyer donated $1.5 million to the American Red Cross Relief Fund to aid victims of the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile. Those who took advantage of the free ebook were also encouraged to make donations to the Red Cross.[99][100][101]

Midnight Sun was to be a companion novel to the Twilight series. The novel was intended to be a retelling of the events of the novel Twilight, but from the perspective of Edward Cullen.[102] Meyer had hoped to have Midnight Sun published shortly after the release of Breaking Dawn, but after an online leak of a rough draft of its first 12 chapters, Meyer chose to delay the project indefinitely.[9] Upset by the release of a draft she called "messy and flawed", Meyer decided to pursue books unrelated to Twilight.[102][103] She made the unedited and unfinished manuscript of a lengthy character development exercise of Midnight Sun available on her website.[102]

The release of Midnight Sun was tentatively re-planned after re-visiting the Twilight series with Life and Death, a gender-swapped retelling of the novel in 2015. However, the release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian in 2015 halted and soured Meyer's plans to release the Midnight Sun because Grey was also told from the male perspective. Meyer stated in a New York Comic-Con panel that it was "a literal flip the table moment", admitting that "Midnight Sun is kind of cursed".[103][104] This led to the novel being on indefinite hold.[103][104] According to an article from The Guardian in 2018, Midnight Sun was "no longer in the pipeline".[89] However, in May 2020, it was announced that Midnight Sun would be released on August 4, 2020.[105] Following its release, it sold over one million copies,[106] was number two on Amazon's "most sold" list,[107] and was number one on USA Today's bestseller list one week after its release date.[108]

Meyer has mentioned having several other book ideas on file, including a ghost story titled Summer House, a novel involving time travel,[109] as well as another about mermaids.[110]

Adult fiction publications

The Host

In May 2008, Meyer's adult sci-fi novel The Host was released by the adult division of Little, Brown and Company. It follows the story of Melanie Stryder and Wanderer, a young woman and an invading alien "soul", who are forced to work as one.[111][112] The Host debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list[113] and remained on the list for 26 weeks.[114] Despite having expressed intention to write a trilogy, with the second and third books being called The Soul and The Seeker, respectively,[115] Meyer has not published any follow-up novels to The Host as of 2022.[116]

In April 2009, Meyer took part in Project Book Babe, a benefit designed to help pay her friend Faith Hochhalter's medical bills after Hochhalter was diagnosed with breast cancer. Meyer donated many advance reader copies and original manuscripts for auction.[117]

The Host was adapted into a film with Andrew Niccol directing and Saoirse Ronan starring as Melanie Stryder, Max Irons as Jared Howe and Jake Abel as Ian O'Shea.[118][119] The film was released on March 29, 2013, to generally negative reviews.[120][121] It received poor critical reviews and was a box office flop compared to the Twilight film series.[122][123][124]

The Chemist and television productions

In late 2015, it was announced that Meyer was producing a TV series based on Daniel O'Malley's book, The Rook.[125][126] Despite having purchased the rights for the novel with her production company, she left the project shortly after filming due to creative differences.[127]

In July 2016, Little, Brown and Company announced that Meyer has written an adult action thriller titled The Chemist, about "an ex-agent on the run from her former employers". The book was released on November 8, 2016.[128] In 2018, it was announced that Meyer's production company Fickle Fish would be working with Tomorrow Studios to produce a television series based on The Chemist.[129]

Reception

 
Meyer on her book tour for Eclipse in 2007

The reception of Meyer and her novels has been mixed.[89][130] Entertainment Weekly has stated that Meyer is "the world's most popular vampire novelist since Anne Rice",[131] while The Guardian described her as an "imaginative storyteller, a prolific author and a newly powerful figure in the publishing market."[132] Wayne Janes of the Toronto Sun agreed, saying "Meyer's success points up another trend—the virtual domination of the best-seller lists the last few years by what would normally be classified as young adult fiction," and noted, "In the absence of a new Harry Potter adventure, teens, fantasy enthusiasts and women (sales are mostly to females) who swoon at the idea of a virginal James Dean-ish vampire made Meyer the go-to gal for chaste love."[133] Tymon Smith of The Times has described her as the "superstar of young adult fiction".[134]

Meyer was named one of MSN Lifestyle's "Most Influential Women of 2008" where she was described as a "literary luminary".[135] She was also ranked No. 49 on Time magazine's list of the "100 Most Influential People in 2008",[4] and was included in their list of "People Who Mattered", with author Lev Grossman noting, "Maybe Americans aren't ready for a Mormon presidential nominee yet. But they're more than ready to anoint a Mormon as the best-selling novelist of the year."[136]

She was ranked No. 82 on Vanity Fair's list of the "Top 100 Information Age Powers" of 2009.[137] Meyer was featured in an issue of the biographical comic Female Force, a Bluewater Productions title which celebrates influential women in society and pop culture.[138] Meyer was the second bestselling author of the decade, according to a list published by Amazon, beaten by J. K. Rowling.[139]

Despite Meyer's success, her novels have been highly criticized. The New York Times called the premise of Twilight "attractive and compelling"; however, the review continues, "the book suffers at times from overearnest, amateurish writing", indicating that Meyer's relied too much on "telling" rather than "showing" and that there were excessive references to Edward's attractiveness and Bella's swooning.[140] An article from The Guardian criticized Bella's character, calling her "a clumsy, selfish nincompoop with the charisma of a boiled potato" and criticized Edward's portrayal as the "perfect little gentleman" who constantly counters Bella's sexual advances.[141] NPR criticized the novel for being a repetitive "jackhammer" masked behind ornate language. Furthermore, they found the story uninteresting and the main character unlikeable.[142] Entertainment Weekly stated that the narrative of Breaking Dawn was at times so chaotic and outrageous that Meyer shifted the point of view to Jacob Black which only toned down the mayhem of the plot for so long.[143]

Novelist Orson Scott Card said, "[Stephenie Meyer] writes with luminous clarity, never standing between the reader and the dream they share. She's the real thing".[144] In an interview with Newsweek, author Jodi Picoult said, "Stephenie Meyer has gotten people hooked on books, and that's good for all of us."[145] Comparing Meyer to J. K. Rowling, Stephen King stated: "The real difference is that Jo Rowling is a terrific writer, and Stephenie Meyer can't write worth a darn. She's not very good".[146] King went on to assert that Meyer's books appealed to readers because "[she's] opening up kind of a safe joining of love and sex in those books."[146] American religious history scholar Jana Riess had mixed reactions to Meyer's novels. At times, she found the Mormon theology that influences Meyer's works to be beautiful and complex. However, she describes Meyer as a gifted storyteller, not a gifted writer, noting numerous technical flaws in her novels. Furthermore, Riess criticized the "retrogressive gender stereotypes" in Meyer's work.[147]

The Quileute do have a tradition that their ancestors transformed from wolves to people, but most of the descriptions of the Quileute in the novel are inaccurate.[148] The Quileute tribe described her use of their traditions in the books and films and subsequent merchandising as cultural theft.[26]

Fan following

Meyer has gained a following among young adult readers of her Twilight novels, which are set in the small town of Forks on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state. Forks has thus received attention from fans, and celebrates "Stephenie Meyer Day" on September 13, the date of character Bella Swan's birthday.[149] Meyer's fans cosplay her book characters, write fan fiction related to the stories, and attend book signings. Extreme fans are known as "Twihards".[89][150]

Inspired by Meyer's Twilight series, evolved a genre of geek rock called "Twi-rock", similar in purpose to wizard rock inspired by J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. Examples of these Twilight-themed bands include the Bella Cullen Project, Twilight Music Girls, Be Safe Bella, Bella Rocks, and the Mitch Hansen Band. The Mitch Hansen Band wrote the song "By You" in hopes that it would be included on the New Moon film soundtrack.[151][152] An unofficial Twilight themed fan convention called TwiCon was organized in Dallas, Texas in summer 2009 which included "Twi-rock" band performances, a Volturi Ball, panels, workshops, and vendors.[153]

Originally an online novelized "fan-fiction" of the Twilight series, the novel Fifty Shades of Grey by E. L. James loosely explores the relationship between the main characters, had they not remained celibate before marriage. Though the publisher claims the novel is "original and no longer based on Twilight", James did not receive copyright authorization to write the novel and some have argued that Fifty Shades of Grey may be a copyright infringement. Though Meyer has stated that the novel is "too smutty" and does not interest her, she has not filed a copyright claim.[154]

Style and influences

Style

Since the release of Twilight, Meyer has been described as writing with "all plot and no style" and including "very little characterization", and her writing characterized as "fairly"[155] poor. Meyer's prose lacks a consistent style or voice; for example, her short story "Hell on Earth" is driven more by dialogue alone, in contrast with the ornate descriptions found in the Twilight series.[156] Meyer relies on detailed expository descriptions in her novels,[157] and on active voice; she often opens her sentences with the most important information.[158] While a stylistic focus of most novels is character development, Meyer has stated that she intentionally avoided describing her characters in detail, which she believes allows the reader to more easily "step into [their] shoes".[159] In some works such as New Moon, in which Bella is largely on her own, Meyer offers "deeper insight into Bella's psyche" through the chapter titles, rather than the prose itself.[160]

Meyer's work is typically classified as melodrama. In Twilight, Meyer makes allusions to canonical texts such as the Book of Genesis, Wuthering Heights, Macbeth, Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Meyer has said that the individual style of each of her novels came from various genres of music she listened to while writing.[161] A corpus stylistics analysis of the Twilight saga revealed that much of Meyer's description and characterization revolved around the physical attributes of the characters as shown through eyes, face, and expression. Some of Meyer's most frequent descriptions related to eye color and expression, the juxtaposition of warmth and cold, and the words "black" and "dark". The study authors concluded that the predictability and superficiality of Meyer's descriptions indicate that Meyer's writing style is unexceptional and the success of her novels was related more to clever marketing.[162]

 
William Shakespeare's plays influenced two of the Twilight novels.

Influences

Stephenie Meyer has named Mormonism as her greatest influence.[163] However, according to actor Robert Pattinson, Meyer did not intend to include Mormon references in the novels and films. Yet professor of film and religion Angela Aleiss noted numerous clear influence of Mormonism in the Twilight series.[164] Meyer has said, "Unconsciously, I put a lot of my basic beliefs into the story. Free agency is a big theme."[165] Meyer cited BYU professor Steven Walker as having influenced her work. She explained that he revealed a new way for her to see and study literature which impacts her writing.[166]

Meyer cites many novels as inspiration for the Twilight series, including Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë and L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables and its sequels.[167] Each book in the series was also inspired specifically by a different literary classic: Twilight by Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice; New Moon by William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet; Eclipse by Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights; and Breaking Dawn's theme by Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night's Dream.[168] Although Meyer claims to have based Twilight on Pride and Prejudice, film studies scholar Anne Morey claims that the novel bears resemblance to Jane Eyre.[169] The choice to name Edward came from the works of Charlotte Brontë and Jane Austen and her novels are influenced by both medieval courtly love and 19th-century etiquette.[170] Although Meyer has claimed that she did not read vampire literature and thus could not be influenced by it, scholars Anne Klaus and Stefanie Krüger argue that Meyer's characters bear similarities to "traditional vampire figures" and that Edward resembles both gothic villains and Byronic heroes.[170] Meyer has indicated that despite the supernatural and vampire themes in her novels, she was influenced far more by Austen and Shakespeare than by Anne Rice or Stephen King.[171] Meyer has described Austen, Shakespeare, and Orson Scott Card as her favorite authors.[172][173][166]

Meyer cites music as a prominent influence of her writing, and she posts playlists on her website of songs which specifically inspired her books. Bands included most often in her playlists are Muse, Blue October, My Chemical Romance, Coldplay and Linkin Park.[174][175][176][177] Meyer cites Muse as a particular inspiration because she uses the different emotions portrayed in their songs as influences for various genres of scenes.[178]

Recurring themes

Agency

According to professor of American religious history Jana Riess, a prominent theme in Meyer's novels is agency. In The Host, the Seeker believes that she is saving the human race by perfecting and controlling, similar to the Latter-day Saint belief that Satan's plan for human salvation was to "save" all souls by removing their agency and ability to sin. Seeker plays a Satan-like role in the novel, as Meyer attempts to convey the message that the maintenance of agency is crucial.[179] Additionally, Meyer's novels contain the themes of opposition. In The Host, Wanda learns that despite the lows and evils of humanity, beauty and pleasure could not be found on her previous planets because darkness did not exist. Wanda learns in the novel that it is only in facing darkness and sorrow, that light and joy could be experienced, echoing a quotation from the Book of Mormon, "It musts needs be that there is an opposition in all things".[180] However, "imprinting" in her Twilight series, the involuntary formation of a mate relationship, undermines Meyer's prolific theme of free agency.[181] According to literature and women's studies scholar Natalie Wilson, the juxtaposition between Bella's agency to choose her mate and Jacob, a Native American male's, inability to choose has racial and cultural implications.[182]

Mortality and temptation

Another theme is overcoming the circumstances and temptations of mortality referred to in the Book of Mormon as overcoming the "natural man" which is exemplified by Meyer's character Edward.[183] As a vampire, Edward's purpose is to be carnal, killing and feeding on human blood. As led by Carlisle, Edward chooses to give up this life and transcend his circumstances by becoming a "vegetarian", choosing to feed only on animals. He chooses to uphold these values despite the daily temptation which only augments when he meets Bella; he finds her blood nearly irresistible.[184] Edward undergoes a transformation in which Bella's trust in Edward allows him to trust his own ability to overcome temptation and keep Bella safe.[184] Self-control is a prominent theme in the Twilight series, the word appears 125 times throughout the novels, as the main characters struggle to control their emotions, attraction, thirst, or jealousy.[185]

Immortality and eternal life

Apparent in Meyer's Twilight series is the theme of the distinction between immortality and eternal life. In Meyer's novels, vampires are immortal and have superhuman gifts and abilities; however, the Cullen family longs for things they cannot have. Their circumstances prevent them from forming meaningful relationships with humans or other vampires, isolating them within their small clan. Furthermore, the couples in the Cullen family are unable to procreate which causes severe bitterness in Rosalie who envies Bella's ability to be pregnant.[186] According to Riess, the distinction between eternal life and immortality is represented by Bella, who in Breaking Dawn, has achieved eternal life rather than immortality because she achieved the Mormon tenets of eternal life: immortality and a perfected body, eternal parenthood, and an eternal marriage.[186] Riess indicates that Bella receives immortality in an act of self-sacrifice rather than self-service as she dies for the birth of her child. Bella is subsequently resurrected in a perfected vampire body. In Mormonism, resurrection occurs in the context of relationships, exemplified by Bella who enjoys her resurrected body in the company of her husband, child, and the rest of the Cullen family.[187] The titles of the novels serve to reinforce this idea. At the beginning of the series, Bella discusses leaving Phoenix and heading to Forks where she says, "[goodbye] to the sun".[188] The titles of the first three novels: Twilight, New Moon, and Eclipse, serve as natural phenomenon in which the sun is darkened. However, the final novel is titled Breaking Dawn, which symbolizes the beginning of a new day and Bella's transformation into a vampire and subsequent transcendence of her old life.[188]

Views

Religion

 
The Book of Mormon influenced Meyer more than any other book.

Meyer is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and does not drink alcohol, drink coffee, smoke, or watch R-rated movies.[18][28] Similarly, there is no drinking and smoking in the novels (with the exception of her 2008 The Host, which contains drinking). Despite pressure to include a major sex scene, Meyer was adamant against including graphic sex in her series.[28] According to Lev Grossman of Time, some of the series' appeal is due to its lack of sex and its eroticizing of abstinence.[28] As a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Meyer acknowledges that her faith has influenced her work. In particular, she says that her characters "tend to think more about where they came from, and where they are going, than might be typical."[189] Meyer says that she does not consciously intend her novels to be influenced by her religion, or to promote the virtues of sexual abstinence and spiritual purity, but admits that her writing is shaped by her values, saying, "I don't think my books are going to be really graphic or dark, because of who I am. There's always going to be a lot of light in my stories."[190]

Growing up, Meyer's life and family revolved around The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They were involved in their community and a young Meyer met her future husband at church. She studiously read the Book of Mormon, citing the book as having "the most significant impact on [her] life."[191][192] However, Meyer dislikes when media constantly mentions her religion, claiming that the press does not emphasize the religions of other authors.[193]

Meyer is cited as having helped bring The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints more into the mainstream by books The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith by Matthew Bowman and LDS in the USA: Mormonism and the Making of American Culture by Lee Trepanier and Lynita K. Newswander.[194]

Feminism

According to an article from The Guardian, Meyer considers herself a feminist. Meyer has stated that, "the world is a better place when women are in charge." Additionally, she supported the massive success of Catherine Hardwicke, the director of Twilight and appreciated working with a nearly all-female production for Austenland.[195] Meyer has explained that her definition of feminism is the ability for a woman to choose and the definition of anti-feminism is removing the choice, whether it fits gender stereotypes or not, from the woman entirely. She continued that some modern feminists contradict their message of equality for women by limiting or shaming certain women's choices. Furthermore, she stated that women who choose to stay home or have children are particularly criticized and that limitations on what women can do are anti-feminist in nature.[196][197] Women's studies scholar Donna Ashcraft argues that Meyer is not a feminist, by definition, because her novels encourage traditional gender roles. However, although Ashcraft qualifies Meyer as traditional or nonfeminist, she clarifies that Meyer is not antifeminist.[198]

However, Meyer has been criticized by feminists who consider Meyer an antifeminist writer. They say that the series romanticizes a physically abusive relationship, pointing to red flags that include Bella's entire life revolving around Edward; never being in control of her own life; being absolutely dependent on Edward's ability to protect her life, her virginity, and her humanity; and the physical injuries Bella suffers from finally consummating her relationship with Edward.[199][200][201] Meyer has dismissed such criticisms, saying both that the books center around Bella's choice, and that her damsel in distress persona is due only to her humanity.[202]

After being asked in an interview with The Guardian whether she is anti-abortion, Meyer refused to directly answer the question, insisting that she does not like to talk about politics and that she abhors when celebrities use their popularity to influence voters.

Awards

Year Category Institution or publication Result Notes Ref.
2006 Best Fiction for Young Adults Young Adult Library Services Association Won For Twilight [203]
2008 Author of the Year USA Today Won [204]
2009 Children's Book of the Year British Book Awards Won For Breaking Dawn [205]

Bibliography

Young adult novels

Twilight series:

Novels

Young adult short stories

Comics

Twilight series:

  1. Twilight: The Graphic Novel (2010–2011), with Young Kim
  2. New Moon: The Graphic Novel (2012), with Young Kim

Non-fiction

  • "Hero at the Grocery Store" (2006), article

Filmography

Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Actress Producer Director
2008 Twilight Yes Diner customer (uncredited) [206]
2008 The Resolution Yes Music video for The Resolution by Jack's Mannequin, co-director with Noble Jones [207]
2011 Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Yes Yes Part one of film based on her novel Breaking Dawn, wedding guest (uncredited) [206][208]
2012 Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Yes Part two of film based on her novel Breaking Dawn [208]
2013 The Host Yes Film based on her novel The Host [209]
Austenland Yes Film based on novel of the same name by Shannon Hale [210]
2018 Down a Dark Hall Yes Film based on novel of the same name by Lois Duncan [211]

Adaptations

References

Notes

  1. ^ Spelled Christiaan in some sources.[14]

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Works cited

  • Ashcraft, Donna M. (2013). Deconstructing Twilight: Psychological and Feminist Perspectives on the Series. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 9781433116384.
  • Blasingame, James; Deakin, Kathleen; Walsh, Laura A. (2012). Stephenie Meyer: In the Twilight. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 12. ISBN 9780810883734. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  • Clarke, Amy M.; Osborn, Marijane, eds. (2010). The Twilight Mystique: Critical Essays on the Novels and Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786449989.
  • Guanio-Uluru, Lykke (2015). Ethics and Form in Fantasy Literature: Tolkien, Rowling, and Meyer. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137469687.
  • Hanks, Maxine (December 2009). "Do Mormon Moms Dream of Monstrous Gods? Stephenie Meyer's Twilight Myth as Mormon Heroine's Journey" (PDF). Sunstone: 26–30. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  • Klaus, Anne; Krüger, Stefanie (2011). "Vampires Without Fangs: The Amalgamation of Genre in Stephenie Meyer's "Twilight"". The Looking Glass: New Perspectives on Children's Literature. 15 (1). Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  • Krohn, Katherine (October 1, 2010). "Stephenie Meyer: Dreaming of Twilight". USA Today. ISBN 9780761363705. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  • Larsson, Mariah; Steiner, Ann, eds. (2011). Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media, and a Contemporary Cultural Experience. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. ISBN 9789185509638. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  • Morey, Anne (2012). Genre, Reception, and Adaptation in the "Twilight" Series. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 9781409436614.
  • Reiss, Jana (2009). "Book of Mormon Stories that Steph Meyer Tells to Me: LDS Themes in the Twilight Saga and The Host". BYU Studies. 48 (3). Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  • Shapiro, Marc (2009). Stephenie Meyer: The Unauthorized Biography of the Creator of the Twilight Saga. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 9780312638290.
  • Scherer, Lauri S. (2012). People in the News: Stephenie Meyer. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. ISBN 9781420507614. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  • Wilson, Natalie (2011). Seduced by Twilight: The Allure and Contradictory Messages of the Popular Saga. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786460427.

External links

January 29, 2023
stephenie, meyer, née, morgan, born, december, 1973, american, novelist, film, producer, best, known, writing, vampire, romance, series, twilight, which, sold, over, million, copies, with, translations, into, different, languages, meyer, bestselling, author, 2. Stephenie Meyer ˈ m aɪ er nee Morgan born December 24 1973 is an American novelist and film producer She is best known for writing the vampire romance series Twilight which has sold over 100 million copies with translations into 37 different languages Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and 2009 in the U S having sold over 29 million books in 2008 1 and 26 5 million in 2009 2 Meyer received the 2009 Children s Book of the Year award from the British Book Awards for Breaking Dawn the Twilight series finale Stephenie MeyerMeyer at the 2012 Comic Con in San DiegoBornStephenie Morgan 1973 12 24 December 24 1973 age 49 Hartford Connecticut U S OccupationNovelist producerNationalityAmericanAlma materBrigham Young University BA GenreVampire romance young adult fiction science fictionNotable worksTwilight series The Host The ChemistSpouseChristian Meyer m 1994 wbr Children3SignatureWebsitestepheniemeyer wbr comAn avid young reader she attended Brigham Young University marrying at the age of twenty one before graduating with a degree in English in 1997 Having no prior experience as an author she conceived the idea for the Twilight series in a dream Influenced by the work of Jane Austen and William Shakespeare she wrote Twilight soon thereafter After many rejections Little Brown and Company offered her a 750 000 three book deal which led to a four book series several spin off novels and novellas and a series of commercially successful film adaptations Aside from young adult novels Meyer has ventured into adult novels with The Host 2008 and The Chemist 2016 Meyer has worked in film production and cofounded production company Fickle Fish Films Meyer produced both parts of Breaking Dawn and two other novel adaptations Meyer s membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints LDS Church shaped her novels there are no drinking with the exception of her 2008 novel The Host in which the character of Doc consumes copious amounts of alcohol to cope with his problems smoking or explicit sex scenes and the characters Edward and Bella in her Twilight series remain sexually abstinent until marriage Themes consistent with her religion including agency mortality temptation and eternal life are prominent in her work 3 Meyer s work has been criticized for her overly simplistic writing style and feminists assert that her novels encourage traditional gender roles Meyer s stories have also received praise and she has acquired a fan following Meyer was included on Time magazine s list of the 100 Most Influential People in 2008 4 and was included in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the world s most powerful celebrities in 2009 with her annual earnings exceeding 50 million 5 Contents 1 Early and personal life 2 The Twilight series 2 1 The Twilight novels 2 2 Twilight saga films 2 3 Subsequent Twilight publications 3 Adult fiction publications 3 1 The Host 3 2 The Chemist and television productions 4 Reception 4 1 Fan following 5 Style and influences 5 1 Style 5 2 Influences 6 Recurring themes 6 1 Agency 6 2 Mortality and temptation 6 3 Immortality and eternal life 7 Views 7 1 Religion 7 2 Feminism 8 Awards 9 Bibliography 9 1 Young adult novels 9 2 Novels 9 3 Young adult short stories 9 4 Comics 9 5 Non fiction 10 Filmography 11 Adaptations 12 References 12 1 Notes 12 2 Citations 12 3 Works cited 13 External linksEarly and personal life EditStephenie Morgan was born on December 24 1973 in Hartford Connecticut the second of six children to financial officer Stephen Morgan and Candy Morgan a homemaker 6 7 Meyer was raised in Phoenix Arizona and attended Chaparral High School in Scottsdale Arizona 8 9 In 1992 Meyer won a National Merit Scholarship 10 which helped fund her undergraduate studies at Brigham Young University in Provo Utah where she received a BA in English Literature in 1997 11 12 Although she began and finished her degree at BYU she took classes at Arizona State University in fall 1996 and spring 1997 13 Meyer met her future husband Christian N 1 Pancho Meyer in Arizona when they were both children 15 16 They married in 1994 when Meyer was twenty one 7 17 Together they have three sons Christian Meyer formerly an auditor retired to take care of the children 15 9 Before writing her first novel Twilight Meyer considered going to law school because she felt she had no chance of becoming a writer She later noted that the birth of her oldest son Gabe in 1997 changed her mind Once I had Gabe I just wanted to be his mom 18 19 Before becoming an author Meyer s only professional work was as a receptionist at a property company 15 The Twilight series EditThe Twilight novels Edit Main article Twilight novel series According to Meyer the idea for Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2 2003 about a human girl and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood 20 21 22 Based on this dream Meyer wrote the draft of what became chapter 13 of the book 23 She wrote from chapter 13 to the end of the novel and then backfilled the first 12 chapters in secret without an ideal audience in mind or the intention to publish the novel 24 Meyer researched the Quileute Native Americans to include their legends and traditions in the novel 25 though some Quileute tribe members found her use of their legends offensive 26 Meyer joined the American Night Writers Association ANWA for aspiring LDS female writers 27 She completed the novel in three months 28 29 Her sister s response to the book was enthusiastic and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript to literary agencies 15 Of the 15 letters she wrote five went unanswered nine brought rejections and the last was a positive response from Jodi Reamer of Writers House 30 31 Eight publishers competed for the rights to publish Twilight in a 2003 auction 30 By November Meyer had signed a 750 000 three book deal with Little Brown and Company 32 Twilight was published in 2005 with a print run of 75 000 copies 30 Bimonthly books signings and events at the Changing Hands Bookstore in Tempe Arizona early in her writing career helped cultivate her fanbase 33 Twilight reached No 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children s Chapter Books within a month of its release 34 and later rose to 1 35 The novel was named the Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year and a New York Times Editor s Choice 36 Despite its success Twilight was one of the most challenged books of 2009 according to the American Library Association for being sexually explicit being age inappropriate and for religious views some schools and libraries were asked to remove the books from their shelves 37 Upon publishing Twilight Meyer had already outlined a story for a sequel However her publisher insisted that she follow Twilight with two sequels following Bella and Edward in college 38 Consequently Meyer expanded the story into a series with three more books New Moon 2006 Eclipse 2007 and Breaking Dawn 2008 39 The original story she pitched for the sequel would later be published in Breaking Dawn 38 Meanwhile Meyer wrote a short story Hell on Earth about demons at prom night which was published in April 2007 in Prom Nights from Hell a collection of stories about bad prom nights with supernatural effects 39 Meyer s fans urged her to expand Hell on Earth into a full novel but Meyer was occupied finishing Eclipse 40 In its first week after publication New Moon reached No 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children s Chapter Books and in its second week rose to the No 1 position where it remained for the next 11 weeks In total it spent over 50 weeks on the list 41 In May 2007 Meyer held two promotional prom events at an Arizona State University gymnasium to celebrate the special edition release of New Moon and the release of Eclipse For the event Meyer wore a blood red evening gown and signed over 1 000 books 42 Meyer s red dress was later auctioned for 5 500 at a fundraiser for a book seller s battle with breast cancer called Project Book Babe 43 After the release of Eclipse the first three Twilight books spent a combined 143 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list 28 The fourth installment of the Twilight series Breaking Dawn was released with an initial print run of 3 7 million copies 44 Over 1 3 million copies were sold on the first day 45 The novel won Meyer a British Book Award for Children s Book of the Year despite competition from J K Rowling s The Tales of Beedle the Bard 46 In 2009 Meyer faced plagiarism accusations for Breaking Dawn Author of The Nocturne Jordan Scott claimed the circumstances around Bella s supernatural pregnancy and subsequent transformation into a vampire were similar to the storyline of her novel and indicated that Meyer plagiarized the plot of The Nocturne Meyer dismissed the accusation claiming she had not heard of the writer nor the novel Scott failed to produce a copy of the novel to support her accusation The Nocturne is not available on Amazon and is listed as temporarily sold out on her website 47 The series has sold over 100 million copies worldwide 48 49 in 37 languages 50 51 52 In 2008 the four Twilight books were in the top four spots on USA Today s year end bestseller list Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and the first author to have books in all four of the top selling spots 53 The Twilight novels held the top four spots on USA Today s year end list again in 2009 54 The success of the Twilight series has been attributed to the Internet which allowed Meyer to directly reach out to her fans leading the series to be called the first social networking bestseller 55 According to scholar Lykke Guanio Uluru the Twilight series popularized and helped redefine the paranormal romance subgenre 56 Twilight saga films Edit Main article The Twilight Saga film series In 2004 Paramount s MTV Films and Maverick Films optioned Twilight before the book was published in order to maximize its potential profits The written script deviated greatly from the novel 57 However the film was put into turnaround In 2006 Erik Feig president of Summit Entertainment attempted to make a deal with Meyer by assuring her that the film would be true to the novel and that no vampire character would be depicted with canine or incisor teeth longer or more pronounced than may be found in human beings 58 In 2007 the rights were sold to Summit Entertainment 57 Catherine Hardwicke was chosen to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg wrote the new script 59 Kristen Stewart was cast first as Bella Swan and Robert Pattinson was cast as Edward Cullen after an audition with Stewart and Pattinson revealed they had good chemistry 60 Taylor Lautner was cast in the role of Jacob Black 61 Released on November 21 2008 62 the film received favorable reviews Roger Ebert called the film lush and beautiful and Peter Bradshaw said it was wildly enjoyable 63 The film was a box office success and became the fourth highest grossing November opening weekend release up to that time 64 Meyer makes a brief cameo appearance in a diner scene 65 The same year Meyer began her work in film with a Jack s Mannequin music video The Resolution which she co directed with Noble Jones 66 67 Following the success of Twilight Summit greenlit a film adaptation of the sequel The Twilight Saga New Moon 68 Each novel adaptation was headed by a different director 69 Chris Weitz directed New Moon 70 which was released on November 20 2009 71 On opening night New Moon broke the record for the highest single day domestic gross on opening day which had previously been set by Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince 72 73 Despite its commercial success the film received poor reviews Roger Ebert criticized the slow pace of the film and Tim Robey of The Telegraph similarly said the movie gives us all the requisite looks of tortured longing and not a lot else 74 75 Directed by David Slade The Twilight Saga Eclipse an adaptation of the third book in the series was released on June 30 2010 An article from The Guardian reported that it was the best film of the series according to critical consensus for being more cinematic and striking a better balance between romance and the supernatural 76 However an article from The Telegraph rebutted The Guardian s claim arguing that Twilight remained the best film in the series due to the entirely straight faced contrast between the forces of eternal darkness and the rigors of high school 77 Having already obtained the rights to Breaking Dawn 78 Summit approved a two part adaptation 79 In 2011 Meyer started her own production company Fickle Fish Films with producer Meghan Hibbett Meyer spent much of 2011 producing both parts of Breaking Dawn 80 as well as the film adaptation of Shannon Hale s novel Austenland 81 The Breaking Dawn Part 1 was released on November 18 2011 and the second part was released on November 16 2012 82 83 Part one of the film received mixed reviews 84 85 Part two of the film received more positive reviews with Roger Ebert calling the ending sensational Critics also praised the acting particularly that of Stewart 86 The Twilight Saga was successful in the box office With a combined budget of 373 million the five film series earned 3 341 billion worldwide 87 Despite the commercial success the films were extensively criticized Breaking Dawn Part II won seven Golden Raspberry Awards Razzie awards including Worst Picture Worst Sequel and Worst Screen Couple for Taylor Lautner and Mackenzie Foy 88 The series spawned two parody films Vampires Suck and Breaking Wind which were critical failures 89 90 91 In 2009 Stephenie Meyer was included in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the world s most powerful celebrities entering at No 26 Her annual earnings exceeded 50 million 5 The same year Meyer was ranked No 5 on Forbes list of Hollywood s Top Earning Women the only author on the list and it was noted that the Twilight series of young adult vampire books have taken the publishing and film worlds by storm 92 In 2010 Forbes ranked her as the No 59 most powerful celebrity with annual earnings of 40 million 93 Meyer in 2009 Subsequent Twilight publications Edit In August 2009 USA Today revealed that Meyer broke J K Rowling s record on their bestseller list the four Twilight books had spent 52 straight weeks in the top 10 94 In all the books have spent more than 235 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list 95 Upon the completion of the fourth entry in the series Meyer indicated that Breaking Dawn would be the final novel to be told from Bella Swan s perspective 96 In 2015 she published a new book in honor of the 10th anniversary of the best selling franchise titled Life and Death Twilight Reimagined with the genders of the original protagonists switched 97 On March 30 2010 it was announced that Meyer had written a 200 page novella entitled The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner The book was released on June 5 2010 by Atom and was available for free between June 7 and July 5 on the official website 98 Following the release of The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Stephenie Meyer donated 1 5 million to the American Red Cross Relief Fund to aid victims of the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile Those who took advantage of the free ebook were also encouraged to make donations to the Red Cross 99 100 101 Midnight Sun was to be a companion novel to the Twilight series The novel was intended to be a retelling of the events of the novel Twilight but from the perspective of Edward Cullen 102 Meyer had hoped to have Midnight Sun published shortly after the release of Breaking Dawn but after an online leak of a rough draft of its first 12 chapters Meyer chose to delay the project indefinitely 9 Upset by the release of a draft she called messy and flawed Meyer decided to pursue books unrelated to Twilight 102 103 She made the unedited and unfinished manuscript of a lengthy character development exercise of Midnight Sun available on her website 102 The release of Midnight Sun was tentatively re planned after re visiting the Twilight series with Life and Death a gender swapped retelling of the novel in 2015 However the release of Grey Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian in 2015 halted and soured Meyer s plans to release the Midnight Sun because Grey was also told from the male perspective Meyer stated in a New York Comic Con panel that it was a literal flip the table moment admitting that Midnight Sun is kind of cursed 103 104 This led to the novel being on indefinite hold 103 104 According to an article from The Guardian in 2018 Midnight Sun was no longer in the pipeline 89 However in May 2020 it was announced that Midnight Sun would be released on August 4 2020 105 Following its release it sold over one million copies 106 was number two on Amazon s most sold list 107 and was number one on USA Today s bestseller list one week after its release date 108 Meyer has mentioned having several other book ideas on file including a ghost story titled Summer House a novel involving time travel 109 as well as another about mermaids 110 Adult fiction publications EditThe Host Edit In May 2008 Meyer s adult sci fi novel The Host was released by the adult division of Little Brown and Company It follows the story of Melanie Stryder and Wanderer a young woman and an invading alien soul who are forced to work as one 111 112 The Host debuted at No 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list 113 and remained on the list for 26 weeks 114 Despite having expressed intention to write a trilogy with the second and third books being called The Soul and The Seeker respectively 115 Meyer has not published any follow up novels to The Host as of 2022 update 116 In April 2009 Meyer took part in Project Book Babe a benefit designed to help pay her friend Faith Hochhalter s medical bills after Hochhalter was diagnosed with breast cancer Meyer donated many advance reader copies and original manuscripts for auction 117 The Host was adapted into a film with Andrew Niccol directing and Saoirse Ronan starring as Melanie Stryder Max Irons as Jared Howe and Jake Abel as Ian O Shea 118 119 The film was released on March 29 2013 to generally negative reviews 120 121 It received poor critical reviews and was a box office flop compared to the Twilight film series 122 123 124 The Chemist and television productions Edit In late 2015 it was announced that Meyer was producing a TV series based on Daniel O Malley s book The Rook 125 126 Despite having purchased the rights for the novel with her production company she left the project shortly after filming due to creative differences 127 In July 2016 Little Brown and Company announced that Meyer has written an adult action thriller titled The Chemist about an ex agent on the run from her former employers The book was released on November 8 2016 128 In 2018 it was announced that Meyer s production company Fickle Fish would be working with Tomorrow Studios to produce a television series based on The Chemist 129 Reception Edit Meyer on her book tour for Eclipse in 2007 The reception of Meyer and her novels has been mixed 89 130 Entertainment Weekly has stated that Meyer is the world s most popular vampire novelist since Anne Rice 131 while The Guardian described her as an imaginative storyteller a prolific author and a newly powerful figure in the publishing market 132 Wayne Janes of the Toronto Sun agreed saying Meyer s success points up another trend the virtual domination of the best seller lists the last few years by what would normally be classified as young adult fiction and noted In the absence of a new Harry Potter adventure teens fantasy enthusiasts and women sales are mostly to females who swoon at the idea of a virginal James Dean ish vampire made Meyer the go to gal for chaste love 133 Tymon Smith of The Times has described her as the superstar of young adult fiction 134 Meyer was named one of MSN Lifestyle s Most Influential Women of 2008 where she was described as a literary luminary 135 She was also ranked No 49 on Time magazine s list of the 100 Most Influential People in 2008 4 and was included in their list of People Who Mattered with author Lev Grossman noting Maybe Americans aren t ready for a Mormon presidential nominee yet But they re more than ready to anoint a Mormon as the best selling novelist of the year 136 She was ranked No 82 on Vanity Fair s list of the Top 100 Information Age Powers of 2009 137 Meyer was featured in an issue of the biographical comic Female Force a Bluewater Productions title which celebrates influential women in society and pop culture 138 Meyer was the second bestselling author of the decade according to a list published by Amazon beaten by J K Rowling 139 Despite Meyer s success her novels have been highly criticized The New York Times called the premise of Twilight attractive and compelling however the review continues the book suffers at times from overearnest amateurish writing indicating that Meyer s relied too much on telling rather than showing and that there were excessive references to Edward s attractiveness and Bella s swooning 140 An article from The Guardian criticized Bella s character calling her a clumsy selfish nincompoop with the charisma of a boiled potato and criticized Edward s portrayal as the perfect little gentleman who constantly counters Bella s sexual advances 141 NPR criticized the novel for being a repetitive jackhammer masked behind ornate language Furthermore they found the story uninteresting and the main character unlikeable 142 Entertainment Weekly stated that the narrative of Breaking Dawn was at times so chaotic and outrageous that Meyer shifted the point of view to Jacob Black which only toned down the mayhem of the plot for so long 143 Novelist Orson Scott Card said Stephenie Meyer writes with luminous clarity never standing between the reader and the dream they share She s the real thing 144 In an interview with Newsweek author Jodi Picoult said Stephenie Meyer has gotten people hooked on books and that s good for all of us 145 Comparing Meyer to J K Rowling Stephen King stated The real difference is that Jo Rowling is a terrific writer and Stephenie Meyer can t write worth a darn She s not very good 146 King went on to assert that Meyer s books appealed to readers because she s opening up kind of a safe joining of love and sex in those books 146 American religious history scholar Jana Riess had mixed reactions to Meyer s novels At times she found the Mormon theology that influences Meyer s works to be beautiful and complex However she describes Meyer as a gifted storyteller not a gifted writer noting numerous technical flaws in her novels Furthermore Riess criticized the retrogressive gender stereotypes in Meyer s work 147 The Quileute do have a tradition that their ancestors transformed from wolves to people but most of the descriptions of the Quileute in the novel are inaccurate 148 The Quileute tribe described her use of their traditions in the books and films and subsequent merchandising as cultural theft 26 Fan following Edit Meyer has gained a following among young adult readers of her Twilight novels which are set in the small town of Forks on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state Forks has thus received attention from fans and celebrates Stephenie Meyer Day on September 13 the date of character Bella Swan s birthday 149 Meyer s fans cosplay her book characters write fan fiction related to the stories and attend book signings Extreme fans are known as Twihards 89 150 Inspired by Meyer s Twilight series evolved a genre of geek rock called Twi rock similar in purpose to wizard rock inspired by J K Rowling s Harry Potter series Examples of these Twilight themed bands include the Bella Cullen Project Twilight Music Girls Be Safe Bella Bella Rocks and the Mitch Hansen Band The Mitch Hansen Band wrote the song By You in hopes that it would be included on the New Moon film soundtrack 151 152 An unofficial Twilight themed fan convention called TwiCon was organized in Dallas Texas in summer 2009 which included Twi rock band performances a Volturi Ball panels workshops and vendors 153 Originally an online novelized fan fiction of the Twilight series the novel Fifty Shades of Grey by E L James loosely explores the relationship between the main characters had they not remained celibate before marriage Though the publisher claims the novel is original and no longer based on Twilight James did not receive copyright authorization to write the novel and some have argued that Fifty Shades of Grey may be a copyright infringement Though Meyer has stated that the novel is too smutty and does not interest her she has not filed a copyright claim 154 Style and influences EditStyle Edit Since the release of Twilight Meyer has been described as writing with all plot and no style and including very little characterization and her writing characterized as fairly 155 poor Meyer s prose lacks a consistent style or voice for example her short story Hell on Earth is driven more by dialogue alone in contrast with the ornate descriptions found in the Twilight series 156 Meyer relies on detailed expository descriptions in her novels 157 and on active voice she often opens her sentences with the most important information 158 While a stylistic focus of most novels is character development Meyer has stated that she intentionally avoided describing her characters in detail which she believes allows the reader to more easily step into their shoes 159 In some works such as New Moon in which Bella is largely on her own Meyer offers deeper insight into Bella s psyche through the chapter titles rather than the prose itself 160 Meyer s work is typically classified as melodrama In Twilight Meyer makes allusions to canonical texts such as the Book of Genesis Wuthering Heights Macbeth Pride and Prejudice Sense and Sensibility and Songs of Innocence and of Experience Meyer has said that the individual style of each of her novels came from various genres of music she listened to while writing 161 A corpus stylistics analysis of the Twilight saga revealed that much of Meyer s description and characterization revolved around the physical attributes of the characters as shown through eyes face and expression Some of Meyer s most frequent descriptions related to eye color and expression the juxtaposition of warmth and cold and the words black and dark The study authors concluded that the predictability and superficiality of Meyer s descriptions indicate that Meyer s writing style is unexceptional and the success of her novels was related more to clever marketing 162 William Shakespeare s plays influenced two of the Twilight novels Influences Edit Stephenie Meyer has named Mormonism as her greatest influence 163 However according to actor Robert Pattinson Meyer did not intend to include Mormon references in the novels and films Yet professor of film and religion Angela Aleiss noted numerous clear influence of Mormonism in the Twilight series 164 Meyer has said Unconsciously I put a lot of my basic beliefs into the story Free agency is a big theme 165 Meyer cited BYU professor Steven Walker as having influenced her work She explained that he revealed a new way for her to see and study literature which impacts her writing 166 Meyer cites many novels as inspiration for the Twilight series including Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and L M Montgomery s Anne of Green Gables and its sequels 167 Each book in the series was also inspired specifically by a different literary classic Twilight by Jane Austen s Pride and Prejudice New Moon by William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet Eclipse by Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights and Breaking Dawn s theme by Shakespeare s The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night s Dream 168 Although Meyer claims to have based Twilight on Pride and Prejudice film studies scholar Anne Morey claims that the novel bears resemblance to Jane Eyre 169 The choice to name Edward came from the works of Charlotte Bronte and Jane Austen and her novels are influenced by both medieval courtly love and 19th century etiquette 170 Although Meyer has claimed that she did not read vampire literature and thus could not be influenced by it scholars Anne Klaus and Stefanie Kruger argue that Meyer s characters bear similarities to traditional vampire figures and that Edward resembles both gothic villains and Byronic heroes 170 Meyer has indicated that despite the supernatural and vampire themes in her novels she was influenced far more by Austen and Shakespeare than by Anne Rice or Stephen King 171 Meyer has described Austen Shakespeare and Orson Scott Card as her favorite authors 172 173 166 Meyer cites music as a prominent influence of her writing and she posts playlists on her website of songs which specifically inspired her books Bands included most often in her playlists are Muse Blue October My Chemical Romance Coldplay and Linkin Park 174 175 176 177 Meyer cites Muse as a particular inspiration because she uses the different emotions portrayed in their songs as influences for various genres of scenes 178 Recurring themes EditAgency Edit According to professor of American religious history Jana Riess a prominent theme in Meyer s novels is agency In The Host the Seeker believes that she is saving the human race by perfecting and controlling similar to the Latter day Saint belief that Satan s plan for human salvation was to save all souls by removing their agency and ability to sin Seeker plays a Satan like role in the novel as Meyer attempts to convey the message that the maintenance of agency is crucial 179 Additionally Meyer s novels contain the themes of opposition In The Host Wanda learns that despite the lows and evils of humanity beauty and pleasure could not be found on her previous planets because darkness did not exist Wanda learns in the novel that it is only in facing darkness and sorrow that light and joy could be experienced echoing a quotation from the Book of Mormon It musts needs be that there is an opposition in all things 180 However imprinting in her Twilight series the involuntary formation of a mate relationship undermines Meyer s prolific theme of free agency 181 According to literature and women s studies scholar Natalie Wilson the juxtaposition between Bella s agency to choose her mate and Jacob a Native American male s inability to choose has racial and cultural implications 182 Mortality and temptation Edit Another theme is overcoming the circumstances and temptations of mortality referred to in the Book of Mormon as overcoming the natural man which is exemplified by Meyer s character Edward 183 As a vampire Edward s purpose is to be carnal killing and feeding on human blood As led by Carlisle Edward chooses to give up this life and transcend his circumstances by becoming a vegetarian choosing to feed only on animals He chooses to uphold these values despite the daily temptation which only augments when he meets Bella he finds her blood nearly irresistible 184 Edward undergoes a transformation in which Bella s trust in Edward allows him to trust his own ability to overcome temptation and keep Bella safe 184 Self control is a prominent theme in the Twilight series the word appears 125 times throughout the novels as the main characters struggle to control their emotions attraction thirst or jealousy 185 Immortality and eternal life Edit Apparent in Meyer s Twilight series is the theme of the distinction between immortality and eternal life In Meyer s novels vampires are immortal and have superhuman gifts and abilities however the Cullen family longs for things they cannot have Their circumstances prevent them from forming meaningful relationships with humans or other vampires isolating them within their small clan Furthermore the couples in the Cullen family are unable to procreate which causes severe bitterness in Rosalie who envies Bella s ability to be pregnant 186 According to Riess the distinction between eternal life and immortality is represented by Bella who in Breaking Dawn has achieved eternal life rather than immortality because she achieved the Mormon tenets of eternal life immortality and a perfected body eternal parenthood and an eternal marriage 186 Riess indicates that Bella receives immortality in an act of self sacrifice rather than self service as she dies for the birth of her child Bella is subsequently resurrected in a perfected vampire body In Mormonism resurrection occurs in the context of relationships exemplified by Bella who enjoys her resurrected body in the company of her husband child and the rest of the Cullen family 187 The titles of the novels serve to reinforce this idea At the beginning of the series Bella discusses leaving Phoenix and heading to Forks where she says goodbye to the sun 188 The titles of the first three novels Twilight New Moon and Eclipse serve as natural phenomenon in which the sun is darkened However the final novel is titled Breaking Dawn which symbolizes the beginning of a new day and Bella s transformation into a vampire and subsequent transcendence of her old life 188 Views EditReligion Edit The Book of Mormon influenced Meyer more than any other book Meyer is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints and does not drink alcohol drink coffee smoke or watch R rated movies 18 28 Similarly there is no drinking and smoking in the novels with the exception of her 2008 The Host which contains drinking Despite pressure to include a major sex scene Meyer was adamant against including graphic sex in her series 28 According to Lev Grossman of Time some of the series appeal is due to its lack of sex and its eroticizing of abstinence 28 As a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Meyer acknowledges that her faith has influenced her work In particular she says that her characters tend to think more about where they came from and where they are going than might be typical 189 Meyer says that she does not consciously intend her novels to be influenced by her religion or to promote the virtues of sexual abstinence and spiritual purity but admits that her writing is shaped by her values saying I don t think my books are going to be really graphic or dark because of who I am There s always going to be a lot of light in my stories 190 Growing up Meyer s life and family revolved around The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints They were involved in their community and a young Meyer met her future husband at church She studiously read the Book of Mormon citing the book as having the most significant impact on her life 191 192 However Meyer dislikes when media constantly mentions her religion claiming that the press does not emphasize the religions of other authors 193 Meyer is cited as having helped bring The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints more into the mainstream by books The Mormon People The Making of an American Faith by Matthew Bowman and LDS in the USA Mormonism and the Making of American Culture by Lee Trepanier and Lynita K Newswander 194 Feminism Edit According to an article from The Guardian Meyer considers herself a feminist Meyer has stated that the world is a better place when women are in charge Additionally she supported the massive success of Catherine Hardwicke the director of Twilight and appreciated working with a nearly all female production for Austenland 195 Meyer has explained that her definition of feminism is the ability for a woman to choose and the definition of anti feminism is removing the choice whether it fits gender stereotypes or not from the woman entirely She continued that some modern feminists contradict their message of equality for women by limiting or shaming certain women s choices Furthermore she stated that women who choose to stay home or have children are particularly criticized and that limitations on what women can do are anti feminist in nature 196 197 Women s studies scholar Donna Ashcraft argues that Meyer is not a feminist by definition because her novels encourage traditional gender roles However although Ashcraft qualifies Meyer as traditional or nonfeminist she clarifies that Meyer is not antifeminist 198 However Meyer has been criticized by feminists who consider Meyer an antifeminist writer They say that the series romanticizes a physically abusive relationship pointing to red flags that include Bella s entire life revolving around Edward never being in control of her own life being absolutely dependent on Edward s ability to protect her life her virginity and her humanity and the physical injuries Bella suffers from finally consummating her relationship with Edward 199 200 201 Meyer has dismissed such criticisms saying both that the books center around Bella s choice and that her damsel in distress persona is due only to her humanity 202 After being asked in an interview with The Guardian whether she is anti abortion Meyer refused to directly answer the question insisting that she does not like to talk about politics and that she abhors when celebrities use their popularity to influence voters Awards EditYear Category Institution or publication Result Notes Ref 2006 Best Fiction for Young Adults Young Adult Library Services Association Won For Twilight 203 2008 Author of the Year USA Today Won 204 2009 Children s Book of the Year British Book Awards Won For Breaking Dawn 205 Bibliography EditYoung adult novels Edit Twilight series Main series Twilight 2005 1 5 Midnight Sun 2020 New Moon 2006 Eclipse 2007 3 5 The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner 2010 novella Breaking Dawn 2008 Related books The Twilight Saga The Official Illustrated Guide 2011 reference guide Life and Death Twilight Reimagined 2015 Midnight Sun 2020 Novels Edit The Host 2008 The Chemist 2016 Young adult short stories Edit Hell on Earth published in Prom Nights from Hell 2007 Comics Edit Twilight series Twilight The Graphic Novel 2010 2011 with Young Kim New Moon The Graphic Novel 2012 with Young KimNon fiction Edit Hero at the Grocery Store 2006 articleFilmography EditYear Title Credited as Notes Ref Actress Producer Director2008 Twilight Yes Diner customer uncredited 206 2008 The Resolution Yes Music video for The Resolution by Jack s Mannequin co director with Noble Jones 207 2011 Breaking Dawn Part 1 Yes Yes Part one of film based on her novel Breaking Dawn wedding guest uncredited 206 208 2012 Breaking Dawn Part 2 Yes Part two of film based on her novel Breaking Dawn 208 2013 The Host Yes Film based on her novel The Host 209 Austenland Yes Film based on novel of the same name by Shannon Hale 210 2018 Down a Dark Hall Yes Film based on novel of the same name by Lois Duncan 211 Adaptations EditTwilight 2008 film directed by Catherine Hardwicke based on novel Twilight The Twilight Saga New Moon 2009 film directed by Chris Weitz based on novel New Moon The Twilight Saga Eclipse 2010 film directed by David Slade based on novel Eclipse The Twilight Saga Breaking Dawn Part 1 2011 film directed by Bill Condon based on novel Breaking Dawn The Twilight Saga Breaking Dawn Part 2 2012 film directed by Bill Condon based on novel Breaking Dawn The Host 2013 film directed by Andrew Niccol based on novel The Host Twilight Storytellers The Mary Alice Brandon File 2015 short directed by Kailey Spear and Sam Spear based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers Consumed 2015 short directed by Maja Fernqvist based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers The Groundskeeper 2015 short directed by Nicole Eckenroad based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers Masque 2015 short directed by Cate Carson based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers Sunrise 2015 short directed by Amanda Tasse based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers Turncoats 2015 short directed by Lindsey Hancock Williamson based on novel series Twilight Twilight Storytellers We ve Met Before 2015 short directed by Yulin Kuang based on novel series TwilightReferences EditNotes Edit Spelled Christiaan in some sources 14 Citations Edit The World s Most Powerful Celebrities 26 Stephenie Meyer Forbes Archived from the original on July 19 2009 Retrieved July 23 2009 Diane Roback March 22 2010 Children s Bestsellers 2009 The Reign Continues Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on July 19 2010 Retrieved April 4 2010 Fetters Ashley November 15 2012 At Its Core the Twilight Saga Is a Story About The Atlantic Retrieved July 24 2020 a b The 2008 Time 100 Finalists April 1 2008 Archived from the original on February 3 2011 Retrieved July 23 2009 a b Gil Kaufman June 4 2009 Angelina Jolie Oprah Madonna Top Forbes Celebrity 100 MTV Archived from the original on June 7 2009 Retrieved June 10 2009 Shapiro 2009 pp 20 21 a b Cochrane Kira March 11 2013 Stephenie Meyer on Twilight feminism and true love The Guardian Guardian News amp Media Limited Archived from the original on 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Stephenie Meyer The Times London Archived from the original on September 17 2008 Retrieved December 12 2008 Shapiro 2009 pp 22 23 Hanks 2009 p 26 Bosman Julie August 2 2008 Book Stokes Vampire Fever at Stores Parties The New York Times Archived from the original on October 17 2019 Retrieved October 17 2019 Winston Diane March 9 2012 The Mormon People The Making of an American Faith by Matthew Bowman and LDS in the USA Mormonism and the Making of American Culture by Lee Trepanier and Lynita K Newswander The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 11 2019 Retrieved October 10 2019 Cochrane Kira March 11 2013 Stephenie Meyer on Twilight feminism and true love The Guardian Guardian News amp Media Limited Archived from the original on August 19 2019 Retrieved October 10 2019 Fetters Ashley November 15 2012 At Its Core the Twilight Saga Is a Story About The Atlantic Archived from the original on October 10 2019 Retrieved October 10 2019 Ashcraft 2013 p 22 Ashcraft 2013 p 22 Laura Miller July 30 2008 Touched by a vampire salon com Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved December 3 2009 Christine Seifert Bite Me Or Don t bitchmagazine org Archived from the original on January 7 2010 Retrieved December 3 2009 Natalie Wilson November 17 2011 Breaking Dawn Part 1 An Anti Abortion Message in a Bruised Apple Package msmagazine com Archived from the original on March 14 2012 Retrieved November 21 2011 Ashcraft 2013 p 108 Best Fiction for Young Adults American Library Association Archived from the original on October 10 2019 Retrieved October 10 2019 Books year in review USA Today December 28 2008 Archived from the original on October 3 2009 Retrieved July 23 2009 Wardrop Murray April 4 2009 Barack Obama triumphs at British Book Awards with Dreams From My Father The Telegraph Telegraph Media Group Limited Archived from the original on October 11 2019 Retrieved October 11 2019 a b Durand Elizabeth June 6 2011 Stephenie Meyer Makes Cameo in Breaking Dawn Part 1 MTV News MTV Archived from the original on October 8 2019 Retrieved October 8 2019 Vineyard Jennifer September 5 2008 Twilight Author Stephanie Meyer Tries to Drown Jack s Mannequin in Resolution Video MTV News MTV Archived from the original on October 22 2016 Retrieved October 8 2019 a b Richmond Krista November 9 2011 Breaking Dawn author Stephenie Meyer discusses her new role as movie producer The Christian Science Monitor The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on July 9 2019 Retrieved October 8 2019 Kit Zorianna March 27 2013 A Minute With Twilight author Stephanie Meyer on The Host Reuters Reuters Archived from the original on October 8 2019 Retrieved October 8 2019 McNary Dave August 13 2013 Q amp A Stephenie Meyer Twilight Author Trades Undead for Well Bred in Austenland Variety Variety Media Archived from the original on June 28 2017 Retrieved October 8 2019 Vary Adam B April 19 2012 Stephenie Meyer optioning suspense novel Down a Dark Hall Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on October 8 2019 Retrieved October 8 2019 Works cited Edit Ashcraft Donna M 2013 Deconstructing Twilight Psychological and Feminist Perspectives on the Series New York Peter Lang ISBN 9781433116384 Blasingame James Deakin Kathleen Walsh Laura A 2012 Stephenie Meyer In the Twilight Lanham The Scarecrow Press Inc p 12 ISBN 9780810883734 Retrieved October 11 2019 Clarke Amy M Osborn Marijane eds 2010 The Twilight Mystique Critical Essays on the Novels and Films Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company ISBN 9780786449989 Guanio Uluru Lykke 2015 Ethics and Form in Fantasy Literature Tolkien Rowling and Meyer New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781137469687 Hanks Maxine December 2009 Do Mormon Moms Dream of Monstrous Gods Stephenie Meyer s Twilight Myth as Mormon Heroine s Journey PDF Sunstone 26 30 Retrieved October 10 2019 Klaus Anne Kruger Stefanie 2011 Vampires Without Fangs The Amalgamation of Genre in Stephenie Meyer s Twilight The Looking Glass New Perspectives on Children s Literature 15 1 Retrieved January 10 2020 Krohn Katherine October 1 2010 Stephenie Meyer Dreaming of Twilight USA Today ISBN 9780761363705 Retrieved January 6 2020 Larsson Mariah Steiner Ann eds 2011 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight Studies in Fiction Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience Lund Sweden Nordic Academic Press ISBN 9789185509638 Retrieved January 10 2020 Morey Anne 2012 Genre Reception and Adaptation in the Twilight Series Farnham Ashgate ISBN 9781409436614 Reiss Jana 2009 Book of Mormon Stories that Steph Meyer Tells to Me LDS Themes in the Twilight Saga and The Host BYU Studies 48 3 Retrieved October 18 2019 Shapiro Marc 2009 Stephenie Meyer The Unauthorized Biography of the Creator of the Twilight Saga New York St Martin s Griffin ISBN 9780312638290 Scherer Lauri S 2012 People in the News Stephenie Meyer Farmington Hills MI Lucent Books ISBN 9781420507614 Retrieved October 31 2019 Wilson Natalie 2011 Seduced by Twilight The Allure and Contradictory Messages of the Popular Saga Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company ISBN 9780786460427 External links EditStephenie Meyer at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Stephenie Meyer at IMDb Works by Stephenie Meyer at Open Library Stephenie Meyer at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Stephenie Meyer at the MLCA Database Portals Children s literature Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stephenie Meyer amp oldid 1135018360, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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