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Wikipedia

Steinway & Sons

March 03, 2023

"Steinway" redirects here. For other uses, see Steinway (disambiguation).

Steinway & Sons, also known as Steinway (/ˈstaɪnweɪ/ (listen)), is a German-American piano company, founded in 1853 in Manhattan by German piano builder Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (later known as Henry E. Steinway).[2][11] The company's growth led to the opening of a factory in New York City, United States, and later a factory in Hamburg, Germany.[12] The factory in the Queens borough of New York City supplies the Americas, and the factory in Hamburg supplies the rest of the world.[7][13]

Steinway & Sons
Steinway & Sons concert grand piano, Model D-274
TypePrivate
IndustryMusical instruments
FoundedMarch 5, 1853 (169 years ago) (1853-03-05)[1]
in Manhattan, New York City[2]
FounderHeinrich Engelhard Steinweg
(later known as Henry E. Steinway)[3]
Headquarters • Europe and international:
Hamburg, Germany[4]
53°34′27″N 9°55′27″E / 53.5743°N 9.9241°E / 53.5743; 9.9241 (Steinway & Sons - European and international headquarters - Hamburg, Germany)Coordinates: 53°34′27″N 9°55′27″E / 53.5743°N 9.9241°E / 53.5743; 9.9241 (Steinway & Sons - European and international headquarters - Hamburg, Germany)
 • Americas:
One Steinway Place, Queens, New York City, New York, United States[4]
40°46′45″N 73°53′59″W / 40.7793°N 73.8998°W / 40.7793; -73.8998 (Steinway & Sons - American headquarters - Queens, New York City)
Number of locations
200 authorized dealers operating 300 showrooms worldwide[5]
Area served
Worldwide[5]
Products • Grand pianos[6]
 • Upright pianos[7]
Production output
2,600 pianos (annually)[8]
ServicesRestoration of Steinway pianos[9]
ParentPaulson & Co. Inc.[10]
Websitewww.steinway.com

Along with C. Bechstein, Blüthner and Bösendorfer, Steinway & Sons is frequently referred to as one of the "Big Four" piano manufacturers.[14][15][16]

Steinway is a prominent piano company,[17][18] known for making pianos of high quality[19][20] and for inventions within the area of piano development.[21][22] Steinway has been granted 139 patents in piano making, with the first in 1857.[23] The company's share of the high-end grand piano market consistently exceeds 80 percent.[24] The dominant position has been criticized, with some musicians and writers arguing that it has blocked innovation and led to a homogenization of the sound favored by pianists.[25][26]

Steinway pianos have received numerous awards.[27] One of the first is a gold medal in 1855 at the American Institute Fair at the New York Crystal Palace.[28][29] From 1855 to 1862, Steinway pianos received 35 gold medals.[27][30] More awards and recognitions followed,[31] including three medals at the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris.[32] The European part of the company holds a royal warrant of appointment to Queen Elizabeth II.[33][34] Steinway & Sons was named Company of the Year in 1996 by The Music Trades magazine. The award was given in recognition of Steinway's "overall performance, quality, value-added products, a well-executed promotional program and disciplined distribution which generated the most impressive results in the entire music industry."[35]

In addition to the flagship Steinway piano line, Steinway markets two other, lower-priced brands of piano sold under the secondary brand names Boston and Essex.

History

Foundation and growth

Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg first made pianos in the 1820s from his house in Seesen, Germany.[36] He made pianos under the Steinweg brand until he emigrated from Germany to America in 1850 with his wife and seven of his nine children.[37] The eldest son, C. F. Theodor Steinweg, remained in Germany, and continued making the Steinweg brand of pianos, partnering with Friedrich Grotrian, a piano dealer, from 1856 to 1865.[38]

In 1853, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg founded Steinway & Sons. His first workshop in America was in a small loft at the back of 85 Varick Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City.[39] The first piano made by Steinway & Sons was given the number 483 because Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg had built 482 pianos in Germany. Number 483 was sold to a New York family for $500, and is now on display at the German museum Städtisches Museum Seesen in Seesen,[40][41] the town in which Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg began his career as a piano maker.[42] A year later, demand was such that the company moved to larger premises at 82–88 Walker Street. It was not until 1864 that the family anglicized their name from Steinweg to Steinway.[43]

By the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street (the present site of the Seagram Building) where it covered a whole block. With a workforce of 350 men, production increased from 500 to nearly 1,800 pianos per year. The employees were mostly German immigrants and the official language of the company was German.[44] The pianos themselves underwent numerous substantial improvements through innovations made both at the Steinway factory and elsewhere in the industry based on emerging engineering and scientific research, including developments in the understanding of acoustics.[45] Almost half of the company's 139 patented inventions were developed by the first and second generations of the Steinway family. Steinway's pianos won prizes at exhibitions in New York City,[28] London,[30] and Paris.[32] By 1862, Steinway pianos had received more than 35 medals.[27][31] Part of Steinway's early reputation arose from its successes in trade fairs.[46]

In 1865, the Steinway family sent a letter to C. F. Theodor Steinweg asking that he leave the German Steinweg factory (by then located in Braunschweig (Brunswick)) and travel to New York City to take over the leadership of the family firm due to the deaths of his brothers Henry and Charles from disease.[38] C. F. Theodor Steinweg obeyed, selling his share of the German piano company to his partner, Wilhelm Grotrian (son of Friedrich Grotrian), and two other workmen, Adolph Helfferich and H.G.W. Schulz. The German factory changed its name from C. F. Theodor Steinweg to Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf. (English: Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, successors to Th. Steinweg), later shortened to Grotrian-Steinweg.[38] In New York City, C. F. Theodor Steinweg anglicized his name to C. F. Theodore Steinway. During the next 15 years of his leadership, he kept a home in Braunschweig and traveled often between Germany and the United States.[38]

 
Steinway's factory in Manhattan, 1876

Around 1870–80, William Steinway (born Wilhelm Steinweg, a son of Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg) established a professional community, the company town Steinway Village, in what is now the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City.[12] Steinway Village was built as its own town and included a new factory (still used today) with its own foundry and sawmill, houses for employees, kindergarten, lending library, post office, volunteer fire department, and parks. Steinway Village later became part of Long Island City. Steinway Street, one of the major streets in the Astoria and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, is named after the company.[2]

In 1876, Steinway participated in the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The competition was principally between Steinway, Chickering, and Weber. According to journalist James Barron's account of Steinway's participation in the competition, the company was able to secure success by bribing one of the judges. William Steinway denied to the exposition's organizers that a judge had been paid directly, although Barron states that the judge was bribed through an intermediary: the pianist Frederic Boscovitz.[47] According to freelancer Isabel Wolff, William Steinway would admit in his diary that under his leadership the New York City arm of the company bribed judges at trade fairs to favor Steinway pianos.[48] According to musicologist Donald W. Fostle, it is untrue that Steinway repeatedly bribed judges at trade fairs, and in the one documented case it is unclear if Steinway were enmeshed, along with others, in bribery or were the target of attempted extortion.[49]

 
Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany, 1915

To reach European customers who wanted Steinway pianos, and to avoid high European import taxes, William Steinway and C. F. Theodore Steinway established a new piano factory in the free German city of Hamburg in 1880.[50] The first address of Steinway's factory in Hamburg was at Schanzenstraße in the western part of Hamburg, St. Pauli. C. F. Theodore Steinway became the head of the German factory, and William Steinway went back to the factory in Queens. The Hamburg and Queens factories regularly exchanged experience about their patents and technique despite the large distance between them, and they continue to do so today. C. F. Theodore Steinway was a talented inventor who made many improvements in the construction of the piano.[19][51] About a third of Steinway's patented inventions are under the name of C. F. Theodore Steinway.[52] The Steinway factory in Hamburg was part laboratory, part factory. Much of the precision cutting and drilling machinery installed in the Queens factory was tried in the Hamburg factory first.[53] C. F. Theodore Steinway died in Braunschweig in 1889, having successfully competed against the Grotrian-Steinweg brand – both the Hamburg-based Steinway factory and the Braunschweig-based Grotrian-Steinweg factory became known for making premium German pianos.[50]

Meanwhile, the 1880s saw the company embroiled in a series of labor disputes between the New York City factory and its workers. Back then, industrialists faced labor strikes frequently.[54][55] One dispute, in 1880, saw the company lead an industry-wide lockout of piano workers in New York City. In later disputes in the decade, the company hired detectives to spy on its workers, paid police for their backing and protection of company property, and evicted strike leaders from company housing.[54][55]

In 1883, the Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt wrote in a letter to Steinway: "...The new Steinway grand is a glorious masterpiece in power, sonority, singing quality, and perfect harmonic effects, affording delight even to my old piano-weary fingers. Ever continuing success remains a beautiful attribute of the world-renowned firm of Steinway & Sons. ...Owing to my ignorance of the mechanism of piano construction I can but praise the magnificent result in the volume and quality of sound."[56]

In 1890, Steinway received its first royal warrant, granted by Queen Victoria.[57][58] The following year the patrons of Steinway included the Prince of Wales and other members of the monarchy and nobility.[57] In subsequent years Steinway was granted royal and imperial warrants from the rulers of Italy, Norway, Persia, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey.[59]

Steinway Halls

Main article: Steinway Hall
 
Crowd of spectators buying tickets for a Charles Dickens reading at the Steinway Hall in New York City, 1867[60]

From 1864 to 1866, William Steinway, who is credited with establishing Steinway's success in marketing,[61] oversaw the construction of Steinway Hall on East 14th Street in Manhattan, New York City. Steinway Hall had cost $200,000 to build.[62] It included the second largest concert hall in New York City as well as showrooms for Steinway pianos.[63] To enter the concert hall concertgoers had to pass through the showrooms, a way to advertise Steinway pianos. Sales increased by more than 400 pianos in 1867.[64] Steinway Hall quickly became one of New York City's most prominent cultural centers,[62] housing the New York Philharmonic for the next 25 years until Carnegie Hall opened in 1891.[65]

In 1925, the Steinway Hall on East 14th Street was closed and a new Steinway Hall on West 57th Street was opened.[65] In 2013, Steinway sold the Steinway Hall on West 57th Street for $46 million and moved out of the building at the end of 2014.[66] In 2016, a new Steinway Hall opened on Sixth Avenue.[67]

A second Steinway Hall was opened in London in 1875.[50] It was located first on Wigmore Street, in 1924 it moved to St. George Street, and later it moved to its current address on Marylebone Lane.[68]

Expansion

 
The White House's Steinway[69] art case piano from 1938 in the Entrance Hall

In 1857, Steinway began to make a line of art case pianos, designed by artists.[70][71] In 1903, the 100,000th Steinway grand piano was given as a gift to the White House;[72] it was decorated by the artist Thomas Wilmer Dewing.[73] The 100,000th Steinway grand piano was replaced in 1938 by the 300,000th,[69][74] which remains in use in the White House.[72][75] The piano is normally placed in the largest room of the White House, the East Room.[76]

Harold Bauer playing Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 22, an excerpt of 3rd movement. Duo-Art recording 5973-4 played on a Steinway grand piano model XR 6'2" Duo-Art from 1920.

Later, Steinway diversified into the manufacture of player pianos. Several systems such as the Welte-Mignon, Duo-Art, and Ampico were incorporated.[77] During the 1920s, Steinway had been selling up to 6,000 pianos a year. In 1929, Steinway constructed one double-keyboard grand piano. It has 164 keys and 4 pedals. (In 2005, Steinway refurbished this instrument).[78]

During World War II, the Steinway factory in Queens received orders from the Allied Armies to build wooden gliders to convey troops behind enemy lines. Steinway could make few normal pianos, but built 2,436 special models called the Victory Vertical or G.I. Piano. It was a small piano that four men could lift, painted olive drab, gray, or blue, designed to be carried aboard ships or dropped by parachute from an airplane to bring music to the soldiers.[79]

The factory in Hamburg, Germany, could sell very few pianos during World War II. No more than a hundred pianos per year left the factory. In the later years of the war, the company was ordered to give up all the prepared and dried wood their lumber yard held for war production. In an air raid over Hamburg, several Allied bombs hit the factory and nearly destroyed it. After the war, Steinway restored the Hamburg factory with help from the Marshall Plan.[80]

 
Steinway & Sons ad 1922

In the late 1960s, Steinway brought countersuit against Grotrian-Steinweg to stop them from using the name Steinweg on their pianos.[81] Steinway won the case on appeal in 1975, forcing their competitor to use only the name Grotrian in the United States.[82] The case set a precedent and established the concept of Initial Interest Confusion, in which consumers might be initially attracted to a similarly named but lesser-known brand because of the stronger brand's good reputation.[83]

The 500,000th Steinway

 
Steinway piano No. 500,000 from 1988

In 1988, Steinway made its 500,000th piano. Designed by artist Wendell Castle,[84] it carries inscriptions of the names of the 832 pianists and 90 ensembles on the Steinway Artist roster of 1987,[85] including Van Cliburn, Vladimir Horowitz and Billy Joel.[86]

Six years later the company launched C. F. Theodore Steinway Academy for Concert Technicians, known simply as Steinway Academy, at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany. There, experienced piano tuners and piano technicians from all over the world receive further training in piano tuning and maintenance.[87] By 2000, Steinway had made its 550,000th piano.[88][89]

 
John Lennon's Steinway upright piano sold at auction to George Michael in 2000 for £1.67 million[90]

In 2003, Steinway celebrated its 150th anniversary at Carnegie Hall with a three-day concert series with performances by Peter Cincotti, Art Garfunkel, Herbie Hancock, Ben Heppner, Ahmad Jamal, Ramsey Lewis, Randy Newman, Roger Williams, Nancy Wilson, and the Eroica Trio, among others. The first concert featured classical music, the second jazz, and the third pop.[91][92] As part of the 150th anniversary, fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld created a commemorative Steinway limited edition grand piano.[89][93]

In 2005, Steinway celebrated the 125th anniversary of the establishment of its factory in Hamburg, Germany. The celebration featured a concert at the Laeiszhalle concert hall in Hamburg with performances by Vladimir and Vovka Ashkenazy, Lang Lang, and Detlef Kraus. 1,800 people from 33 countries attended the concert.[94][95] As part of the celebration, a 125th anniversary Steinway limited edition grand piano was designed by Count Albrecht von Goertz.[96]

Until his death on September 18, 2008, at the age of 93, Henry Z. Steinway, the great-grandson of the Steinway founder, still worked for Steinway and put his signature on custom-made limited-edition pianos. At several public occasions, Henry Z. Steinway represented the Steinway family.[97] He started at the company in 1937 after graduating from Harvard University. He was president of the company from 1956 to 1977 and was the last Steinway family member to be president of Steinway.[98]

Changes in ownership

In 1972, after a lengthy strike, a long-running financial struggle, high legal expenses, and a lack of business interest among some of the Steinway family members, the firm was sold to CBS.[99] At that time, CBS owned many enterprises in the entertainment industry, including electric guitar and amplifier maker Fender, drum maker Rogers, electro-mechanical piano maker Rhodes, and the baseball team New York Yankees. CBS had plans to form a musical conglomerate that made and sold music in all forms and through all outlets, including records, radio, television, and musical instruments.[100] This new conglomerate was evidently not as successful as CBS had expected, and Steinway was sold in 1985, along with classical and church organ maker Rodgers and flute and piccolo maker Gemeinhardt, to a group of Boston-area investors led by Robert and John P. Birmingham.[101][100][102] In order to acquire Steinway, the investors founded the musical conglomerate Steinway Musical Properties.[103] In 1995, Steinway Musical Properties was acquired by Selmer Industries to form the musical conglomerate Steinway Musical Instruments.[104]

In June 2013, private equity firm Kohlberg & Company offered to buy Steinway parent company Steinway Musical Instruments for $438 million.[105] Two months later hedge fund Paulson & Co. Inc. made a higher offer, $512 million, to take the company private. The Steinway Musical Instruments board recommended that shareholders accept this, and in September 2013 Paulson announced completion of the acquisition.[106][107]

Recent history

After the 2008 economic downturn, Steinway grand piano sales fell by half, and 30 percent of the union employees were laid off at the Queens factory between August 2008 and November 2009.[108] Sales were down 21 percent in 2009 in the United States.[108] But sales began increasing a little in 2010, and they continued to improve the following year.[109][110]

In 2015, Steinway went back to the player piano industry from around the 1920s by introducing a digital player piano series called Spirio.[111][112] The technology in the Spirio pianos was created in 2007 by Wayne Stahnke, an Austrian engineer who has previously made digital player piano systems for other piano companies, like Yamaha and Bösendorfer.[113] Wayne Stahnke's technology, originally called Live Performance Model LX, was sold to Steinway in 2014 and re-branded as Spirio.[111][114] In contrast to player pianos by other brands, a recording option is not available in the Steinway Spirio.[115] In 2018, a recording option was made available in Steinway Spirio pianos, known as the Spirio r.

In 2015, Steinway made its 600,000th piano. The piano features the Fibonacci spiral and Macassar ebony veneer. It took 6,000 hours of work over 4 years to make the piano. It was priced at $2.4 million.[116][117]

As of early 2021, Paulson & Co. remains the ultimate parent of Steinway & Sons., with head office at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

Models

Steinway pianos are sold by a worldwide network of around 200 authorized Steinway dealers who operate around 300 showrooms.[5] The primary differentiation between Steinway models is noted by their model letter, which denotes their size and is one of the most important indicators of their price.

Steinway pianos are also a fixture in the secondary market. The price of a used Steinway can vary tremendously, depending on the model (size), age, condition, and the quality of restoration work that has been done. The price of a well-maintained Steinway might be about 50 percent the price of a new one; a piano in average used condition (or worse) might go for 25 percent or less.[118] Both new Steinways and used Steinways retain their value, with an increase of about 4 percent a year.[119] Additionally, Steinway offers certified pre-owned pianos, which ensures that any restoration work done on the piano has used Steinway parts.

Grands and uprights

 
Steinway & Sons concert grand piano, model D-274, manufactured at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany

Steinway makes the following models of grand pianos and upright pianos:

Steinway's factory in Hamburg makes seven models of the grand piano and two models of an upright piano. (The numerical portion of the model designations represent the length of the grand pianos and the height of the upright pianos in centimetres).

  • Grand pianos: S-155, M-170, O-180, A-188, B-211, C-227, D-274[120]
  • Upright pianos: V-125, K-132[120]

Steinway's factory in Queens makes six models of the grand piano and one model of an upright piano. (Steinway has previously made upright pianos in different dimensions.)

  • Grand pianos: S (5'1"), M (5'7"), O (5'10+3⁄4"), A (6'2"), B (6'11"), D (8'11+3⁄4")[121]
  • Upright Pianos: K (52" high).

Special Designs

 
Steinway art case piano designed by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema on display at the art museum Clark Art Institute

Designers and artists such as Karl Lagerfeld,[89][93] Dakota Jackson, Walter Dorwin Teague, Arthur Blackmore, Joseph Burr Tiffany, Louis Comfort Tiffany,[122][123] Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema,[124] George Schastey, and the Herter Brothers have created original designs for Steinway pianos. These specially designed pianos fall under the art case piano line or the limited edition piano line.[17]

Steinway began creating art case pianos in 1857 and the making of art case pianos reached its peak in the late 19th century. Today, Steinway only builds art case pianos on rare occasions. The art case pianos are unique, because Steinway builds only one of each. Some of Steinway's most notable art case pianos are the Alma-Tadema grand piano from 1887, the 100,000th Steinway piano from 1903, the 300,000th Steinway piano from 1938, and the Sound of Harmony from 2008. The Alma-Tadema grand piano was designed by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema and received great public acclaim when it was exhibited in London.[125] The piano is made of ebony, inlaid with ivory and mother of pearl, with carved case, lid, and legs, and painted in the inside lid by artist Edward Poynter. It was bought by financier Henry Gurdon Marquand for his New York City mansion.[126] In 1997, it was sold at Christie's auction house in London for $1.2 million, setting a price record for a piano sold at auction.[127] It is now on display at the art museum Clark Art Institute.[125] The 100,000th Steinway piano was given as a gift to the White House in 1903 and is made of cherry tree with gold leaf. It is decorated with coats of arms of the thirteen original states of America and painted by Thomas Dewing with dancing figures representing the nine Muses. The 100,000th Steinway piano was replaced in 1938 by the 300,000th Steinway piano. The gold gilded mahogany legs of the 300,000th piano are carved as eagles and are molded by sculptor Albert Stewart.[69] The piano remains in use in the White House.[72][75] The Sound of Harmony is decorated with inlays of 40 different woods, including the lid, which replicates artwork by Chinese painter Shi Qi.[128] It took about four years[129] to build the grand piano and it was priced at €1.2 million.[128] The piano was chosen for use at the Expo 2010 Shanghai China.[129]

Examples of limited edition pianos include The Steinway Limited Edition by Karl Lagerfeld created to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Steinway company in 2003,[89][93] and the 125th-anniversary grand piano by Count Albrecht von Goertz designed to celebrate the 125th anniversary in 2005 of the foundation of the Steinway factory in Hamburg, Germany.[96]

In 1993, Steinway introduced a new line of specially designed pianos, the Steinway Crown Jewel Collection.[130] The collection consists of grand and upright pianos in Steinway's traditional design, but instead of the traditional ebony finish the pianos of the Steinway Crown Jewel Collection are made in veneers of rare woods from around the world.[131] The collection contains wood veneers such as Macassar ebony, East Indian rosewood, and kewazinga bubinga.[130]

Brands

 
Boston grand piano

In addition to the Steinway & Sons brand, Steinway markets two other brands: Boston for the mid-level market and Essex for the entry-level market. Boston and Essex pianos are made using lower-cost components and labor. Pianos of these two brands, made with Steinway owned designs, are manufactured in Asia by suppliers.[132][133] Steinway allows only its authorized Steinway dealers to carry new Boston and Essex pianos.[134]

  • Boston: made for the general mid-ranged piano market at lower prices than Steinway's name brand. Boston pianos are manufactured by Kawai in Hamamatsu, Japan and Karawang, Indonesia. There are five sizes of Boston grand pianos and three sizes of Boston upright pianos available in a variety of finishes. Grand piano models are GP-156 PE, GP-163 PE, GP-178 PE, GP-193 PE, and GP-215 PE. Upright piano models are UP-118 PE, UP-126 PE, and UP-132 PE. Boston pianos incorporate some of the features of Steinway pianos such as a wider tail design (a feature of the Steinway piano models A-188, B-211, C-227, and D-274) resulting in a larger soundboard area than conventionally shaped pianos of comparable sizes, a maple inner rim, and Steinway's patented Octagrip pinblock.[132]
  • Essex: made for the entry-range market and is lower priced than Steinway and Boston pianos. Since 2005, Essex pianos are made at the Pearl River piano factory in Guangzhou, China. Prior to 2005, they were made by Young Chang in Korea. There are two sizes of Essex grand pianos and four sizes of Essex upright pianos available in a wide variety of finishes and furniture designs. Grand piano models are EGP-155 and EGP-173. Upright piano models are EUP-108, EUP-111, EUP-116, and EUP-123. Like the Boston pianos, Essex pianos incorporate some of the features of Steinway pianos as well: a wider tail design, an all-wood action with Steinway geometry with rosette-shaped hammer flanges, and reinforced hammers with metal fasteners.[133]

Piano bank

Steinway maintains a worldwide "piano bank" from which performing pianists, especially Steinway Artists, can select a Steinway piano for use in a certain concert, recording, or tour.[135] The idea is to provide a consistent pool of Steinway pianos with various characteristics for performing pianists' individual touch and tonal preferences. Performing artists choose a piano for use at a certain venue after trying some of the pianos of the "piano bank". This allows a range of Steinway pianos with various touch and tonal characteristics to be available for performers to choose from.[135] Steinway takes responsibility for preparing, tuning, and delivering the piano of the performer's choice to the designated concert hall or recording studio. The performer bears the cost of these services.[12][136]

The "piano bank" consists of approximately 250 Steinway pianos valued collectively at $12.5 million in 2019.[137]

Manufacture

German and American factories

 
Hélène Grimaud at a Steinway grand piano made in Hamburg
 
Bruce Hornsby at a Steinway grand piano made in New York

Some pianists of the past and some active pianists today have expressed a preference for Steinway pianos made at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, or at Steinway's factory in Queens.[53] Emanuel Ax, concert pianist and piano teacher at the Juilliard School,[138] has said that "... the differences have more to do with individual instruments than with where they were made."[53] Larry Fine, American piano technician and author of The Piano Book, considers Hamburg Steinway pianos to be of a higher quality than Queens Steinway pianos.[139] In 2010, the Steinway factory in Queens made some changes in its manufacturing processes and materials in order to upgrade the quality of the Queens Steinway pianos. Larry Fine was invited by Steinway officials to tour the Queens factory to see some of the manufacturing changes. Fine wrote in his Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer of Spring 2011 that the changes have improved the quality of Queens Steinway pianos,[140] but that Hamburg Steinway pianos are still of a higher quality than Queens Steinway pianos.[141]

The Steinway piano market is divided into two sales areas: the Queens Steinway factory, which supplies North and South America, and the Hamburg Steinway factory, which supplies the rest of the world.[7][13] At all main Steinway showrooms across the world, customers can order pianos from either factory. The Hamburg and Queens factories exchange parts and craftsmanship, and Steinway parts for both factories come from the same places: Canadian maple is used for the rim, and the soundboards are made from Sitka spruce from Alaska. Both factories use similar crown parameters for their diaphragmatic soundboards. To maintain quality, Steinway has acquired some of its suppliers. Steinway bought the German manufacturer Kluge in Wuppertal, which supplies keyboards, in December 1998, and in November 1999, purchased the company that supplies its cast iron plates, O. S. Kelly Co. in Springfield, Ohio.[142]

A majority of the world's concert halls own at least one Steinway piano,[143] and some (for example Carnegie Hall) have model D-274s from both the Hamburg factory and the Queens factory to satisfy a greater range of preferences.[144]

Components

See also: § Patented inventions
External video
  The New York Times: Where It's Made: A Steinway Grand Piano, 360-degree video of the making of Steinway pianos in the factory in Hamburg, Germany, November 15, 2017
 
Interior of a Steinway grand piano showing the rim, plate, soundboard, bridges, keys, and strings

Each Steinway grand piano consists of more than 12,000 individual parts.[145] A Steinway piano is handcrafted[146] and takes nearly a year to build.[147]

Steinway maintains its own lumber yards at both the Hamburg factory and the Queens factory, aging and drying lumber from nine months to five years. Less than 50 percent is finally used in the making of Steinway pianos. More than 70 percent of the walnut stock is discarded. The woods are purchased when they are available rather than when they are needed.[148]

Rim

The rim of Hamburg-made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple and mahogany and the rim of Queens-made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple only.[53] The layers are glued and pressed together into one piece in one operation using rim-bending presses that C. F. Theodore Steinway invented in 1880. After the rim-bending process, the rim has to rest from the stress of being bent. It is placed in a conditioning room for a month or more to reduce the moisture content of the wood to approximately six percent.[148]

Plate

Inside the Steinway piano, a cast iron plate provides the strength to support the string tension from 16 tons up to 23 tons.[149] The iron plate is installed above the soundboard and is bronzed, lacquered, polished, and decorated with the Steinway logo. Steinway fabricates plates in its own foundry.[150]

Soundboard and bridges

Steinway makes its soundboard from solid spruce,[151] which allows the soundboard to transmit and amplify sound.[152] The soundboard in Steinway pianos are double-crowned with Steinway's diaphragmatic design. The diaphragmatic soundboard, which was granted a patent in 1936,[153] tapers in thickness from the center to the edges, which permits more freedom of movement resulting in a richer and more lasting tonal response.[154]

Steinway bridges are made of vertically laminated hard rock maple with a hard rock maple cap. The bridges are measured for specific height requirements for each piano and are hand notched.[155]

Keys and action

 
Keys of a Steinway grand piano

Steinway keys are made of Bavarian spruce.[156] The surface of the white keys is made of polymer; earlier, they had been made of elephant ivory. Around the 1950s, Steinway switched from using ivory,[157] and some years later use of ivory for piano keys was outlawed.[158] The action parts are mounted on Steinway's tubular metallic frame. The Steinway hammers are cut from virgin wool felt, containing no admixture of other materials.[155]

In 1962, the Queens Steinway factory introduced the Permafree action for its grand pianos, using Teflon parts in place of cloth bushings. The Teflon was intended to withstand wear and humidity changes better than cloth. The Teflon bushings resulted in certain unforeseen problems mainly during changes in weather; they were discontinued in 1983. The Hamburg Steinway factory never implemented the Teflon bushings in its pianos.[159]

Strings and pinblock

The pianos have steel strings in the midsection and treble, with bass strings made of copper-wound steel. The strings are uniformly spaced with one end coiled around the tuning pins, which in turn are inserted in a laminated wooden block called the pinblock or wrestplank. The tuning pins keep the strings tight and are held in place by friction. Steinway also employs front and rear duplex scales, in which the main vibrating section of the string is augmented by a much smaller vibration in the two ends of the string which are fastened in place. Steinway was a friend of the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz,[160] and this friendship led to the development and Steinway patent in 1872 of front and back aliquots, allowing the traditionally dead sections of strings to vibrate in sympathy with the main string. The result is a fuller, more complex sound.[161][162][163]

The pinblock, also known as wrestplank, in Steinways is made of seven layers of hard-textured wood that are glued together, set at a 45° angle to the run of the grain. It is designed to keep the piano in tune longer.[164]

Affiliates

Steinway Artists

 
Sergei Rachmaninoff[165] at a Steinway grand piano
 
Keith Jarrett[166] performing on a Steinway grand piano
 
Lang Lang[167][168] next to a Steinway grand piano

In contrast to other piano makers, who presented their pianos to pianists, William Steinway engaged the Russian pianist Anton Rubinstein to play Steinway pianos during Rubinstein's first and only American concert tour from 1872 to 1873, with 215 concerts in 239 days.[169] It was a success for both Rubinstein and Steinway.[170] Thus, the Steinway Artist program was born.[171] Later the Polish pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski toured America playing 107 concerts on Steinway pianos in 117 days.[172]

As of May 2017, around 1,800 pianists worldwide are official Steinway Artists,[173] which means that they have chosen to perform on Steinway pianos exclusively, and each owns a Steinway.[174] None is paid to do so.[17][175] Steinway Artists come from different genres: classical, jazz, pop, and rock. A few examples of Steinway Artists are Daniel Barenboim, Harry Connick Jr., Billy Joel, Evgeny Kissin, Diana Krall, and Lang Lang.[168][176][177] Some examples of Immortal Steinway Artists are Irving Berlin, Benjamin Britten, George Gershwin, Vladimir Horowitz, Cole Porter, and Sergei Rachmaninoff.[168][177][178]

Steinway expects Steinway Artists to perform on Steinway pianos where they are available and in appropriate condition.[179] Artur Schnabel complained once that "Steinway refused to let me use their pianos [i.e., Steinway pianos owned by Steinway] unless I would give up playing the Bechstein piano – which I had used for so many years – in Europe. They insisted that I play on Steinway exclusively, everywhere in the world, otherwise they would not give me their pianos in the United States. That is the reason why from 1923 until 1930 I did not return to America. ... [in] 1933, Steinway changed their attitude and agreed to let me use their pianos in the United States, even if I continued elsewhere to play the Bechstein piano ... Thus, from 1933 on, I went every year to America."[180] In 1972, Steinway responded to Garrick Ohlsson's statement that Bösendorfer was "the Rolls-Royce of pianos" by trucking away the Steinway-owned grand piano that Ohlsson was about to give a recital on at Alice Tully Hall in New York City. Ohlsson ended up performing on a Bösendorfer piano borrowed at the eleventh hour, and Steinway would not let him borrow Steinway-owned pianos for some time. Ohlsson has since made peace with Steinway.[179] Angela Hewitt was removed from the Steinway Artist roster around 2002 after she purchased and performed on a Fazioli piano.[179] After the Canadian pianist Louis Lortie was removed from the Steinway Artist roster in 2003,[181] he complained in a newspaper article that Steinway is trying to establish a monopoly on the concert world by becoming "the Microsoft of pianos."[179] A Steinway spokesman said, in response to Lortie's decision to perform a concert on a Fazioli piano, that Steinway does not want anyone on the Steinway Artist roster who does not want to play the Steinway exclusively.[179]

According to musicologist Stuart de Ocampo, "That Steinway aggressively sought out and paid (in various forms) for artist endorsements must be stressed in order to combat an idealistic notion that the greatest flocked to Steinway simply because it was the best." More generally, Stuart de Ocampo endorses the view of Donald W. Fostle, who wrote in a company history of Steinway that "the genius of Steinways ... ultimately lay in their ability to persuade millions of persons across decades and continents that in this realm of supreme subjectivity, individual variation, incertitude, and ever-changing conditions, there was an absolute best. The assertion, repeated often enough, took on the coloration of fact", but Stuart de Ocampo concludes that "Innovations in piano construction carved out a unique sound for the Steinway pianos in the mid-nineteenth century. Medals at fairs and international exhibitions were the basis of Steinway & Sons' early reputation."[46] Paying for pianists' endorsements back then was not specific to Steinway. As there were financial incentives for testimonials, several famous pianists had no qualms about endorsing more than one piano brand. Franz Liszt endorsed Steinway, Bösendorfer, Chickering, Erard, Ibach, Mason & Risch, and Steck at the same time.[182] Today, no pianist is paid by Steinway,[17][24] and when Steinway Artists loan pianos from Steinway for a concert or recording session the artists do have to pay Steinway for preparing, tuning, and delivering of the piano.[136] According to management academic David Liebeskind, the Steinway Artist program "... is one of the only pure product endorsements programs, as no artist is paid to play on or endorse a Steinway piano."[17]

The Steinway Artist program has been copied by other piano companies,[183] but Steinway's program is unique in that a pianist must promise to play pianos of the Steinway brand only to become a Steinway Artist.[175][179] The Steinway Artist designation restricts a pianist's use of pianos by other makers and implies an obligation to perform on Steinway pianos.[184]

All-Steinway Schools

 
Logo of All-Steinway Schools

The All-Steinway School designation is given by Steinway to educational institutions of music in which not less than 90 percent of the pianos are designed by Steinway.[185] Steinway does not offer the pianos free of charge but requires that the institutions buy them.[17] Performance venues, teaching studios, and practice rooms for piano students must be equipped with Steinway pianos. Teaching studios and practice rooms for other students may be equipped with Boston or Essex pianos; some All-Steinway Schools have chosen to have Steinway pianos in these rooms also. It is required that the pianos are kept in performance-quality condition and All-Steinway Schools must have piano technicians that participate in Steinway's technical training programs. If the pianos are not maintained in performance-quality condition, Steinway can withdraw the All-Steinway School designation.[186]

The Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio holds the longest partnership with Steinway. They have used Steinway pianos exclusively since 1877, 24 years after Steinway was founded.[187] In 2007, they obtained their 200th Steinway piano, a model D-274 manufactured at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany.[188] Other examples of All-Steinway Schools are the Yale School of Music at Yale University in Connecticut,[189] the Curtis Institute of Music in Pennsylvania,[190] Royal Holloway, University of London,[191] the University of Melbourne Faculty of VCA and MCM in Australia,[192] and the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing.[189]

In 2007, the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, New York, was added to the All-Steinway School roster, receiving 141 pianos in one $3.8 million order.[193] In 2009, the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music in Ohio became designated an All-Steinway School, based on a $4.1 million order of 165 new pianos, one of the largest orders Steinway has ever processed.[194]

As of November 2017, there are more than 190 All-Steinway Schools around the world.[195]

Piano competitions

Several international piano competitions use Steinway pianos. Since the Cleveland International Piano Competition chose to use only Steinway pianos in 1999, Steinway has been selected exclusively by such competitions as the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in Fort Worth, Texas, the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition in Salt Lake City, Utah, the International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition in Leipzig, Germany, the Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels, Belgium, the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition in Bolzano, Italy, and the Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition in Paris.[196]

Privately-owned fleets of Steinway Pianos

Whilst some institutions in the UK are designated as All-Steinway Schools, others lease significant fleets of Steinway Pianos from private interests such as The Musiq Group, who own the largest privately owned collection of Steinway Pianos in the UK and also offer maintenance and servicing. The Royal Northern College of Music, Rugby School, The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Harrow School and many others hold considerable numbers of Steinway, A, B, C and D models.

Awards

 
"Sudden Mania to become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway's Pianos at the Paris Exposition."[32]
This lithograph by Amédée de Noé conveys the popularity of the Steinway piano, the musicality of which had just been demonstrated by pianist Désiré Magnus at the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris. (Harper's Weekly, August 10, 1867, reporting on the world exposition).[32][197]

The Steinway company and its leaders have won numerous awards,[27] including:

  • In 1839, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg exhibited three pianos at the state trade exhibition in Braunschweig, Germany, and was awarded a gold medal.[198]
  • In 1855, Steinway attended the Metropolitan Mechanics Institute fair in Washington, D.C. and won 1st prize.[199][200]
  • In 1855, Steinway exhibited at the American Institute Fair in the New York Crystal Palace in what is now Bryant Park in New York City. Steinway won a gold medal. A reporter wrote the following about Steinway: "Their square pianos are characterized by the great power of tone, depth and richness in the bass, a full mellowness in the middle register and brilliant purity in the treble, making a scale perfectly equal and singularly melodious throughout its entire range. In touch, they are all that could be desired."[201]
  • From 1855 to 1862, Steinway pianos received 35 medals in the United States alone, since which time Steinway entered their pianos at international exhibitions only.[27][30]
  • In 1862, for the International Exhibition in London, Steinway shipped two square pianos and two grand pianos to England (two to Liverpool and two to London) and won 1st prize.[30]
  • In 1867, Steinway won three awards at the International Exposition in Paris: the Grand Gold Medal of Honor, the Grand Annual Testimonial Medal, and honorary membership of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. These awards won in Europe increased the demand for Steinway pianos, thus the reason the family looked into opening a store in London. The International Exposition of 1867 established Steinway as the leading choice for pianos in Europe.[30][32]
  • In 1876, at the Centennial Exposition in the United States, Steinway received the two highest awards and a certificate of the judges showing a rating of 95.5 of a possible 96.[202]
  • In 1885, Steinway received the gold medal at the International Inventions Exhibition in London and the grand gold medal of the Royal Society of Arts in London.[171]
  • In 2007, the National Medal of Arts was awarded to Henry Z. Steinway and presented by US President George W. Bush in an East Room ceremony at the White House. Henry Z. Steinway received the award for "... his devotion to preserving and promoting quality craftsmanship and performance, as an arts patron and advocate for music and music education; and for continuing the fine tradition of the Steinway piano..."[203]
  • In 2014, Steinway received the Red Dot product design award for the Arabesque limited edition grand piano. The jury wrote: "The design of the Arabesque impresses through elegance and individuality. It thus excellently complements the high-class product line of this renowned manufacturing house."[204]

Patented inventions

Steinway's patent No. 229,198
of June 22, 1880
 
Blueprint for Steinway's patent No. 229,198, a tool for bending wood[205][206]
 
In action at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany, 2006

Steinway has been granted 139 patents in piano making; the first in 1857.[23] Some examples of these are:

  • Patent No. 26,532 (December 20, 1859):[205][207] The bass strings are "overstrung" above the treble strings to provide more length and better tonal quality.[208] The invention won 1st prize medal at the 1862 International Exhibition in London.[209] Today, the invention is a standard feature of grand piano construction.[210]
  • Patent No. 126,848 (May 14, 1872):[205][207] Steinway invented the duplex scale on the principle of enabling the freely oscillating parts of the string, directly in front of and behind the segment of the string actually struck, also to resound. The outcome is a large range and fullness of overtones – one of the characteristics of the Steinway sound.[162][211]
  • Patent No. 127,383 (May 28, 1872):[205][207] In a Steinway piano, the cast iron plate rests on wooden dowels without actually touching the soundboard. It is lightly curved, creating a large hollow between the plate and the soundboard. This cavity acts as a reinforcement of the resonant properties.[212]
  • Patent No. 156,388 (October 27, 1874):[205][207] Steinway invented the middle piano pedal, called the sostenuto pedal. The sostenuto pedal gives the pianist an ability to create what is called an organ pedal point by keeping a specific note's damper, or notes' dampers, in their open position(s), allowing those strings to continue to sound while other notes can be played without continuing to resonate.[208]
  • Patent No. 170,645 (November 30, 1875):[205][207] Steinway's Regulation Action Pilot, also known as Capstan Screw, lifts the parts that drive the hammer toward the string. The Steinway device was adjustable, an advance that simplifies the chore of modifying a piano's action to a pianist's liking.[213]
  • Patent No. 233,710 (October 26, 1880):[214][215] The bridge transmits the vibration of the strings to the soundboard. In a Steinway piano, the bridge consists of vertically glued laminations; a principle that ensures that vibrations are easily developed and forwarded.[216]
  • Patent No. 314,742 (March 31, 1885):[214][215] The rim of Hamburg-made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple and mahogany and the rim of Queens-made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple only.[53] The layers are pressed together into one piece in one operation.[155][217]
  • Patent No. 2,051,633 (August 18, 1936):[215][218] The soundboard resembles a membrane. The special molding, gradually tapering from the center to the edge, provides great flexibility and freer vibration across the board.[154][219]
  • Patent No. 3,091,149 (May 28, 1963):[220][221] The pinblock, also known as wrestplank, is designed to keep the piano in tune longer. Steinway uses seven glued layers of hard-textured wood, set at a 45° angle to the run of the grain.[164]

Acquisitions

Acquisition date Company Business Valuation
millions USD 		References
2019 Louis Renner GmbH[222] Piano actions, hammers and other parts ? —
1999 Kluge Klaviaturen GmbH[223] Piano keyboards ? —
1999 O.S. Kelly Co. Foundry, piano plates ? —

Music

Steinway pianos have appeared in numerous records and concerts. A few examples include:

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

See also

Notes

References

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Further reading

  • Barron, James (2006). Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand. New York: Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-7878-7.
  • Chapin, Miles (1997). 88 keys: The making of a Steinway piano. New York: Potter. ISBN 978-0-517-70356-4.
  • Fostle, Donald W. (1995). The Steinway Saga: An American Dynasty. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19318-2.
  • Goldenberg, Susan (1996). Steinway: From glory to controversy; the family, the business, the piano. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press. ISBN 978-0-88962-607-2.
  • Hoover, Cynthia Adams (1981). "The Steinways and Their Pianos in the Nineteenth Century". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society. Shreveport, Louisiana: American Musical Instrument Society. 7: 47–89. ISSN 0362-3300.
  • Kehl, Roy F.; Kirkland, David R. (2011). The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos. Montclair, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-198-8.
  • Lieberman, Richard K. (1995). Steinway & Sons. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06364-6.
  • Matthias, Max (2006). Steinway Service Manual: Guide to the care and maintenance of a Steinway (3rd ed.). Bergkirchen, Germany: PPV-Medien/Bochinsky. ISBN 978-3-923639-15-1.
  • Ratcliffe, Ronald V. (2002). Steinway. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3389-9.
  • Steinway, Theodore E. (2005). People and Pianos: A Pictorial History of Steinway & Sons (3rd ed.). Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-112-4.

External links

Company websites

  • Steinway & Sons
  • Boston | Essex
  • Louis Renner GmbH
  • Kluge Klaviaturen GmbH

Articles

  • Article about Steinway & Sons in The Brander
  • Series of nine articles following the production of a Steinway grand piano in The New York Times

Online archives and museums

March 03, 2023
steinway, sons, steinway, redirects, here, other, uses, steinway, disambiguation, also, known, steinway, listen, german, american, piano, company, founded, 1853, manhattan, german, piano, builder, heinrich, engelhard, steinweg, later, known, henry, steinway, c. Steinway redirects here For other uses see Steinway disambiguation Steinway amp Sons also known as Steinway ˈ s t aɪ n w eɪ listen is a German American piano company founded in 1853 in Manhattan by German piano builder Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg later known as Henry E Steinway 2 11 The company s growth led to the opening of a factory in New York City United States and later a factory in Hamburg Germany 12 The factory in the Queens borough of New York City supplies the Americas and the factory in Hamburg supplies the rest of the world 7 13 Steinway amp SonsSteinway amp Sons concert grand piano Model D 274TypePrivateIndustryMusical instrumentsFoundedMarch 5 1853 169 years ago 1853 03 05 1 in Manhattan New York City 2 FounderHeinrich Engelhard Steinweg later known as Henry E Steinway 3 Headquarters Europe and international Hamburg Germany 4 53 34 27 N 9 55 27 E 53 5743 N 9 9241 E 53 5743 9 9241 Steinway amp Sons European and international headquarters Hamburg Germany Coordinates 53 34 27 N 9 55 27 E 53 5743 N 9 9241 E 53 5743 9 9241 Steinway amp Sons European and international headquarters Hamburg Germany Americas One Steinway Place Queens New York City New York United States 4 40 46 45 N 73 53 59 W 40 7793 N 73 8998 W 40 7793 73 8998 Steinway amp Sons American headquarters Queens New York City Number of locations200 authorized dealers operating 300 showrooms worldwide 5 Area servedWorldwide 5 Products Grand pianos 6 Upright pianos 7 Production output2 600 pianos annually 8 ServicesRestoration of Steinway pianos 9 ParentPaulson amp Co Inc 10 Websitewww wbr steinway wbr comAlong with C Bechstein Bluthner and Bosendorfer Steinway amp Sons is frequently referred to as one of the Big Four piano manufacturers 14 15 16 Steinway is a prominent piano company 17 18 known for making pianos of high quality 19 20 and for inventions within the area of piano development 21 22 Steinway has been granted 139 patents in piano making with the first in 1857 23 The company s share of the high end grand piano market consistently exceeds 80 percent 24 The dominant position has been criticized with some musicians and writers arguing that it has blocked innovation and led to a homogenization of the sound favored by pianists 25 26 Steinway pianos have received numerous awards 27 One of the first is a gold medal in 1855 at the American Institute Fair at the New York Crystal Palace 28 29 From 1855 to 1862 Steinway pianos received 35 gold medals 27 30 More awards and recognitions followed 31 including three medals at the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris 32 The European part of the company holds a royal warrant of appointment to Queen Elizabeth II 33 34 Steinway amp Sons was named Company of the Year in 1996 by The Music Trades magazine The award was given in recognition of Steinway s overall performance quality value added products a well executed promotional program and disciplined distribution which generated the most impressive results in the entire music industry 35 In addition to the flagship Steinway piano line Steinway markets two other lower priced brands of piano sold under the secondary brand names Boston and Essex Contents 1 History 1 1 Foundation and growth 1 2 Steinway Halls 1 3 Expansion 1 4 The 500 000th Steinway 1 5 Changes in ownership 1 6 Recent history 2 Models 2 1 Grands and uprights 2 2 Special Designs 3 Brands 4 Piano bank 5 Manufacture 5 1 German and American factories 5 2 Components 5 2 1 Rim 5 2 2 Plate 5 2 3 Soundboard and bridges 5 2 4 Keys and action 5 2 5 Strings and pinblock 6 Affiliates 6 1 Steinway Artists 6 2 All Steinway Schools 6 3 Piano competitions 6 4 Privately owned fleets of Steinway Pianos 7 Awards 8 Patented inventions 9 Acquisitions 10 Music 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksHistory EditFoundation and growth Edit Engraving of Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg first made pianos in the 1820s from his house in Seesen Germany 36 He made pianos under the Steinweg brand until he emigrated from Germany to America in 1850 with his wife and seven of his nine children 37 The eldest son C F Theodor Steinweg remained in Germany and continued making the Steinweg brand of pianos partnering with Friedrich Grotrian a piano dealer from 1856 to 1865 38 In 1853 Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg founded Steinway amp Sons His first workshop in America was in a small loft at the back of 85 Varick Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City 39 The first piano made by Steinway amp Sons was given the number 483 because Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg had built 482 pianos in Germany Number 483 was sold to a New York family for 500 and is now on display at the German museum Stadtisches Museum Seesen in Seesen 40 41 the town in which Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg began his career as a piano maker 42 A year later demand was such that the company moved to larger premises at 82 88 Walker Street It was not until 1864 that the family anglicized their name from Steinweg to Steinway 43 By the 1860s Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street the present site of the Seagram Building where it covered a whole block With a workforce of 350 men production increased from 500 to nearly 1 800 pianos per year The employees were mostly German immigrants and the official language of the company was German 44 The pianos themselves underwent numerous substantial improvements through innovations made both at the Steinway factory and elsewhere in the industry based on emerging engineering and scientific research including developments in the understanding of acoustics 45 Almost half of the company s 139 patented inventions were developed by the first and second generations of the Steinway family Steinway s pianos won prizes at exhibitions in New York City 28 London 30 and Paris 32 By 1862 Steinway pianos had received more than 35 medals 27 31 Part of Steinway s early reputation arose from its successes in trade fairs 46 In 1865 the Steinway family sent a letter to C F Theodor Steinweg asking that he leave the German Steinweg factory by then located in Braunschweig Brunswick and travel to New York City to take over the leadership of the family firm due to the deaths of his brothers Henry and Charles from disease 38 C F Theodor Steinweg obeyed selling his share of the German piano company to his partner Wilhelm Grotrian son of Friedrich Grotrian and two other workmen Adolph Helfferich and H G W Schulz The German factory changed its name from C F Theodor Steinweg to Grotrian Helfferich Schulz Th Steinweg Nachf English Grotrian Helfferich Schulz successors to Th Steinweg later shortened to Grotrian Steinweg 38 In New York City C F Theodor Steinweg anglicized his name to C F Theodore Steinway During the next 15 years of his leadership he kept a home in Braunschweig and traveled often between Germany and the United States 38 Steinway s factory in Manhattan 1876 Around 1870 80 William Steinway born Wilhelm Steinweg a son of Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg established a professional community the company town Steinway Village in what is now the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City 12 Steinway Village was built as its own town and included a new factory still used today with its own foundry and sawmill houses for employees kindergarten lending library post office volunteer fire department and parks Steinway Village later became part of Long Island City Steinway Street one of the major streets in the Astoria and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens is named after the company 2 In 1876 Steinway participated in the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia The competition was principally between Steinway Chickering and Weber According to journalist James Barron s account of Steinway s participation in the competition the company was able to secure success by bribing one of the judges William Steinway denied to the exposition s organizers that a judge had been paid directly although Barron states that the judge was bribed through an intermediary the pianist Frederic Boscovitz 47 According to freelancer Isabel Wolff William Steinway would admit in his diary that under his leadership the New York City arm of the company bribed judges at trade fairs to favor Steinway pianos 48 According to musicologist Donald W Fostle it is untrue that Steinway repeatedly bribed judges at trade fairs and in the one documented case it is unclear if Steinway were enmeshed along with others in bribery or were the target of attempted extortion 49 Steinway s factory in Hamburg Germany 1915 To reach European customers who wanted Steinway pianos and to avoid high European import taxes William Steinway and C F Theodore Steinway established a new piano factory in the free German city of Hamburg in 1880 50 The first address of Steinway s factory in Hamburg was at Schanzenstrasse in the western part of Hamburg St Pauli C F Theodore Steinway became the head of the German factory and William Steinway went back to the factory in Queens The Hamburg and Queens factories regularly exchanged experience about their patents and technique despite the large distance between them and they continue to do so today C F Theodore Steinway was a talented inventor who made many improvements in the construction of the piano 19 51 About a third of Steinway s patented inventions are under the name of C F Theodore Steinway 52 The Steinway factory in Hamburg was part laboratory part factory Much of the precision cutting and drilling machinery installed in the Queens factory was tried in the Hamburg factory first 53 C F Theodore Steinway died in Braunschweig in 1889 having successfully competed against the Grotrian Steinweg brand both the Hamburg based Steinway factory and the Braunschweig based Grotrian Steinweg factory became known for making premium German pianos 50 Meanwhile the 1880s saw the company embroiled in a series of labor disputes between the New York City factory and its workers Back then industrialists faced labor strikes frequently 54 55 One dispute in 1880 saw the company lead an industry wide lockout of piano workers in New York City In later disputes in the decade the company hired detectives to spy on its workers paid police for their backing and protection of company property and evicted strike leaders from company housing 54 55 In 1883 the Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt wrote in a letter to Steinway The new Steinway grand is a glorious masterpiece in power sonority singing quality and perfect harmonic effects affording delight even to my old piano weary fingers Ever continuing success remains a beautiful attribute of the world renowned firm of Steinway amp Sons Owing to my ignorance of the mechanism of piano construction I can but praise the magnificent result in the volume and quality of sound 56 In 1890 Steinway received its first royal warrant granted by Queen Victoria 57 58 The following year the patrons of Steinway included the Prince of Wales and other members of the monarchy and nobility 57 In subsequent years Steinway was granted royal and imperial warrants from the rulers of Italy Norway Persia Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden and Turkey 59 Steinway Halls Edit Main article Steinway Hall Crowd of spectators buying tickets for a Charles Dickens reading at the Steinway Hall in New York City 1867 60 From 1864 to 1866 William Steinway who is credited with establishing Steinway s success in marketing 61 oversaw the construction of Steinway Hall on East 14th Street in Manhattan New York City Steinway Hall had cost 200 000 to build 62 It included the second largest concert hall in New York City as well as showrooms for Steinway pianos 63 To enter the concert hall concertgoers had to pass through the showrooms a way to advertise Steinway pianos Sales increased by more than 400 pianos in 1867 64 Steinway Hall quickly became one of New York City s most prominent cultural centers 62 housing the New York Philharmonic for the next 25 years until Carnegie Hall opened in 1891 65 In 1925 the Steinway Hall on East 14th Street was closed and a new Steinway Hall on West 57th Street was opened 65 In 2013 Steinway sold the Steinway Hall on West 57th Street for 46 million and moved out of the building at the end of 2014 66 In 2016 a new Steinway Hall opened on Sixth Avenue 67 A second Steinway Hall was opened in London in 1875 50 It was located first on Wigmore Street in 1924 it moved to St George Street and later it moved to its current address on Marylebone Lane 68 Expansion Edit The White House s Steinway 69 art case piano from 1938 in the Entrance Hall In 1857 Steinway began to make a line of art case pianos designed by artists 70 71 In 1903 the 100 000th Steinway grand piano was given as a gift to the White House 72 it was decorated by the artist Thomas Wilmer Dewing 73 The 100 000th Steinway grand piano was replaced in 1938 by the 300 000th 69 74 which remains in use in the White House 72 75 The piano is normally placed in the largest room of the White House the East Room 76 source source source source source source source source source source Harold Bauer playing Saint Saens Piano Concerto No 2 in G minor Op 22 an excerpt of 3rd movement Duo Art recording 5973 4 played on a Steinway grand piano model XR 6 2 Duo Art from 1920 Later Steinway diversified into the manufacture of player pianos Several systems such as the Welte Mignon Duo Art and Ampico were incorporated 77 During the 1920s Steinway had been selling up to 6 000 pianos a year In 1929 Steinway constructed one double keyboard grand piano It has 164 keys and 4 pedals In 2005 Steinway refurbished this instrument 78 During World War II the Steinway factory in Queens received orders from the Allied Armies to build wooden gliders to convey troops behind enemy lines Steinway could make few normal pianos but built 2 436 special models called the Victory Vertical or G I Piano It was a small piano that four men could lift painted olive drab gray or blue designed to be carried aboard ships or dropped by parachute from an airplane to bring music to the soldiers 79 The factory in Hamburg Germany could sell very few pianos during World War II No more than a hundred pianos per year left the factory In the later years of the war the company was ordered to give up all the prepared and dried wood their lumber yard held for war production In an air raid over Hamburg several Allied bombs hit the factory and nearly destroyed it After the war Steinway restored the Hamburg factory with help from the Marshall Plan 80 Steinway amp Sons ad 1922 In the late 1960s Steinway brought countersuit against Grotrian Steinweg to stop them from using the name Steinweg on their pianos 81 Steinway won the case on appeal in 1975 forcing their competitor to use only the name Grotrian in the United States 82 The case set a precedent and established the concept of Initial Interest Confusion in which consumers might be initially attracted to a similarly named but lesser known brand because of the stronger brand s good reputation 83 The 500 000th Steinway Edit Steinway piano No 500 000 from 1988 In 1988 Steinway made its 500 000th piano Designed by artist Wendell Castle 84 it carries inscriptions of the names of the 832 pianists and 90 ensembles on the Steinway Artist roster of 1987 85 including Van Cliburn Vladimir Horowitz and Billy Joel 86 Six years later the company launched C F Theodore Steinway Academy for Concert Technicians known simply as Steinway Academy at Steinway s factory in Hamburg Germany There experienced piano tuners and piano technicians from all over the world receive further training in piano tuning and maintenance 87 By 2000 Steinway had made its 550 000th piano 88 89 John Lennon s Steinway upright piano sold at auction to George Michael in 2000 for 1 67 million 90 In 2003 Steinway celebrated its 150th anniversary at Carnegie Hall with a three day concert series with performances by Peter Cincotti Art Garfunkel Herbie Hancock Ben Heppner Ahmad Jamal Ramsey Lewis Randy Newman Roger Williams Nancy Wilson and the Eroica Trio among others The first concert featured classical music the second jazz and the third pop 91 92 As part of the 150th anniversary fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld created a commemorative Steinway limited edition grand piano 89 93 In 2005 Steinway celebrated the 125th anniversary of the establishment of its factory in Hamburg Germany The celebration featured a concert at the Laeiszhalle concert hall in Hamburg with performances by Vladimir and Vovka Ashkenazy Lang Lang and Detlef Kraus 1 800 people from 33 countries attended the concert 94 95 As part of the celebration a 125th anniversary Steinway limited edition grand piano was designed by Count Albrecht von Goertz 96 Until his death on September 18 2008 at the age of 93 Henry Z Steinway the great grandson of the Steinway founder still worked for Steinway and put his signature on custom made limited edition pianos At several public occasions Henry Z Steinway represented the Steinway family 97 He started at the company in 1937 after graduating from Harvard University He was president of the company from 1956 to 1977 and was the last Steinway family member to be president of Steinway 98 Changes in ownership Edit In 1972 after a lengthy strike a long running financial struggle high legal expenses and a lack of business interest among some of the Steinway family members the firm was sold to CBS 99 At that time CBS owned many enterprises in the entertainment industry including electric guitar and amplifier maker Fender drum maker Rogers electro mechanical piano maker Rhodes and the baseball team New York Yankees CBS had plans to form a musical conglomerate that made and sold music in all forms and through all outlets including records radio television and musical instruments 100 This new conglomerate was evidently not as successful as CBS had expected and Steinway was sold in 1985 along with classical and church organ maker Rodgers and flute and piccolo maker Gemeinhardt to a group of Boston area investors led by Robert and John P Birmingham 101 100 102 In order to acquire Steinway the investors founded the musical conglomerate Steinway Musical Properties 103 In 1995 Steinway Musical Properties was acquired by Selmer Industries to form the musical conglomerate Steinway Musical Instruments 104 In June 2013 private equity firm Kohlberg amp Company offered to buy Steinway parent company Steinway Musical Instruments for 438 million 105 Two months later hedge fund Paulson amp Co Inc made a higher offer 512 million to take the company private The Steinway Musical Instruments board recommended that shareholders accept this and in September 2013 Paulson announced completion of the acquisition 106 107 Recent history Edit After the 2008 economic downturn Steinway grand piano sales fell by half and 30 percent of the union employees were laid off at the Queens factory between August 2008 and November 2009 108 Sales were down 21 percent in 2009 in the United States 108 But sales began increasing a little in 2010 and they continued to improve the following year 109 110 In 2015 Steinway went back to the player piano industry from around the 1920s by introducing a digital player piano series called Spirio 111 112 The technology in the Spirio pianos was created in 2007 by Wayne Stahnke an Austrian engineer who has previously made digital player piano systems for other piano companies like Yamaha and Bosendorfer 113 Wayne Stahnke s technology originally called Live Performance Model LX was sold to Steinway in 2014 and re branded as Spirio 111 114 In contrast to player pianos by other brands a recording option is not available in the Steinway Spirio 115 In 2018 a recording option was made available in Steinway Spirio pianos known as the Spirio r In 2015 Steinway made its 600 000th piano The piano features the Fibonacci spiral and Macassar ebony veneer It took 6 000 hours of work over 4 years to make the piano It was priced at 2 4 million 116 117 As of early 2021 Paulson amp Co remains the ultimate parent of Steinway amp Sons with head office at 1251 Avenue of the Americas New York NY 10020 Models EditSteinway pianos are sold by a worldwide network of around 200 authorized Steinway dealers who operate around 300 showrooms 5 The primary differentiation between Steinway models is noted by their model letter which denotes their size and is one of the most important indicators of their price Steinway pianos are also a fixture in the secondary market The price of a used Steinway can vary tremendously depending on the model size age condition and the quality of restoration work that has been done The price of a well maintained Steinway might be about 50 percent the price of a new one a piano in average used condition or worse might go for 25 percent or less 118 Both new Steinways and used Steinways retain their value with an increase of about 4 percent a year 119 Additionally Steinway offers certified pre owned pianos which ensures that any restoration work done on the piano has used Steinway parts Grands and uprights Edit Steinway amp Sons concert grand piano model D 274 manufactured at Steinway s factory in Hamburg Germany Steinway makes the following models of grand pianos and upright pianos Steinway s factory in Hamburg makes seven models of the grand piano and two models of an upright piano The numerical portion of the model designations represent the length of the grand pianos and the height of the upright pianos in centimetres Grand pianos S 155 M 170 O 180 A 188 B 211 C 227 D 274 120 Upright pianos V 125 K 132 120 Steinway s factory in Queens makes six models of the grand piano and one model of an upright piano Steinway has previously made upright pianos in different dimensions Grand pianos S 5 1 M 5 7 O 5 10 3 4 A 6 2 B 6 11 D 8 11 3 4 121 Upright Pianos K 52 high Special Designs Edit Steinway art case piano designed by Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema on display at the art museum Clark Art Institute Designers and artists such as Karl Lagerfeld 89 93 Dakota Jackson Walter Dorwin Teague Arthur Blackmore Joseph Burr Tiffany Louis Comfort Tiffany 122 123 Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema 124 George Schastey and the Herter Brothers have created original designs for Steinway pianos These specially designed pianos fall under the art case piano line or the limited edition piano line 17 Steinway began creating art case pianos in 1857 and the making of art case pianos reached its peak in the late 19th century Today Steinway only builds art case pianos on rare occasions The art case pianos are unique because Steinway builds only one of each Some of Steinway s most notable art case pianos are the Alma Tadema grand piano from 1887 the 100 000th Steinway piano from 1903 the 300 000th Steinway piano from 1938 and the Sound of Harmony from 2008 The Alma Tadema grand piano was designed by Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema and received great public acclaim when it was exhibited in London 125 The piano is made of ebony inlaid with ivory and mother of pearl with carved case lid and legs and painted in the inside lid by artist Edward Poynter It was bought by financier Henry Gurdon Marquand for his New York City mansion 126 In 1997 it was sold at Christie s auction house in London for 1 2 million setting a price record for a piano sold at auction 127 It is now on display at the art museum Clark Art Institute 125 The 100 000th Steinway piano was given as a gift to the White House in 1903 and is made of cherry tree with gold leaf It is decorated with coats of arms of the thirteen original states of America and painted by Thomas Dewing with dancing figures representing the nine Muses The 100 000th Steinway piano was replaced in 1938 by the 300 000th Steinway piano The gold gilded mahogany legs of the 300 000th piano are carved as eagles and are molded by sculptor Albert Stewart 69 The piano remains in use in the White House 72 75 The Sound of Harmony is decorated with inlays of 40 different woods including the lid which replicates artwork by Chinese painter Shi Qi 128 It took about four years 129 to build the grand piano and it was priced at 1 2 million 128 The piano was chosen for use at the Expo 2010 Shanghai China 129 Examples of limited edition pianos include The Steinway Limited Edition by Karl Lagerfeld created to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Steinway company in 2003 89 93 and the 125th anniversary grand piano by Count Albrecht von Goertz designed to celebrate the 125th anniversary in 2005 of the foundation of the Steinway factory in Hamburg Germany 96 In 1993 Steinway introduced a new line of specially designed pianos the Steinway Crown Jewel Collection 130 The collection consists of grand and upright pianos in Steinway s traditional design but instead of the traditional ebony finish the pianos of the Steinway Crown Jewel Collection are made in veneers of rare woods from around the world 131 The collection contains wood veneers such as Macassar ebony East Indian rosewood and kewazinga bubinga 130 Brands Edit Boston grand piano In addition to the Steinway amp Sons brand Steinway markets two other brands Boston for the mid level market and Essex for the entry level market Boston and Essex pianos are made using lower cost components and labor Pianos of these two brands made with Steinway owned designs are manufactured in Asia by suppliers 132 133 Steinway allows only its authorized Steinway dealers to carry new Boston and Essex pianos 134 Boston made for the general mid ranged piano market at lower prices than Steinway s name brand Boston pianos are manufactured by Kawai in Hamamatsu Japan and Karawang Indonesia There are five sizes of Boston grand pianos and three sizes of Boston upright pianos available in a variety of finishes Grand piano models are GP 156 PE GP 163 PE GP 178 PE GP 193 PE and GP 215 PE Upright piano models are UP 118 PE UP 126 PE and UP 132 PE Boston pianos incorporate some of the features of Steinway pianos such as a wider tail design a feature of the Steinway piano models A 188 B 211 C 227 and D 274 resulting in a larger soundboard area than conventionally shaped pianos of comparable sizes a maple inner rim and Steinway s patented Octagrip pinblock 132 Essex made for the entry range market and is lower priced than Steinway and Boston pianos Since 2005 Essex pianos are made at the Pearl River piano factory in Guangzhou China Prior to 2005 they were made by Young Chang in Korea There are two sizes of Essex grand pianos and four sizes of Essex upright pianos available in a wide variety of finishes and furniture designs Grand piano models are EGP 155 and EGP 173 Upright piano models are EUP 108 EUP 111 EUP 116 and EUP 123 Like the Boston pianos Essex pianos incorporate some of the features of Steinway pianos as well a wider tail design an all wood action with Steinway geometry with rosette shaped hammer flanges and reinforced hammers with metal fasteners 133 Piano bank EditSteinway maintains a worldwide piano bank from which performing pianists especially Steinway Artists can select a Steinway piano for use in a certain concert recording or tour 135 The idea is to provide a consistent pool of Steinway pianos with various characteristics for performing pianists individual touch and tonal preferences Performing artists choose a piano for use at a certain venue after trying some of the pianos of the piano bank This allows a range of Steinway pianos with various touch and tonal characteristics to be available for performers to choose from 135 Steinway takes responsibility for preparing tuning and delivering the piano of the performer s choice to the designated concert hall or recording studio The performer bears the cost of these services 12 136 The piano bank consists of approximately 250 Steinway pianos valued collectively at 12 5 million in 2019 137 Manufacture EditGerman and American factories Edit Helene Grimaud at a Steinway grand piano made in Hamburg Bruce Hornsby at a Steinway grand piano made in New York Some pianists of the past and some active pianists today have expressed a preference for Steinway pianos made at Steinway s factory in Hamburg or at Steinway s factory in Queens 53 Emanuel Ax concert pianist and piano teacher at the Juilliard School 138 has said that the differences have more to do with individual instruments than with where they were made 53 Larry Fine American piano technician and author of The Piano Book considers Hamburg Steinway pianos to be of a higher quality than Queens Steinway pianos 139 In 2010 the Steinway factory in Queens made some changes in its manufacturing processes and materials in order to upgrade the quality of the Queens Steinway pianos Larry Fine was invited by Steinway officials to tour the Queens factory to see some of the manufacturing changes Fine wrote in his Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer of Spring 2011 that the changes have improved the quality of Queens Steinway pianos 140 but that Hamburg Steinway pianos are still of a higher quality than Queens Steinway pianos 141 The Steinway piano market is divided into two sales areas the Queens Steinway factory which supplies North and South America and the Hamburg Steinway factory which supplies the rest of the world 7 13 At all main Steinway showrooms across the world customers can order pianos from either factory The Hamburg and Queens factories exchange parts and craftsmanship and Steinway parts for both factories come from the same places Canadian maple is used for the rim and the soundboards are made from Sitka spruce from Alaska Both factories use similar crown parameters for their diaphragmatic soundboards To maintain quality Steinway has acquired some of its suppliers Steinway bought the German manufacturer Kluge in Wuppertal which supplies keyboards in December 1998 and in November 1999 purchased the company that supplies its cast iron plates O S Kelly Co in Springfield Ohio 142 A majority of the world s concert halls own at least one Steinway piano 143 and some for example Carnegie Hall have model D 274s from both the Hamburg factory and the Queens factory to satisfy a greater range of preferences 144 Components Edit See also Patented inventions External video The New York Times Where It s Made A Steinway Grand Piano 360 degree video of the making of Steinway pianos in the factory in Hamburg Germany November 15 2017 Interior of a Steinway grand piano showing the rim plate soundboard bridges keys and strings Each Steinway grand piano consists of more than 12 000 individual parts 145 A Steinway piano is handcrafted 146 and takes nearly a year to build 147 Steinway maintains its own lumber yards at both the Hamburg factory and the Queens factory aging and drying lumber from nine months to five years Less than 50 percent is finally used in the making of Steinway pianos More than 70 percent of the walnut stock is discarded The woods are purchased when they are available rather than when they are needed 148 Rim Edit The rim of Hamburg made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple and mahogany and the rim of Queens made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple only 53 The layers are glued and pressed together into one piece in one operation using rim bending presses that C F Theodore Steinway invented in 1880 After the rim bending process the rim has to rest from the stress of being bent It is placed in a conditioning room for a month or more to reduce the moisture content of the wood to approximately six percent 148 Plate Edit Inside the Steinway piano a cast iron plate provides the strength to support the string tension from 16 tons up to 23 tons 149 The iron plate is installed above the soundboard and is bronzed lacquered polished and decorated with the Steinway logo Steinway fabricates plates in its own foundry 150 Soundboard and bridges Edit Steinway makes its soundboard from solid spruce 151 which allows the soundboard to transmit and amplify sound 152 The soundboard in Steinway pianos are double crowned with Steinway s diaphragmatic design The diaphragmatic soundboard which was granted a patent in 1936 153 tapers in thickness from the center to the edges which permits more freedom of movement resulting in a richer and more lasting tonal response 154 Steinway bridges are made of vertically laminated hard rock maple with a hard rock maple cap The bridges are measured for specific height requirements for each piano and are hand notched 155 Keys and action Edit Keys of a Steinway grand piano Steinway keys are made of Bavarian spruce 156 The surface of the white keys is made of polymer earlier they had been made of elephant ivory Around the 1950s Steinway switched from using ivory 157 and some years later use of ivory for piano keys was outlawed 158 The action parts are mounted on Steinway s tubular metallic frame The Steinway hammers are cut from virgin wool felt containing no admixture of other materials 155 In 1962 the Queens Steinway factory introduced the Permafree action for its grand pianos using Teflon parts in place of cloth bushings The Teflon was intended to withstand wear and humidity changes better than cloth The Teflon bushings resulted in certain unforeseen problems mainly during changes in weather they were discontinued in 1983 The Hamburg Steinway factory never implemented the Teflon bushings in its pianos 159 Strings and pinblock Edit The pianos have steel strings in the midsection and treble with bass strings made of copper wound steel The strings are uniformly spaced with one end coiled around the tuning pins which in turn are inserted in a laminated wooden block called the pinblock or wrestplank The tuning pins keep the strings tight and are held in place by friction Steinway also employs front and rear duplex scales in which the main vibrating section of the string is augmented by a much smaller vibration in the two ends of the string which are fastened in place Steinway was a friend of the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz 160 and this friendship led to the development and Steinway patent in 1872 of front and back aliquots allowing the traditionally dead sections of strings to vibrate in sympathy with the main string The result is a fuller more complex sound 161 162 163 The pinblock also known as wrestplank in Steinways is made of seven layers of hard textured wood that are glued together set at a 45 angle to the run of the grain It is designed to keep the piano in tune longer 164 Affiliates EditSteinway Artists Edit Sergei Rachmaninoff 165 at a Steinway grand piano Keith Jarrett 166 performing on a Steinway grand piano Lang Lang 167 168 next to a Steinway grand piano In contrast to other piano makers who presented their pianos to pianists William Steinway engaged the Russian pianist Anton Rubinstein to play Steinway pianos during Rubinstein s first and only American concert tour from 1872 to 1873 with 215 concerts in 239 days 169 It was a success for both Rubinstein and Steinway 170 Thus the Steinway Artist program was born 171 Later the Polish pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski toured America playing 107 concerts on Steinway pianos in 117 days 172 As of May 2017 update around 1 800 pianists worldwide are official Steinway Artists 173 which means that they have chosen to perform on Steinway pianos exclusively and each owns a Steinway 174 None is paid to do so 17 175 Steinway Artists come from different genres classical jazz pop and rock A few examples of Steinway Artists are Daniel Barenboim Harry Connick Jr Billy Joel Evgeny Kissin Diana Krall and Lang Lang 168 176 177 Some examples of Immortal Steinway Artists are Irving Berlin Benjamin Britten George Gershwin Vladimir Horowitz Cole Porter and Sergei Rachmaninoff 168 177 178 Steinway expects Steinway Artists to perform on Steinway pianos where they are available and in appropriate condition 179 Artur Schnabel complained once that Steinway refused to let me use their pianos i e Steinway pianos owned by Steinway unless I would give up playing the Bechstein piano which I had used for so many years in Europe They insisted that I play on Steinway exclusively everywhere in the world otherwise they would not give me their pianos in the United States That is the reason why from 1923 until 1930 I did not return to America in 1933 Steinway changed their attitude and agreed to let me use their pianos in the United States even if I continued elsewhere to play the Bechstein piano Thus from 1933 on I went every year to America 180 In 1972 Steinway responded to Garrick Ohlsson s statement that Bosendorfer was the Rolls Royce of pianos by trucking away the Steinway owned grand piano that Ohlsson was about to give a recital on at Alice Tully Hall in New York City Ohlsson ended up performing on a Bosendorfer piano borrowed at the eleventh hour and Steinway would not let him borrow Steinway owned pianos for some time Ohlsson has since made peace with Steinway 179 Angela Hewitt was removed from the Steinway Artist roster around 2002 after she purchased and performed on a Fazioli piano 179 After the Canadian pianist Louis Lortie was removed from the Steinway Artist roster in 2003 181 he complained in a newspaper article that Steinway is trying to establish a monopoly on the concert world by becoming the Microsoft of pianos 179 A Steinway spokesman said in response to Lortie s decision to perform a concert on a Fazioli piano that Steinway does not want anyone on the Steinway Artist roster who does not want to play the Steinway exclusively 179 According to musicologist Stuart de Ocampo That Steinway aggressively sought out and paid in various forms for artist endorsements must be stressed in order to combat an idealistic notion that the greatest flocked to Steinway simply because it was the best More generally Stuart de Ocampo endorses the view of Donald W Fostle who wrote in a company history of Steinway that the genius of Steinways ultimately lay in their ability to persuade millions of persons across decades and continents that in this realm of supreme subjectivity individual variation incertitude and ever changing conditions there was an absolute best The assertion repeated often enough took on the coloration of fact but Stuart de Ocampo concludes that Innovations in piano construction carved out a unique sound for the Steinway pianos in the mid nineteenth century Medals at fairs and international exhibitions were the basis of Steinway amp Sons early reputation 46 Paying for pianists endorsements back then was not specific to Steinway As there were financial incentives for testimonials several famous pianists had no qualms about endorsing more than one piano brand Franz Liszt endorsed Steinway Bosendorfer Chickering Erard Ibach Mason amp Risch and Steck at the same time 182 Today no pianist is paid by Steinway 17 24 and when Steinway Artists loan pianos from Steinway for a concert or recording session the artists do have to pay Steinway for preparing tuning and delivering of the piano 136 According to management academic David Liebeskind the Steinway Artist program is one of the only pure product endorsements programs as no artist is paid to play on or endorse a Steinway piano 17 The Steinway Artist program has been copied by other piano companies 183 but Steinway s program is unique in that a pianist must promise to play pianos of the Steinway brand only to become a Steinway Artist 175 179 The Steinway Artist designation restricts a pianist s use of pianos by other makers and implies an obligation to perform on Steinway pianos 184 All Steinway Schools Edit Logo of All Steinway Schools The All Steinway School designation is given by Steinway to educational institutions of music in which not less than 90 percent of the pianos are designed by Steinway 185 Steinway does not offer the pianos free of charge but requires that the institutions buy them 17 Performance venues teaching studios and practice rooms for piano students must be equipped with Steinway pianos Teaching studios and practice rooms for other students may be equipped with Boston or Essex pianos some All Steinway Schools have chosen to have Steinway pianos in these rooms also It is required that the pianos are kept in performance quality condition and All Steinway Schools must have piano technicians that participate in Steinway s technical training programs If the pianos are not maintained in performance quality condition Steinway can withdraw the All Steinway School designation 186 The Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio holds the longest partnership with Steinway They have used Steinway pianos exclusively since 1877 24 years after Steinway was founded 187 In 2007 they obtained their 200th Steinway piano a model D 274 manufactured at Steinway s factory in Hamburg Germany 188 Other examples of All Steinway Schools are the Yale School of Music at Yale University in Connecticut 189 the Curtis Institute of Music in Pennsylvania 190 Royal Holloway University of London 191 the University of Melbourne Faculty of VCA and MCM in Australia 192 and the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing 189 In 2007 the Crane School of Music in Potsdam New York was added to the All Steinway School roster receiving 141 pianos in one 3 8 million order 193 In 2009 the University of Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music in Ohio became designated an All Steinway School based on a 4 1 million order of 165 new pianos one of the largest orders Steinway has ever processed 194 As of November 2017 update there are more than 190 All Steinway Schools around the world 195 Piano competitions Edit Several international piano competitions use Steinway pianos Since the Cleveland International Piano Competition chose to use only Steinway pianos in 1999 Steinway has been selected exclusively by such competitions as the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in Fort Worth Texas the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition in Salt Lake City Utah the International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition in Leipzig Germany the Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels Belgium the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition in Bolzano Italy and the Long Thibaud Crespin Competition in Paris 196 Privately owned fleets of Steinway Pianos Edit Whilst some institutions in the UK are designated as All Steinway Schools others lease significant fleets of Steinway Pianos from private interests such as The Musiq Group who own the largest privately owned collection of Steinway Pianos in the UK and also offer maintenance and servicing The Royal Northern College of Music Rugby School The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Harrow School and many others hold considerable numbers of Steinway A B C and D models Awards Edit Sudden Mania to become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway s Pianos at the Paris Exposition 32 This lithograph by Amedee de Noe conveys the popularity of the Steinway piano the musicality of which had just been demonstrated by pianist Desire Magnus at the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris Harper s Weekly August 10 1867 reporting on the world exposition 32 197 The Steinway company and its leaders have won numerous awards 27 including In 1839 Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg exhibited three pianos at the state trade exhibition in Braunschweig Germany and was awarded a gold medal 198 In 1855 Steinway attended the Metropolitan Mechanics Institute fair in Washington D C and won 1st prize 199 200 In 1855 Steinway exhibited at the American Institute Fair in the New York Crystal Palace in what is now Bryant Park in New York City Steinway won a gold medal A reporter wrote the following about Steinway Their square pianos are characterized by the great power of tone depth and richness in the bass a full mellowness in the middle register and brilliant purity in the treble making a scale perfectly equal and singularly melodious throughout its entire range In touch they are all that could be desired 201 From 1855 to 1862 Steinway pianos received 35 medals in the United States alone since which time Steinway entered their pianos at international exhibitions only 27 30 In 1862 for the International Exhibition in London Steinway shipped two square pianos and two grand pianos to England two to Liverpool and two to London and won 1st prize 30 In 1867 Steinway won three awards at the International Exposition in Paris the Grand Gold Medal of Honor the Grand Annual Testimonial Medal and honorary membership of the Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts These awards won in Europe increased the demand for Steinway pianos thus the reason the family looked into opening a store in London The International Exposition of 1867 established Steinway as the leading choice for pianos in Europe 30 32 In 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in the United States Steinway received the two highest awards and a certificate of the judges showing a rating of 95 5 of a possible 96 202 In 1885 Steinway received the gold medal at the International Inventions Exhibition in London and the grand gold medal of the Royal Society of Arts in London 171 In 2007 the National Medal of Arts was awarded to Henry Z Steinway and presented by US President George W Bush in an East Room ceremony at the White House Henry Z Steinway received the award for his devotion to preserving and promoting quality craftsmanship and performance as an arts patron and advocate for music and music education and for continuing the fine tradition of the Steinway piano 203 In 2014 Steinway received the Red Dot product design award for the Arabesque limited edition grand piano The jury wrote The design of the Arabesque impresses through elegance and individuality It thus excellently complements the high class product line of this renowned manufacturing house 204 Patented inventions EditSteinway s patent No 229 198 of June 22 1880 Blueprint for Steinway s patent No 229 198 a tool for bending wood 205 206 In action at Steinway s factory in Hamburg Germany 2006 Steinway has been granted 139 patents in piano making the first in 1857 23 Some examples of these are Patent No 26 532 December 20 1859 205 207 The bass strings are overstrung above the treble strings to provide more length and better tonal quality 208 The invention won 1st prize medal at the 1862 International Exhibition in London 209 Today the invention is a standard feature of grand piano construction 210 Patent No 126 848 May 14 1872 205 207 Steinway invented the duplex scale on the principle of enabling the freely oscillating parts of the string directly in front of and behind the segment of the string actually struck also to resound The outcome is a large range and fullness of overtones one of the characteristics of the Steinway sound 162 211 Patent No 127 383 May 28 1872 205 207 In a Steinway piano the cast iron plate rests on wooden dowels without actually touching the soundboard It is lightly curved creating a large hollow between the plate and the soundboard This cavity acts as a reinforcement of the resonant properties 212 Patent No 156 388 October 27 1874 205 207 Steinway invented the middle piano pedal called the sostenuto pedal The sostenuto pedal gives the pianist an ability to create what is called an organ pedal point by keeping a specific note s damper or notes dampers in their open position s allowing those strings to continue to sound while other notes can be played without continuing to resonate 208 Patent No 170 645 November 30 1875 205 207 Steinway s Regulation Action Pilot also known as Capstan Screw lifts the parts that drive the hammer toward the string The Steinway device was adjustable an advance that simplifies the chore of modifying a piano s action to a pianist s liking 213 Patent No 233 710 October 26 1880 214 215 The bridge transmits the vibration of the strings to the soundboard In a Steinway piano the bridge consists of vertically glued laminations a principle that ensures that vibrations are easily developed and forwarded 216 Patent No 314 742 March 31 1885 214 215 The rim of Hamburg made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple and mahogany and the rim of Queens made Steinway pianos consists of layers of hard rock maple only 53 The layers are pressed together into one piece in one operation 155 217 Patent No 2 051 633 August 18 1936 215 218 The soundboard resembles a membrane The special molding gradually tapering from the center to the edge provides great flexibility and freer vibration across the board 154 219 Patent No 3 091 149 May 28 1963 220 221 The pinblock also known as wrestplank is designed to keep the piano in tune longer Steinway uses seven glued layers of hard textured wood set at a 45 angle to the run of the grain 164 Acquisitions EditAcquisition date Company Business Valuationmillions USD References2019 Louis Renner GmbH 222 Piano actions hammers and other parts 1999 Kluge Klaviaturen GmbH 223 Piano keyboards 1999 O S Kelly Co Foundry piano plates Music EditSteinway pianos have appeared in numerous records and concerts A few examples include source source Ignacy Jan Paderewski performing on a Steinway 224 grand piano waltz in C sharp minor Op 64 No 2 composed by Frederic Chopin Studio recording from 1917 source source Sergei Rachmaninoff performing on a Steinway 225 grand piano waltz in E flat major Op 18 composed by Frederic Chopin Studio recording from 1921 source source The White House s Steinway 226 227 art case grand piano from 1938 Lin Manuel Miranda rapping and Alex Lacamoire piano performing The Hamilton Mixtape composed by Lin Manuel Miranda at the White House Evening of Poetry Music and the Spoken Word Concert recording from 2009 source source Harry Connick Jr and his band performing When the Saints Go Marching In Harry Connick Jr plays on a Steinway 228 229 grand piano Concert recording from 2010 Problems listening to these files See media help See also Edit Music portalNote by Note The Making of Steinway L1037 Pianomania Steinway Bros Oral History collection at Oral History of American MusicNotes EditReferences Edit Fostle Donald W 1995 The Steinway Saga An American Dynasty New York Scribner p 25 ISBN 978 0 684 19318 2 a b c Panchyk Richard 2008 German New York City Arcadia Publishing p 50 ISBN 978 0 7385 5680 2 Stevens Mark A 2000 Merriam Webster s Collegiate Encyclopedia Merriam Webster p 1540 ISBN 978 0 87779 017 4 a b Fine Larry 2014 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2014 Brookside Press LLC pp 194 195 ISBN 978 1 929145 39 3 a b c Steinway Musical Instruments 2012 Annual Report on Form 10 K U S Securities and Exchange Commission March 14 2013 p 5 Retrieved February 18 2015 Fine Larry 2015 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2015 Brookside Press LLC p 193 ISBN 978 1 929145 40 9 a b c Fine Larry 2015 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2015 Brookside Press LLC p 192 ISBN 978 1 929145 40 9 Fasola Wilma Bock Henning Pfenninger Tessa February 17 2016 Steinway amp Sons Grand Success The Brander Retrieved September 14 2017 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 235 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Good Edwin M 2002 Giraffes black dragons and other pianos a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand Stanford University Press p 303 ISBN 978 0 8047 4549 9 Giordano Nicholas J Sr 2010 Physics of the Piano Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press p 139 ISBN 978 0 19 954602 2 a b c Lenehan Michael 2003 1982 The Quality of the Instrument K 2571 The Making of a Steinway Grand The Atlantic Monthly Retrieved February 9 2015 a b Steinway amp Sons Documentary A World of Excellence Shanghai Hantang Culture Development Co Ltd July 3 2013 Event occurs at 6 16 Archived from the original on November 18 2021 Retrieved March 14 2015 via official YouTube channel of Steinway amp Sons Restoration Courtney Pianos Ltd Archived from the original on January 18 2015 Retrieved February 6 2017 Bluthner Pianos at The Piano Shop Bath The Piano Shop Bath May 10 2013 Retrieved February 6 2017 About Us Henderson Pianos Sydney Australia Retrieved February 6 2017 a b c d e f Liebeskind David 2003 The Keys To Success Stern Business New York Stern School of Business New York University Fall Winter 2003 The Producers 10 15 Retrieved February 9 2015 Giordano Nicholas J Sr 2010 Physics of the Piano Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press p 137 ISBN 978 0 19 954602 2 a b Palmieri Robert ed 2003 The Piano An Encyclopedia 2nd ed Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group p 366 ISBN 0 415 93796 5 Elliott Alan C 1998 A daily dose of the American dream Stories of success triumph and inspiration United States Rutledge Hill Press ISBN 978 1 55853 592 3 Ehrlich Cyril 1990 The Piano A History Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press p 47 ISBN 978 0 19 816171 4 Derdak Thomas Grant Tina 1997 International Directory of Company Histories Vol 19 St James Press p 426 ISBN 978 1 55862 353 8 a b Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press pp 133 138 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 a b Cummings Thomas Worley Christopher 2014 Organization Development and Change Cengage Learning p 102 ISBN 978 1 305 14303 6 Midgette Anne September 5 2015 Pianos Beyond the Steinway monoculture The Washington Post Retrieved October 26 2015 Hough Stephen October 23 2011 A tone too subtle for modern ears Stephen Hough mourns the fall of Bechstein piano makers to emperors of a bygone era The Independent Archived from the original on May 24 2022 Retrieved October 26 2015 a b c d e Singer Aaron 1986 Labor management relations at Steinway amp Sons 1853 1896 Garland p 14 ISBN 978 0 8240 8371 7 a b Spillane Daniel 1892 Musical Instruments The Piano Forte The Popular Science Monthly 40 31 488 ISSN 0161 7370 Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 105 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 a b c d e Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 45 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Daniell Charles A 1895 Musical instruments at the World s Columbian Exposition Chicago Presto Co p 293 a b c d e Kennedy Robert C August 10 1867 Cartoon of the Day Sudden Mania to Become Pianists Harper s Weekly Retrieved February 9 2015 Milner Glen producer and director Bright Richard executive producer Wanamaker Zoe narrator June 27 2016 Steinway Handmade By Royal Appointment Episode 4 BBC BBC Four Steinway amp Sons The Royal Warrant Holders Association Retrieved February 18 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 188 189 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 17 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press pp 14 15 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 a b c d Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 23 and 26 27 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Goldenberg Susan 1996 Steinway From glory to controversy the family the business the piano Oakville Ontario Mosaic Press p 20 ISBN 978 0 88962 607 2 Sounds like a rich history Behind Steinway amp Son s Barnebys May 19 2015 Archived from the original on February 24 2016 Retrieved February 13 2016 Steinway Ausstellung von Dirk Stroschein William Steinway in New York im Stadtischen Museum Seesen Steinway exhibition by Dirk Stroschein William Steinway in New York in Stadtischen Museum Seesen in German Klavierschule Osterode Archived from the original on February 7 2016 Retrieved February 13 2016 Spillane Daniel 1892 Musical Instruments The Piano Forte The Popular Science Monthly 40 31 489 ISSN 0161 7370 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 17 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 39 40 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 26 27 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b de Ocampo Stuart 1997 Review The Steinway Saga An American Dynasty by Donald W Fostle Steinway amp Sons by Richard K Lieberman American Music 15 3 409 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt pp 102 109 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Wolff Isabel February 15 1997 Lifting the lid on the Steinways The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on May 18 2015 Retrieved October 26 2015 Fostle Donald W January 21 1996 The Steinway Story The New York Times Retrieved October 26 2015 a b c Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 46 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 45 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 74 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b c d e Barron James August 27 2003 Steinways With German Accents Pianos Made in Queens Have Cousins in Hamburg The New York Times Retrieved February 15 2015 a b Beckert Sven 2003 The Monied Metropolis New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie 1850 1896 Cambridge University Press pp 274 275 ISBN 978 0 521 52410 0 a b Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 6 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Saffle Michael Deaville James eds 1997 New Light on Liszt and His Music Essays in Honor of Alan Walker s 65th Birthday Franz Liszt Studies Series Vol 6 Pendragon Press p 316 ISBN 978 0945193739 a b Wainwright David 1975 The Piano Makers Humanities Pr p 119 ISBN 978 0 09 122950 4 Loesser Arthur 1954 Men Women and Pianos A social History University of California p 553 ISBN 978 0 486 26543 8 Goldenberg Susan 1996 Steinway From glory to controversy the family the business the piano Oakville Ontario Mosaic Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 88962 607 2 Buying tickets for the Dickens readings at Steinway Hall Library of Congress Retrieved January 8 2016 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 29 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 109 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 48 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 51 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 a b Winn Christopher 2013 I Never Knew That About New York Ebury Press p 160 ISBN 978 0 09 194524 4 Steinway Hall s Final Movement Begins Following 131 M Sale Commercial Observer The New York Observer July 29 2013 Retrieved February 1 2015 Dangremond Sam April 12 2016 Take a Tour of the New Steinway Hall Town amp Country Retrieved April 19 2016 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 56 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b c Treasures of the White House Steinway Grand Piano The White House Historical Association Retrieved August 5 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 149 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Prettejohn Elizabeth March 1 2002 Lawrence Alma Tadema and the modern city of ancient Rome The Art Bulletin 84 1 115 129 doi 10 2307 3177255 JSTOR 3177255 a b c Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 158 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Carr Elizabeth 2006 Shura Cherkassky The Piano s Last Czar Scarecrow Press Inc p 21 ISBN 978 0 8108 5410 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 167 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Gambaccini Paul September 29 2011 Playing the White House Entertaining with the US president BBC News Magazine Retrieved February 14 2015 Barron James April 2 2004 A Piano Is Born Needing Practice Full Grandness of K0862 May Take Several Concerts to Achieve The New York Times Retrieved February 14 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 76 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Barron James July 15 2007 Let s Play Two Singular Piano The New York Times Retrieved February 14 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 49 55 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Hundley Tom April 30 2008 Aftermath favored Steinway Chicago Tribune Retrieved February 14 2015 MacMahon Lloyd Francis October 1 1973 Grotrian v Steinway amp Sons United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Archived from the original on February 5 2015 Retrieved February 14 2015 Rothman Jennifer E October 2005 Initial Interest Confusion Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law PDF Cardozo Law Review Yeshiva University 27 1 114 116 Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved February 14 2015 Yu Peter K 2007 Intellectual Property and Information Wealth Trademark and Unfair Competition Intellectual Property and Information Wealth Issues and Practices in the Digital Age Vol 3 Praeger Publishers Greenwood Publishing Group pp 87 88 ISBN 978 0 275 98885 2 Kopf Silas 2008 A marquetry odyssey Historical objects and personal work Hudson Hills p 169 ISBN 978 1 55595 287 7 Carr Elizabeth 2006 Shura Cherkassky The Piano s Last Czar Scarecrow Press Inc p 204 ISBN 978 0 8108 5410 9 DeVoe Moore adds world famous Steinway to his museum Tallahassee Democrat December 4 2014 Retrieved February 6 2015 Steinway grundete die erste Akademie fur Konzert t echniker Steinway founded the first academy for concert technicians Musikhandel in German Deutscher Musikverleger Verband 45 180 1994 Mont Joe October 18 2011 10 Things Still Made in America MainStreet TheStreet Inc Retrieved February 6 2015 a b c d Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 127 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 George Michael buys Lennon s piano BBC News October 18 2000 Retrieved February 15 2015 Carnegie Hall Congratulates Steinway amp Sons on 160 Years of Greatness Carnegie Hall March 15 2013 Archived from the original on February 29 2016 Retrieved February 5 2015 Stars To Celebrate Steinway Anniversary Billboard June 3 2003 Retrieved January 11 2016 a b c Ivry Benjamin July 31 2006 A Truly Grand Monopoly How Steinway Calls the Tune New York Observer Retrieved January 11 2016 Iken Matthias April 19 2005 125 Jahre Steinway Festakt fur eine Ikone 125 years Steinway Celebration for an icon Die Welt in German Retrieved January 12 2016 Peters Helmut April 16 2005 So weit die Flugel tragen 125 Jahre Steinway Die Welt in German Retrieved January 12 2016 a b Pressemeldung Designer Albrecht Graf Goertz verstorben Press release Designer Albrecht Count Goertz dead in German BMW Group November 3 2006 Retrieved January 12 2016 Cole Diane June 6 2003 Fanfare for the Uncommon Piano The New York Times Retrieved February 14 2015 Barron James September 18 2008 Henry Z Steinway Piano Maker Dies at 93 The New York Times Retrieved February 14 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 61 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Giordano Nicholas J Sr 2010 Physics of the Piano Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press p 148 ISBN 978 0 19 954602 2 https www upi com Archives 1995 04 19 Steinway sold for 100 million 7542798264000 7CSteinway sold for 100 million UPI Archives April 19 1995 CBS Steinway Sale The New York Times September 14 1985 Retrieved February 14 2015 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 308 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 188 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Roumeliotis Greg July 1 2013 Kohlberg to buy grand piano maker Steinway for 438 million Reuters Retrieved January 4 2016 Ring Niamh Murphy Lauren S Klein Jodi Xu August 14 2013 Steinway Agrees to Be Bought by Paulson for 512 Million Bloomberg L P Retrieved February 19 2015 Greene Kerima October 8 2013 For John Paulson Steinway deal means more than profits CNBC LLC Retrieved August 5 2015 a b Neudorf Paula Soon Weilun Recession s Impact The Last American Grand Archived from the original on December 6 2010 Retrieved February 14 2015 Steinway Musical Instruments 2010 Annual Report on Form 10 K PDF Steinway Musical Instruments Inc March 14 2011 p 3 Archived from the original PDF on October 4 2013 Retrieved February 18 2015 Steinway Musical Instruments 2011 Annual Report on Form 10 K PDF Steinway Musical Instruments Inc March 14 2012 p 3 Archived from the original PDF on October 4 2013 Retrieved February 18 2015 a b Stinson Liz April 1 2015 Steinway s New Piano Can Play a Perfect Concerto by Itself Wired Retrieved April 7 2016 Kessler Ken April 22 2015 Steinway s self playing piano The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Retrieved April 7 2016 About Us Live Performance Inc Retrieved April 7 2016 Live Performance Model LX High Resolution Retrofit Piano Player System Grand Piano Haus August 2 2014 Archived from the original on April 19 2016 Retrieved April 7 2016 Fine Larry 2016 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2016 Brookside Press LLC p 154 ISBN 978 1 929145 41 6 Steinway amp Sons unveils its 600 000th piano Luxuo June 15 2015 Retrieved December 31 2015 Jones Graham June 30 2015 Steinway amp Sons The Fibonacci Ape to Gentleman Retrieved December 31 2015 Ross Joshua February 26 2019 Cost of a Steinway Piano Joshua Ross Piano Lewis Al July 15 2013 The Music Never Stops for Steinway Denver Post from Dow Jones News Wire a b Fine Larry 2015 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2015 Brookside Press LLC pp 247 and 249 ISBN 978 1 929145 42 3 Fine Larry 2015 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2015 Brookside Press LLC pp 247 248 ISBN 978 1 929145 42 3 Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall An Artist s Country Estate The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved February 6 2015 Frelinghuysen Alice Cooney Monica Monica Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall Antiques and Fine Art Retrieved February 15 2015 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 156 and 158 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Designed by Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema Model D Pianoforte and Stools Clark Art Institute Archived from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved February 6 2015 A Reading from Homer British Painting in the Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia Museum of Art Retrieved August 5 2015 Steinways The Guardian June 6 2003 Retrieved February 18 2015 a b Joshi Mohit May 11 2008 Steinway amp Sons unveils most expensive piano Topnews Manas Informatics Pvt Ltd Retrieved February 15 2015 a b November Art piano is Expo musical key Shme Today s Shanghai Archived from the original on May 1 2015 Retrieved February 15 2015 a b The Steinway Crown Jewels A Sought After Musical Gem Eat Love Savor Tunner Media January 20 2015 Retrieved February 6 2015 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 238 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 a b Fine Larry 2014 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2014 Brookside Press LLC p 162 ISBN 978 1 929145 39 3 a b Fine Larry 2014 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2014 Brookside Press LLC p 166 ISBN 978 1 929145 39 3 Steinway Musical Instruments 2012 Annual Report on Form 10 K U S Securities and Exchange Commission March 14 2013 p 3 Retrieved February 18 2015 a b Steinway Musical Instruments 2012 Annual Report on Form 10 K U S Securities and Exchange Commission March 14 2013 p 6 Retrieved February 18 2015 a b Mohr Franz Schaeffer Edith 1996 My Life with the Great Pianists 2nd ed Baker Books p 50 ISBN 978 0 8010 5710 6 Quillman Catherine April 14 2002 Science teacher wins U S grant for school Father of the year named Up and Coming The Philadelphia Inquirer Retrieved January 18 2016 Emanuel Ax The Juilliard School Archived from the original on February 7 2015 Retrieved February 7 2015 Fine Larry 2017 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2017 Brookside Press LLC pp 37 and 40 ISBN 978 192914544 7 Fine Larry 2011 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2011 Brookside Press LLC pp 81 87 ISBN 978 1 929145 31 7 Fine Larry 2011 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2011 Brookside Press LLC p 44 ISBN 978 1 929145 31 7 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 189 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 62 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Stewart Jude 2003 Just about perfect The dichotomy of Steinway piano design STEP Inside Design 19 November December 68 Grant Tina ed 1998 International Directory of Company Histories Vol 19 St James Press p 427 ISBN 978 1 55862 353 8 Freudenheim Ellen 2006 Queens St Martin s Griffin p 34 ISBN 978 0 312 35818 1 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 14 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 a b Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 86 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Goldenberg Susan 1996 Steinway From glory to controversy the family the business the piano Oakville Ontario Mosaic Press p 26 ISBN 978 0 88962 607 2 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 119 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Goldenberg Susan 1996 Steinway From glory to controversy the family the business the piano Oakville Ontario Mosaic Press p 202 ISBN 978 0 88962 607 2 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt pp 73 74 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Fine Larry 1987 The Piano Book Brookside Press LLC p 151 ISBN 0 9617512 1 5 a b Mohr Franz Schaeffer Edith 1996 My Life with the Great Pianists 2nd ed Baker Books p 103 ISBN 978 0 8010 5710 6 a b c Mohr Franz Schaeffer Edith 1996 My Life with the Great Pianists 2nd ed Baker Books p 104 ISBN 978 0 8010 5710 6 Fine Larry 2015 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Fall 2015 Brookside Press LLC p 193 ISBN 978 1 929145 42 3 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 164 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Chapin Miles 1997 88 keys The making of a Steinway piano New York Potter pp 71 72 ISBN 978 0 517 70356 4 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt pp 160 161 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Good Edwin M 2002 Giraffes black dragons and other pianos a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand Stanford University Press p 197 ISBN 978 0 8047 4549 9 Palmieri Robert ed 2003 The Piano An Encyclopedia 2nd ed Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group p 22 ISBN 0 415 93796 5 a b Hui Alexandra 2013 The Psychophysical Ear Musical Experiments Experimental Sounds 1840 1910 MIT Press pp 73 75 ISBN 978 0 262 01838 8 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 61 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 a b Campbell Murray Greated Clive Myers Arnold 2004 Musical Instruments History Technology amp Performance of Instruments of Western Music Oxford University Press p 364 ISBN 978 0 19 816504 0 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 208 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 205 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Church Michael July 23 2007 Lang Lang The people s pianist The Independent Archived from the original on May 24 2022 Retrieved January 8 2016 a b c TROY professor named as official Steinway amp Sons Artist Trojan News Center Troy University February 13 2015 Retrieved January 8 2016 Loesser Arthur 1954 Men Women and Pianos A social History University of California p 515 ISBN 978 0 486 26543 8 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 a b Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 44 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 113 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Corsten Volker May 10 2017 Wahrend er da so steht gewinnt er noch an Wert in German Iconist Die Welt Retrieved August 9 2017 Piano manufacturers Making the sound of music The Economist Vol 367 no 8327 8330 The Economist Newspaper Limited June 7 2003 p 78 a b Wilson Cynthia 2011 Always Something New to Discover Menahem Pressler and the Beaux Arts Trio Paragon Publishing p 183 ISBN 978 1 908341 25 9 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 201 203 205 and 206 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b Giordano Nicholas J Sr 2010 Physics of the Piano Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press p 146 ISBN 978 0 19 954602 2 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 202 204 205 and 208 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 a b c d e f MUSIC Piano Versus Piano The New York Times May 9 2004 Retrieved February 4 2015 Schnabel Artur 1988 My Life and Music Dover Publications and Colin Smythe pp 84 and 111 ISBN 0 486 25571 9 Ward Brendan 2013 24 Revealing the piano s full set of teeth The Beethoven Obsession University of New South Wales Press ISBN 978 1 74223 395 6 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 42 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press pp 294 295 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 133 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Fine Larry 2013 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2013 Brookside Press LLC p 90 ISBN 978 1 929145 36 2 Fine Larry 2013 Acoustic amp Digital Piano Buyer Spring 2013 Brookside Press LLC p 91 ISBN 978 1 929145 36 2 Oberlin and Steinway A 122 Year Partnership Oberlin Conservatory News Fall 1999 Retrieved February 1 2015 A Major Gift to the Oberlin Conservatory of Music Supports the Purchase of the Renowned School s 200th Steinway Piano Oberlin College March 21 2007 Retrieved January 12 2016 a b Zipp Yvonne March 26 2013 Western Michigan University becomes first All Steinway Music School in Michigan MLive Kalamazoo Gazette Retrieved January 12 2016 Musical Instruments Curtis Institute of Music Archived from the original on December 11 2015 Retrieved January 12 2016 Savage Adam August 11 2011 University of Wolverhampton given All Steinway School status Musical Instrument Professional Archived from the original on August 7 2016 Retrieved January 12 2016 MTSU School of Music s All Steinway Status Gets Attention in 10th Year WMOT Retrieved January 12 2016 Loiacono Frank July 20 2008 SBU Art Dept Aims To Step In Line Way With Steinway The Stony Brook Press Retrieved January 12 2016 Teichner Martha September 20 2009 A Grand Plan for Pianos CBS Retrieved January 12 2016 Haurwitz Ralph K M November 22 2017 How Huston Tillotson got 15 pianos thanks to a special human being Austin American Statesman Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 29 2017 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 190 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 53 ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Hoover Cynthia Adams 1981 The Steinways and Their Pianos in the Nineteenth Century Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society Shreveport Louisiana American Musical Instrument Society 7 51 ISSN 0362 3300 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 100 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Fostle Donald W 1995 The Steinway Saga An American Dynasty New York Scribner p 55 ISBN 978 0 684 19318 2 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 67 68 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt pp 108 109 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 National Humanities Medal Transcript from Award Ceremony Monuments Men Foundation Retrieved February 12 2015 Arabesque Limited Edition by Dakota Jackson Red Dot Retrieved February 2 2015 a b c d e f Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 198 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 134 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 a b c d e Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 133 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 a b Jackson Roland 2005 Performance Practice A Dictionary Guide for Musicians Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group p 308 ISBN 978 0 415 94139 6 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 102 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 The Piano Will Never Be the Same Smithsonian Channel November 7 2011 Archived from the original on November 1 2013 Retrieved July 8 2016 via official YouTube channel of Smithsonian Channel Palmieri Robert ed 2003 The Piano An Encyclopedia 2nd ed Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group p 111 ISBN 0 415 93796 5 Steinway Theodore E 2005 People and Pianos A Pictorial History of Steinway amp Sons 3rd ed Pompton Plains New Jersey Amadeus Press p 68 ISBN 978 1 57467 112 4 Barron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt p 105 ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 a b Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 135 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 a b c Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 199 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Chapin Miles 1997 88 keys The making of a Steinway piano New York Potter p 60 ISBN 978 0 517 70356 4 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books pp 80 and 85 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 136 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 Gill Dominic 1981 The Book of the Piano Phaidon Press p 37 ISBN 978 0 7148 2036 1 Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos United States Amadeus Press p 137 ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books p 200 ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Louis Renner GmbH website Kluge Klaviaturen GmbH website Paderewski plays Chopin CD booklet Pearl Steinway grand Sergej Rachmaninov Piano Recital CD booklet Piano Steinway amp Sons Grand Piano Lin Manuel Miranda Performs at the White House Poetry Jam 8 of 8 whitehouse gov May 12 2009 Retrieved December 5 2017 via National Archives Lin Manuel Miranda Performs at the White House Poetry Jam 8 of 8 The White House May 12 2009 Archived from the original on November 18 2021 Retrieved July 8 2016 via official YouTube channel of the White House Harry Connick Jr at the White House whitehouse gov February 21 2010 Retrieved February 15 2015 via National Archives Harry Connick Jr at the White House The White House February 21 2010 Event occurs at 15 35 Archived from the original on November 18 2021 Retrieved July 8 2016 via official YouTube channel of the White House Further reading EditBarron James 2006 Piano The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand New York Holt ISBN 978 0 8050 7878 7 Chapin Miles 1997 88 keys The making of a Steinway piano New York Potter ISBN 978 0 517 70356 4 Fostle Donald W 1995 The Steinway Saga An American Dynasty New York Scribner ISBN 978 0 684 19318 2 Goldenberg Susan 1996 Steinway From glory to controversy the family the business the piano Oakville Ontario Mosaic Press ISBN 978 0 88962 607 2 Hoover Cynthia Adams 1981 The Steinways and Their Pianos in the Nineteenth Century Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society Shreveport Louisiana American Musical Instrument Society 7 47 89 ISSN 0362 3300 Kehl Roy F Kirkland David R 2011 The Official Guide to Steinway Pianos Montclair New Jersey Amadeus Press ISBN 978 1 57467 198 8 Lieberman Richard K 1995 Steinway amp Sons New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 06364 6 Matthias Max 2006 Steinway Service Manual Guide to the care and maintenance of a Steinway 3rd ed Bergkirchen Germany PPV Medien Bochinsky ISBN 978 3 923639 15 1 Ratcliffe Ronald V 2002 Steinway San Francisco Chronicle Books ISBN 978 0 8118 3389 9 Steinway Theodore E 2005 People and Pianos A Pictorial History of Steinway amp Sons 3rd ed Pompton Plains New Jersey Amadeus Press ISBN 978 1 57467 112 4 External links EditSteinway amp Sons at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Company websites Steinway amp Sons Boston Essex Louis Renner GmbH Kluge Klaviaturen GmbHArticles Article about Steinway amp Sons in The Brander Series of nine articles following the production of a Steinway grand piano in The New York TimesOnline archives and museums Documents and clippings about Steinway amp Sons in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW in German Steinway amp Sons Collection Archived June 22 2020 at the Wayback Machine in the La Guardia and Wagner Archives Steinway grand piano from 1868 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art William Steinway s diary family tree of the Steinway family photos and more in the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution Steinway amp Sons collection 1853 1997 from the Watson Library Special Collections The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Steinway 26 Sons amp oldid 1140090378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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