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Exposition Universelle (1867)

May 21, 2023

The International Exposition of 1867 (French: Exposition universelle [d'art et d'industrie] de 1867) was the second world's fair to be held in Paris, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III, the exposition was prepared as early as 1864, in the midst of the renovation of Paris, marking the culmination of the Second French Empire. Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia, a brother of the King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria, Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, and the Khedive of Egypt Isma'il.[1]

1867 Paris
Main building at Champ de Mars
Overview
BIE-classUniversal exposition
CategoryHistorical Expo
NameExposition universelle
Area68,7 Ha
Invention(s)Hydraulic elevator, Reinforced concrete
Visitors15,000,000
Participant(s)
Countries42
Business52,200
Location
CountryFrance
CityParis
VenueChamp-de-Mars
Coordinates48°51′21.7945″N 2°17′52.3703″E / 48.856054028°N 2.297880639°E / 48.856054028; 2.297880639
Timeline
Opening (1867-04-01) (1867-10-31)April 1 – October 31, 1867
(6 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Closure31 October 1867 (1867-10-31)
Universal expositions
Previous1862 International Exhibition in London
NextWeltausstellung 1873 Wien in Vienna

Conception

 
Official bird's-eye view of Exposition Universelle of 1867.
 
Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the 'Exposition universelle of 1867".

In 1864, Napoleon III issued a decree stating that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867. A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose direction the preliminary work began. The site chosen for the Exposition Universelle of 1867 was the Champ de Mars, the great military parade ground of Paris, which covered an area of 119 acres (48 hectares) and to which was added the island of Billancourt, of 52 acres (21 hectares). The principal building was rectangular in shape with rounded ends, having a length of 1,608 feet (490 m) and a width of 1,247 feet (380 m), and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a dome and surrounded by a garden, 545 feet (166 m) long and 184 feet (56 m) wide, with a gallery built completely around it. In addition to the main building, there were nearly 100 smaller buildings on the grounds. Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Ernest Renan, and Theophile Gautier all wrote publications to promote the event.[2]

Exhibits

 
Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867.

There were 50,226 exhibitors, of whom 15,055 were from France and her colonies, 6176 from Great Britain and Ireland, 703 from the United States and a small contingent from Canada. The funds for the construction and maintenance of the exposition consisted of grants of $1,165,020 from the French government, a like amount from the city of Paris, and about $2,000,000 from public subscription, making a total of $5,883,400; while the receipts were estimated to have been but $2,822,900, thus leaving a deficit, which, however, was offset by the subscriptions from the government and the city of Paris, so that the final report was made to show a gain.

Bateaux Mouches, boats capable of carrying 150 passengers, entered service conveying visitors along the Seine to and from the exhibition.[3] There was also a new railway line built to convey passengers around the outer edge of Paris to the Champ de Mars.[4] Two double-decker hot air balloons, the Géant and the Céleste, were moored to the site and manned by the famous photographer Nadar. Nadar would take groups of 12 or more people for flights above the grounds, where they could enjoy views of the site and Paris.[5][6]

In the "gallery of Labour History" Jacques Boucher de Perthes, exposes one of the first prehistoric tools whose authenticity has been recognized with the accuracy of these theories. Napoléon III was particularly interested in exhibiting prototypes, designs, and models of workers' housing in the section of the exposition dedicated to workers' living conditions. He commissioned the architect Eugène Lacroix to design and build a set of four buildings on the rue de Monttessuy, at the edge of the exposition grounds, to demonstrate that affordable, decent housing for the working classes could be built at a profit.[7]

The exhibition also included two prototypes of the much acclaimed and prize-winning hydrochronometer invented in 1867 by Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. (Ceriana 1829 - Rome 1903), professor at the College of St. Thomas in Rome.[8][9][10][11][12]

 
A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugène Farcot (1867), Drexel University, USA

One of the Egyptian exhibits was designed by Auguste Mariette, and featured ancient Egyptian monuments. The Suez Canal Company had an exhibit within the Egyptian exhibits, taking up two rooms at the event. Which it used to sell bonds for funding.[13]

The German manufacturer Krupp displayed a 50-ton cannon made of steel.[14]

Americans displayed their latest telegraph technology and both Cyrus Field and Samuel Morse provided speeches.[15]

French explorer and early ethnobotanist Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay exhibited a display of dried specimens of some 450 species of useful plant, collected in the course of his recent explorations of Gabon and annotated with accounts of the uses to which they were put in their native land. Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga,[16][17] containing the alkaloid ibogaine, (currently being investigated as a cure for heroin and other addictions),[18] the legume Griffonia simplicifolia (found, subsequently, to be rich in the serotonin precursor 5-HTP),[19][20] and Strophanthus hispidus, an effective arrow poison, due to its containing cardiac glycosides with digoxin-like effects.[21] Griffon du Bellay was awarded two medals for his exhibit.[22]

The exposition was formally opened on 1 April and closed on 31 October 1867, and was visited by 9,238,967 persons, including exhibitors and employees. This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all international expositions, both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan.

Influence

For the first time Japan presented art pieces[23] to the world in a national pavilion, especially pieces from the Satsuma and Saga domains in Kyushu. Vincent van Gogh and other artists of the post-impressionism movement of the late 19th century were part of the European art craze inspired by the displays seen here, and wrote often of the Japanese woodcut prints "that one sees everywhere, landscapes and figures."[24] Not only was Van Gogh a collector of the new art brought to Europe from a newly opened Japan, but many other French artists from the late 19th century were also influenced by the Japanese artistic world-view, to develop into Japonism.

The Paris street near Champs de Mars, Rue de L'Exposition was named in hommage to this 1867 universal exhibition.

Jules Verne visited the exhibition in 1867, his take on the newly publicized discovery of electricity inspiring him heavily in his writing of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the exhibition at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra on 21 October 1867.

The World Rowing Championships were held on the Seine River in July and was won by the underdog Canadian team from Saint John, New Brunswick which was quickly dubbed by the media as The Paris Crew.

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bela Menczer, "Exposition, 1867." History Today (July 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 7, p429-436.
  2. ^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 222. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
  3. ^ Horne, 1965; p. 6
  4. ^ Kirkland, 2013; p. 239
  5. ^ Alistair Horne (1965). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune: 1870-71. St. Martin's Press. pp. 6–7.
  6. ^ Richard P. Hallion (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
  7. ^ Stephane Kirkland (2013). Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Quest to Build a Modern City. St. Martin's Press. pp. 241–242.
  8. ^ Administrator. . Archived from the original on 2014-12-05.
  9. ^ Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato (1879). Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani.
  10. ^ Idrocronometro[circular reference]
  11. ^ https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Bug7LKOP08YJ[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/storia-idrocronometro.pdf+idrocronometro+%22storia+del+progetto%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiGp8xz15iBCs0S33njoGp3ahPhWhYboWzWGkSevHXbmopZpVjeB2eeLuARhkOU9xVdGNOrRBDcpo6ZpFLZ7y_EBpxiRVc5gL1pc4NOloVKHcCyAiFEo2ZnRZtTWxchmaZPm8u5&sig=AHIEtbSmcoAIHFoLacFIXx-vRZzoi9hdJQ[bare URL PDF]
  13. ^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 220-232. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
  14. ^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 225. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
  15. ^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 225. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
  16. ^ Pope, Harrison G. Jr., Tabernanthe iboga: an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance Economic Botany volume 23, pages 174–184 (1969).
  17. ^ Furst, Peter T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, pub. George Allen & Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. (Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R. Gordon Wasson), ISBN 0 04 573009 1, Chapter 9, "Tabernanthe iboga: Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors" by James W. Fernandez, Page 237.
  18. ^ Lotsof, H.S. (1995). . 3. MAPS Bulletin: 19–26. Archived from the original on 22 January 1997. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ A.D.A.M., Inc. "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)". University of Maryland Medical Center.
  20. ^ Emanuele, E; Bertona, M; Minoretti, P; Geroldi, D (2010). "An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 663–6. PMID 21178946.
  21. ^ Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon (with Roger Sillans), Paris, Le Chevalier, 1961, 614 p. (Coll. Encyclopédie biologique, 56).
  22. ^ Bibliographies de l'Ecole Navale
  23. ^ . Japanese art gallery in Paris - Yakimono. Archived from the original on 2014-05-05.
  24. ^ Van Gogh, letter to his sister Wilhelmina, Arles, 30 March 1888

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exposition Universelle (1867).
  • Expo 1867 Paris at the Bureau International des Expositions. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  • 1867 Paris (BIE World Expo) - approximately 90 links
  • 1867 Paris Exposition souvenir fan in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
  • Ducuing, François, Vol 1: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale. (Paris: Bureaux d'Abonnements, 1867).
  • Ducuing, François, Vol 2: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale. (Paris: Bureaux d'Abonnements, 1867)
  • Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867 album, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 2002.R.11. The album contains 25 photographs taken by Auguste-Rosalie Bisson (Bisson Jeune) and five taken by Charles-Louis Michelez. The album documents the buildings, grounds and exhibits of the 1867 Paris Exposition universelle in Paris.

May 21, 2023
exposition, universelle, 1867, international, exposition, 1867, french, exposition, universelle, industrie, 1867, second, world, fair, held, paris, from, april, november, 1867, number, nations, were, represented, fair, following, decree, emperor, napoleon, exp. The International Exposition of 1867 French Exposition universelle d art et d industrie de 1867 was the second world s fair to be held in Paris from 1 April to 3 November 1867 A number of nations were represented at the fair Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III the exposition was prepared as early as 1864 in the midst of the renovation of Paris marking the culmination of the Second French Empire Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia a brother of the King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz and the Khedive of Egypt Isma il 1 1867 ParisMain building at Champ de MarsOverviewBIE classUniversal expositionCategoryHistorical ExpoNameExposition universelleArea68 7 HaInvention s Hydraulic elevator Reinforced concreteVisitors15 000 000Participant s Countries42Business52 200LocationCountryFranceCityParisVenueChamp de MarsCoordinates48 51 21 7945 N 2 17 52 3703 E 48 856054028 N 2 297880639 E 48 856054028 2 297880639TimelineOpening 1867 04 01 1867 10 31 April 1 October 31 1867 6 months 4 weeks and 2 days Closure31 October 1867 1867 10 31 Universal expositionsPrevious1862 International Exhibition in LondonNextWeltausstellung 1873 Wien in Vienna Contents 1 Conception 2 Exhibits 3 Influence 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External linksConception Edit Official bird s eye view of Exposition Universelle of 1867 Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the Exposition universelle of 1867 In 1864 Napoleon III issued a decree stating that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867 A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president under whose direction the preliminary work began The site chosen for the Exposition Universelle of 1867 was the Champ de Mars the great military parade ground of Paris which covered an area of 119 acres 48 hectares and to which was added the island of Billancourt of 52 acres 21 hectares The principal building was rectangular in shape with rounded ends having a length of 1 608 feet 490 m and a width of 1 247 feet 380 m and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a dome and surrounded by a garden 545 feet 166 m long and 184 feet 56 m wide with a gallery built completely around it In addition to the main building there were nearly 100 smaller buildings on the grounds Victor Hugo Alexandre Dumas Ernest Renan and Theophile Gautier all wrote publications to promote the event 2 Exhibits Edit Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867 There were 50 226 exhibitors of whom 15 055 were from France and her colonies 6176 from Great Britain and Ireland 703 from the United States and a small contingent from Canada The funds for the construction and maintenance of the exposition consisted of grants of 1 165 020 from the French government a like amount from the city of Paris and about 2 000 000 from public subscription making a total of 5 883 400 while the receipts were estimated to have been but 2 822 900 thus leaving a deficit which however was offset by the subscriptions from the government and the city of Paris so that the final report was made to show a gain Bateaux Mouches boats capable of carrying 150 passengers entered service conveying visitors along the Seine to and from the exhibition 3 There was also a new railway line built to convey passengers around the outer edge of Paris to the Champ de Mars 4 Two double decker hot air balloons the Geant and the Celeste were moored to the site and manned by the famous photographer Nadar Nadar would take groups of 12 or more people for flights above the grounds where they could enjoy views of the site and Paris 5 6 In the gallery of Labour History Jacques Boucher de Perthes exposes one of the first prehistoric tools whose authenticity has been recognized with the accuracy of these theories Napoleon III was particularly interested in exhibiting prototypes designs and models of workers housing in the section of the exposition dedicated to workers living conditions He commissioned the architect Eugene Lacroix to design and build a set of four buildings on the rue de Monttessuy at the edge of the exposition grounds to demonstrate that affordable decent housing for the working classes could be built at a profit 7 The exhibition also included two prototypes of the much acclaimed and prize winning hydrochronometer invented in 1867 by Gian Battista Embriaco O P Ceriana 1829 Rome 1903 professor at the College of St Thomas in Rome 8 9 10 11 12 A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugene Farcot 1867 Drexel University USA One of the Egyptian exhibits was designed by Auguste Mariette and featured ancient Egyptian monuments The Suez Canal Company had an exhibit within the Egyptian exhibits taking up two rooms at the event Which it used to sell bonds for funding 13 The German manufacturer Krupp displayed a 50 ton cannon made of steel 14 Americans displayed their latest telegraph technology and both Cyrus Field and Samuel Morse provided speeches 15 French explorer and early ethnobotanist Marie Theophile Griffon du Bellay exhibited a display of dried specimens of some 450 species of useful plant collected in the course of his recent explorations of Gabon and annotated with accounts of the uses to which they were put in their native land Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga 16 17 containing the alkaloid ibogaine currently being investigated as a cure for heroin and other addictions 18 the legume Griffonia simplicifolia found subsequently to be rich in the serotonin precursor 5 HTP 19 20 and Strophanthus hispidus an effective arrow poison due to its containing cardiac glycosides with digoxin like effects 21 Griffon du Bellay was awarded two medals for his exhibit 22 The exposition was formally opened on 1 April and closed on 31 October 1867 and was visited by 9 238 967 persons including exhibitors and employees This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all international expositions both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan Influence EditFor the first time Japan presented art pieces 23 to the world in a national pavilion especially pieces from the Satsuma and Saga domains in Kyushu Vincent van Gogh and other artists of the post impressionism movement of the late 19th century were part of the European art craze inspired by the displays seen here and wrote often of the Japanese woodcut prints that one sees everywhere landscapes and figures 24 Not only was Van Gogh a collector of the new art brought to Europe from a newly opened Japan but many other French artists from the late 19th century were also influenced by the Japanese artistic world view to develop into Japonism The Paris street near Champs de Mars Rue de L Exposition was named in hommage to this 1867 universal exhibition Jules Verne visited the exhibition in 1867 his take on the newly publicized discovery of electricity inspiring him heavily in his writing of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the exhibition at the Theatre Imperial de l Opera on 21 October 1867 The World Rowing Championships were held on the Seine River in July and was won by the underdog Canadian team from Saint John New Brunswick which was quickly dubbed by the media as The Paris Crew Gallery Edit Engraving of the Exposition Universelle 1867 Adjutant Daniel Nordlander upper left with Adjutant Fritz von Dardel Ordonnance Officer Ferdinand Alphonse Hamelin General Henri Pierre Castelnau King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar future King Oscar II of Sweden The Japanese delegation to the Exposition Universelle Chinese and Japanese exhibits at the 1867 Exposition Universelle Japanese Satsuma pavilion at the French expo 1867 Siamese elephant pavillon at the Exposition Model of Plongeur made for the Exposition Universelle 1867 Musee National de la Marine Rochefort Flint Biface Commission awarded to one of the members of the Australian state of Victoria stand in 1867 Brazilian exhibit at the 1867 Exposition Universelle M le Colonel de Salis CARTE DE SEMAINE A PARIS valable jusqu au AVRIL 23 No doubt he was there to visit his brother William s stand for the Australian State of Victoria Sudden Mania to Become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway s Piano at the Paris Exposition After a lithograph by Cham Amedee de Noe From Harper s Weekly issue August 10 1867 reporting on the 1867 Paris ExpositionSee also EditRejtan painting won gold medal at the exposition Notes Edit Bela Menczer Exposition 1867 History Today July 1967 Vol 17 Issue 7 p429 436 Karabell Zachary 2003 Parting the desert the creation of the Suez Canal Alfred A Knopf p 222 ISBN 0 375 40883 5 Horne 1965 p 6 Kirkland 2013 p 239 Alistair Horne 1965 The Fall of Paris The Siege and the Commune 1870 71 St Martin s Press pp 6 7 Richard P Hallion 2003 Taking Flight Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity Through the First World War Oxford University Press p 71 Stephane Kirkland 2013 Paris Reborn Napoleon III Baron Haussmann and the Quest to Build a Modern City St Martin s Press pp 241 242 Administrator Orologi Archived from the original on 2014 12 05 Marchese Vincenzo Fortunato 1879 Memorie dei pi insigni pittori scultori e architetti domenicani Idrocronometro circular reference https docs google com viewer a v amp q cache Bug7LKOP08YJ permanent dead link https www comune roma it PCR resources cms documents storia idrocronometro pdf idrocronometro 22storia del progetto 22 amp hl en amp gl us amp pid bl amp srcid ADGEESiGp8xz15iBCs0S33njoGp3ahPhWhYboWzWGkSevHXbmopZpVjeB2eeLuARhkOU9xVdGNOrRBDcpo6ZpFLZ7y EBpxiRVc5gL1pc4NOloVKHcCyAiFEo2ZnRZtTWxchmaZPm8u5 amp sig AHIEtbSmcoAIHFoLacFIXx vRZzoi9hdJQ bare URL PDF Karabell Zachary 2003 Parting the desert the creation of the Suez Canal Alfred A Knopf pp 220 232 ISBN 0 375 40883 5 Karabell Zachary 2003 Parting the desert the creation of the Suez Canal Alfred A Knopf pp 225 ISBN 0 375 40883 5 Karabell Zachary 2003 Parting the desert the creation of the Suez Canal Alfred A Knopf pp 225 ISBN 0 375 40883 5 Pope Harrison G Jr Tabernanthe iboga an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance Economic Botany volume 23 pages 174 184 1969 Furst Peter T ed Flesh of the Gods The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens pub George Allen amp Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers Inc Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R Gordon Wasson ISBN 0 04 573009 1 Chapter 9 Tabernanthe iboga Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors by James W Fernandez Page 237 Lotsof H S 1995 Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders Clinical Perspectives 3 MAPS Bulletin 19 26 Archived from the original on 22 January 1997 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help A D A M Inc 5 Hydroxytryptophan 5 HTP University of Maryland Medical Center Emanuele E Bertona M Minoretti P Geroldi D 2010 An open label trial of L 5 hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress Neuro Endocrinology Letters 31 5 663 6 PMID 21178946 Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon with Roger Sillans Paris Le Chevalier 1961 614 p Coll Encyclopedie biologique 56 Bibliographies de l Ecole Navale Welcome Japanese art gallery in Paris Yakimono Archived from the original on 2014 05 05 Van Gogh letter to his sister Wilhelmina Arles 30 March 1888Further reading EditThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Gilman D C Peck H T Colby F M eds 1905 New International Encyclopedia 1st ed New York Dodd Mead a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a Missing or empty title help Menczer Bela Exposition 1867 History Today July 1967 Vol 17 Issue 7 p429 436 online External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exposition Universelle 1867 Expo 1867 Paris at the Bureau International des Expositions Retrieved May 1 2019 1867 Paris BIE World Expo approximately 90 links 1867 Paris Exposition souvenir fan in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database Ducuing Francois Vol 1 L Exposition universelle de 1867 illustree publication internationale autorisee par la Commission imperiale Paris Bureaux d Abonnements 1867 Ducuing Francois Vol 2 L Exposition universelle de 1867 illustree publication internationale autorisee par la Commission imperiale Paris Bureaux d Abonnements 1867 Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867 album Getty Research Institute Los Angeles Accession No 2002 R 11 The album contains 25 photographs taken by Auguste Rosalie Bisson Bisson Jeune and five taken by Charles Louis Michelez The album documents the buildings grounds and exhibits of the 1867 Paris Exposition universelle in Paris Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exposition Universelle 1867 amp oldid 1149084864, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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