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Sri Lanka Malay language

November 28, 2023

Sri Lankan Malay (also known as Sri Lankan Creole Malay, Bahasa Melayu, Ja basawa and Java mozhi) is a creole language spoken in Sri Lanka, formed as a mixture of Sinhala and Shonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil), with Malay being the major lexifier.[2] It is traditionally spoken by the Sri Lankan Malays and among some Sinhalese in Hambantota.[3] Today, the number of speakers of the language have dwindled considerably but it has continued to be spoken notably in the Hambantota District of Southern Sri Lanka, which has traditionally been home to many Sri Lankan Malays.

Sri Lankan Malay
Native toSri Lanka
RegionNationwide, especially in Hambantota District
EthnicitySri Lankan Malays, also spoken by some Sinhalese in Hambantota
Native speakers
46,000 (2006)[1]
Malay Creole
  • Sri Lankan Malay
Language codes
ISO 639-3sci
Glottologsril1245
ELPSri Lanka Malay

History edit

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch who had occupied Batavia of Java exiled native rebels and royalty to Sri Lanka, and they made their first settlements in Hambantota and Kirinde. Later on, the Dutch also garrisoned their military, composed of Malays, in other parts of Sri Lanka. As a result, some scholars even believe that SLM is closely associated with the Batavian dialect of Malay.[4] Others have proposed that Sri Lankan Malay originates from eastern Indonesia, based on similarities with Manado Malay and North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay).[5]

Today, Sri Lankan Malay (SLM), is spoken in the Central (Kandy), Southern (Hambantota and Kirinde) and Western (Slave Island) provinces of the country. The Malay population living in Kinniya and Mutur no longer speak Malay and have resorted to either Sri Lankan Tamil or Sri Lankan Moor Tamil (SLMT).[6] The majority of the speakers today reside in Northern Colombo.[2] The exact number of speakers is unknown and there are no linguistic statistics available on the number of speakers living in or outside of Sri Lanka. Based on the ethnic statistics of Sri Lankan Malays, the estimation of the number of Sri Lankan Malay speakers is probably between 30,000 and 40,000.[2]

Variation edit

As the language has been influenced by Sinhala, Tamil and English, SLM speakers constantly code-switch between SLM and either one or two of the other mentioned languages.[6] As a result, SLM within the three mentioned provinces, have taken a distinctive character of their own. Sebastian Nydorf has produced “A Grammar of Upcountry Malay” highlighting the said regional variations, however, his efforts have been criticised for having widening disparities within the language.[6] Due to these differences, there are contesting opinions among the SLM speakers themselves: while some speakers say that Malay in Kirinde and Hambantota is of higher status due to its closeness to archaic Malay, others claim that Malay of Slave Island is more vibrant in its evolution, especially in its use of slang which has even been adopted by the Moors.[4] A result of this variation within spoken SLM is a call for standardisation in the written variety, following Bahasa Kumpulan (standardised Malay in Malaysia and Indonesia).[6]

Malays who first arrived in Sri Lanka, keeping with their customs and practices, used the gundul alphabet for writing, which was the Arabic script with five additional letters.[6] This practice had survived until the mid-1940s, and had only been used among specific individuals (such as religious/communal figures) and served limited and exclusive purposes as a minority language within the country. For instance, Malay bills of marriage (kavin) were drawn in gundul.[4] Presently, however, both “Standard Malay” (SM) and SLM use the Romanised script for writing purposes. Some of the advocates of the Romanised script claim that using English following (their interpretation of) Standard British English must be the only way of writing Malay. For instance, using ‘ch’ instead of the letter ‘c’ for the /ch/ sound (failing to realise that ‘ch’ could also produce the /k/ sound). Other users and scholars of SLM claim that Sinhala, being a phonetical alphabet, would be better suited for writing Malay as it would better capture Malay pronunciation.[6] Much studies have not been done on the particular variety of SLM  but there are debates that SLM is endangered. “ Much work remains to be done on the various varieties of SLM”.[7] In Colombo community, parents encourage their children to speak in English therefore SLM is endangered in that community . Concerning the Cosmopolitan Colombo community, where the level of education is high, the community typically shows strong linguistic vitality in SLM in the oldest to middle generations and rapidly decreasing linguistic competence (to nil) in the vernacular in the young generation.[8] In sharp contrast is the speech community of Kirinda, with low education and employment levels who still have SLM as a dominant language.[8] The current thrust in the SLM community is that some segments of the community especially those in Kirinda, believe that SLM language must be encouraged, taught, and strengthened while others in the Colombo community believe that Malaysian or Indonesian Malay should be taught as means of revitalising SLM by converging it with a more standardised variety. The Kirinda community in Hambantota is one of the few communities that speak Sri Lankan Malay as their dominant language. Although children in the Kirinda community remain, monolingual speakers of Sri Lankan Malay, before they enter primary school, the speakers of Sri Lankan Malay today are insufficient to maintain the language in future generations. In some communities, Sri Lankan Malay is clearly endangered but there is a debate about whether it is endangered overall since some communities have robust first language speakers.[2][9]

Trilingualism is achieved by the SLM community due to contact with the larger group of Tamil and the majority of Sinhalese speakers because Sinhala and Tamil were adstrates.  Therefore, the restructuring process that occurs in SLM has several grammatical categories that are absent from other Malay varieties, but are found in both Sinhala and Tamil. Considering that mixed languages typically show lexical items predominantly from one source, and grammatical material predominantly from another, the SLM lexicon is primarily of PMD origin while grammatical features are derived from Sinhala and Tamil. Therefore, the use of inflections is largely due to a process of typological congruence of Lankan adstrates. Dative and accusative are marked by suffixes attached to a noun (naƞ-DAT yaƞ-ACC). The verb-final order follows the Sinhala and Tamil typology. This is illustrated as follows:[10]

ni   aanak-naƞ       baek     buku-yaƞ  attu       aada

This student-DAT  good     book-ACC   one    exist

“This student has a good book.”

As in Tamil, accusative tends to mark definiteness in SLM.

Inni   kendera -yaƞ        bapi

This chair-ACC takes. go

“Take this chair away.”

A direct influence of Sinhala is seen in Ablative syncretism marker  (to indicate source) riɧ.

Market-riƞ   ais-tra    baaru   ikkaƞ  billi      bawa

Market-ABL ice-NEG new    fish     buy     bring

Get me some fresh fish from the market

The SLM possessive case suffix is ‘pe’, derived form of Malaya punya “to possess” distinguishes a feature of contact Malay varieties such as Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay.

goppe tumman go-yaƞ e-tolak

My friend pushed me

As an archaic feature of Malay lingua franca, it is most likely that this feature was maintained from the original varieties of the SLM community and its adaptation led to the development of a new case that distinguishes SLM from its adstrates.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ Sri Lankan Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Sri Lankan Malay". apics-online.info. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  3. ^ http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v50-p43-57.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ a b c Mahroof, M. M. M. (1992). "Malay Language in Sri Lanka: Socio-mechanics of a Minority Language in Its Historical Setting". Islamic Studies. 31 (4): 463–478. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20840097.
  5. ^ Jack Prentice (2010), "Manado Malay: Product and agent of language change", in Tom Dutton, Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 77, Berlin–Boston: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 411–442, ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1, OCLC 853258768, retrieved 2022-09-19
  6. ^ a b c d e f Saldin, B. D. K. (27 May 2011). "Converting Sri Lankan Malay into a written language". The Island.
  7. ^ Ansaldo, Umberto (2008). Harrison, K. David; Rood, David S.; Dwyer, Arienne (eds.). Sri Lanka Malay revisited: Genesis and classification. Typological Studies in Language 78. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 13–42. ISBN 978-90-272-2990-8.
  8. ^ a b Lim, Lisa; Ansaldo, Umberto (2006). "Keeping Kirinda vital: The endangerment-empowerment dilemma in the documentation of Sri Lanka Malay". Language and Communication Working Papers. 1: 51–66.
  9. ^ Rassool, Romola (2015). Download citation of Examining responses to perceived 'endangerment' of the Sri Lanka Malay language and (re)-negotiating Sri Lanka Malay identity in a postcolonial context. Third Bremen Conference on Language and Literature in Colonial and Postcolonial Contexts, At Bremen, Germany.
  10. ^ Citation error. See inline comment on how to fix it.[verification needed]
  11. ^ Ansaldo, Umberto (2011). "Sri Lanka Malay and its Lankan adstrates". Typological Studies in Language. 95: 367–382. doi:10.1075/tsl.95.21ans. ISBN 978-90-272-0676-3.

Further reading edit

  • Adelaar, K. A. (1991). "Some notes on the origin of Sri Lankan Malay". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 1. Pacific Linguistics, Series A. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 23–37. doi:10.15144/PL-A81. hdl:1885/145757. ISBN 9780858834026.
  • Ansaldo, U. 2008 Sri Lanka Malay revisited: Genesis and classification. In A. Dwyer, D. Harrison & D. Rood (eds). A world of many voices: Lessons from documented endangered languages. Typological Studies in Language 78. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 13–42.
  • Ansaldo, U., & Lim, L. L. S. (2006). "Globalisation, empowerment and the periphery: The Malays of Sri Lanka." in R. Elangaiyan, R. McKenna Brown, N. D. M. Ostler, & M. K. Verma (eds.), Vital Voices: Endangered Languages and Multilingualism, pp. 39–46. Foundation for Endangered Languages & Central Institute of Indian Languages.
  • de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan. 2002. Sri Lankan Malay: A unique creole. In Tadmor, Uri (ed.), Studies in Malay Dialects: Part III, 43–59. Jakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.
  • Hussainmiya, B. A. n.d. Sri Lankan Malay Language: Some Preliminary. In.
  • Keeping Kirinda vital: The endangerment-empowerment dilemma in the documentation of Sri Lanka Malay ( pp. 51–66 ) . Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto (2006) · ACLC Working Papers. 1
  • Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2007. Vowel quantity in Sri Lanka Malay. (paper presented at the Joint Summer Meeting of the SPCL and the ACBLPE).
  • Nordhoff, Sebastian (2009). A grammar of Upcountry Sri Lanka Malay (PhD thesis). Universiteit van Amsterdam. hdl:11245/1.319874.
  • Nordhoff, Sebastian (2012). "Multi-verb constructions in Sri Lanka Malay". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 27 (2): 303–343. doi:10.1075/jpcl.27.2.04nor.
  • Robuchon, G. 2003. Malayo Language in Sri Lanka. (Paper presented at the 7th International Symposium on the Malay/Indonesian Linguistics in Berg en Dal).
  • Ronit, R. (n.d.). Cross-Cultural Influences on the Language of the Sri Lankan Malays.
  • Slomanson, Peter. 2004. The syntax of tense and aspect in Sri Lankan Malay. (Paper presented at the SPCL summer meeting, Cura& cedil;cao Creole conference 2004, August 11–15, Cura& cedil;cao).
  • Slomanson, Peter. 2013. Sri Lankan Malay. In: Michaelis, Susanne Maria & Maurer, Philippe & Haspelmath, Martin & Huber, Magnus (eds.) The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links edit

  • Sri Lankan Creole Malay profile at the Endangered Languages Project

November 28, 2023
lanka, malay, language, lankan, malay, also, known, lankan, creole, malay, bahasa, melayu, basawa, java, mozhi, creole, language, spoken, lanka, formed, mixture, sinhala, shonam, lankan, muslim, tamil, with, malay, being, major, lexifier, traditionally, spoken. Sri Lankan Malay also known as Sri Lankan Creole Malay Bahasa Melayu Ja basawa and Java mozhi is a creole language spoken in Sri Lanka formed as a mixture of Sinhala and Shonam Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil with Malay being the major lexifier 2 It is traditionally spoken by the Sri Lankan Malays and among some Sinhalese in Hambantota 3 Today the number of speakers of the language have dwindled considerably but it has continued to be spoken notably in the Hambantota District of Southern Sri Lanka which has traditionally been home to many Sri Lankan Malays Sri Lankan MalayNative toSri LankaRegionNationwide especially in Hambantota DistrictEthnicitySri Lankan Malays also spoken by some Sinhalese in HambantotaNative speakers46 000 2006 1 Language familyMalay Creole Sri Lankan MalayLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code sci class extiw title iso639 3 sci sci a Glottologsril1245ELPSri Lanka Malay Contents 1 History 2 Variation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory editDuring the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch who had occupied Batavia of Java exiled native rebels and royalty to Sri Lanka and they made their first settlements in Hambantota and Kirinde Later on the Dutch also garrisoned their military composed of Malays in other parts of Sri Lanka As a result some scholars even believe that SLM is closely associated with the Batavian dialect of Malay 4 Others have proposed that Sri Lankan Malay originates from eastern Indonesia based on similarities with Manado Malay and North Moluccan Malay Ternate Malay 5 Today Sri Lankan Malay SLM is spoken in the Central Kandy Southern Hambantota and Kirinde and Western Slave Island provinces of the country The Malay population living in Kinniya and Mutur no longer speak Malay and have resorted to either Sri Lankan Tamil or Sri Lankan Moor Tamil SLMT 6 The majority of the speakers today reside in Northern Colombo 2 The exact number of speakers is unknown and there are no linguistic statistics available on the number of speakers living in or outside of Sri Lanka Based on the ethnic statistics of Sri Lankan Malays the estimation of the number of Sri Lankan Malay speakers is probably between 30 000 and 40 000 2 Variation editAs the language has been influenced by Sinhala Tamil and English SLM speakers constantly code switch between SLM and either one or two of the other mentioned languages 6 As a result SLM within the three mentioned provinces have taken a distinctive character of their own Sebastian Nydorf has produced A Grammar of Upcountry Malay highlighting the said regional variations however his efforts have been criticised for having widening disparities within the language 6 Due to these differences there are contesting opinions among the SLM speakers themselves while some speakers say that Malay in Kirinde and Hambantota is of higher status due to its closeness to archaic Malay others claim that Malay of Slave Island is more vibrant in its evolution especially in its use of slang which has even been adopted by the Moors 4 A result of this variation within spoken SLM is a call for standardisation in the written variety following Bahasa Kumpulan standardised Malay in Malaysia and Indonesia 6 Malays who first arrived in Sri Lanka keeping with their customs and practices used the gundul alphabet for writing which was the Arabic script with five additional letters 6 This practice had survived until the mid 1940s and had only been used among specific individuals such as religious communal figures and served limited and exclusive purposes as a minority language within the country For instance Malay bills of marriage kavin were drawn in gundul 4 Presently however both Standard Malay SM and SLM use the Romanised script for writing purposes Some of the advocates of the Romanised script claim that using English following their interpretation of Standard British English must be the only way of writing Malay For instance using ch instead of the letter c for the ch sound failing to realise that ch could also produce the k sound Other users and scholars of SLM claim that Sinhala being a phonetical alphabet would be better suited for writing Malay as it would better capture Malay pronunciation 6 Much studies have not been done on the particular variety of SLM but there are debates that SLM is endangered Much work remains to be done on the various varieties of SLM 7 In Colombo community parents encourage their children to speak in English therefore SLM is endangered in that community Concerning the Cosmopolitan Colombo community where the level of education is high the community typically shows strong linguistic vitality in SLM in the oldest to middle generations and rapidly decreasing linguistic competence to nil in the vernacular in the young generation 8 In sharp contrast is the speech community of Kirinda with low education and employment levels who still have SLM as a dominant language 8 The current thrust in the SLM community is that some segments of the community especially those in Kirinda believe that SLM language must be encouraged taught and strengthened while others in the Colombo community believe that Malaysian or Indonesian Malay should be taught as means of revitalising SLM by converging it with a more standardised variety The Kirinda community in Hambantota is one of the few communities that speak Sri Lankan Malay as their dominant language Although children in the Kirinda community remain monolingual speakers of Sri Lankan Malay before they enter primary school the speakers of Sri Lankan Malay today are insufficient to maintain the language in future generations In some communities Sri Lankan Malay is clearly endangered but there is a debate about whether it is endangered overall since some communities have robust first language speakers 2 9 Trilingualism is achieved by the SLM community due to contact with the larger group of Tamil and the majority of Sinhalese speakers because Sinhala and Tamil were adstrates Therefore the restructuring process that occurs in SLM has several grammatical categories that are absent from other Malay varieties but are found in both Sinhala and Tamil Considering that mixed languages typically show lexical items predominantly from one source and grammatical material predominantly from another the SLM lexicon is primarily of PMD origin while grammatical features are derived from Sinhala and Tamil Therefore the use of inflections is largely due to a process of typological congruence of Lankan adstrates Dative and accusative are marked by suffixes attached to a noun naƞ DAT yaƞ ACC The verb final order follows the Sinhala and Tamil typology This is illustrated as follows 10 ni aanak naƞ baek buku yaƞ attu aadaThis student DAT good book ACC one exist This student has a good book As in Tamil accusative tends to mark definiteness in SLM Inni kendera yaƞ bapiThis chair ACC takes go Take this chair away A direct influence of Sinhala is seen in Ablative syncretism marker to indicate source riɧ Market riƞ ais tra baaru ikkaƞ billi bawaMarket ABL ice NEG new fish buy bringGet me some fresh fish from the marketThe SLM possessive case suffix is pe derived form of Malaya punya to possess distinguishes a feature of contact Malay varieties such as Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay goppe tumman go yaƞ e tolakMy friend pushed meAs an archaic feature of Malay lingua franca it is most likely that this feature was maintained from the original varieties of the SLM community and its adaptation led to the development of a new case that distinguishes SLM from its adstrates 11 References edit Sri Lankan Malay at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c d APiCS Online Survey chapter Sri Lankan Malay apics online info Retrieved 2018 10 06 http sealang net archives nusa pdf nusa v50 p43 57 pdf bare URL PDF a b c Mahroof M M M 1992 Malay Language in Sri Lanka Socio mechanics of a Minority Language in Its Historical Setting Islamic Studies 31 4 463 478 ISSN 0578 8072 JSTOR 20840097 Jack Prentice 2010 Manado Malay Product and agent of language change in Tom Dutton Darrell T Tryon ed Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs TiLSM 77 Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 411 442 ISBN 978 3 11 088309 1 OCLC 853258768 retrieved 2022 09 19 a b c d e f Saldin B D K 27 May 2011 Converting Sri Lankan Malay into a written language The Island Ansaldo Umberto 2008 Harrison K David Rood David S Dwyer Arienne eds Sri Lanka Malay revisited Genesis and classification Typological Studies in Language 78 Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 13 42 ISBN 978 90 272 2990 8 a b Lim Lisa Ansaldo Umberto 2006 Keeping Kirinda vital The endangerment empowerment dilemma in the documentation of Sri Lanka Malay Language and Communication Working Papers 1 51 66 Rassool Romola 2015 Download citation of Examining responses to perceived endangerment of the Sri Lanka Malay language and re negotiating Sri Lanka Malay identity in a postcolonial context Third Bremen Conference on Language and Literature in Colonial and Postcolonial Contexts At Bremen Germany Citation error See inline comment on how to fix it verification needed Ansaldo Umberto 2011 Sri Lanka Malay and its Lankan adstrates Typological Studies in Language 95 367 382 doi 10 1075 tsl 95 21ans ISBN 978 90 272 0676 3 Further reading editAdelaar K A 1991 Some notes on the origin of Sri Lankan Malay In Steinhauer H ed Papers in Austronesian linguistics No 1 Pacific Linguistics Series A Canberra The Australian National University pp 23 37 doi 10 15144 PL A81 hdl 1885 145757 ISBN 9780858834026 Ansaldo U 2008 Sri Lanka Malay revisited Genesis and classification In A Dwyer D Harrison amp D Rood eds A world of many voices Lessons from documented endangered languages Typological Studies in Language 78 Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins 13 42 Ansaldo U amp Lim L L S 2006 Globalisation empowerment and the periphery The Malays of Sri Lanka in R Elangaiyan R McKenna Brown N D M Ostler amp M K Verma eds Vital Voices Endangered Languages and Multilingualism pp 39 46 Foundation for Endangered Languages amp Central Institute of Indian Languages de Silva Jayasuriya Shihan 2002 Sri Lankan Malay A unique creole In Tadmor Uri ed Studies in Malay Dialects Part III 43 59 Jakarta Universitas Atma Jaya Hussainmiya B A n d Sri Lankan Malay Language Some Preliminary In Keeping Kirinda vital The endangerment empowerment dilemma in the documentation of Sri Lanka Malay pp 51 66 Lim Lisa and Ansaldo Umberto 2006 ACLC Working Papers 1 Nordhoff Sebastian 2007 Vowel quantity in Sri Lanka Malay paper presented at the Joint Summer Meeting of the SPCL and the ACBLPE Nordhoff Sebastian 2009 A grammar of Upcountry Sri Lanka Malay PhD thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam hdl 11245 1 319874 Nordhoff Sebastian 2012 Multi verb constructions in Sri Lanka Malay Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27 2 303 343 doi 10 1075 jpcl 27 2 04nor Robuchon G 2003 Malayo Language in Sri Lanka Paper presented at the 7th International Symposium on the Malay Indonesian Linguistics in Berg en Dal Ronit R n d Cross Cultural Influences on the Language of the Sri Lankan Malays Slomanson Peter 2004 The syntax of tense and aspect in Sri Lankan Malay Paper presented at the SPCL summer meeting Cura amp cedil cao Creole conference 2004 August 11 15 Cura amp cedil cao Slomanson Peter 2013 Sri Lankan Malay In Michaelis Susanne Maria amp Maurer Philippe amp Haspelmath Martin amp Huber Magnus eds The survey of pidgin and creole languages Volume 3 Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa Asia Australia and the Americas Oxford Oxford University Press External links editSri Lankan Creole Malay profile at the Endangered Languages Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sri Lanka Malay language amp oldid 1181723057, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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