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Sophora chrysophylla

Sophora chrysophylla, known as māmane in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii.[2] It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of 15 m (49 ft) in tree form. Yellow flowers are produced in winter and spring.

Sophora chrysophylla
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Sophora
Species:
S. chrysophylla
Binomial name
Sophora chrysophylla
Synonyms

Edwardsia chrysophylla Salisb.[1]

Biology edit

 
Sophora chrysophylla details drawing

S. chrysophylla has ridged golden brown branches. The tree has pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets. Each leaflet is 0.7 to 5 cm (0.28 to 1.97 in) long and 0.3 to 2.3 cm (0.12 to 0.91 in) wide. Leaves are smooth, or with gray or yellow hairs on the underside. The specific name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (chrysós), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (phyllos), meaning "leaf." Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters – that is, they occur in axillary or terminal racemes. The corolla is yellow. The petal size ranges from 11.5 to 21 mm (0.45 to 0.83 in) long, and 8 to 20 mm (0.31 to 0.79 in) wide.

The tree blooms in winter and spring. The height of the flowering season is in mid-spring. Māmane wood is dense, hard and durable. Seedpods are persistent, and remain on the tree for most of the year. They are twisted, brown to brownish-gray, have four wings and are 2 to 16 cm (0.79 to 6.30 in) long and usually 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide. Seedpods are tightly constricted around the yellow-orange or brown to grayish-black seeds, which are 6.35 mm (0.250 in) long. Untreated, the seeds have germination rates of less than 5%. The tree is perennial and highly polymorphic.

Habitat edit

 
Sophora chrysophylla flowers

Māmane is an endemic species of Hawaii, and can be found on all main islands except Niʻihau and Kahoʻolawe. It inhabits low shrublands, high shrublands, dry forests, mixed mesic forests, and, rarely, wet forests.[3] It can grow at elevations of 30–2,900 m (98–9,514 ft), being limited by the tree line. Māmane is most common and grows the tallest in montane dry forests at elevations of 1,220–2,440 m (4,000–8,010 ft).[4] Māmane and naio (Myoporum sandwicense) define a dry woodland ecotone on the subalpine areas of East Maui (Haleakalā) and the Island of Hawaiʻi.

Uses edit

 
Māmane trees

The hard, durable wood of māmane was used by the Native Hawaiians for pou (house posts) and kaola (beams) up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, ʻōʻō (digging sticks), spears,[5] kope (spades), papa hōlua (sled) runners, papa olonā (Touchardia latifolia scrapers), ʻau koʻi (adze handles), and wahie (firewood). Cattle ranchers used it as fence posts.

In herbal medicine, the flowers are used as an astringent.[6] The wood was also used in religious rituals to ward off evil. A kahuna nui (high priest) would wrap a piece of māmane wood in a dark kapa cloth and hold it up to symbolize authority.[7]

Ecology and conservation edit

Māmane is essential for the endangered palila (Loxioides bailleui), which feeds almost exclusively on the plants' immature seeds when these are in season. It also nests in the māmane branches. Caterpillars of Cydia moths also eat the māmane's seeds, and in turn are being eaten by the palila. Both the bird and the larvae utilize the embryo only, leaving the seed coat untouched.

To other animals, māmane seeds are highly poisonous. House finches die within minutes after eating the seeds. The māmane employs a two-layered biochemical defence system: The seed coats contain some 4% phenolic compounds, which give them a vile taste. They are also somewhat toxic and have a high fibre content. Seed predators trying to eat the seeds will probably not be killed but at least have a nasty experience. Should a predator be able to penetrate the seed coat, the embryo contains deadly quantities (>4% of dry weight) of quinolizidine alkaloids.[8] The palila and the moths, however, have evolved the ability to deal with the poisonous compounds. The palila, for example, can deal with dozens of times the dose of cytisine that would kill a laboratory mouse. Both seed predators seem to be able to recognize and avoid the most poisonous trees, which would be natural selection in action. Cydia caterpillars are able to break up the toxic compounds. They do not sequester the alkaloids for their own use, but are found to contain about as much phenolic compounds as the seed coats do. This seems not to be sufficient to deter predators however as they are also cryptically colored. The palila is apparently impervious to the phenolic aroma (as they eat Cydia caterpillars which would smell and taste like the plant), discarding the seed coats due to their low nutritional value. How the palila deals with the toxins is not known.(Banko et al. 2002)

Feral goats and sheep voraciously eat the seedpods of the plant, negatively impacting the tree's population. Toxicity of the leaves is unknown; it is notable that Uresiphita polygonalis virescens caterpillars which feed on the leaves have aposematic coloration. Clearly, this issue requires further study. Ranch cattle can kill trees through stomping on the roots. Wildfire has also destroyed some of the trees, though it is generally resistant to fire, and can grow quickly after one occurs. As regards diseases, the canker ascomycete Botryosphaeria mamane causes witch's broom disease, which kills heavily-infected trees (Gardner 1997). Māmane grows well in areas where there are no sheep or goats, and cattle populations are limited. The plant is being reforested in order to increase the population of both the tree itself and the palila, and revive the indigenous ecosystem.

References edit

  • Banko, P.; Cipollini, M.L.; Breton, G.; Paulk, E.; Wink, M. & Izhaki, I. (2002): Seed chemistry of Sophora chrysophylla (Mamane) in relation to the diet of the specialist seed predator Loxioides bailleui (Palila) in Hawaiʻi. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28(7): 1393–1410. doi:10.1023/A:1016248502927 PDF fulltext
  • Gardner, D.E. (1997): Botryosphaeria mamane sp. nov. associated with witches'-brooms on the endemic forest tree Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii. Mycologia 89(2): 298–303. doi:10.2307/3761086 (HTML abstract and first page image)

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "Sophora chrysophylla". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  2. ^ Angela Kay Kepler (January 1998). Hawaiian heritage plants. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 130–134. ISBN 978-0-8248-1994-1. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  3. ^ "Sophora chrysophylla". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  4. ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Mamane" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). United States Forest Service.
  5. ^ "mamane, mamani". Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  6. ^ "DLNR: Māmane". hawaii.gov. Department of Land and Natural Resources: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Forestry Program. 2022.
  7. ^ Medeiros, A. C.; C.F. Davenport; C.G. Chimera (1998). "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest" (PDF). hear.org. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  8. ^ For example cytisine, anagyrine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, lupanine, N-methylcytisine, and baptifoline (Banko et al. 2002).

External links edit

  Media related to Sophora chrysophylla at Wikimedia Commons   Data related to Sophora chrysophylla at Wikispecies

  • Plant Profile
  • General Information
  • Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
  • Hawaiian Plants – Mamane

sophora, chrysophylla, known, māmane, hawaiian, species, flowering, plant, bean, family, fabaceae, that, endemic, hawaii, highly, polymorphic, growing, shrub, tree, able, reach, height, tree, form, yellow, flowers, produced, winter, spring, scientific, classif. Sophora chrysophylla known as mamane in Hawaiian is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae that is endemic to Hawaii 2 It is highly polymorphic growing as a shrub or tree and able to reach a height of 15 m 49 ft in tree form Yellow flowers are produced in winter and spring Sophora chrysophylla Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily Faboideae Genus Sophora Species S chrysophylla Binomial name Sophora chrysophylla Salisb Seem Synonyms Edwardsia chrysophylla Salisb 1 Contents 1 Biology 2 Habitat 3 Uses 4 Ecology and conservation 5 References 5 1 Footnotes 6 External linksBiology edit nbsp Sophora chrysophylla details drawing S chrysophylla has ridged golden brown branches The tree has pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets Each leaflet is 0 7 to 5 cm 0 28 to 1 97 in long and 0 3 to 2 3 cm 0 12 to 0 91 in wide Leaves are smooth or with gray or yellow hairs on the underside The specific name is derived from the Greek words xrysos chrysos meaning gold and fyllon phyllos meaning leaf Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters that is they occur in axillary or terminal racemes The corolla is yellow The petal size ranges from 11 5 to 21 mm 0 45 to 0 83 in long and 8 to 20 mm 0 31 to 0 79 in wide The tree blooms in winter and spring The height of the flowering season is in mid spring Mamane wood is dense hard and durable Seedpods are persistent and remain on the tree for most of the year They are twisted brown to brownish gray have four wings and are 2 to 16 cm 0 79 to 6 30 in long and usually 1 5 cm 0 59 in wide Seedpods are tightly constricted around the yellow orange or brown to grayish black seeds which are 6 35 mm 0 250 in long Untreated the seeds have germination rates of less than 5 The tree is perennial and highly polymorphic Habitat edit nbsp Sophora chrysophylla flowers Mamane is an endemic species of Hawaii and can be found on all main islands except Niʻihau and Kahoʻolawe It inhabits low shrublands high shrublands dry forests mixed mesic forests and rarely wet forests 3 It can grow at elevations of 30 2 900 m 98 9 514 ft being limited by the tree line Mamane is most common and grows the tallest in montane dry forests at elevations of 1 220 2 440 m 4 000 8 010 ft 4 Mamane and naio Myoporum sandwicense define a dry woodland ecotone on the subalpine areas of East Maui Haleakala and the Island of Hawaiʻi Uses edit nbsp Mamane trees The hard durable wood of mamane was used by the Native Hawaiians for pou house posts and kaola beams up to 5 cm 2 0 in in diameter ʻōʻō digging sticks spears 5 kope spades papa hōlua sled runners papa olona Touchardia latifolia scrapers ʻau koʻi adze handles and wahie firewood Cattle ranchers used it as fence posts In herbal medicine the flowers are used as an astringent 6 The wood was also used in religious rituals to ward off evil A kahuna nui high priest would wrap a piece of mamane wood in a dark kapa cloth and hold it up to symbolize authority 7 Ecology and conservation editMamane is essential for the endangered palila Loxioides bailleui which feeds almost exclusively on the plants immature seeds when these are in season It also nests in the mamane branches Caterpillars of Cydia moths also eat the mamane s seeds and in turn are being eaten by the palila Both the bird and the larvae utilize the embryo only leaving the seed coat untouched To other animals mamane seeds are highly poisonous House finches die within minutes after eating the seeds The mamane employs a two layered biochemical defence system The seed coats contain some 4 phenolic compounds which give them a vile taste They are also somewhat toxic and have a high fibre content Seed predators trying to eat the seeds will probably not be killed but at least have a nasty experience Should a predator be able to penetrate the seed coat the embryo contains deadly quantities gt 4 of dry weight of quinolizidine alkaloids 8 The palila and the moths however have evolved the ability to deal with the poisonous compounds The palila for example can deal with dozens of times the dose of cytisine that would kill a laboratory mouse Both seed predators seem to be able to recognize and avoid the most poisonous trees which would be natural selection in action Cydia caterpillars are able to break up the toxic compounds They do not sequester the alkaloids for their own use but are found to contain about as much phenolic compounds as the seed coats do This seems not to be sufficient to deter predators however as they are also cryptically colored The palila is apparently impervious to the phenolic aroma as they eat Cydia caterpillars which would smell and taste like the plant discarding the seed coats due to their low nutritional value How the palila deals with the toxins is not known Banko et al 2002 Feral goats and sheep voraciously eat the seedpods of the plant negatively impacting the tree s population Toxicity of the leaves is unknown it is notable that Uresiphita polygonalis virescens caterpillars which feed on the leaves have aposematic coloration Clearly this issue requires further study Ranch cattle can kill trees through stomping on the roots Wildfire has also destroyed some of the trees though it is generally resistant to fire and can grow quickly after one occurs As regards diseases the canker ascomycete Botryosphaeria mamane causes witch s broom disease which kills heavily infected trees Gardner 1997 Mamane grows well in areas where there are no sheep or goats and cattle populations are limited The plant is being reforested in order to increase the population of both the tree itself and the palila and revive the indigenous ecosystem References editBanko P Cipollini M L Breton G Paulk E Wink M amp Izhaki I 2002 Seed chemistry of Sophora chrysophylla Mamane in relation to the diet of the specialist seed predator Loxioides bailleui Palila in Hawaiʻi Journal of Chemical Ecology 28 7 1393 1410 doi 10 1023 A 1016248502927 PDF fulltext Gardner D E 1997 Botryosphaeria mamane sp nov associated with witches brooms on the endemic forest tree Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii Mycologia 89 2 298 303 doi 10 2307 3761086 HTML abstract and first page image Footnotes edit Sophora chrysophylla Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2009 11 23 Angela Kay Kepler January 1998 Hawaiian heritage plants University of Hawaii Press pp 130 134 ISBN 978 0 8248 1994 1 Retrieved 21 July 2011 Sophora chrysophylla Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Retrieved 2009 03 25 Little Jr Elbert L Roger G Skolmen 1989 Mamane PDF Common Forest Trees of Hawaii Native and Introduced United States Forest Service mamane mamani Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database Bernice P Bishop Museum Retrieved 2009 03 08 DLNR Mamane hawaii gov Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife Forestry Program 2022 Medeiros A C C F Davenport C G Chimera 1998 Auwahi Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest PDF hear org Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa For example cytisine anagyrine 5 6 dehydrolupanine lupanine N methylcytisine and baptifoline Banko et al 2002 External links edit nbsp Media related to Sophora chrysophylla at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Sophora chrysophylla at Wikispecies Plant Profile General Information Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian Plants Mamane Mamane Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sophora chrysophylla amp oldid 1165150675, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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