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Crypsis

February 27, 2023

This article is about animals that are difficult to detect. For the genus of grasses, see Crypsis (genus). For animals whose existence is not scientifically recognized, see Cryptid.

In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant[1] to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle and mimicry. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or auditory concealment. When it is visual, the term cryptic coloration, effectively a synonym for animal camouflage, is sometimes used, but many different methods of camouflage are employed by animals or plants.[1]

Hiding
Revealing itself
Cryptic behavior. Mossy leaf-tailed gecko (Uroplatus sikorae) Montagne d’Ambre, Madagascar, showing the camouflage disguise using the dermal flap.

Overview

There is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape, for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to avoid detection by prey. Exceptions include large herbivores without natural enemies, brilliantly colored birds that rely on flight to escape predators, and venomous or otherwise powerfully armed animals with warning coloration. Cryptic animals include the tawny frogmouth (feather patterning resembles bark), the tuatara (hides in burrows all day; nocturnal), some jellyfish (transparent), the leafy sea dragon, and the flounder (covers itself in sediment).

Methods

Further information: List of camouflage methods
 
A Draco lizard showing camouflage methods including background matching, disruptive coloration, reduction of shadow, and cryptic behavior in Bandipur National Park

Methods of crypsis include (visual) camouflage, nocturnality, and subterranean lifestyle. Camouflage can be achieved by a wide variety of methods, from disruptive coloration to transparency and some forms of mimicry, even in habitats like the open sea where there is no background.[2][3][4]

As a strategy, crypsis is used by predators against prey and by prey against predators.[2]

Crypsis also applies to eggs[5] and pheromone production.[6] Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory, or auditory camouflage.[7]

Visual

Main article: Camouflage
 
Camouflage allows animals like this disruptively-patterned spider to capture prey more easily.

Many animals have evolved so that they visually resemble their surroundings by using any of the many methods of natural camouflage that may match the color and texture of the surroundings (cryptic coloration) and/or break up the visual outline of the animal itself (disruptive coloration). Such animals, like the tawny dragon lizard, may resemble rocks, sand, twigs, leaves, and even bird droppings (mimesis). Other methods including transparency and silvering are widely used by marine animals.[8]

Some animals change color in changing environments seasonally, as in ermine and snowshoe hare, or far more rapidly with chromatophores in their integuments, as in chameleon and cephalopods such as squid.

Countershading, the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land. It is sometimes called Thayer's law, after the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that countershading paints out shadows to make solid objects appear flat, reversing the way that artists use paint to make flat paintings contain solid objects. Where the background is brighter than is possible even with white pigment, counter-illumination in marine animals, such as squid, can use light to match the background.

Some animals actively camouflage themselves with local materials. The decorator crabs attach plants, animals, small stones, or shell fragments to their carapaces to provide camouflage that matches the local environment. Some species preferentially select stinging animals such as sea anemones or noxious plants, benefiting from aposematism as well as or instead of crypsis.[9]

Olfactory

Some animals, in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, appear to camouflage their odor, which might otherwise attract predators.[10] Numerous arthropods, both insects and spiders, mimic ants, whether to avoid predation, to hunt ants, or (for example in the large blue butterfly caterpillar) to trick the ants into feeding them.[11] Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) may exhibit chemical crypsis, making them undetectable to frogs and insects colonizing ponds.[12] Trained dogs and meerkats, both scent-oriented predators, have been shown to have difficulty detecting puff adders, whose strategy of ambushing prey necessitates concealment from both predators and prey.[13]

Auditory

Some insects, notably some Noctuid moths, (such as the large yellow underwing), and some tiger moths, (such as the garden tiger), were originally theorized to defend themselves against predation by echolocating bats, both by passively absorbing sound with soft, fur-like body coverings and by actively creating sounds to mimic echoes from other locations or objects. The active strategy was described as a "phantom echo" that might therefore represent "auditory crypsis" with alternative theories about interfering with the bats' echolocation ("jamming").[14][15]

Subsequent research has provided evidence for only two functions of moth sounds, neither of which involve "auditory crypsis". Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups. One type produces sounds as acoustic aposematism, warning the bats that the moths are unpalatable,[16] or at least performing as acoustic mimics of unpalatable moths.[17] The other type uses sonar jamming. In the latter type of moth, detailed analyses failed to support a "phantom echo" mechanism underlying sonar jamming, but instead pointed towards echo interference.[18]

Effects

There is often a self-perpetuating co-evolution, or evolutionary arms race, between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect the cryptic animal and the cryptic characteristics of the hiding species.[19] Different aspects of crypsis and sensory abilities may be more or less pronounced in given predator-prey species pairs.

Zoologists need special methods to study cryptic animals, including biotelemetry techniques such as radio tracking, mark and recapture, and enclosures or exclosures. Cryptic animals tend to be overlooked in studies of biodiversity and ecological risk assessment.

References

  1. ^ a b Gianoli, Ernesto; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando (2014). "Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory". Current Biology. 24 (9): 984–987. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010. PMID 24768053.
  2. ^ a b Zuanon, J.; I. Sazima (2006). "The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators". Neotropical Ichthyology. 4 (2): 219–224. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252006000200008.
  3. ^ Allaby, Michael (2014). Crypsis. A Dictionary of Zoology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Allaby, Michael (2015). Crypsis. A Dictionary of Ecology (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Nguyen, L. P.; et al. (2007). "Using digital photographs to evaluate the effectiveness of plover egg crypsis". Journal of Wildlife Management. 71 (6): 2084–2089. doi:10.2193/2006-471. S2CID 83705425.
  6. ^ Raffa, K. R.; et al. (2007). "Can chemical communication be cryptic? Adaptations by herbivores to natural enemies exploiting prey semiochemistry". Oecologia. 153 (4): 1009–1019. Bibcode:2007Oecol.153.1009R. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0786-z. PMID 17618465. S2CID 16437625.
  7. ^ "Definition of Crypsis". Amateur Entomologists' Society. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  8. ^ . Morning-earth.org. February 14, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  9. ^ Hultgren, Kristin; Stachowicz, Jay; Stevens, M. & Merilaita, S. (2011). (PDF). Camouflage in decorator crabs: Camouflage in decorator crabs. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  10. ^ Michael R. Conover. Predator-Prey Dynamics: the role of olfaction. CRC Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8493-9270-2
  11. ^ Donisthorpe, Horace (January 1922). "Mimicry of Ants by Other Arthropods". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 69 (3–4): 307–311. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1922.tb02812.x.
  12. ^ Resetarits, William J. Jr.; Binckley, Christopher A. (2013). (PDF). The American Naturalist. 181 (5): 690–699. doi:10.1086/670016. PMID 23594551. S2CID 26747440. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2013.
  13. ^ Miller, Ashadee Kay; Maritz, Bryan; McKay, Shannon; Glaudas, Xavier; Alexander, Graham J. (December 22, 2015). "An ambusher's arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. 282 (1821): 20152182. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2182. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4707760. PMID 26674950.
  14. ^ Miller, Lee A.; Surlykke, Annemarie (July 2001). "How Some Insects Detect and Avoid Being Eaten by Bats: Tactics and Countertactics of Prey and Predator" (PDF). BioScience. 51 (7): 570–581. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2.
  15. ^ Griffin, Donald R. (July 2001). "Full Access Return to the Magic Well: Echolocation Behavior of Bats and Responses of Insect Prey". BioScience. 51 (7): 555–556. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0555:RTTMWE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 10.1641/0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0555%3ARTTMWE%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
  16. ^ Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W.E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 164–169. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..164H. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7. PMID 15772807. S2CID 18306198.
  17. ^ Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). "Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (22): 9331–9334. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.9331B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703627104. PMC 1890494. PMID 17517637.
  18. ^ Corcoran, A.J.; Conner, W.E.; Barber, J.R. (2010). "Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function". Current Zoology. 56 (3): 358–369. doi:10.1093/czoolo/56.3.358.
  19. ^ Franks, D. W.; Noble, J. (2004). "Warning signals and predator-prey coevolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1550): 1859–1865. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2795. PMC 1691800. PMID 15315903.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crypsis.
  • Dive Gallery: decorator crabs.
  • .

February 27, 2023
crypsis, this, article, about, animals, that, difficult, detect, genus, grasses, genus, animals, whose, existence, scientifically, recognized, cryptid, ecology, crypsis, ability, animal, plant, avoid, observation, detection, other, animals, predation, strategy. This article is about animals that are difficult to detect For the genus of grasses see Crypsis genus For animals whose existence is not scientifically recognized see Cryptid In ecology crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant 1 to avoid observation or detection by other animals It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation Methods include camouflage nocturnality subterranean lifestyle and mimicry Crypsis can involve visual olfactory with pheromones or auditory concealment When it is visual the term cryptic coloration effectively a synonym for animal camouflage is sometimes used but many different methods of camouflage are employed by animals or plants 1 HidingRevealing itselfCryptic behavior Mossy leaf tailed gecko Uroplatus sikorae Montagne d Ambre Madagascar showing the camouflage disguise using the dermal flap Contents 1 Overview 2 Methods 2 1 Visual 2 2 Olfactory 2 3 Auditory 3 Effects 4 References 5 External linksOverview EditThere is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to avoid detection by prey Exceptions include large herbivores without natural enemies brilliantly colored birds that rely on flight to escape predators and venomous or otherwise powerfully armed animals with warning coloration Cryptic animals include the tawny frogmouth feather patterning resembles bark the tuatara hides in burrows all day nocturnal some jellyfish transparent the leafy sea dragon and the flounder covers itself in sediment Methods EditFurther information List of camouflage methods A Draco lizard showing camouflage methods including background matching disruptive coloration reduction of shadow and cryptic behavior in Bandipur National Park Methods of crypsis include visual camouflage nocturnality and subterranean lifestyle Camouflage can be achieved by a wide variety of methods from disruptive coloration to transparency and some forms of mimicry even in habitats like the open sea where there is no background 2 3 4 As a strategy crypsis is used by predators against prey and by prey against predators 2 Crypsis also applies to eggs 5 and pheromone production 6 Crypsis can in principle involve visual olfactory or auditory camouflage 7 Visual Edit Main article Camouflage Camouflage allows animals like this disruptively patterned spider to capture prey more easily Many animals have evolved so that they visually resemble their surroundings by using any of the many methods of natural camouflage that may match the color and texture of the surroundings cryptic coloration and or break up the visual outline of the animal itself disruptive coloration Such animals like the tawny dragon lizard may resemble rocks sand twigs leaves and even bird droppings mimesis Other methods including transparency and silvering are widely used by marine animals 8 Some animals change color in changing environments seasonally as in ermine and snowshoe hare or far more rapidly with chromatophores in their integuments as in chameleon and cephalopods such as squid Countershading the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back is common in the sea and on land It is sometimes called Thayer s law after the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that countershading paints out shadows to make solid objects appear flat reversing the way that artists use paint to make flat paintings contain solid objects Where the background is brighter than is possible even with white pigment counter illumination in marine animals such as squid can use light to match the background Some animals actively camouflage themselves with local materials The decorator crabs attach plants animals small stones or shell fragments to their carapaces to provide camouflage that matches the local environment Some species preferentially select stinging animals such as sea anemones or noxious plants benefiting from aposematism as well as or instead of crypsis 9 Olfactory Edit Some animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments appear to camouflage their odor which might otherwise attract predators 10 Numerous arthropods both insects and spiders mimic ants whether to avoid predation to hunt ants or for example in the large blue butterfly caterpillar to trick the ants into feeding them 11 Pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus may exhibit chemical crypsis making them undetectable to frogs and insects colonizing ponds 12 Trained dogs and meerkats both scent oriented predators have been shown to have difficulty detecting puff adders whose strategy of ambushing prey necessitates concealment from both predators and prey 13 Auditory Edit Some insects notably some Noctuid moths such as the large yellow underwing and some tiger moths such as the garden tiger were originally theorized to defend themselves against predation by echolocating bats both by passively absorbing sound with soft fur like body coverings and by actively creating sounds to mimic echoes from other locations or objects The active strategy was described as a phantom echo that might therefore represent auditory crypsis with alternative theories about interfering with the bats echolocation jamming 14 15 Subsequent research has provided evidence for only two functions of moth sounds neither of which involve auditory crypsis Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups One type produces sounds as acoustic aposematism warning the bats that the moths are unpalatable 16 or at least performing as acoustic mimics of unpalatable moths 17 The other type uses sonar jamming In the latter type of moth detailed analyses failed to support a phantom echo mechanism underlying sonar jamming but instead pointed towards echo interference 18 Effects EditThere is often a self perpetuating co evolution or evolutionary arms race between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect the cryptic animal and the cryptic characteristics of the hiding species 19 Different aspects of crypsis and sensory abilities may be more or less pronounced in given predator prey species pairs Zoologists need special methods to study cryptic animals including biotelemetry techniques such as radio tracking mark and recapture and enclosures or exclosures Cryptic animals tend to be overlooked in studies of biodiversity and ecological risk assessment References Edit a b Gianoli Ernesto Carrasco Urra Fernando 2014 Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory Current Biology 24 9 984 987 doi 10 1016 j cub 2014 03 010 PMID 24768053 a b Zuanon J I Sazima 2006 The almost invisible league crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators Neotropical Ichthyology 4 2 219 224 doi 10 1590 s1679 62252006000200008 Allaby Michael 2014 Crypsis A Dictionary of Zoology 4th ed Oxford University Press Allaby Michael 2015 Crypsis A Dictionary of Ecology 5th ed Oxford University Press Nguyen L P et al 2007 Using digital photographs to evaluate the effectiveness of plover egg crypsis Journal of Wildlife Management 71 6 2084 2089 doi 10 2193 2006 471 S2CID 83705425 Raffa K R et al 2007 Can chemical communication be cryptic Adaptations by herbivores to natural enemies exploiting prey semiochemistry Oecologia 153 4 1009 1019 Bibcode 2007Oecol 153 1009R doi 10 1007 s00442 007 0786 z PMID 17618465 S2CID 16437625 Definition of Crypsis Amateur Entomologists Society Retrieved August 19 2012 All Lives Transform Adaptation Mimicry Morning earth org February 14 2007 Archived from the original on February 18 2012 Retrieved January 5 2012 Hultgren Kristin Stachowicz Jay Stevens M amp Merilaita S 2011 Animal Camouflage PDF Camouflage in decorator crabs Camouflage in decorator crabs Cambridge University Press Archived from the original PDF on August 15 2017 Retrieved December 13 2012 Michael R Conover Predator Prey Dynamics the role of olfaction CRC Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 8493 9270 2 Donisthorpe Horace January 1922 Mimicry of Ants by Other Arthropods Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 69 3 4 307 311 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2311 1922 tb02812 x Resetarits William J Jr Binckley Christopher A 2013 Is the pirate really a ghost Evidence for generalized chemical camouflage in an aquatic predator pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus PDF The American Naturalist 181 5 690 699 doi 10 1086 670016 PMID 23594551 S2CID 26747440 Archived from the original PDF on November 4 2013 Miller Ashadee Kay Maritz Bryan McKay Shannon Glaudas Xavier Alexander Graham J December 22 2015 An ambusher s arsenal chemical crypsis in the puff adder Bitis arietans Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences The Royal Society 282 1821 20152182 doi 10 1098 rspb 2015 2182 ISSN 0962 8452 PMC 4707760 PMID 26674950 Miller Lee A Surlykke Annemarie July 2001 How Some Insects Detect and Avoid Being Eaten by Bats Tactics and Countertactics of Prey and Predator PDF BioScience 51 7 570 581 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2001 051 0570 HSIDAA 2 0 CO 2 Griffin Donald R July 2001 Full Access Return to the Magic Well Echolocation Behavior of Bats and Responses of Insect Prey BioScience 51 7 555 556 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2001 051 0555 RTTMWE 2 0 CO 2 JSTOR 10 1641 0006 3568 282001 29051 5B0555 3ARTTMWE 5D2 0 CO 3B2 Hristov N I Conner W E 2005 Sound strategy acoustic aposematism in the bat tiger moth arms race Naturwissenschaften 92 4 164 169 Bibcode 2005NW 92 164H doi 10 1007 s00114 005 0611 7 PMID 15772807 S2CID 18306198 Barber J R Conner W E 2007 Acoustic mimicry in a predator prey interaction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 22 9331 9334 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 9331B doi 10 1073 pnas 0703627104 PMC 1890494 PMID 17517637 Corcoran A J Conner W E Barber J R 2010 Anti bat tiger moth sounds Form and function Current Zoology 56 3 358 369 doi 10 1093 czoolo 56 3 358 Franks D W Noble J 2004 Warning signals and predator prey coevolution Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 271 1550 1859 1865 doi 10 1098 rspb 2004 2795 PMC 1691800 PMID 15315903 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crypsis Dive Gallery decorator crabs Caterpillar that resembles bird droppings on leaves Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crypsis amp oldid 1131378679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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