Vehicle weight
Vehicle weight is a measurement of wheeled motor vehicles; either an actual measured weight of the vehicle under defined conditions or a gross weight rating for its weight carrying capacity.
Curb or kerb weight
Curb weight (U.S. English) or kerb weight (British English) is the total mass of a vehicle with standard equipment and all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil, transmission oil, brake fluid, coolant, air conditioning refrigerant, and sometimes a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo. The gross vehicle weight is larger and includes the maximum payload of passengers and cargo.[1]
This definition may differ from definitions used by governmental regulatory agencies or other organizations. For example, many European Union manufacturers include the weight of a 75-kilogram (165 lb) driver and luggage to follow European Directive 95/48/EC.[2] Organizations may also define curb weight with fixed levels of fuel and other variables to equalize the value for the comparison of different vehicles.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations define curb weight as follows: Curb weight means the actual or the manufacturer's estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with §86.1832–01; incomplete light-duty trucks shall have the curb weight specified by the manufacturer.[3]
For a motorcycle, wet weight is the equivalent term.
Dry weight
Dry weight is the weight of a vehicle without any consumables, passengers, or cargo. It is significantly less than the weight of a vehicle in a driveable condition and therefore rarely used. Quoting a dry weight can make a car's weight and power-to-weight figures appear far more favorable than those of rival cars using curb weight.[4][5]
The difference between dry weight and curb weight depends on many variables such as the capacity of the fuel tank. There is no standard for dry weight, so it's open to interpretations.[5]
Some vehicle manufacturers have used the term shipping weight, which refers to the vehicle in as-built, no-option condition. This would include engine oil, coolant, brake fluid and at least some small quantity of fuel, as vehicles have traditionally been driven off the assembly line and these fluids were necessary to do so.
Motorcycles
The dry weight of a motorcycle excludes some or all of the following: gasoline (or other fuel), engine oil, coolant, brake fluid, or battery.
There is no standardized way to test the dry weight of a motorcycle. Inconsistencies will almost always be found between a motorcycle manufacturer's published dry weight and motorcycle press and media outlet's published dry weight. This is due to different testing techniques, differences in what is being excluded, and a lack of defining how testing was conducted by the organization doing the testing.
Gross weight ratings
Gross vehicle weight rating
The gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), or gross vehicle mass (GVM), is the maximum operating weight/mass of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer[6] including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo but excluding that of any trailers.[7]
The weight of a vehicle is influenced by passengers, cargo, even fuel level, so a number of terms are used to express the weight of a vehicle in a designated state. Gross combined weight rating (GCWR) refers to the total mass of a vehicle including all trailers. GVWR and GCWR are used to specify weight limitations and restrictions. Gross trailer weight rating specifies the maximum weight of a trailer and the gross axle weight rating specifies the maximum weight on any particular axle.
Australia
A car driver licence is limited to driving vehicles up to a maximum GVM of 4,500 kg (9,921 lb). Beyond this, a different class of licence is required. A vehicle with a GVM up to 4,500 kg is termed a light vehicle, while those over 4,500 kg are termed heavy vehicles.
Many models of small trucks are manufactured to have a GVM rating of 5,000 to 7,000 kg (11,023 to 15,432 lb) but sold with the option of a GVM of just under 4,500 kg so that they can be driven on a car licence.[citation needed]
Many minor roads, including some in rural areas and some in suburban areas, have GVM restrictions such as 5,000 kg or 8,000 kg. These restrictions may be applied for technical reasons such as load limited bridges, or as a method of reducing the number of heavy vehicles on local roads.
United Kingdom
A standard car driving licence issued by an EU country (i.e. class B) limits the licence-holder to driving vehicles with a "maximum authorised mass" (i.e. GVWR)[8] of 3,500 kg (7,700 lb). This includes holders of UK class B driving licences who passed their driving tests on or after 1 January 1997.
A UK driving licence holder who passed his or her class B driving test in or before 1996 is limited to driving vehicles with a GVWR of 7,500 kg (16,500 lb) or less, including minibuses not used for hire or reward.
Anyone looking to drive a heavy goods vehicle (i.e. any vehicle other than those used for passenger transport) with a GVWR of over 7,500 kg (16,500 lb) must obtain a class C licence. Anyone looking to drive any vehicle with a GVWR of up to 3,500–7,500 kg (7,700–16,500 lb) must obtain a class C1 licence. Anyone with a class C licence can drive class C1 vehicles.[9]
United States
In the United States, two important GVWR limitations are 6,000 and 8,500 pounds [lb] (2,722 and 3,856 kg). Vehicles over 6,000 lb are restricted from some city roadways, although it is not always clear if this restriction is for actual curb weight or GVWR. Commercial vehicles over the 8,500 lb threshold are required to have insurance under the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and 49 CFR 387.303.
Vehicles or combinations with a GVWR over 26,000 lb (11,793 kg) generally require a Commercial Driver License (CDL) or a Non-Commercial Class "A" or "B" license. A CDL is also required for certain vehicles under 26,000 lb GVWR, such as buses and for-hire passenger vehicles of 16 or more passengers, all vehicles transporting placarded hazardous materials or wastes regardless of weight or load class, and any vehicle towing a trailer with a Gross Trailer Weight over 10,000 lb (4,536 kg) where the combined weight is greater than 26,000 lbs.
Laws vary from state to state, but typically vehicles over 10,000 lb are required to stop at weigh stations.[10] Sometimes large passenger or non-commercial vehicles such as RVs are exempt from this. Additionally, many states use the GVWR for registration purposes, where over a certain weight such as 8,000 lb, a mill rate is applied to the GVWR to arrive at a registration fee.
Labeling
On vehicles designed for the North American market, the GVWR can be found alongside other vehicle technical specifications on the Vehicle ID Plate that is usually located on the interior of the B-pillar according to U.S. or Canadian Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (inside the driver's door, near the door latch).[11]
Most U.S. and Australian commercial trucks are required by licensing authorities to have this information printed on the outside of the vehicle, and for it to be clearly visible from a specified distance.
Gross trailer weight rating
The gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) is the total mass of a road trailer that is loaded to capacity, including the weight of the trailer itself, plus fluids and cargo, that a vehicle is rated to tow by the manufacturer. In the United States and Canada, the static tongue load, the weight of the trailer as measured at the trailer coupling, is generally recommended to be 10–15% of the GTWR.
In the United States and Canada, there are four main weight classes of trailer hitches as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):
- Class I – rated to 2,000 pounds (907 kg)
- Class II – rated to 3,500 pounds (1,588 kg)
- Class III – rated to 5,000 pounds (2,268 kg)
- Class IV – rated to 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg)
Gross combined weight rating
The gross combined weight rating or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), also referred to as the gross combination mass (GCM), gross train weight (GTW), is the maximum allowable combined mass of a road vehicle, the passengers and cargo in the tow vehicle, plus the mass of the trailer and cargo in the trailer.[12][13] This rating is set by the vehicle manufacturer.
The GCWR is a function of the torque output of the engine, the capacity and ratios of the transmission, the capacity of the driving axles and tires, the capacity of the radiator, and the ability of the chassis to withstand that torque.
Gross axle weight rating
The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) is the maximum distributed weight that may be supported by an axle of a road vehicle. Typically, GAWR is followed by either the letters FR or RR, which indicate front or rear axles respectively.
Importance
Road damage rises steeply with axle weight, and is estimated "as a rule of thumb... for reasonably strong pavement surfaces" to be proportional to the fourth power of the axle weight.[14] This means that doubling the axle weight will increase road damage (2x2x2x2)=16 times.[15][16] For this reason, trucks with a high axle weight are heavily taxed in most countries.
Examples of GAWR on common axles:
| Axle | GAWR (Max) | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|
| Dana 30 | 2,770 lb or 1,260 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 35 | 2,770 lb or 1,260 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 44 | 3,500 lb or 1,600 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 50 | 5,000 lb or 2,300 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 60 | 6,500 lb or 2,900 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana S 60 | 7,000 lb or 3,200 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 70 | 10,000 lb or 4,500 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana 80 | 12,000 lb or 5,400 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana S 110 | 14,700 lb or 6,700 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Dana S 130 | 16,000 lb or 7,300 kg | Dana Holding Corporation |
| Ford 9-inch axle | 3,600 lb or 1,600 kg | Ford Motor Company |
| Ford 8.8 axle | 3,800 lb or 1,700 kg | Visteon |
| Sterling 10.5 axle | 9,750 lb or 4,420 kg | Visteon |
| 10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential | 8,600 lb or 3,900 kg | American Axle |
| 11.5 AAM | 10,000 lb or 4,500 kg | American Axle |
| 10.5 AAM | 9,000 lb or 4,100 kg | American Axle |
| Saginaw 9.5-inch axle | 6,000 lb or 2,700 kg | American Axle |
Maximum weight laws
In the EU and U.S. legal maximum load restrictions are placed on weight, independent of the manufacturer's rating. In the EU a tractor can generally have 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) on a single axle, with suspension type and number of tires often allowing slightly higher loads. In the U.S. weight restrictions are generally 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) on a single axle, and 34,000 pounds (15,000 kg) (less than two single axles) on a tandem. The primary factor is distance between axle centerlines, also used to measure bridge formulas. A bridge formula does not reduce axle load allowance, rather gross vehicle weight (GVW), which can affect load distribution and actual axle weights.[17][18][19]
References
- ^ "Curb Weight vs Gross Vehicle Weight – CarsDirect".
- ^ "EU Commission Directive 95/48/EC". European Commission. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ "40 CFR § 86.1803-01 – Definitions". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Vehicle weights - What's the difference?". carsales.com.au. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Barker, John (31 March 2018). "What is kerb weight and how much does your car weigh?". Evo. Dennis Publishing.
- ^ "Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Section 571.3 Definitions". USA. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ "Towing a Trailer – Being Equipped for Safety". USA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ For the UK terms relating to the weight of vehicles, see "Vehicle weights explained". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Driving licence categories". UK: GOV.UK. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Which Vehicles Need to Stop at Weigh Stations". Yourmechanic.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Code of Federal Regulations – Title 49 – Transportation – Section 567.4 – Requirements for manufacturers of motor vehicles". USA. 1 October 2004. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "If You Already Have a Tow Vehicle". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ "Vehicle weights explained". United Kingdom Government. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ Hjort, Mattias; Haraldsson, Mattias; Jansen, Jan (2008). "Road Wear from Heavy Vehicles: An Overview" (PDF). Rapport. NVF committee Vehicles and Transports: 17+36. ISSN 0347-2485.
- ^ "Equivalent Single Axle Load". Pavement Interactive. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Truck Weights and Highways" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Transport. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Guidelines on Maximum Weights…Criteria (EU)" (PDF). Road Safety Authority. 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Freight Management and Operations: Bridge Formula Weights". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Freight Management and Operations: Size Regulations". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 25 June 2013.