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Secret society

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Secret society (disambiguation).

A secret society is an organization about which the activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.[1]

"Secret Society Buildings at Yale College" by Alice Donlevy c. 1880. Pictured are: Psi Upsilon (Beta chapter), 120 High Street. Left center: Skull and Bones (Russell Trust Association), 64 High Street. Right center: Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter), east side of York Street, south of Elm Street. Bottom: Scroll and Key (Kingsley Trust SSS Nonse Association), 490 College Street.

Definitions edit

The exact qualifications for labeling a group a secret society are disputed, but definitions generally rely on the degree to which the organization insists on secrecy, and might involve the retention and transmission of secret knowledge, the denial of membership or knowledge of the group, the creation of personal bonds between members of the organization, and the use of secret rites or rituals which solidify[clarification needed] members of the group.

Anthropologically and historically, secret societies have been deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, the all-male "warrior-band" or "warrior-society" of pre-modern cultures (see H. Schurtz, Alterklassen und Männerbünde, Berlin, 1902; A. Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960).

A purported "family tree of secret societies" has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive.[2]

Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders,[3] defines a secret society as an organization that:

  • is exclusive
  • claims to own special secrets
  • shows a strong inclination to favor its members.

Historian Richard B. Spence[4] of the University of Idaho offered a similar three-pronged definition:

  • The group's existence is usually not kept secret, but some beliefs or practices are concealed from the public and require an oath of secrecy and loyalty to learn.
  • The group promises superior status or knowledge to members.
  • The group's membership is in some way restrictive, such as by race, sex, religious affiliation, or invitation only.

Spence also proposes a sub-category of "Elite Secret Societies" (composed of high-income or socially influential people) and notes that secret societies have a frequent if not universal tendency towards factionalism, infighting, and claiming origins older than can be reliably documented. Spence's definition includes groups traditionally thought of as secret societies (Freemasons and Rosicrucians) and other groups not so traditionally classified such as certain organized crime cabals (the Mafia), religious groups (Order of Assassins and Thelema) and political movements (Bolsheviks and Black Dragon Society).

Historian Jasper Ridley argues that Freemasonry is, "the world's most powerful secret Society".[5]

The organization "Opus Dei" (Latin for "Work of God") is portrayed as a "secret society"[6][7][8] of the Catholic Church. Critics such as the Jesuit Wladimir Ledóchowski sometimes refer to Opus Dei as a Catholic (or Christian or "white") form of Freemasonry.[9][10][11][12][13] Other critics label Opus Dei as "Holy Mafia"[14] or "Santa Mafia"[15] as the organisation is connected with various questionable practises including intense "brainwashing" of its members to exploit labor force[16] as well as the direct involvement of members in severe crimes such as baby-trafficking[17] in Spain under the dictator Francisco Franco.

Realms edit

Politics edit

Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries. Italy (Constitution of Italy, Section 2, Articles 13–28) and Poland,[18] for example, ban secret political parties and political organizations in their constitutions.

Colleges and universities edit

See also: Collegiate secret societies in North America

Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies. Perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University.[19] The influence of undergraduate secret societies at colleges such as Harvard College, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Emory University, the University of Chicago,[20] the University of Virginia, Georgetown University, New York University,[21] and Wellesley College has been publicly acknowledged, if anonymously and circumspectly, since the 19th century.[22][23]

British universities have a long history of secret societies or quasi-secret clubs, such as The Pitt Club at Cambridge University,[24][25] Bullingdon Club at Oxford University,[25] the Kate Kennedy Club, The Kensington Club and the Praetorian Club at the University of St Andrews, and the 16' Club at St David's College.[26] Another British secret society is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay and debating society in 1820. Not all British universities host solely academic secret societies; both The Night Climbers of Cambridge and The Night Climbers of Oxford require both brains and brawn.

In France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers.[27]

Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Toronto's Trinity College, and the Society of Thoth at the University of British Columbia.[citation needed]

Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The Virginia Military Institute has rules that no cadet may join a secret society,[28] and secret societies have been banned at Oberlin College from 1847[29] to the present,[30] and at Princeton University since the beginning of the 20th century.

Confraternities in Nigeria are secret-society-like student groups within higher education, some of which have histories of violence and organized crime. The exact death toll from confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade,[31] while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.[32]

The Mandatory Monday Association is thought to operate out of a variety of Australian universities including the Australian Defence Force Academy. The Association has numerous chapters that meet only on Mondays to discuss business and carry out rituals.[33]

The only secret society abolished and then legalized is that of The Philomaths,[34] which is now a legitimate academic association founded on a strict selection of its members.

Internet edit

While their existence had been speculated for years, Internet-based secret societies first became known to the public in 2012 when Cicada 3301 began recruiting from the public via Internet-based puzzles.[35][36] The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed to be involved in cryptography.[37][38]

By location edit

The following contemporary and historic secret societies formed in Africa, by country:

Cameroon edit

Ghana edit

Guinea edit

Ivory Coast edit

Liberia edit

Mali edit

Nigeria edit

Sierra Leone edit

South Africa edit

Zimbabwe edit

Asia edit

 
A Hongmen seal, 19th century[39]

China edit

Secret societies played a major role in Chinese affairs for centuries. They were a key aspect of the Anti-Qing sentiments of the 20th century. After the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, they were tacitly supported by and actively collaborated with the Nationalist government. Having played prominent roles in history, they were targeted by the anti-secret society campaigns of the newly established government of the People's Republic of China during the 1950s.[40] Examples of Chinese secret societies include:

India edit

Secret societies in India include:

Japan edit

Secret societies in Japan include:

Malaysia edit

Secret societies in the Malaysia include:

Philippines edit

Secret societies in the Philippines include:

Singapore edit

Main articles: Secret societies in Singapore and Secret societies in colonial Singapore

Australia edit

Secret societies in Australia include:

Europe edit

Several secret societies existing across Europe, including:

Other organizations are listed by country.

Albania edit

Bulgaria edit

Finland edit

France edit

Germany edit

Greece edit

Ireland edit

Italy edit

Poland edit

Portugal edit

Russia edit

Serbia edit

Spain edit

United Kingdom edit

North America edit

Main article: Collegiate secret societies in North America

Canada edit

Secret societies in Canada that are non-collegiate include:

Cuba edit

United States edit

Secret societies in the United States that are non-collegiate include:

Mexico edit

South America edit

Brazil edit

Opposition edit

See also: Anti-Masonry

The Catholic Church strongly opposed secret societies, especially the Freemasons. It did relent somewhat in the United States and allowed membership in labour unions and the Knights of Columbus, but not the Masons.[43][44] Some Christian denominations continue to forbid their members from joining secret societies in the 21st century. For example, the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Seventh-day Adventists. [45][46]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Daraul, Arkon (6 November 2015). A History Of Secret Societies. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78625-613-3.
  2. ^ Stevens (1899), p. vii.
  3. ^ Checkmark Books (1998), ISBN 0816038716
  4. ^ Spence, Richard B. The Real History of Secret Societies (2019), The Great Courses
  5. ^ Jasper Ridley (2011). The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society. Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-010-1. see also Jeffers, H. Paul. Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society. (Citadel Press, 2005).
  6. ^ Walsh, Michael. OPUS DEI: An Investigation into the Secret Society Struggling for Power within the Roman Catholic Church.
  7. ^ Secret Society: Opus Dei - Catholicism's Secret Sect.
  8. ^ Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei.
  9. ^ "Beyond the Threshold". archive.nytimes.com. from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  10. ^ Preston, Paul (1986). The triumph of democracy in Spain. London: Methuen. p. 28. ISBN 9780416900101. OCLC 14586560.
  11. ^ Harding, Nick (2005). Secret societies. Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, Inc. p. 107. ISBN 9780785821700. OCLC 78244509.
  12. ^ Hesse, Alexander (2015), Geheimbünde Freimaurer und Illuminaten, Opus Dei und Schwarze Hand (in German), Reinbek: Rowohlt Taschenbuch, p. 54, ISBN 9783499630491
  13. ^ Augias, Corrado (2012), Die Geheimnisse des Vatikan : Eine andere Geschichte der Papststadt (in German) (1., neue Ausg ed.), München: Beck, C H, p. 415, ISBN 9783406630927
  14. ^ Pilapil, Vicente R. (1971). "Opus Dei in Spain". The World Today. 27 (5): 211–221. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40394504. from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  15. ^ SPIEGEL, Peter Hertel, DER (7 April 2005). "Vatikan intern: Der Aufstieg der Santa Mafia". Der Spiegel (in German). from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Opus dei members in court for 'brainwashing'". from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  17. ^ "On the trail of Spain's stolen children". EL PAÍS. 7 March 2011. from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  18. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". 2 April 1997. from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2009. Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programs are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programs or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be prohibited.
  19. ^ [dead link]"Skull And Bones". The Secret Society Manual. thesecretbookgarden.com. from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  20. ^ "To The Members of the University of Chicago". The University of Chicago Magazine. 5 (9): 298. July 1913. from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  21. ^ Megan Findling (3 November 2011). "Edgar Allan Poe in Greenwich Village" (article). Researching Greenwich Village History. greenwichvillagehistory.wordpress.com. from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  22. ^ "Secret Societies. | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  23. ^ "Student Government at Wellesley and How It Makes for Loyalty among the College Girls and Faculty". The New York Times. 12 February 1912. from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  24. ^ Bowers, Mary (17 November 2006). "Pitt Club under pressure from Council" (PDF). Varsity. p. 5. (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  25. ^ a b Gray, Kirsty (11 February 2011). "Oxford's Bully-ingdon Club faces more scandal". Varsity. from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  26. ^ D.T.W. Price. A History of Saint David's University College, Lampeter. University of Wales Press, Cardiff. Volume One, to 1898 (ISBN 0-7083-0606-3)
  27. ^ "Naissance de " Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde ", mathématicien français – Espace " Sciences du Numérique " Alan Turing (LJAD – CNRS/UNS)". www.espace-turing.fr. from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  28. ^ "Regulations for the Virginia Military Institute, Part II, Revised 5 December 2008, 12–16(b)". vmi.edu.
  29. ^ Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943). A History of Oberlin College from Its Foundation Through the Civil War. Oberlin College. from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "Revised codes were issued every few years, but not many important changes were made in them. Provisions with regard to the hours of 'athletic exercises and sport' were added in 1847. In the same revision, there appeared for the first time the 'peculiar' Oberlin rule against secret societies. 'No student,' it runs, 'is permitted to join any secret society or military company.'"
  30. ^ Student Regulations, Policies, and Procedures, Oberlin College 2011–2012 (PDF). 2011. p. 34. (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) D. Secret Societies: "No secret society is allowed at Oberlin, and no other societies or self-perpetuating organizations are allowed among students, except by permission of the faculty. This is to be understood to include social and rooming-house clubs."
  31. ^ "NIGERIA: Focus on the menace of student cults" 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 1 August 2002
  32. ^ "Cults of violence" 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 31 July 2008
  33. ^ "IV. The Secret Societies", Omaha Secret Societies, Columbia University Press, 31 December 1969, pp. 58–132, doi:10.7312/fort92186-004, ISBN 9780231887458
  34. ^ Arthur Morius Francis. Secret Societies. Vol. 3: The Collegiate Secret Societies of America. 2015 (file pdf).
  35. ^ Bell, Chris (25 November 2013). "The internet mystery that has the world baffled". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  36. ^ Ernst, Douglas (26 November 2013). "Secret society seeks world's brightest: Recruits navigate 'darknet' filled with terrorism, drugs". The Washington Times. from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  37. ^ NPR staff (5 January 2014). "The Internet's Cicada: A Mystery without an Answer". All Things Considered, National Public Radio. from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  38. ^ Scott, Sam (16 December 2013). "Cicada 3301: The most elaborate and mysterious puzzle of the internet age". Metro. from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  39. ^ Alexander Wylie: Secret Societies in China, in China Researches, p. 131, 1897 Shanghai, reprinted in US by Nabu Public Domain Reprints
  40. ^ Purbrick, Martin (2019). "Patriotic Chinese Triads and Secret Societies: From the Imperial Dynasties, to Nationalism, and Communism". Asian Affairs. 50 (3): 305–322. doi:10.1080/03068374.2019.1636515. S2CID 199953554.
  41. ^ a b c "Mateship & Fraternal Secret Societies in Australia". Fraternal Secrets. from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  42. ^ a b c "Secret Societies in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  43. ^ Christopher J. Kauffman, Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982 (1982) p. 8.
  44. ^ Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer, "The Anti-Masonic Congress of Trento (1896): International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry." Contemporanea: Rivista di Storia dell'800 e del '900 (July-Sep 2021, 24#3, pp. 517-536.
  45. ^ The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference). Salem: Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014. pp. 20–21.
  46. ^ Ellen G. White, "Selected Messages Book 2", Chapter 13. (1958)

Further reading edit

  • Axelrod, Alan (1997). The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0816023077.
  • Dickie, John. The Craft: How the Freemasons Made the Modern World (PublicAffairs, 2020). excerpt; scholarly history.
  • Dumenil, Lynn. Freemasonry and American Culture: 1880-1930 (Princeton UP, 1984), major scholarly survey. excerpt
  • Gist, Noel P. Secret Societies: A Cultural Study of Fraternalism in the United States (1941)
  • Harwood, W. S. (May 1897). "Secret Societies in America." The North American Review, vol. 164, no. 486. JSTOR 25118819.
  • Heckethorn, Charles William (1886). The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries, Embracing the Mysteries of Ancient India, China, Japan, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Greece, and Scandinavia, the Cabbalists, Early Christians, Heretics, Assassins, Thugs, Templars, the Vehm and Inquisition, Mystics, Rosicrucians, Illuminati, Freemasons, Skopzi, Camorristi, Carbonari, Nihilists, and Other Sects (2nd ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-4400-8999-2.
  • Jacob, Frank (2012). Geheimgesellschaften: Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien: Secret Societies: Comparative Studies in Culture, Society and History. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3826049088.
  • Klimczuk, Stephen, and Gerald Warner (2009). Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies. New York: Sterling Publishing Company.
  • Kloosterman, Jaap (2013). Secret Societies. Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG).
  • Ownby, David, and Mary F. Somers Heidhues, eds. Secret Societies Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Early Modern South China and Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2016) excerpt
  • Ridley, Jasper (2011). The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society. Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-010-1.
  • Roberts, J. M. (John Morris) (1972). The Mythology of the Secret Societies. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-12904-3.
  • Robbins, Alexandra (2004). Pledged: The Secret Life of Sororities. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8859-8.
  • Simmel, Georg. "The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies" The American Journal of Sociology (1906) 11#4 pp. 441–498 a famous classic by Georg Simmel, online
  • Stevens, Albert Clark (1899). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities. New York: Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company.
  • Whalen, William Joseph (1966). Handbook of Secret Organizations. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co. LCCN 66026658.

External links edit

 
Look up secret society in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secret societies.

February 15, 2024
secret, society, other, uses, disambiguation, secret, society, organization, about, which, activities, events, inner, functioning, membership, concealed, society, attempt, conceal, existence, term, usually, excludes, covert, groups, such, intelligence, agencie. For other uses see Secret society disambiguation A secret society is an organization about which the activities events inner functioning or membership are concealed The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence The term usually excludes covert groups such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence 1 Secret Society Buildings at Yale College by Alice Donlevy c 1880 Pictured are Psi Upsilon Beta chapter 120 High Street Left center Skull and Bones Russell Trust Association 64 High Street Right center Delta Kappa Epsilon Phi chapter east side of York Street south of Elm Street Bottom Scroll and Key Kingsley Trust SSS Nonse Association 490 College Street Contents 1 Definitions 2 Realms 2 1 Politics 2 2 Colleges and universities 2 3 Internet 3 By location 3 1 Cameroon 3 2 Ghana 3 3 Guinea 3 4 Ivory Coast 3 5 Liberia 3 6 Mali 3 7 Nigeria 3 8 Sierra Leone 3 9 South Africa 3 10 Zimbabwe 3 11 Asia 3 11 1 China 3 11 2 India 3 11 3 Japan 3 11 4 Malaysia 3 11 5 Philippines 3 11 6 Singapore 3 12 Australia 3 13 Europe 3 13 1 Albania 3 13 2 Bulgaria 3 13 3 Finland 3 13 4 France 3 13 5 Germany 3 13 6 Greece 3 13 7 Ireland 3 13 8 Italy 3 13 9 Poland 3 13 10 Portugal 3 13 11 Russia 3 13 12 Serbia 3 13 13 Spain 3 13 14 United Kingdom 3 14 North America 3 14 1 Canada 3 14 2 Cuba 3 14 3 United States 3 14 4 Mexico 3 15 South America 3 15 1 Brazil 4 Opposition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDefinitions editThe exact qualifications for labeling a group a secret society are disputed but definitions generally rely on the degree to which the organization insists on secrecy and might involve the retention and transmission of secret knowledge the denial of membership or knowledge of the group the creation of personal bonds between members of the organization and the use of secret rites or rituals which solidify clarification needed members of the group Anthropologically and historically secret societies have been deeply interlinked with the concept of the Mannerbund the all male warrior band or warrior society of pre modern cultures see H Schurtz Alterklassen und Mannerbunde Berlin 1902 A Van Gennep The Rites of Passage Chicago 1960 A purported family tree of secret societies has been proposed although it may not be comprehensive 2 Alan Axelrod author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders 3 defines a secret society as an organization that is exclusive claims to own special secrets shows a strong inclination to favor its members Historian Richard B Spence 4 of the University of Idaho offered a similar three pronged definition The group s existence is usually not kept secret but some beliefs or practices are concealed from the public and require an oath of secrecy and loyalty to learn The group promises superior status or knowledge to members The group s membership is in some way restrictive such as by race sex religious affiliation or invitation only Spence also proposes a sub category of Elite Secret Societies composed of high income or socially influential people and notes that secret societies have a frequent if not universal tendency towards factionalism infighting and claiming origins older than can be reliably documented Spence s definition includes groups traditionally thought of as secret societies Freemasons and Rosicrucians and other groups not so traditionally classified such as certain organized crime cabals the Mafia religious groups Order of Assassins and Thelema and political movements Bolsheviks and Black Dragon Society Historian Jasper Ridley argues that Freemasonry is the world s most powerful secret Society 5 The organization Opus Dei Latin for Work of God is portrayed as a secret society 6 7 8 of the Catholic Church Critics such as the Jesuit Wladimir Ledochowski sometimes refer to Opus Dei as a Catholic or Christian or white form of Freemasonry 9 10 11 12 13 Other critics label Opus Dei as Holy Mafia 14 or Santa Mafia 15 as the organisation is connected with various questionable practises including intense brainwashing of its members to exploit labor force 16 as well as the direct involvement of members in severe crimes such as baby trafficking 17 in Spain under the dictator Francisco Franco Realms editPolitics edit Because some secret societies have political aims they are illegal in several countries Italy Constitution of Italy Section 2 Articles 13 28 and Poland 18 for example ban secret political parties and political organizations in their constitutions Colleges and universities edit See also Collegiate secret societies in North America Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies Perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University 19 The influence of undergraduate secret societies at colleges such as Harvard College Cornell University Dartmouth College Emory University the University of Chicago 20 the University of Virginia Georgetown University New York University 21 and Wellesley College has been publicly acknowledged if anonymously and circumspectly since the 19th century 22 23 British universities have a long history of secret societies or quasi secret clubs such as The Pitt Club at Cambridge University 24 25 Bullingdon Club at Oxford University 25 the Kate Kennedy Club The Kensington Club and the Praetorian Club at the University of St Andrews and the 16 Club at St David s College 26 Another British secret society is the Cambridge Apostles founded as an essay and debating society in 1820 Not all British universities host solely academic secret societies both The Night Climbers of Cambridge and The Night Climbers of Oxford require both brains and brawn In France Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers 27 Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Toronto s Trinity College and the Society of Thoth at the University of British Columbia citation needed Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges The Virginia Military Institute has rules that no cadet may join a secret society 28 and secret societies have been banned at Oberlin College from 1847 29 to the present 30 and at Princeton University since the beginning of the 20th century Confraternities in Nigeria are secret society like student groups within higher education some of which have histories of violence and organized crime The exact death toll from confraternity activities is unclear One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult related murders in the previous decade 31 while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003 32 The Mandatory Monday Association is thought to operate out of a variety of Australian universities including the Australian Defence Force Academy The Association has numerous chapters that meet only on Mondays to discuss business and carry out rituals 33 The only secret society abolished and then legalized is that of The Philomaths 34 which is now a legitimate academic association founded on a strict selection of its members Internet edit While their existence had been speculated for years Internet based secret societies first became known to the public in 2012 when Cicada 3301 began recruiting from the public via Internet based puzzles 35 36 The goals of the society remain unknown but it is believed to be involved in cryptography 37 38 By location editThe following contemporary and historic secret societies formed in Africa by country Cameroon edit EkpeGhana edit SimoGuinea edit Poro Sande societyIvory Coast edit Poro Sande societyLiberia edit Crocodile Society Poro Sande societyMali edit SimoNigeria edit Ekpe Nze na Ozo Ogboni Confraternities in NigeriaSierra Leone edit Crocodile Society Leopard Society Poro Sande society SimoSouth Africa edit Afrikaner Broederbond AfrikanerbondZimbabwe edit NyauAsia edit nbsp A Hongmen seal 19th century 39 China edit Secret societies played a major role in Chinese affairs for centuries They were a key aspect of the Anti Qing sentiments of the 20th century After the collapse of the Qing Dynasty they were tacitly supported by and actively collaborated with the Nationalist government Having played prominent roles in history they were targeted by the anti secret society campaigns of the newly established government of the People s Republic of China during the 1950s 40 Examples of Chinese secret societies include Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists Hai San Secret Society Red Lanterns Red Spear Society Tiandihui Society of the Heaven and the Earth Yellow Sand Society White Lotus Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting SatisfactionIndia edit Secret societies in India include Paramahansa MandaliJapan edit Secret societies in Japan include Black Dragon Society Double Leaf Society Gen yōsha Green Dragon Sakurakai or Cherry Blossom SocietyMalaysia edit Secret societies in the Malaysia include Ang Soon Tong Ghee Hin Kongsi Wah KeePhilippines edit Secret societies in the Philippines include La Liga Filipina KatipunanSingapore edit Main articles Secret societies in Singapore and Secret societies in colonial Singapore Ang Soon Tong Ghee Hin Kongsi Salakau Wah KeeAustralia edit Secret societies in Australia include Freemasonry 41 Odd Fellows 41 Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes 41 TongEurope edit Several secret societies existing across Europe including Ancient Order of Freesmiths Freischmiede Freemasonry Templars of Honor and Temperance RosicrucianismOther organizations are listed by country Albania edit Black Society for Salvation Secret Committee for the Liberation of AlbaniaBulgaria edit Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary OrganizationFinland edit Aurora Society Ordo Templi Orientis ValhallaordenFrance edit Association of the Polish Youth Zet Bourbaki group La Cagoule Carbonari Compagnons du Devoir Company of the Blessed Sacrament Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio Hieron du Val d Or Order of the Solar Temple Priory of Sion Societe Angelique Society of the Rights of ManGermany edit Ancient Order of Freesmiths Association of the Polish Youth Zet Germanenorden Illuminati Order of the New Templars Ordo Templi Orientis Thule Society Tugendbund United Ancient Order of DruidsGreece edit Epsilon Team Ethniki Etaireia Ordo Templi OrientisIreland edit Defenders Hellfire Club Irish Republican Brotherhood Molly Maguires Royal Arch Purple WhiteboysItaly edit Carbonari Fascio Operaio Knights of the Apocalypse Propaganda DuePoland edit Association of the Polish Youth Zet Ordo Templi Orientis ZarzewiePortugal edit Carbonaria Military Order of ChristRussia edit Association of the Polish Youth Zet Lyubomudry Ordo Templi Orientis Petrashevsky Circle Secret Macedonian Adrianople Circle Southern Society of the Decembrists Union of Prosperity Union of SalvationSerbia edit Black Hand Main Board for Serb Liberation Ordo Templi Orientis Serbian secret organization in eastern Bosnia White HandSpain edit The Disinherited Mano Negra Black Hand Order of the Solar Temple Ordo Templi Orientis Society of the Exterminating Angel Spanish Military UnionUnited Kingdom edit A A Bullingdon Club Calves Head Club Cambridge Apostles Confederacy Gormogons 5 Hertford Street Hellfire Club Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn The Horseman s Word Molly Maguires National Action The Night Climbers of Cambridge The Night Climbers of Oxford Nordic League Odd Fellows Odin Brotherhood Order of Chaeronea Order of Druids Order of Free Gardeners Ordo Templi Orientis Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes The 16 Club The School of Night Scotch Cattle Sealed Knot Tong United Ancient Order of DruidsNorth America edit Main article Collegiate secret societies in North America Canada edit Secret societies in Canada that are non collegiate include Fenians Freemasonry Hunters Lodges Independent Order of Odd Fellows 42 Ku Klux Klan 42 Order of the Solar Temple Ordre de Jacques Cartier fr 42 Ordo Templi Orientis P E O Sisterhood TongCuba edit AbakuaUnited States edit Secret societies in the United States that are non collegiate include Abakua Fenians Freemasonry Hunters Lodges Knights of Columbus Knights of the Golden Circle Ku Klux Klan Molly Maguires Odd Fellows Order of the Star Spangled Banner TongMexico edit Feminine Brigades of St Joan of ArcSouth America edit Brazil edit Shindo RenmeiOpposition editSee also Anti Masonry The Catholic Church strongly opposed secret societies especially the Freemasons It did relent somewhat in the United States and allowed membership in labour unions and the Knights of Columbus but not the Masons 43 44 Some Christian denominations continue to forbid their members from joining secret societies in the 21st century For example the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Seventh day Adventists 45 46 See also editFraternal orderReferences edit Daraul Arkon 6 November 2015 A History Of Secret Societies Pickle Partners Publishing ISBN 978 1 78625 613 3 Stevens 1899 p vii Checkmark Books 1998 ISBN 0816038716 Spence Richard B The Real History of Secret Societies 2019 The Great Courses Jasper Ridley 2011 The Freemasons A History of the World s Most Powerful Secret Society Arcade ISBN 978 1 61145 010 1 see also Jeffers H Paul Freemasons A History and Exploration of the World s Oldest Secret Society Citadel Press 2005 Walsh Michael OPUS DEI An Investigation into the Secret Society Struggling for Power within the Roman Catholic Church Secret Society Opus Dei Catholicism s Secret Sect Their Kingdom Come Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei Beyond the Threshold archive nytimes com Archived from the original on 13 August 2018 Retrieved 30 March 2018 Preston Paul 1986 The triumph of democracy in Spain London Methuen p 28 ISBN 9780416900101 OCLC 14586560 Harding Nick 2005 Secret societies Edison N J Chartwell Books Inc p 107 ISBN 9780785821700 OCLC 78244509 Hesse Alexander 2015 Geheimbunde Freimaurer und Illuminaten Opus Dei und Schwarze Hand in German Reinbek Rowohlt Taschenbuch p 54 ISBN 9783499630491 Augias Corrado 2012 Die Geheimnisse des Vatikan Eine andere Geschichte der Papststadt in German 1 neue Ausg ed Munchen Beck C H p 415 ISBN 9783406630927 Pilapil Vicente R 1971 Opus Dei in Spain The World Today 27 5 211 221 ISSN 0043 9134 JSTOR 40394504 Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 Retrieved 22 July 2021 SPIEGEL Peter Hertel DER 7 April 2005 Vatikan intern Der Aufstieg der Santa Mafia Der Spiegel in German Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 16 June 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Opus dei members in court for brainwashing Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 22 July 2021 On the trail of Spain s stolen children EL PAIS 7 March 2011 Archived from the original on 25 July 2021 Retrieved 22 July 2021 The Constitution of the Republic of Poland 2 April 1997 Archived from the original on 20 April 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2009 Article 13 Political parties and other organizations whose programs are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism fascism and communism as well as those whose programs or activities sanction racial or national hatred the application of violence for the purpose of obtaining power or to influence the State policy or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership shall be prohibited dead link Skull And Bones The Secret Society Manual thesecretbookgarden com Archived from the original on 19 April 2020 Retrieved 11 May 2012 To The Members of the University of Chicago The University of Chicago Magazine 5 9 298 July 1913 Archived from the original on 30 September 2021 Retrieved 8 May 2017 Megan Findling 3 November 2011 Edgar Allan Poe in Greenwich Village article Researching Greenwich Village History greenwichvillagehistory wordpress com Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 Retrieved 11 May 2012 Secret Societies News The Harvard Crimson www thecrimson com Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 18 September 2021 Student Government at Wellesley and How It Makes for Loyalty among the College Girls and Faculty The New York Times 12 February 1912 Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 Retrieved 12 February 2017 Bowers Mary 17 November 2006 Pitt Club under pressure from Council PDF Varsity p 5 Archived PDF from the original on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 20 August 2009 a b Gray Kirsty 11 February 2011 Oxford s Bully ingdon Club faces more scandal Varsity Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 Retrieved 25 June 2011 D T W Price A History of Saint David s University College Lampeter University of Wales Press Cardiff Volume One to 1898 ISBN 0 7083 0606 3 Naissance de Alexandre Theophile Vandermonde mathematicien francais Espace Sciences du Numerique Alan Turing LJAD CNRS UNS www espace turing fr Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 Retrieved 20 August 2017 Regulations for the Virginia Military Institute Part II Revised 5 December 2008 12 16 b vmi edu Fletcher Robert Samuel 1943 A History of Oberlin College from Its Foundation Through the Civil War Oberlin College Archived from the original on 14 August 2019 Retrieved 10 April 2012 Revised codes were issued every few years but not many important changes were made in them Provisions with regard to the hours of athletic exercises and sport were added in 1847 In the same revision there appeared for the first time the peculiar Oberlin rule against secret societies No student it runs is permitted to join any secret society or military company Student Regulations Policies and Procedures Oberlin College 2011 2012 PDF 2011 p 34 Archived PDF from the original on 26 March 2013 Retrieved 10 April 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help D Secret Societies No secret society is allowed at Oberlin and no other societies or self perpetuating organizations are allowed among students except by permission of the faculty This is to be understood to include social and rooming house clubs NIGERIA Focus on the menace of student cults Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine IRIN 1 August 2002 Cults of violence Archived 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Economist 31 July 2008 IV The Secret Societies Omaha Secret Societies Columbia University Press 31 December 1969 pp 58 132 doi 10 7312 fort92186 004 ISBN 9780231887458 Arthur Morius Francis Secret Societies Vol 3 The Collegiate Secret Societies of America 2015 file pdf Bell Chris 25 November 2013 The internet mystery that has the world baffled Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Ernst Douglas 26 November 2013 Secret society seeks world s brightest Recruits navigate darknet filled with terrorism drugs The Washington Times Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 23 July 2014 NPR staff 5 January 2014 The Internet s Cicada A Mystery without an Answer All Things Considered National Public Radio Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 13 May 2014 Scott Sam 16 December 2013 Cicada 3301 The most elaborate and mysterious puzzle of the internet age Metro Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Retrieved 16 December 2013 Alexander Wylie Secret Societies in China in China Researches p 131 1897 Shanghai reprinted in US by Nabu Public Domain Reprints Purbrick Martin 2019 Patriotic Chinese Triads and Secret Societies From the Imperial Dynasties to Nationalism and Communism Asian Affairs 50 3 305 322 doi 10 1080 03068374 2019 1636515 S2CID 199953554 a b c Mateship amp Fraternal Secret Societies in Australia Fraternal Secrets Archived from the original on 8 February 2023 Retrieved 8 February 2023 a b c Secret Societies in Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia www thecanadianencyclopedia ca Archived from the original on 8 February 2023 Retrieved 8 February 2023 Christopher J Kauffman Faith and Fraternalism The History of the Knights of Columbus 1882 1982 1982 p 8 Simon Sarlin and Dan Rouyer The Anti Masonic Congress of Trento 1896 International Mobilization and the Circulation of Practices against Freemasonry Contemporanea Rivista di Storia dell 800 e del 900 July Sep 2021 24 3 pp 517 536 The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection Original Allegheny Conference Salem Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection 2014 pp 20 21 Ellen G White Selected Messages Book 2 Chapter 13 1958 Further reading editAxelrod Alan 1997 The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders New York Facts on File ISBN 0816023077 Dickie John The Craft How the Freemasons Made the Modern World PublicAffairs 2020 excerpt scholarly history Dumenil Lynn Freemasonry and American Culture 1880 1930 Princeton UP 1984 major scholarly survey excerpt Gist Noel P Secret Societies A Cultural Study of Fraternalism in the United States 1941 Harwood W S May 1897 Secret Societies in America The North American Review vol 164 no 486 JSTOR 25118819 Heckethorn Charles William 1886 The Secret Societies of All Ages and Countries Embracing the Mysteries of Ancient India China Japan Egypt Mexico Peru Greece and Scandinavia the Cabbalists Early Christians Heretics Assassins Thugs Templars the Vehm and Inquisition Mystics Rosicrucians Illuminati Freemasons Skopzi Camorristi Carbonari Nihilists and Other Sects 2nd ed Forgotten Books ISBN 978 1 4400 8999 2 Jacob Frank 2012 Geheimgesellschaften Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien Secret Societies Comparative Studies in Culture Society and History Wurzburg Konigshausen amp Neumann ISBN 978 3826049088 Klimczuk Stephen and Gerald Warner 2009 Secret Places Hidden Sanctuaries Uncovering Mysterious Sights Symbols and Societies New York Sterling Publishing Company Kloosterman Jaap 2013 Secret Societies Leibniz Institute of European History IEG Ownby David and Mary F Somers Heidhues eds Secret Societies Reconsidered Perspectives on the Social History of Early Modern South China and Southeast Asia Routledge 2016 excerpt Ridley Jasper 2011 The Freemasons A History of the World s Most Powerful Secret Society Arcade ISBN 978 1 61145 010 1 Roberts J M John Morris 1972 The Mythology of the Secret Societies New York Scribner ISBN 0 684 12904 3 Robbins Alexandra 2004 Pledged The Secret Life of Sororities New York Hyperion ISBN 0 7868 8859 8 Simmel Georg The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies The American Journal of Sociology 1906 11 4 pp 441 498 a famous classic by Georg Simmel online Stevens Albert Clark 1899 The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities New York Hamilton Printing amp Publishing Company Whalen William Joseph 1966 Handbook of Secret Organizations Milwaukee Bruce Pub Co LCCN 66026658 External links edit nbsp Look up secret society in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secret societies Secret Societies a very short history Documents of Freemasons Jesuits Illuminati Carbonari Burschenschaften and other organizations Stevens The cyclopaedia of fraternities 2nd ed A dated review of the subject Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Secret society amp oldid 1206768821, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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